The Addiction Ontology (AddictO) is an ontology being developed all aspects of addiction research.
BFO OWL specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
Really of interest to developers only
BFO CLIF specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
editor preferred label
editor preferred term
editor preferred term~editor preferred label
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
PERSON:Daniel Schober
example
example of usage
A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not
A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software.
The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
definition editor
term editor
Name of editor entering the definition in the file. The definition editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The definition editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115.
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
alternative label
alternative term
A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like.
An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent)
Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related).
definition source
Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
curator note
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
term tracker item
the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/
An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term.
Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term.
imported from
For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
OBO foundry unique label
An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools .
PERSON:Bjoern Peters
PERSON:Chris Mungall
GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/>
elucidation
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Person:Barry Smith
Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms
has associated axiom(nl)
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language
has associated axiom(fol)
An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax
ISA alternative term
An alternative term used by the ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org).
Requested by Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3603413&group_id=177891&atid=886178
ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org)
tooth SubClassOf 'never in taxon' value 'Aves'
x never in taxon T if and only if T is a class, and x does not instantiate the class expression "in taxon some T". Note that this is a shortcut relation, and should be used as a hasValue restriction in OWL.
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002162> PREFIX never_in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002161> CONSTRUCT { in_taxon: a owl:ObjectProperty . ?x owl:disjointWith [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom ?taxon ] . ?x rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom [ a owl:Class ; owl:complementOf ?taxon ] ] . } WHERE { ?x never_in_taxon: ?taxon . }
S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> PREFIX in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002162> PREFIX present_in_taxon: <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002175> CONSTRUCT { in_taxon: a owl:ObjectProperty . ?witness rdfs:label ?label . ?witness rdfs:subClassOf ?x . ?witness rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty in_taxon: ; owl:someValuesFrom ?taxon ] . } WHERE { ?x present_in_taxon: ?taxon . BIND(IRI(CONCAT( "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002175#", MD5(STR(?x)), "-", MD5(STR(?taxon)) )) as ?witness) BIND(CONCAT(STR(?x), " in taxon ", STR(?taxon)) AS ?label) }
The SPARQL expansion for this relation introduces new named classes into the ontology. For this reason it is likely that the expansion should only be performed during a QC pipeline; the expanded output should usually not be included in a published version of the ontology.
present in taxon
Used to capture development notes and design decisions or questions. All annotations using this property should be removed before publishing / releasing the ontology to the public (but ideally retained in some place as valuable documentation).
SEPIO_editor_note
An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class.
This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO
Notes on the homology status of this class.
Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'.
Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies.
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has broad synonym
disease characteristic (MONDO:0021125) has cross-reference (http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref) "NCIT:C41009"^^xsd:string
An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI.
An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software.
has exact synonym
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has narrow synonym
An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct.
has related synonym
An identifier is an information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity.
comment
A human-readable name for the subject.
label
A skos concept mapping used to link two concepts that are sufficiently similar that they can be used interchangeably.
A skos concept mapping used to link two concepts, indicating a high degree of confidence that the concepts can be used interchangeably.
alternate name
derived_from
derived from
Relates a person to an organisation in the case where the person stands to gain or lose something of value resulting from the activities of the organisation or what happens to it.
Relates a person to an organisation in the case where they have provided expert advice to the organisation for which they or an organisation with which they are affiliated have been paid or received benefit of monetary value.
has provided paid advice to organisation
Relates a legal person to an organisation in the case where the legal person has, or has recently had, a role in the organisation as an employee.
Relates a person to an organisation in the case where the person has provided expert advice to the organisation without payment or benefit to themselves or an organisation with which they are affiliated.
has provided unpaid advice to organisation
Relates a person to an organisation in the case where the person or an organisation with which they are affiliated has received something of value from the organisation.
Relates a person to an organisation in the case where the person, or an organisation with which they are affiliated, has received money or something that can be exchanged for money from the organisation.
has received financial benefit from organisation
has received personal financial benefit from organisation
Relates a person to an organisation in the case where the person or an organisation with which they are affiliated has received something from the organisation that cannot be exchanged for money.
has received non-financial benefit from organisation
Relates a person to an organisation in the case where the person or an organisation with which they are affiliated has received goods or services from the organisation to enable or facilitate the conduct of research in which they are involved.
has received research support from organisation
is director of organisation without receiving payment.
has personal stake in organisation that involves being in a director role.
A relation that holds between an interventions mechanism of action and an entity x, in which the entity x participates in or is part of the mechanism of action process and is influenced by a BCI or its context such that there is some change in entity x.
Has participant that relates a behaviour to a material entity that the person enacting the behaviour intends to enable or facilitate the behaviour.
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
A core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
To say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d and b is a process which has participant d at t and c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at tand the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c.
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entityand there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.and forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t and there exist spatial regions s and s’ where and b spatially_projects_onto s at tand c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at tand s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
[copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] Mary’s 5th birthday occurrent_part_of Mary’s life
[copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] The process of a footballer’s heart beating once is an occurrent part but not a temporal_part of a game of football.
[copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] the first set of the tennis match occurrent_part_of the tennis match.
Inverse of occurrent_part_of which is defined as: b occurrent_part_of c =Def. b is a part of c and b and c are occurrents.
b has_occurrent_part c = Def. c occurrent_part_of b. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [007-001])
[copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] BFO 2 Reference: a (continuant or occurrent) part of itself. We appreciate that this is counterintuitive for some users, since it implies for example that President Obama is a part of himself. However it brings benefits in simplifying the logical formalism, and it captures an important feature of identity, namely that it is the limit case of mereological inclusion.
[copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] BFO2 Reference: occurrent
[copied from inverse property 'part of occurrent'] b occurrent_part_of c =Def. b is a part of c & b and c are occurrents. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [003-002])
(iff (hasOccurrentPart a b) (occurrentPartOf b a)) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [007-001]
has occurrent part
has profile
This document is about information artifacts and their representations
A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
Is about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
is about
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
A relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
A relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
A relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
A relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives_from
derives from
contains
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
A relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
located_in
X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
P has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p.
p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p.
has output
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
output of
relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause.
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
Point prevalence tobacco smoking abstinence that lasts for 7 days prior to a time point.
7-day point prevalence tobacco smoking abstinence
Abstinence from a behaviour where the behaviour is tobacco use.
A data item that is about a population attribute of the percentage of the population that are abstinent from a behaviour over a period of time.
A substance use behaviour pattern in which each episode is determined by factors operating at the time rather than according to a planned schedule.
A behavioural attribute that is the extent to which it results in addiction in people who engage in it.
The parent term 'behavioural attribute' in the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology.
We often refer to 'addictiveness' of drugs, but this is imprecise and inaccurate because it is the behaviour of ingesting a particular drug formulation in a particular way to which people become addicted. For example, people talk about nicotine having high addictiveness, but it is particular behaviours that involve ingesting nicotine (e.g. cigarette smoking) that are addictive while others (e.g. putting on a nicotine transdermal patch) are not.
Fully defined class because it is made up of the intersection of two classes.
A substance use behaviour by an adolescent.
Abstinence from a behaviour where the behaviour is consumption of an alcohol-containing drink.
A consumption behaviour pattern involving use of a substance containing alcohol concurrently with use of a psychoactive substance that has not been legally sanctioned in the jurisdiction in which the user resides.
A change quantity or pattern of alcohol consumption.
A population level pattern of alcohol consumption.
The first instance of alcohol consumption.
Consumption of alcohol in a manner that is deemed unacceptable in the jurisdiction in which the user resides.
Consumption of alcohol in a manner that is deemed to cause harm to the individual, others or society.
A process that involves repeated occurrences of a behaviour.
A process profile that involves starting then stopping a behaviour following abstinence.
A process boundary that involves restarting a behaviour pattern after a period of abstinence from that behaviour pattern.
A drug use behaviour in which the drug is codeine.
A process in which use of a product delivering a psychoactive substance increases the likelihood of use of another product delivering a psychoactive substance.
A behaviour pattern that continues over an extended period of time.
A process in which an increase in prevalence of use of a product delivering a psychoactive substance leads to an increase in the prevalence of use of another product delivering a psychoactive substance.
Object-using behaviour that involves use of a product.
Product use behaviour is included to provide a link between product and a class of behaviour for which the relation always holds.
A process boundary that involves the end of a period of tobacco use.
Tobacco use abstinence where the behaviour is tobacco smoking.
Behavioural relapse that involves tobacco smoking.
Follow-up that occurs at the 12-month follow-up point.
Follow-up that occurs at the 24-month follow-up point.
A self-report questionnaire for identifying minor psychiatric disorders in the general population and within community or non-psychiatric clinical settings such as primary care or general medical out-patients.
The cross reference is a useful source of information about the questionnaire.
Follow-up that occurs at the 6-month follow-up point.
Literature that is an output of academic activity.
This covers the output of any academic activity, not just research.
A quantitative confidence value that refers to an interval give values within which there is a high probability (95 percent by convention) that the true population value can be found. The calculation of a confidence interval considers the standard deviation of the data and the number of observations. Thus, a confidence interval narrows as the number of observations increases, or its variance (dispersion) decreases.
A research activity that involves taking a measurement after the start of an intervention or research activity.
This attempts to capture the most common usage and so distinguishes between end-of-treatment assessment and follow up.
Used in longitudinal studies and intervention evaluations to capture measures taken after the start of an intervention or a baseline measure.
A document that contains a set of questions.
The most iwdely used definition in OntoBee is from OBI but it is too specific.
A process in which answers to questions in a questionnaire are obtained.
An information content entity that is used in a research study to specify how a measurement should be undertaken.
This and the one below need VERY clear labels to disambiguate
A planned process that has as its output a data item corresponding to a quantitative or qualitative description of the attributes of an entity.
Measurement is not itself defined, except tautologically as "the data item that is the output of a measuremnet"
A measurment datum that is produced as part of a research study.
A questionnaire administration in which the person completing the questionnaire is answering questions about themselves.
The process boundary at the beginning of a follow-up period.
The process boundary when a process or temporal region starts.
Definition from AFP modified to include temporal region.
A statistical interaction between three variables.
A generically dependent continuant that is a representation or abstraction of a portion of reality, is created by a cognitive agent or group of agents through a process of scientific enquiry, and serves to explain, predict or describe phenomena within a specified domain.
A data item that represents a human being who has received an intervention intended to result in cessation of an addictive behaviour and who, after a period of abstinence, has resumed the behaviour.
NCIT defines research as "Systematic investigation into a subject in order to discover facts, establish or revise a theory, or develop a plan of action based on the facts discovered."
A person who has analytic toxicologist role.
A sample is a substance role played by a biological substance as an input substance to a protocol.
The definition and link to role is coherent with BFO but the ontology itself is probably not suitable to be imported.
A research activity that forms part of a research study that aims to influence an outcome.
The follow up period was for 12 months from the offer of a prescription for varenicline.
A temporal region between a research activity and a follow-up.
The temporal period is often counted from the start of an intervention even though the definition of follow up states that it takes place after the end of an intervention.
Research literature whose constituent documents have not been published in a peer-reviewed journal.
An information content entity that is an aggregate of documents.
An information content entity that represents attributes of a population for the purposes of modelling processes or outcomes in that population.
A research measure that has been subjected to evaluation for one or more forms of validity and which it is claimed has reached or exceeded an appropriate threshold on that criterion.
A database documenting absence from work
A data item that is the year in which a document was published.
A personal stake in which the value to the person involves money or something of monetary value.
A report that provides information about a person's potential competing interest.
Good practice involves being as inclusive as possible to ensure full transparency and include both financial and non-financial attributes that might conceivably influence the conduct, reporting or evaluation of research whether or not it actually does so.
disclosure of potential competing interest
Dr Smith has a personal stake in the outcome of the clinical trial of the drug, varenicline, because he has shares in the company that produces the drug.
A personal attribute in relation to an activity such that an outcome of the activity has value for the person.
This is a relational attribute that links a person to an activity (not necessarily one that they are engaged in). Value here can be positive or negative. The value need not be recognised by the person involved.
Funding that originates from one or more tobacco companies.
A process aggregate of harm processes affecting some members of a population caused by product use by some members of the population.
A data item that is about the amount of harm to health caused by an individual using a product relative to other products.
individual-level relative harmfulness to health of a product
A psychoactive substance disposition that is its propensity to lead people who use the substance to develop a harmful pattern of consumption.
An e-cigarette atomiser which the user can adjust to different levels of power.
A central nervous system depressant that is used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
Taken from ChEBI but slight edited for consistency.
An information content entity that is used by a person or organisation to denote and promote a product.
A plant extract from the cannabis plant.
A cannabis extract that has been processed to contain a high concentration of cannabinoids.
It is important to clarify what cannabinoids are included.
A data item that is the concentration of cannabinoids in a cannabis product.
An oral tobacco-containing product that is manufactured to be chewed.
Consists of loose tobacco leaves, pellets or “bits” (leaf tobacco rolled into small pellets), plugs (leaf tobacco pressed and held together with a sweetener), or twists (leaf tobacco rolled into rope-like strands and twisted).
A combustible tobacco-containing product that is a cylinder formed of chopped tobacco encased in tobacco leaf.
The user sets one end alight and ingests smoke by sucking on the other end. The cylinder becomes shorter as the tobacco burns to smoke and ash until either the user extinguishes the burning tobacco or all the tobacco is burnt. This definition includes large panatelas and small cigars. Cigars typically produce smoke with a high concentration of nicotine so that a significant amount of nicotine can be absorbed through the lining of the mouth without the smoke having to be inhaled into the lungs.
A combustible tobacco-containing product that is a thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco encased in a thin paper.
The user sets one end alight and ingests smoke by sucking on the other end. The cylinder becomes shorter as the tobacco burns to smoke and ash until either the user extinguishes the burning tobacco or all the tobacco is burnt. This definition includes hand-rolled cigarettes and manufactured cigarettes but not cigarillos, bidis or small cigars. Cigarettes are typically made for the smoke to be inhaled into the lungs.
A brand that is applied to a manufactured cigarette.
Smoke that is produced through the use of a cigarette.
A chemical substance that is part of cigarette smoke.
A tobacco-containing product in which the tobacco is processed to make it suitable for burning for the user to take the smoke into the body.
A chemical substance that is metabolite of a drug.
A product that is manufactured to be part of an e-cigarette and to heat e-liquid during e-cigarette use to produce a vapour.
An electrical battery that is designed to be part of an e-cigarette and provide electrical energy for an e-cigarette atomiser.
A product that is a part of an e-cigarette and consists of an e-cigarette atomiser surrounded by a liquid-soaked poly-foam that acts as an e-liquid holder.
A fire that is caused by malfunction of an e-cigarette or a part of an e-cigarette.
A product that is manufactured to be part of an e-cigarette and contain e-liquid.
A chemical substance that is designed to be part of an e-liquid to impart a flavour to the vapour produced when the e-liquid is used in an e-cigarette.
A product that is a microchip that is a part of an e-cigarettes and is designed to record its use.
A product that is an e-cigarette part and is designed to be placed to the mouth of the user through which to inhale the vapour.
An e-cigarette atomiser that is designed to be replaceable.
A product that is an e-cigarette together with packing, instructions and spare parts required to use the e-cigarette for an initial period.
A product that is designed to be an e-cigarette part that is a container to hold e-liquid.
An aerosol produced by heating an e-liquid designed for use in an e-cigarette.
A chemical substance that is part of e-cigarette vapour.
A vaping device that produces vapour by electrically heating a substance that is an e-liquid or a solid.
This does not include electronic vaping devices that do not heat a liquid to produce the vapour.
A liquid commodity that is used in e-cigarettes for the purpose of aerosolization and inhalation by a person.
Typically consists of propylene glycol or glycerol together with nicotine and flavourants.
A chemical substance that is manufactured for use as part of an e-liquid.
The concentration of nicotine in a portion of e-liquid.
An e-liquid that is designed to be used with an electronic vaping device to replace the liquid in the tank of that device that has been used.
Smoke that is produced through the burning of a combustible tobacco-containing product and released into the environment.
An e-cigarette atomiser which has only one power level.
An e-liquid that has e-liquid flavouring.
A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a fruit flavour.
A data item that is about the population-level harm from product use of one product compared with another.
population-level relative harm from product use
A bodily disposition that is a person's likelihood of an adverse health outcome.
Every person has this disposition to a greater or lesser extent at any given time in any given context. The term is only meaningful when operationalised to specify the nature of the risk and the timescale.
A tobacco-containing product that contains a tobacco stick that it heats to cause minimal or no combustion to produce smoke or a vapour for inhalation by a person.
This product is described as not involving combustion of tobacco and thereby avoiding production of harmful chemicals caused by combustion such as carbon monoxide. However for at least some products there is some evidence of a degree of combustion.
A product that is formed of tobacco processed in such a way as to make it suitable to be used in a heated tobacco-containing product.
A nicotine-containing e-liquid in which the e-liquid nicotine concentration is high.
A heated tobacco-containing product that involves heating a heated tobacco stick to up to 350 degrees centigrade using power from a battery. It is marketed by Philip Morris under the brand name iQOS.
iQOS is marketed as a product that has substantially lower harmfulness than cigarettes. This is a matter for empirical evidence and therefore not included in the definition, which aims solely to unambiguously identify the entity.
A nicotine-containing product that is a licensed drug
An environmental tobacco smoke that is produced by a person from the lighting of a combustible tobacco product, it is inhaled by the person and exhaled into the environment.
A cigarette that is manufactured in a factory.
A cigarette brand colour that is closely associated with Marlboro cigarettes.
A product that includes or contains nicotine.
The relation with 'nicotine' is 'has part' and not 'contains' because contains is reserved for spatially enclosing a separate entity.
This class overlaps with tobacco-containing product but is distinct from it as tobacco-containing products can have the nicotine removed and nicotine-containing products may not have any other tobacco constituents in them (e.g. nicotine gum).
A nicotine replacement therapy product that consists of a plastic tube which holds a replaceable nicotine cartridge which delivers nicotine orally to a person through a mouthpiece.
Product concentration needs to be specified
A nicotine replacement therapy product that delivers nicotine orally by a tablet which slowly dissolves in the mouth.
A nicotine replacement therapy product that delivers nicotine by a spray in to nose.
A nicotine replacement therapy product that delivers nicotine orally by a chewing gum.
Nicotine replacement therapy are nicotine delivery products that are licensed for use as smoking cessation or harm reduction aids used by people for quitting or reducing use of tobacco containing products.
A nicotine replacement therapy product that delivers nicotine through the skin by use of an adhesive patch.
An e-liquid that does not contain any e-liquid flavouring.
An liquid that is oil based and contains cannabinoids.
Clarify what cannabis the oil consists of i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what %
A nicotine replacement therapy product that can be sold to a person without the need for a prescription.
over the counter nicotine replacement therapy
A combustible tobacco-containing product that is manufactured as two or more cigarettes in a single container.
It is important to state that it is manufactured as containing two or more cigarettes because the number actually in the pack depends on how many have been used. It is also important to be clear that it includes the cigarettes and not just the pack. A different term (cigarette pack) has to be used for the container. For AddictO the parent of interest relates to tobacco rather than more general types of pack.
The entity in this case is the pack plus cigarettes manufactured within it. Cigarettes are 'part of' the pack rather than contained within it because the pack is both the packaging and the cigarettes.
A data item that is the number of cigarettes that are sold in a packet of cigarettes.
A data item that describes the composition of a pharmaceutical.
Much of the NCIT definition as been used but not all because it does not quite capture what is needed.
Airborne particulate matter in which the particles are less than or equal to 2.5 microns in size.
A medicine that is licensed in a jurisdiction only to be provided under authorisation of a prescription from a medical practitioner.
A nicotine replacement therapy that is prescribed to a person by a medical practitioner.
prescription nicotine replacement therapy
A role performed by an organisation or individual who participates in processes that bring the product into existence or purpose it as a product.
This entity is the one specified in the Product Life Cycle Ontologies. It could not be imported because those ontologies do not conform to the OBO Foundry standard.
This entity only includes objects. Commodities and intangible entities such as software are classified separately.
An e-cigarette atomiser which is built by the end user.
A tobacco-containing product that consists of chopped tobacco processed in a way to make it suitable for including in a hand-rolled cigarette.
Roll your own tobacco also known as loose tobacco and used within pipes.
An environmental tobacco smoke that is produced upon the lighting of a combustible tobacco-containing product and is released into the environment.
Sidestream smoke is contrasted with mainstream smoke.
highly potent marijuana from female plants that are specially tended and kept seedless by preventing pollination to induce a high resin content
A tobacco-containing product in which the tobacco is processed to enable absorption of a some tobacco constituent through an epithelial membrane.
This class does not include products whose only tobacco-related constituent is nicotine. Those are in the class of nicotine-containing products. It includes chewing tobacco and snus. Epithelial membranes are typically the oral and nasal mucosae.
A product that is used by a person for the purpose of quitting smoking.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is formed of dry finely-ground tobacco and is placed by a person in the nasal cavity.
An oral tobacco-containing product that is composed mainly or exclusively of moist, ground or powdered tobacco that is processed to make it suitable for use by a person placing it in the mouth between the gum and the cheek.
People often confuse oral snuff with snus and it is important to recognise that snus is a subclass of oral snuff and not the same as it.
This class includes snus as well as other oral ground or powdered tobacco products that are not chewed.
A product that is designed for use as part of an e-cigarette, having an inbuilt reservoir for e-liquid, that is fed to a dripper by either squeezing or pumping the reservoir.
A drug attribute which describes the process by which a drug is released into the blood stream at a predetermined rate to maintain a specific drug concentration over a period of time.
A cannabis vaping device part that is formed of disposable non-refillable cartridge which is attached to a device for the purpose of consuming cannabis.
It is important to clarify what type of cannabis product is being vaped.
A vaping device that is designed to be used for vaping cannabis.
A commodity that is formed from parts of the tobacco plant.
The parent class is 'commodity' to highlight the most common usage of the term in tobacco research which focuses on tobacco products that are manufactured and sold.
Tobacco that has been processed for use in a tobacco-containing product.
A plant of the species that belongs to the Nicotiana genus of herbaceous plants.
Although there are definitions of tobacco plant in other ontologies, these were not quite suitable for the purposes of AddictO.
Nicotiana species include many varieties. These are commonly referred to as tobacco plants, and are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. N. tabacum is grown worldwide for production tobacco-containing products.
A product that is classified by the US Food and Drug Administration as a tobacco product.
This class is required because it is used by US the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Tobacco Products to classify products over which it has jurisdiction.
An FDA defined tobacco product is any product that meets the definition of a tobacco product set out in the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and as interpreted by the courts. It is any product made or derived from tobacco that is intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product (except for raw materials other than tobacco used in manufacturing a component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product). It does not include an article that is a drug. This class is not coherent and is best avoided in scientific discourse because, despite the label, it includes products that have no tobacco constituents in them (e.g. e-cigarettes whose e-liquid does not contain nicotine) and excludes products that do have the tobacco constituent nicotine (e.g. nicotine gum).
Packaging that is designed to hold manufactured cigarettes.
The designated price of a unit of a tobacco product.
A product that is made of tobacco or has tobacco as a part and is used by people to take some tobacco constituent into the body.
This class includes products that contain or consist of parts of the tobacco plant that have been subject to some form of processing. This class does not contain products that only contain nicotine. These are dealt with separately as 'nicotine-containing products'.
A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a tobacco flavour.
A nitrosamine which derives from tobacco products and tobacco smoke.
Smoke that is produced through the burning of tobacco.
A product that produces a vapour for inhalation by a person.
This class includes any device that produces vapour or aerosol for inhalation for any purpose. There are many different ways in which the vapour is created and many different substances that are inhaled. It is essential when using this term make clear what type of vaporiser is being referred to and what substance or substances are being inhaled.
Mortality in a population in which the deaths in question are at least partly caused by the consumption of alcohol by people in that population.
Expressed in terms of number or proportion of deaths or population attributable fraction.
A population attribute that reflects the number of deaths within a population within a time frame.
A data item that is the estimated number of years that a person can expect to live, adjusted downwards according to how far the assessed quality of life of that person is less than what is judged to be optimal.
No appropriate ontological definition found. Definition based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life
The issue of who does the judging would need to be specified and the basis for the judgement.
Treatment demand that is influenced by the availability of the treatment to to population.
A quality of a population that involves the number of people in the population who seek a treatment.
A data item that is about a person and signifies that the person has been diagnosed with alcohol use disorder within the past 12 months.
12-month diagnosis of alcohol use disorder
A person who is not engaging in a behaviour pattern that they previously enacted.
A personal attribute that is the how readily a person can access a service.
Acute effect of using a product on a person in which use of the product involves ingestion of a psychoactive substance.
acute effect of ingesting a substance on a person
Acute effect of ingesting a substance on a person in which the substance is alcohol.
acute effect of ingesting alcohol on a person
A process involving a person that results directly from,and within a short time period of, use by the person of a product.
acute effect of using a product on a person
A mental disposition towards repeated episodes of abnormally high levels of motivation to engage in a behaviour, acquired as a result of engaging in the behaviour, where the behaviour results in risk or occurrence of serious net harm.
The aim is to include dispositions about which there is a consensus that they constitute addiction while avoiding making a disputed statement about whether addiction necessarily involves disordered brain mechanisms (e.g. cases where a person's addiction may be considered an adaptive response to very chellenging life circumstances but may nevertheless benefit from treatment).
This entity focuses on abnormal motivation to engage in a behaviour and includes serious net harm as a feature. The reason is to limit the class to things that merit a treatment and public health response. It is a quantitative entity and a fuzzy set because there can be varying thresholds set for degree of harm and strength of motivation. As a result, it is essential to operationalise the term for it to be meaningful.
For use in research contexts the minimum age needs to be specified.
Death that is causally influenced by the consumption of alcohol by a person.
No appropriate definition found. Definition based on usage. a causally influenced b iff a is a process
The consumption of alcohol can be either by the decedent or another person. Includes death from disease and death from injury.
Injury that is caused at least in part by the consumption of alcohol by a person.
A process that is causally influenced by consumption of alcohol by a person.
Logically defined class: its members will be inferred by the OWL reasoner - it does not have to be a parent of another class
A traffic crash that is at least partially caused by intoxication resulting from consumption of alcohol.
A fiat part of a complex phenomenon that has salience in a particular context.
Addiction to use of cannabis or cannabis products.
A disposition of a person involving the probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease or pulmonary disease over a defined time period.
Subjective craving in which the target of the craving is cigarette smoking.
Poison that result from ingestion of codeine.
A dual product user who is also an e-cigarette user participating in use that is less than daily frequency.
A strong identity in which what is represented is appraised as enduring.
The parent class is 'strong identity' which captures the idea that the identity is appraised as important. Core identity adds the characteristic 'enduring'. Therefore core identities are appraised as both important and enduring.
A daily tobacco smoker whose who engages in cigarette smoking every day.
A daily tobacco user who engages in tobacco smoking every day.
This class is for tobacco smokers who smoke every day, no matter how many episodes of smoking they have each day. Smokers who smoke on average one or more cigarettes each day but do not smoke every day come under the class non-daily tobacco smoker. Daily tobacco smokers people who may very occasionally miss a day of smoking.
A subjective emotional feeling that generates a need state and arises from deviation of a physiological state from a target state established as a result of innate or learned processes.
A dual product user who particpates in use of both e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes every day.
A person who engages in e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking.
This class includes people who currently use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes rather than people who have once used one product and then used another. This creates ambiguity and to what counts as currently and when operationalised it may be helpful to specify the time period over which episodes of use of both products occurred.
A person who engages in e-cigarette use.
A subjective emotional feeling involving positive affect associated with reduction in a feeling of need.
A subjective want where the imagined scenario is stopping cigarette smoking indefinitely.
A cognitive representation of themselves by a person or a group about themselves.
This entity is more than self-identity of an individual as it includes group identity.
A disorder that involves some structural damage that is immediately caused by a destructive external force.
Replaced 'catastrophic' with 'destructive'.
A drive state that results from nicotine concentrations in the brain that are below that to which the brain has become accustomed.
A tobacco smoker who participates in tobacco smoking but not every day.
An ever-tobacco smoker who has participated in tobacco smoking within the past 30 days.
This includes any participation, including one puff on a single cigarette. It is in references to a current time frame that needs to be specified unless it is obvious from the context.
A person who does not suffer from opioid use disorder but who, by virtue of his or her personal qualities or environment, has an elevated probability of developing opioid use disorder in the future.
A person who participates in policy making.
A tobacco smoker identity that is a positive identity.
A personal attribute of not having enough material possessions or income to meet basic human needs.
Definition changed to one that is ontologically OK.
A dual product user who reports predominanly smoking.
A dual product user who reports predominanly using an e-cigarette.
Death that occurs as a result of an avoidable set of circumstances.
A personal attribute that is a person's ability to carry out activities needed to thrive and their mental well-being.
Multiple formulations exist focusing on different aspects. Domains covered include: mental mood, pain, and physical functioning.
An appraisal by a person about themselves
An identity that a person has about themselves.
The term 'self' sounds tautologous but is required to reflect the fact that this is not identity in terms of who you are but how you represent yourself to yourself.
The cognitive representation includes multiple aspects and some of these are social. For example, group memberships, cultural norms. Collective identity as a shared attribute of group is related to this but is separate.
A subjective emotional feeling involving experience directly resulting from sensory processes. It includes touch, brightness, loudness.
An emotion directly attributing an affective response to an object, event or experience. It includes liking and disliking.
Use of combustible tobacco is a leading cause of tobacco-related disease.
A disease in which tobacco use has played a causal role.
Use of combustible tobacco increases the users risk of developing tobacco-related disease.
A disease in which tobacco use is a significant risk factor.
A tobacco user who engages in tobacco smoking.
'tobacco user' and 'participates in' some 'tobacco smoking'
This applies to the current time period and the behaviour pattern of tobacco smoking. The time period and the amount of smoking needs to be operationalised.
A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as a tobacco smoker.
A mental process that involves a feeling of strong impulse to engage in a behaviour.
An urge in which the behaviour that is the target of the feeling is smoking.
An identity in which a person represents themselves as a vaper.
A person whose age is less than that of an adult.
This class is different from 'youth' and is intended to cover any person from birth up to adulthood. It includes, infant, child, and adolescent.
An industry that is realised in the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
An industry that is realised in the manufacture and sale of cannabis.
A commercial organisation that is engaged in the manufacture, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, or distribution of a vaping device or part of such a product, or is at least partly owned by such an organisation.
An industry that is realised in the manufacture and sale of e-cigarettes, e-cigarette components and e-liquid.
I have added here promotion of - this sets industry apart from manufactureres of but also includes these types of company.
An industry that is realised in the processes of facilitating and managing the wagering of money or valuables.
A realizable entity that inheres in a collection of organisations, people, equipment and resources and is realised in processes of production, distribution or service provision, and is characterised by a common purpose or set of related economic activities.
A process undertaken by an organisation with the aim of increasing use of a product or service.
An organisation that sells some product directly to users of that product.
An industry that is realised in the manufacture or sale of tobacco and tobacco-containing products.
A shop that primarily sells products related to vaping devices.
An emergency department facility that is part of a university hospital.
An environmental disposition that is the extent to which an environment enables people in that environment to acquire a product.
An environmental disposition that is the extent to which an environment enables people in that environment to receive a service.
Accessibility of a product where the product is heroin.
Accessibility of a service where the service is opioid agonist therapy
A health care facility within a hospital that provides acute medical care for patients that have presented as medical emergencies to a hospital or who have developed an acute medical illness while in hospital.
Accessibility of a product where the product is an alcoholic beverage
A data item that is about the amount and quality of human and physical resources available to the inhabitants of a geospatial region.
Dose in which the thing administered is nicotine.
An action specification of a person or organisation that is realised as a set of rules and activities affecting people or organisations under its jurisdiction.
A law that creates a requirement on product manufacturers to pre-notify a relevant authority of the product characteristics and receive approval before marketing a product.
A pharmacy access law in which the product being distributed is naloxone.
A law that aims to facilitate distribution of a product through retail pharmacy channels.
A government policy aimed at reducing harm from tobacco use.
Treatment in which the disorder that is being treated is addiction.
A government policy aimed at reducing consumption of alcohol or harm from consumption of alcohol in a population under its jurisdiction.
No appropriate definition found. Definition based on usage. A disjunctive class.
An alcohol control policy aimed at reducing the harm from consumption of alcohol in a population under its jurisdication without promoting complete abstinence from alcohol.
No appropriate definition found. Definition based on usage.
An alcohol control policy aimed at reducing the consumption of alcohol in a population under its jurisdiction.
Drug scheduling in which the drug concerned is codeine.
Treatment of addiction that either a drug user or a person with a drug problem is compelled to undergo by a legal authority in the jurisdiction in which they reside.
A data item that is about an intervention and is the estimated financial cost of delivering that intervention to a population in a setting in order to gain one QALY in the population.
No ontological definition found. Definition based on definition of ICER https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_cost-effectiveness_ratio
cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained
A public policy that involves legislation to reduce the incidence of vehicle driving with alcohol in the body.
A national drug policy that classifies drugs into classes, called 'schedules' according to their (1) potential for abuse, (2) safety, (3) addictive potential and (4) whether or not they have legitimate medical applications. Each schedule has rules regarding restrictions on use and penalties for misuse.
A public policy that regulates e-cigarettes, their marketing or their use.
Includes public policies concerning the manufacture, marketing, and sales of e-cigarettes.
A plan specification for delivering an intervention that has been developed on a part of a population to the full population.
A directive information entity that is produced by government and enables, prohibits or bans activities, or establishes rights or responsibilities.
A national policy that concerns the manufacture, marketing, distribution, use and harms from psychoactive drugs.
A treatment that involves providing a safer opioid agonist to a person with opioid addiction in order to reduce their psychological need for the opioid to which they are addicted.
An intervention scale-up strategy for delivering a opioid agonist treatment programme to a population.
opioid agonist treatment scale-up strategy
An action specification that a government produces that includes rules and regulations concerning activities of agents under the government's jurisdiction.
A subjective affective feeling that is a strong feeling of desire or a strong feeling of urge.
A disposition of a person involving the probability of experiencing a given disease over a defined time period.
Injury to the body or interference of normal body functions by a substance that is ingested.
An addiction that is to a substance that is ingested.
A process in which a vehicle collides with an object, person or vehicle, causing damage.
A person who is undergoing the developmental stage of transition from childhood to adulthood.
A rule that is enacted by the legal system of a country or geographic region.
A disposition of a material entity or a process to cause addiction to it.
This is a quantitative entity that is only meaningful when operationalised in terms of the proportion of people who are exposed who become addicted, the mode of use, the severity of addiction and any other contextual factors that may be in play. Addictiveness can be a disposition of material entity such as a chemical substance or a process such as gambling behaviour.
A psychoactive substance that is used to reduce depression.
A psychoactive substance that is used to treat mania.
A psychoactive substance that is used to reduce anxiety.
Note - these drugs are used to reduce anxiety even when there is no anxiety disorder, e.g. associated with worrying events
The concentration of a drug in a portion of matter.
A quality of a drug that is the amount of a desired effect of the drug for a given dose and a given mode of administration.
Drugs may have different potencies for different drug effects. Effect of the drug on side-effects is not covered by this definition. If a drug has more than one effect that may be desired, it is necessary to specify what effect or effects are included in a given usage of the term.
An information content entity that specifies the amount of a drug in a single item of a drug preparation.
This is not the same as dose received or dose that is potentially delivered by the preparation into the body. Drug unit dose as an attribute of a defined drug preparation (e.g. as in 4mg nicotine gum, 500mg paracetamol capsule)
A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a mint flavour.
A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a menthol flavour.
13% of e-cigarette users report having tried a sweet flavoured e-liquid, e.g., candy floss.
A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a sweet flavour.
Sweet flavours include a broad range of flavour choices but they are distinct from fruit flavours and therefore need to described.
A data item which indicates the absolute reduction number of cigarettes smoked over a period of time.
A data item which indicates the number of number of cigarettes less per day a person has smoked since the last time data was collected.
A product demand in which the product is cigarettes.
A population attribute that involves the amount of a product that a population uses.
It would normally be necessary to specify the population, the product and the conditions that create the demand.
A behaviour pattern that includes use of a product at least once.
A cigarette smoking behaviour that involves sucking smoke through the cylinder of a cigarette into the mouth via the other end.
A data item which indicates the number of cigarettes smoked by a person since their target quit date.
number of cigarettes since target quit data
A cannabis use behaviour pattern that involves ingesting cannabis at least once per day.
A heroin use behaviour pattern that involves injecting heroin into the body at least once per day.
A data item which indicates the number of puffs taken per day by a person on a cigarette.
An opioid use behaviour pattern that involves using prescription opioids.
prescription opioid use behaviour pattern
A substance use behaviour pattern of behaviour that involves the use by a person of two or more psychoactive substances.
A temporal region during which a person concurrently used both e-cigarettes and cigarettes.
A consumption behaviour pattern that involves concurrent use by a person of e-cigarettes and cigarettes.
The temporal extent that a behavioural process projects into.
A product demand in which the product is e-cigarettes.
A product demand in which the product is heated tobacco containing products.
The type of heated tobacco containing product should also be defined.
heated tobacco containing product demand
A data item which is about the amount of cigarette smoking a person does and is the average number of cigarettes smoked per day by a person over a period.
A data item which indicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed within a defined period.
A data item which indicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per day.
A data item which indicates the number of puffs taken per day by a person on a e-cigarette.
A data item which indicates the number of years a person has been smoking cigarettes.
Number of years smoking does not provide any indication of amount or frequency of smoking.
A number denoting a quantity of cigarette smoking made up of the number of years of smoking multiplied by the number packs of 20 cigarettes smoked on average per day over that period.
A data item which is about the amount of cigarette smoking that a person does and is the number of packs of cigarettes smoked by a person per day.
Tobacco smoking abstinence for a short period of time leading up to a point of assessment.
The period of time over which the person is abstinent needs to be specified. Is is usually 7 days.
point prevalence tobacco smoking abstinence
Tobacco use behaviour that involves the use of a smokeless tobacco-containing product.
A product demand in which the product is smokeless tobacco.
The type of smokeless tobacco product should also be defined.
A person who was a tobacco smoker in the past but who is not currently a tobacco smoker.
This class aims to capture as objectively as possible the history of a person's behaviour. It does not make reference to whether the person considers themselves be an ex-smoker because this is captured by the 'ex-tobacco smoker identity' class.
A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as having previously been a tobacco smoker but currently not being a tobacco smoker.
An identity that a group holds about itself.
can a socially shared representtaion be said to be purely cognitive? I.e query parent entity?
A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as no longer having some positively appraised characteristic.
A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as a not being a tobacco smoker.
A self-identity representing something as having been positively appraised in the past but as currently negatively appraised.
An element of a behaviour process which can be used to characterise the behaviour
Should this be defined in the Human Behaviour Ontology?
A data item that is about the age at which a nicotine product was first used.
A data item which indicates the number of days a person has remained abstinent from a particular substance or behaviour.
A data item which indicates the number of days per week a person has drunk alcohol to levels which are considered to be excessive.
The writer must state by which organisations value or measure the person is considered to be drinking excessively.
number of days per week of excessive drinking
A data item which indicates the number of days required to achieve abstinence from alcohol.
number of days required to achieve abstinence
A data item which indicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per week.
"Solitary drinking was defined as drinking while physically alone ". Skrzynski CJ, Creswell KG. A systematic review and meta-analysis on solitary drinking in adults.
Alcohol consumption in which the person consuming an alcohol-containing product does so with no-one else present in the same location.
This definition has been chosen because it is the most commonly encountered term in the research literature.
The definition would not count as solitary drinking alcohol consutmpsion in which there was someone present but not consuming alcohol
A disposition of a pharmaceutical to cause some clinical symptom or medical condition when taken into the body.
pharmaceutical disposition to adverse reaction
A retailer that sells alcohol beverages.
A liquid commodity that is designed to be consumed by people.
A combustible tobacco-containing product that is a cylinder of tobacco leaf containing cannabis.
In some cases a cigar is hollowed out and filled with cannabis. Blunts can also be manufactured.
An information content entity that is about the use of multiple brands for the same product in order to increase the market for that product.
A pharmaceutical that contains buprenorphine mixture and naloxone.
A pharmaceutical that contains some cannabinoid.
A cigar that is short and thin with wrapping that is tobacco or tobacco-based paper.
Cigarillos are widely used in the same way as cigarettes, with the smoke being inhaled into the lungs. For public health purposes they should be classed with cigarettes.
A commodity that is ground, roasted coffee beans.
This entity is the ground coffee. For the coffee drink see 'coffee beverage'.
A data item which is about the amount of money spent per week on e-cigarettes.
Cost relates to currency and period of time, both must be defined.
A pharmaceutical that has fentanyl in it without that being notified to the user.
A data item that is about the amount of money that has to be paid to purchase a product or service
Indicate currency and period of time, both must be defined.
A data item that is about the amount of money a person who smokes cigarettes spends on cigarettes.
This includes own-roll cigarettes but not cigars.
weekly financial cost of cigarette smoking
A product that has a marketing license from the medicines regulatory authority of a jurisdiction to prevent, manage or treat a condition.
A cigaratte that is flavoured with the compound menthol.
A psychoactive substance which is consumed for non-medical purposes and usually sold illegally.
A psychoactive substance that is newly recognised as a drug of abuse.
A synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist that is novel and new in its usage.
new synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist
An opioid that is a naturally occuring psychoactive substance derived from the plant papaver somniferum
Naltrexone that is consumed via the mouth.
A role preformed by an individual who participates in administering a substance orally.
A psychoactive substance that stimulates the central nervous system.
A central nervous system depressant that has the application of sedative effects.
A cannabinoid receptor agonist which consists of synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring cannabinoids.
The extent and rate at which a substance is absorbed in order to have a physiological affect on the whole body.
An alcohol user who presents with alcohol use disorder.
We strongly advise against using synonyms and especially alcoholic, this term given its lack of clinical definition and stigmatising connotations.
A psychoactive substance user who consumes alcohol.
A daily cigarette smoker who, when circumstances allow, smokes continually with little or no tempora gap between cigarettes for much of their waking hours.
A tobacco smoker who has ever participated in smoking.
Ever should be further defined and frequency of past use should be indicated where possible.
A tobacco smoker who is an ex-e-cigarette user
This class requires specification of the time period since e-cigarette use stopped. E-cigarette use may have been with or without tobacco smoking.
An e-cigarette user who is a former tobacco smoker.
A person who was a regular tobacco smoker in the past but is not currently a tobacco smoker.
The use of 'regular tobacco user' in this case does not mean daily or weekly but rather that the person has used tobacco for at least a year.
A person who was a substance in the past but is not currently a substance user.
Substance use includes caffeine, nicotine, alcohol as well as ones that are generally referred to in the literature such as cannabis.
A person who was a cigarette smoker in the past but is not currently a cigarette smoker.
Note that the parent cannot be former tobacco smoker because a former cigarette smoker may still be using another form of tobacco
A substance user whose use involves injection of some psychoactive substance.
Never smoker is often defined as a person who has smoked fewer than 20 cigarettes (including roll ups and cannabis joints) in their lifetime.
A person who does not currently report smoking tobacco.
The term nono-smoker is included as a synonym but is discouraged from use. Not currently smoking also needs to be further defined by providign details of time since last smoking and frequency of smoking.
An example using this definition: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.15295
An ever-tobacco smoker who has participated in tobacco smoking within the past year.
This definition is commonly used in outputs from the Smoking Toolkit Study. It refers to those who affirm smoking any tobacco products within the past 12 months. For more info see: www.smokinginengland.info
An opioid user who presents with a clinical diagnosis of opioid use disorder.
A former regular tobacco smoker who has smoked within the past 12 months.
A tobacco smoker who reports recently smoking.
The time period that is meant by recent must be defined.
A carcinogen where there is sufficent evidence, with an established casual relationship, to suggest it is carcinogenic to humans.
A carcinogen where there is limited evidence in humans, but sufficient evidence in animals to suggest it is probably carcinogenic to humans.
Cocaine that has been heated, purified, concentrated, and compressed into smokeable, pebble-sized crystals.
A substance that is produced by a living organsism and is toxic, noxious or poisonous
A chemical substance that has the carcinogenic agent role.
This is distinguished from carcinogenic agent in order to separate a chemical from its role. Carcinogenic agent role is defined in CHEBI as 'A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquisition of tumoral capabilities.'
A bodily disposition which is the degree to which the person is at risk of relapse to tobacco use.
The age at which a person reports quitting smoking tobacco.
This defintion deliberately seperates cannabis smoking from the use of cannabis by edibles.
This defintion deliberately seperates cannabis smoking from vaping.
A daily cannabis user who smokers cannabis daily.
A cannabis user who uses cannabis products daily.
An e-cigarette user who engages in e-cigarette use every day.
If other products are used alongside the e-cigarette this should be noted
A daily cigarette smoker who is not seeking smoking cessation treatment.
daily non-treatment-seeking cigarette smoker
A cigarette smoker who is tobacco dependent according to a defined and validated measure.
An e-cigarette user who self-reports first time ever use of an e-cigarette.
The purpose of this defintion is only to highlight first use. In addition to this it is important to state whether the person using the e-cigarette is a current smoker, ex-smoker or never.
A cannabis smoker who only smokes their cannabis.
Intended defintion for those who smoke their cannabis only and do not use cannabis in any other form.
A cannabis vaper who only vapes their cannabis.
This defintion is for those who chose to vape their cannabis and are not using their cannabis in any form which involves combustion.
An e-cigarette user who is not a tobacco user.
Exclusive user refers to the complete absence of a tobacco containing product. They could be using another kind of nicotine product such as nicotine transdermal patch.
An ex-smoker who has not smoked for approximately one-year or more.
This is fuzzy set because the time frame is approximate and needs to be defined in published work.
An e-cigarette user who does not use their e-cigarette on a daily basis.
The frequency of use should still be quatified if possible and other products e.g., cigarettes, if used alongside should be recorded.
A substance user who is not seeking treatment for their substance use at the current time of recording data.
A cannabis user who ingests cannabis through edible products.
A cannabis vaping device that is shaped like a pen and consists of a battery, a container for cannabis or a cannabis extract, an atomiser to create cannabis vapour, and a mouthpiece.
A toxicant that has impairs the developmental process of an organism.
Toxicity of a substance in which the substance is ethanol.
A dry herb vaporiser that is shaped like a pen and is portable.
dry herb pen, dry herb tank, dry herb (or weed) atomizer
Clarify what type of cannabis is being vaped in the device i.e. CBD and/or THC and where possible what %
A liquid commodity that contains a high concentration of sugar, caffeine or another stimulant and is promoted as capable of increasing alertness and reducing fatigue.
A data item referring to an amount of alcohol expressed in gram units.
Any class of substances characterised by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility and high reflectivity of light.
A toxicant that has an effect on the reproductive systsem.
A toxicant that has an effect on the respiratory system.
The effect produced by a substance which contains toxins.
A substance that has a disposition to cause harm to an organism that is in contact with it.
An e-cigarette user who has been using e-cigarettes for one year or more.
The concentration of nicotine in the e-liquid will usually need to be defined for use of this term to be meaningful.
An ex-smoker who quit less than a year ago.
This is a fuzzy because the time frame is not universally agreed and if this term is used, what is meant by recent must be defined.
This class is intended to allow reference to anything that is either a quality or disposition of a product.
A product disposition that is realised as harm processes resulting from its use.
This entity is only meaningful when operationalised in terms of whether the harm is per individual user, per person or thing being harmed, or whether it is in a population, and the harm itself is defined and operationalised. If the harm being referred to is harm to health, this must be specified.
A health status which indicates whether or not a person is living with HIV.
A TB patient that is of adult age and is currently receiving medical care.
A disease of the respiratory system that causes lung conditions these include emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
A person that uses both smokeless tobacco-containing products and concurrently smokers tobacco.
The type of smokeless product that is being used should be defined. Also, the frequency of dual use should be reported.
dual smokeless-containing product user and tobacco smoker
A person with COPD that reports current use of an e-cigarette.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product user that uses heated tobacco products.
A person who is living with HIV and also reports being a current smoker.
A person with a clinical status that indicates the person is living with COPD.
A person with COPD that reports being a current smoker.
A tobacco-containing product user that uses smokeless tobacco.
There is a wide range of smokeless tobacco-containing products so it is important to state which product/s the user is consuming.
smokeless tobacco-containing product user
A smokeless tobacco-containing product user that reports using snuff.
A person who uses tobacco-containing products.
The type of product that is being used must be defined.
A tobacco-containing product user who reports using a waterpipe.
A liquid commodity that is a cannabis extract combined with oil designed to be used in a cannabis vaping device.
It is important to clarify what cannabinoids are present in the oil in what concentrations.
Toxicity of a substance that is at or above a level that causes disease.
A tabletop vaporiser that is designed to vape cannabis flower or herbs
The concentration of carbonyls in an e-cigarette vapour.
e-cigarette vapour carbonyl concentration
A cigarette pack that contains the full product brand name and brand imagery printed on it.
Toxicity of a substance in which the substance is nicotine.
A cannabis vaping device that is portable.
Clarify what cannabis is being vaped i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what %
A cannabis vaping device which is large, usually mains powered and intended for use in one location.
A disposition of a substance to cause harm to an organism that is exposed to it.
The substance can be a chemical such as nicotine or ethanol, or a product such as tobacco.
An organization that provides funding for research.
A research study that aims to determine the value of carrying out a full-scale study or intervention and how that study or intervention should be implemented.
https://pilotandfeasibilitystudies.qmul.ac.uk/introduction/#:~:text=A feasibility study asks whether, conducted on a smaller scale
There are other definitions available but they do not capture what is needed, including the feasibility and value of a study and finding out how best to carry out the study. This one follows the guidance of Eldridge and colleague (see Source).
Feasibility studies can include assessment of study methods as well as whatever is being studied. This definition does not include full-scale studies that assess the feasibility of an intervention.
A feasibility study that evaluates an intervention.
This is a broader class than pilot trial because a a feasibility trial may involve an evaluation that is not a smaller scale version of a full-scale RCT, for example, trying out a range of different interventions or ways of conducting the trial.
A pilot trial in which a controlled trial is being piloted.
The semantics of this definition are carried by the use of the parent class and the fact that a pilot study is a smaller version of a full-scale study and the full-scale study is a controlled trial.
This entity is intended to provide users with an opportunity to be specific about the nature of the study in that it follows the procedures of a controlled trial where pilot trials include, for example, single arm trials.
A pilot controlled trial in which what is piloted is a randomised controlled trial.
A feasibility study that involves a smaller-scale version or part of the intervention or study whose feasibility is being assessed.
https://pilotandfeasibilitystudies.qmul.ac.uk/introduction/#:~:text=A feasibility study asks whether,conducted on a smaller scale
The aim of this definition is to make a useful and clear distinction from feasibility studies. It uses the definition set out by Eldridge and colleagues (see Source).
A pilot study in which what is being piloted is a trial that evaluates an intervention.
The aim is to make a clear distinction from both pilot study and feasibility trial. This includes pilot controlled trial as a subclass.
Pilot trials need not be controlled trials. They include single arm trials. Although its parent is 'pilot study' it is also an interventional study.
Literature that is an output of research activity.
The revenue received from the sale of alcohol.
A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist acting selectively on the alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor selective partial agonist
A data item that is the amount of a substance that needs to be taken into the body to provide an observable behavioural effect.
behaviourally-relevant dose of a substance
A combustible tobacco-containing product that is a thin small cylinder of dried leaf containing finely chopped tobacco.
These are usually hand-rolled and include flavouring. They are popular in India. The smoke is usually inhaled into the lungs and so for public health purposes they should be classified with cigarettes.
A product that is design to be part of a vaping device to heat a cannabis product to produce a vapour for inhalation.
A cigarette whose parts have been purchased separately and assembled by hand or using a device for single assembly.
An element with atomic symbol Pb, atomic number 82, and atomic weight 207.2.
A role that inheres in money by virtue of it being acquired by an economic agent for providing a good or service or as a levy.
A smoking product that consists of an open chamber designed to contain organic matter for burning, an enclosed bowl containing water, a flexible hose connected to the bowl and a mouthpiece on the other end, which is used for smoking organic matter.
This is mainly used for smoking tobacco but any kind of organic matter can be smoked using it.
Oral snuff in which tobacco, moisturizers, sodium carbonate, salt (sodium chloride), sweeteners and flavourings are mixed to form a moist product, resulting in very low concentrations of tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
Snus is usually flavoured, but not always. Use usually results in blood nicotine concentrations at least as high as smoking tobacco. They often come in permeable pouches. It is commercially prepared and is consumed by holding in the mouth for 30 minutes or more and does not require chewing, sucking or spitting.
A cannabis smoker who smokes mulled cigarettes.
A commodity that is formed from parts of the cannabis plant.
A whole plant that belongs to a species of the genus Cannabaceae.
May contain a group of compounds known as cannabinoids that are psychoactive.
A tobacco-containing product that consists of chopped unprocessed tobacco leaves.
A product that is manufactured to be part of an e-cigarette as a combination of a container for e-liquid, an atomiser and systems for controlling the atomiser connected together into a single component.
The age at which a person initiated substance use.
A substance user who has a high-risk of adverse outcomes as a result of their substance use.
A cannabis user who users medicinal cannabis.
A person who has never used an opioid drug.
A substance user who uses an opioid drug.
An alcohol user who is seeking treatment for their alcohol use.
A substance user who is in contact with a service to receive treatment for a substance use disorder.
A woman who self identifies as using psychoactive substances.
A woman who has convictions for driving under the influence.
A person who is in their late teenage years, or early twenties.
A young adult who self-reports as a binge drinker.
A vaping device that heats dry herbs in order to create a vapour to be taken into the lungs by the user.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for nasal use, in which dark coloured Mapacho tobacco, inner bark of Mocambo tree and cacahuilo tree are mixed to form an extremely fine dust.
It is prepared in cottage industries and is blown or snorted high into the nostrils.
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-Zqo67BjH7UCandpg=PA38andlpg=PA38anddq=how is gundi or kadapan usedandsource=blandots=xLk4geh0hRandsig=ACfU3U1IVfUPFwmdKtSqeE1JNE6Gcc3KYgandhl=enandsa=Xandved=2ahUKEwjB2bep1OnvAhVAgP0HHfw8BDsQ6AEwAnoECAMQAw#v=onepageandq=how is gundi or kadapan usedandf=false https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which cured tobacco, coriander seeds, and other spices are fried separately and ground, then mixed with aromatic resinous oils to form a coarse powder.
Gundi is premade in cottage industry, and it may be chewed as it is or added as ingredient in betel quid.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#ghutka https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which sun-dried, roasted, and finely chopped tobacco is mixed with areca nut, slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), catechu, and other condiments, sweeteners, and flavourings to create dry granular product.
Gutka is premade commercially or in cottage industry, and it may be held in the mouth and chewed or sucked.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use in which tobacco is wrapped in a betel leaf.
The product is custom-made by vendor/individual, and placed in the mouth by users for chewing or holding.It usually includes other ingredients (usually areca nuts, slaked lime, and catechu).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6996481/ https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which unprocessed and crushed tobacco leaves are bundled in strands.
Hogesoppu is premade in cottage industry, and it may be chewed as it is or added as an ingredient in betel quid.
A product that is manufactured for a user to taken into the body the products of combustion.
This is a class that covers products that are defined by the fact that their use involves ingesting smoke rather than what is ingested or smoked.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco leaves are crushed and boiled into a sticky, heavy black liquid, which is allowed to mature and seasoned with different ingredients (that vary according to region) to create a tobacco-based paste.
Chimó is produced by small family-operated factories or industrially manufactured, and used by placing a small amount between the lip or cheek and the gum and left there for some time (usually 30 minutes), after which it is spit out.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#iqmik https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which fire- or air-cured tobacco leaves are mixed with tree fungus ash or other ash derived from burning driftwood, alder bush or willow bush to form a thick chewable product.
it is chewed and users may pre-chew the iq’mik and place it in a small box for later use.
Iq’mik is prepared by the individual user or a family or community member to share
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#dohra https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which different types of tobacco (often zarda or surti) are combined with a mix of areca nut, catechu, slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and flavorings such as peppermint, cardamom to form a wet mixture.
Dohra is custom-made by the vendor/individual, and a small amount of it is placed in the mouth and chewed or sucked on.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which dried raw tobacco stalks and petioles (sometimes mixed with molasses and water) form loose dry sticks.
kaddipudi is premade in cottage industry, and it is either chewed or added as ingredient in betel quid.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which finely ground tobacco is mixed with aromatic substances, salts, water, and other hydrating agents to form a tobacco-based paste that is sold in toothpaste-like tubes.
Creamy snuff is commercially manufactured, and it is applied to teeth and used to clean teeth like regular toothpaste.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#khaini https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which sun-dried or fermented coarsely cut tobacco leaves are mixed with slaked lime and sometimes areca nut to create a flaky form.
Khaini is usually custom-made by individual, but also commercially/cottage industry manufactured, and it is placed in the mouth between the gums and cheeks and sucked slowly for 10 – 15 minutes, or sometimes left overnight in the mouth.
A quality of a substance having no fixed shape but a fixed volume.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for nasal use, in which tobacco is processed into dry fine powder.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#kharra https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6077969/
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco is mixed with areca nut, lime, catechu and additional ingredients to form a coarse powder.
Kharra may be custom-made by vendor/individual or premade in cottage industry, and it is held in the mouth and sucked or chewed.
A tabletop vaporiser that is designed to vape oil based cannabis products.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which the tobacco leaf, stems, and seeds are fermented, air- and/or fire-cured, mixed with different flavourings, augmented with stimulants (caffeine, ginseng), taurine, and vitamins B and C, and processed into moist fine particles (fine cut) or strips (long cut).
Energy-enhanced snuff is premade manufactured, and it is placed between the lip or cheek and the gum for holding and sucking.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#kiwam https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which boiled tobacco leaves (minus stalks, stems and veins) are soaked in water, then flavoured with powdered spices (e.g., saffron, cardamom, aniseed) and additives such as musk and then prepared into a thick paste that may also be formed into granules or pellets.
Kiwam is commercially manufactured, and it may be chewed alone or inserted into a betel quid.
The price a person pays or is charged by a company or person for one cigarette.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#gudakhu https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which fine leaf tobacco dust is mixed with molasses, red soil, lime, and water to form a tobacco-based paste.
udakhu is premade manufactured, but can also be made by individuals for personal use, and it is used by rubbing on the teeth and gums with a fingertip for cleaning teeth or leaving in the mouth.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which leaf tobacco is air-cured, stemmed, sweetened and flavoured with sugar and liquorice, and cut or granulated into small strips of shredded tobacco
Loose leaf is commercially manufactured and usually sold in pouches, and a piece of the product is either chewed or held in the mouth and sucked.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#gul https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which pyrolysed (burned and decomposed) tobacco leaves are mixed with ash of tendu leaves to form a fine powder.
it is applied to teeth and gums, usually for cleaning teeth.
Gul is commercially manufactured and sold in small tin cans
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#mainpuri https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of small pieces of tobacco leaves treated in slaked lime, finely cut betel nut, flavouring agents and sandalwood powder to form a coarse granular mixture.
The product is made in cottage industry and is chewed, held or sucked in the mouth.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which sun-dried tobacco is mixed with ashes from oak, walnut and grapewine and then sprinkled with water to form a moist powder
The product is custom-made by vendor/individual and is applied between the lower lip and gums for 4-5 minutes.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, composed of sun-cured tobacco flakes, thin shavings of areca nut and slaked lime.
Mawa is custom made by vendor/individual and is consumed by placing in the mouth and chewing for 10 to 20 minutes.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, composed of toasted tobacco in a powdered form.
The product is custom made and is applied to the teeth and gums, sucked or used as a dentifrice for cleaning.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of fermented, air- or fire-cured tobacco mixed with flavourings (spices, essential oils, extracts), sweeteners, inorganic salts, humectants and preservatives and processed into moist fine particles (fine cut) or strips (long cut).
The product is prepared commercially and is consumed by placing a pinch or dip between the lip or cheek and gum and holding in the mouth or sucking for 30 minutes.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, composed of dried tobacco leaves, ash, cottonseed or sesame oil, water and sometimes gum which are rolled into balls.
The product is custom made and is chewed, held in the mouth and sucked for 10-15 minutes.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#naswar https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of sun or heat dried tobacco leaves mixed with slaked lime, water, ash from tree bark, oil or butter flavourings and colouring agents that are rolled into a ball.
The product is custom made or prepared in cottage industry and is consumed by placing under the tongue or cheek and holding or sucking for 10 to 15 minutes.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for nasal use, that is composed of dried tobacco and made into a fine powder.
The product can be premade in cottage industry or custom made and is used nasally to induce sneezing or lighten the head.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which finely ground tobacco, mint or cinnamon flavouring are mixed to form pellets.
The product is commercially prepared and is used by placing in the mouth, holding, sucking or dissolving like breath mints.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of dried tobacco flakes.
It is prepared commercially and at the time of use, is mixed with the required proportions of lime to form a moist product that is chewed.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of sun-dried flaked tobacco mixed with or without lime.
It is prepared commercially and is consumed by chewing
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which sun/fire dried tobacco leaves are mixed with ash to form a quid.
The product is custom prepared and is consumed by chewing or holding in the lower lip or cheek for extended periods of time.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which Burley and bright tobacco or cigar tobacco leaves, liquorice, and sugar are mixed to form a moist product.
It is commercially packaged and consumed by chewing, sucking or holding between the cheek and gum.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of moist finely ground tobacco that is packaged into small teabag like sachets.
It is commercially prepared and is consumed by holding in the mouth between the upperlip and gums.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for nasal use, in which dried tobacco leaf, flavourings such as tonka bean, clove, cinnamon powder, camphor, and in some cases, ashes from select trees are mixed to form a fine powder.
The product is manufactured in cottage industries and consumed by blowing or snorting high into each of the nostrils through a ceremonial pipe made of bone or bamboo.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#lal https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco, herbs and flavourings are mixed to form a fine red powder.
The product is commercially prepared and applied on teeth and gums and used as a dentifrice to clean teeth.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco, slaked lime, ash, black pepper, oil, flavourings, bombosa (sodium carbonate) are mixed to form a wet product.
It is custom made by vendor or individual and is consumed by sucking or holding between the gum and lower lip or cheek. In Algeria, users may wrap shammah in paper before putting it in the mouth. Orally chewed or held in the mouth
A smokeless tobacco-containing product in which the tobacco is finely ground to make it suitable for oral or nasal consumption.
It is custom made and is used by holding in the mouth or sniffing through the nose.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which ground tobacco, humectants, preservatives and flavours are compressed into soft pellets.
It is commercially prepared and is consumed by sucking, holding or dissolving in the mouth.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which ground tobacco, humectants, preservatives and flavours are compressed to form sticks.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which ground tobacco, humectants, preservatives and flavours are compressed into strips.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for either oral or nasal use, in which dry fermented tobacco is mixed with natron (a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride) and ground into a fine powder. It can be consumed both nasally or orally.
The product is custom made or packaged in cottage industries and is used by holding in the mouth or sniffing nasally.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of tobacco which is sometimes flavoured with menthol and sold as small teabag like pouches.
The product is commercially prepared and consumed by placing the single-serve pouch between the cheek and gums, and disposing of when finished.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for either oral or nasal use, which is composed of dried tobacco leaf with, saltpeter (potassium nitrate) and ashes which are ground into a fine powder.
It is premade in cottage industry or custom made by vendor/individuals and is consumed by holding in the mouth or sniffing nasally.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of finely ground tobacco , chewing gum base and xylitol.
It is commercially manufactured and used as a chewing gum.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of nicotine with flavours like strawberry, peppermint, spearmint, coffee, cinnamon etc and is placed in the mouth like a toothpick.
It is commercially prepared and is sucked or sometimes chewed to increase the speed of nicotine release.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, that in which ground tobacco is mixed with various flavouring agents like cinnamon, fruit and mint to form a sugar-free tablet.
It is commercially packaged and is consumed by placing in the mouth and allowing to dissolve over the course of 20 to 30 mins.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which ground tobacco, humectants, preservatives and flavours are compressed to form tablets.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product, in which sun-dried, fermented, then ground and aged tobacco leaves are mixed with a solution of baking soda and water to create a moist form that can be rolled into a ball (called a saffa).
query over whether the same product is used nasally - nasal use is not described
Toombak may be premade in cottage industry or custom-made by vendor/individual, and used by holding a small portion (saffa) is the mouth and sucking slowly for 10 to 15 minutes.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco smoke is passed through water and the resulting tobacco water is sold in glass bottles.
Tuibur is premade in cottage industry, and the product is either sipped from a bottle or through cotton soaked with tobacco water. It is retained in the mouth or gargled for 5 to 10 minutes before it is spit out.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which air- or fire-cured burley tobacco leaf is treated with a tar-like tobacco leaf extract and sometimes sweeteners and other flavourings, then twisted into rope-like strands that are dried and braided.
Twist is handmade by commercial manufacturers, and users typically cut off a piece, place it in the mouth, and chew.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#zarda https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which boiled and dried tobacco leaves are mixed with lime, spices and vegetable dyes (sometimes areca nut and/or silver flecks) to make a flaky product.
An oral smokeless tobacco-containing poduct, in which boiled and dried tobacco leaves are mixed with lime, spices and vegetable dyes (sometimes areca nut and/or silver flecks) to make a flaky product. Zarda is commercially manufactured, and it may be chewed by itself, or with chopped areca nuts and spices, or added as an ingredient in betel quid.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4117660/#:~:text=Afzal is used by applying,subsequently spit out the rest.
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use in which dried tobacco is mixed with varied additives to create a moist, ground form.
In Afzal, some premade ingredients are mixed to create a custom-made product, which is used by placing a pinch of it between the lips and the gums. Users then suck the juice from Afzal for varying periods of time, often up to 30 min, and spit out the rest.
An object that is designed by humans to fulfil some function.
This entity is specified in the Product Life Cycle Ontologies reference in the source field. It is not directly imported yet because it is not yet in a form that permits this.
A material entity that bears a commodity role.
This is taken from the Product Life Cycle Ontologies specified in the source field. It cannot yet be important because that ontology is not yet set up to allow this.
A chemical substance that has a disposition to alter the mental functioning of a person.
A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco, slaked lime, ash, black pepper, oil, flavourings, bombosa (sodium carbonate) are mixed to form a dry product.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#loose https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product, in which raw tobacco leaf is powdered, flaked or sold in bundles of several long strands.
Leaf tobacco is custom-made by vendor/individual, and it may be chewed alone or in a betel quid or other custom-made product. A regular user consumes one 15cm piece of the strand per day.
https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#tapkeer https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for both oral or nasal use, in which fermented, roasted tobacco (sometimes with flavourings) is made into a dry, fine powder.
Bajjar is frequently prepared by individual users at home (custom-made), and it is typically rubbed on the teeth and gums to clean teeth, but sometimes used nasally.
A drug that has a marketing authorisation from a medicines regulatory agency.
A behaviour pattern involving a vaping product.
E-liquid that includes cannabis or some cannabis extract.
A data item that is a measure of lung function, and is about the maximal amount of air a person can forcefully exhale in one second.
A personal experience that causes significant lasting harm to the person experiencing it.
A disposition of a person involving the probability that exposure to some agent or substance will adversely transform cells to replicate and form a malignant tumor over a defined time period.
A disease involving the cardiovascular system.
A clinical adverse event following treatment that is at least partly caused by the treatment.
A bodily disposition that is the pressure of circulating blood.
A disposition of a person involving the probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease over a defined time period.
The trimester that ranges from the 28th week of pregnancy until delivery
An adult who is currently not receiving any form of intervention for psychoactive substance use disorder.
adult not in treatment for substance use disorder
A cardiovascular disease in which plaque, a waxy substance, builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
A person who is between the ages of 13 and 19.
especially one of the three months of gestation into which a human pregnancy is divided.
An adult with a diagnosis of an opioid use disorder that is currently a patient.
adult patient aged 18 or older with a diagnosis of opioid use disorder
A tobacco user who has either only ever smoked cigarettes or who smoked a cigarette as his or her earliest form of tobacco user.
A disease which affects any, or all parts of the digestive system.
An adult who has received and diagnosis of opioid use disorder
An addiction that is to a substance containing cocaine.
A disease which affects any, or all parts of the respiratory system.
A former tobacco smoker who has been diagnosed as suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A disorder which affects the musculoskeletal system, which provides form, support, stability and movement to the body.
A coronary artery disease characterised by myocardial cell death (gross myocardial necrosis), caused by interruption of the blood supply to the heart.
A person who has an opioid use disorder who is in prison.
incarcerated persons with opioid use disorder
A person who has never used a psychoactive drug.
An older person who has a diagnosis of an opioid use disorder.
'older person' and 'opioid use disorder'
Addiction to use of a nicotine-containing product.
A woman who is currently pregnant and also has a diagnosis of opioid use disorder.
'pregnant woman' and 'bearer of' some 'opioid use disorder'
The process of passing on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections disease from one carrier to another.
A tobacco smoker that also has a diagnosis of affective disorder.
'tobacco smoker' and 'bearer of' some 'affective disorder'
A tobacco smoker that also has a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
A substance user who has a diagnosis of substance use disorder.
An abstainer from using a tobacco-containing product.
An opioid user who is seeking treatment for opioid use disorder
A person who is incarcerated in a prison.
A person who receives money or goods in exchange for sexual services.
A sex worker may directly or indirectly receive income or goods for their services, this may not be their main occupation, the role may or may not be consensual.
A self-identity that represents a relation between oneself and another person or group.
This can be either a self-identity or a group identity. Possible relations may include membership (of a group), affiliation or antagonism. The group may be a formal group, informal group or collection of people.
An urge in which the behaviour that is the target of the feeling is vaping.
An adult who is unable to look after themselves and or who is unable to protect themselves against significant harm or exploitation.
A substance user who uses some stimulant drug.
A data item that indicates the number of years an individual was or has been in education.
An almond-shaped cluster of nuclei located within the medial temporal lobe of the brain, which makes up part of the limbic system, that serves a role in memory, emotional reactions and decision-making.
An organisation that raises and distributes funds for charitable purposes.
An organization that has responsibility over or for the legislation (acts and regulations) for a given sector of the government.
A social policy whose aim is to reduce the harm to a population from continued use of a psychoactive substance by members of that population.
it can include whole commodities such as tobacco.
This entity is defined in terms of the aims of a policy rather than its effect. It is distinguished from harm reduction behaviour. It includes attempting to get people to reduce their use of the substance, change their pattern of use, change the type or formulation of the substance they consume. Note that the substance does not just include the psychoactive drug
A substance use behaviour pattern that involves continuing to use a substance while changing the type of substance, formulation of the substance or the amount or manner of use of the substance with the aim of reducing the harm caused.
A policy that is applied by a public body.
A substance use behaviour in which the substance used is cocaine.
An economic good role that inheres in some artifact and is realized in some act of appraisal.
Product Life Cycle Ontology https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332535504_An_ontological_approach_to_representing_the_product_life_cycle
A role that inheres in some material entity and is realized in some act of appraisal.
An economic good role that inheres in some material entity that is not an object and is realized in some act of appraisal.
A material entity that is not an object.
A product that is manufactured to be part of a cigarette, located at the end that the user puts to the lips, which blocks some smoke particles from entering the mouth during use.
A material entity that has an economic good role.
Product harm potential from an individual using the product.
This entity relates to the harmfulness for a given individual. It is distinct from population-level harmfulness which refers to harmfulness to a population. Thus a product may have high individual-level harmfulness but low population-level harmfulness if there are very few users in the population. The individual may be a user of the product (e.g. a smoker) or another person (e.g. a family member of a smoker).
A product that is designed to be a proper part of another product.
Product harm potential from a population using a product.
This entity refers to the harmfulness for a specified population. It is distinct from individual-level harmfulness which refers to harmfulness for an individual. The harm may be to users or non-users.
A data item which indicates the average time to relapse.
A data item which indicates changes in expenditure on cigarettes between defined time points.
An inhaling consumption behaviour pattern that involves use of an e-cigarette.
A subjective emotional feeling which consists of a strong wanting or wishing to have something or for something to happen.
A mental disposition that consists of a strong dislike or disinclination towards an object, situation or behaviour
A substance use behaviour pattern in which the substance used is alcohol.
A substance use behaviour pattern that involves use of cannabis.
An opioid use behaviour pattern that involves use of heroin.
A substance use behaviour pattern in which the substance used is an opioid.
A nicotine-containing product that some country has granted marketing authorisation as a medicine to replace nicotine from tobacco in an attempt to reduce or stop smoking.
This class is problematic because as products have evolved distinctions between those receiving a license to be marketed as medicines and those that have not have become blurred. It is better to use the parent class 'nicotine-containing product' or the more accurate 'licensed nicotine-containing product'.
A personal attribute that is the strength of motivation experienced to engage in the behaviour to which the person is addicted.
A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as an e-cigarette user.
A plan detailing guidelines, principles, legislation and activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare, such as a person's quality of life.
This is drawn from the GSSO but with wording and parentage corrected.
A mental disposition to experience motives in the performance of an activity that are not aligned with the purported goals of that activity.
Curator note: The definition was adapted from the PLOS definition. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/s/competing-interests
A personal attribute that is objectively identifiable and could lead to a competing interest.
Potential competing interests are distinguished from competing interests. They should always be disclosed so that stakeholders can assess the risk of bias.
A research activity attribute that is the extent to which the output of research or its communication systematically deviates from a balanced and objective perception of the topic of the research.
This class refers to actual bias that results in a given research process. This process may be a whole study or some part of a study such as a measurement.
A health care facility that provides harm reduction services to substance users.
A health care facility that treats and manages addictive disorders.
A facility where some alcoholic beverage can be purchased.
A data item that is about the number of alcohol outlets per unit area within a geographical location.
A health care facility that provides services to people who are pregnant and their partners.
A facility that provides housing, health care and social care.
Accessibility of a service in which the service is addiction treatment.
A country in which English is an official language.
A spatial region that has a government and is recognised as a country in international law.
Definition taken from the VIDO ontology but this does not have appropriate codes so we have created a separate entity.
A disorder that involves mental processes.
MF defines mental disease as a disposition to pathological *mental* processes which is not quite right. Needs work
A self-appraisal in which what is represented is appraised as good or desirable.
A self-appraisal in which what is represented is appraised as bad or undesirable.
A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as being addicted to something.
A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as having been addicted to something but no longer addicted to that thing.
A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as being in recovery from addiction and vulnerable to relapse to that addiction.
A self-identity in which the person considers themselves to smoke predominantly or exclusively in social situations.
This is not a subclass of tobacco smoker identity because not all social smokers may consider themselves to be smokers as they do not smoke sufficiently often. This class is intended for tobacco smokers.
A lost self-identity in which the positively appraised past characteristic is that of being a tobacco smoker
A non tobacco smoker identity that is a core identity and a positive identity.
positive core non tobacco smoker identity
A tobacco smoker that is also a spoiled identity.
Inequality between different gender groups.
Inequality in health and access to healthcare.
Health inequality can be operationalised in many ways and these need to be specified when the class is used.
A quality of a population that is the degree of variation among members of the population on some valued attribute.
The GSSO definition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_002956 is not well-formed and so one had to be constructed.
A person whose identity is male, based on societal and cultural conceptualizations of being male, usually (but not always) reflected by specific anatomical variations, chromosome combinations, and/or sex hormones.
Male persons who engage in sexual activity with members of the same sex, regardless of how they identify themselves.
Male persons who engage in sexual activity with women, regardless of how they identify themselves.
Male persons who engage in sexual activity with men and women, regardless of how they identify themselves.
a person having a gender identity which is outside of the gender binary (i.e. male and female).
A person whose gender identity is not exclusively male or female
Inequality between different racial or ethnic groups.
Inequality in access to social or material resources.
A person whose gender identity does not match their gender assigned at birth or a person who otherwise identifies as transgender
A person whose identity is female, based on societal and cultural conceptualizations of being female, usually (but not always) reflected by specific anatomical variations, chromosome combinations, and/or sex hormones.
Women who engage in sexual activity with men, regardless of how they identify themselves.
Female persons who engage in sexual activity with men and women, regardless of how they identify themselves.
Women who engage in sexual activities with other women, whether or not they identify themselves as lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual, or dispense with sexual identification altogether.
A nicotine replacement therapy user who engages in nicotine replacement therapy use every day.
The type of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) used should be specified. It may also be useful in the reporting of studies to quantify the amount of NRT used and the strength.
This is definition used across studies and also within the reporting of NRT use in the Smoking Toolkit Study: www.smokinginengland.info
A person who participates in nicotine replacement therapy use.
An NRT user who does not use their product on a daily basis.
The product or products used should be specified.
non-daily nicotine replacement therapy user
A nicotine replacement therapy user who is not a tobacco user or an e-cigarette user.
Exclusive user referes to the complete absense of tobacco containing products.
exclusive nicotine replacement therapy user
A nicotine replacement therapy user who has been using NRT products for one year or more.
The NRT product or products used should be specified.
long-term nicotine replacement therapy user
A substance user who engages in tobacco use.
An e-cigarette atomiser quality that is the opposition of its circuit to the flow of current in that circuit.
A quality inhering in an e-cigarette atomiser.
An e-cigarette battery disposition to transfer electrical energy in a circuit containing an atomiser.
A disposition inhering in a manufactured cigarette
A disposition of a manufactured cigarette to produce a quantity of carbon monoxide in the smoke produced when tested in a smoking machine that is programmed to take puffs in a standard way.
manufactured cigarette machine-smoked carbon monoxide yield
A disposition of a manufactured cigarette to produce a quantity of nicotine in the smoke produced when tested in a smoking machine that is programmed to take puffs in a standard way.
manufactured cigarette machine-smoked nicotine yield
A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is manufactured to be held in the mouth.
A nicotine-containing product that is manufactured to enable users to draw a nicotine-containing vapour into the respiratory tract so that nicotine can be absorbed through the lining of this tract.
A nicotine-containing product that is manufactured to enable users to absorb nicotine through the nasal mucosa.
A nicotine-containing product that is manufactured to be attached to the skin so that nicotine can be absorbed through the skin.
A product that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy.
A disposition of a manufactured cigarette to produce a quantity of tobacco particles in the smoke produced when tested in a smoking machine that is programmed to take puffs in a standard way.
manufactured cigarette machine-smoked tar yield
A disposition inhering in an e-cigarette battery.
A cigarette that has a cigarette filter as a part.
A nicotine-containing product that is designed to be held in the mouth or chewed so that nicotine is absorbed through the buccal mucosa.
A bodily disposition which is realised as impaired functioning following reduction or termination of use of a psychoactive substance as a result of long-term physiological adaptation to that substance.
This is distinguished from addiction. The two are often correlated but distinct. Dependence is a disposition to experience impaired functioning, which includes withdrawal symptoms, while addiction is a disposition to experience powerful motivation. The motivation can, but need not be caused by impaired functioning.
Substance dependence in which the dependence is on nicotine.
Tobacco addiction where there tobacco-containing product is cigarettes.
Addiction to a tobacco-containing product.
Subjective craving in which the target of the craving is use of an opioid drug.
Subjective craving that is wholly or mostly triggered by the immediate environment or part of it.
Subjective craving that is mostly or completely independent of the immediate environment.
This aims to capture craving that is caused by endogenous drive processes or withdrawal symptoms.
Subjective craving whose target is consumption of an alcoholic beverage.
An age of substance use initiation in which the substance is tobacco.
A substance dependence in which the dependence is on use of cigarettes.
An identity that includes all of a person’s self-identities
A tobacco smoker identity that is a core identity and a positive identity.
A self-identity in which what is represented is appraised as important.
If the characteristic represented is appraised as both important and enduring the appropriate class is 'core identity'.
A process attribute in which the process is an individual human behaviour.
This entity has been taken from the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology.
A product that is designed to contain a product or commodity when sold.
A data item that is about the amount of harm caused by an individual using a product relative to using another product.
individual-level relative harmfulness of a product
An object aggregate that consists of particles of solids and liquids suspended in air.
A process in which there is damage to or destruction of something that is valued.
This entity involves harm as a process rather than as a negatively valued state of affairs more generally because that is the usage that appears to be most common in the fields of addiction, behavioural, clinical and public health sciences. The definition includes a subjective component regarding the value of the entity being damaged or destroyed. This is required because not all damage or destruction would be considered harm. It also allows the possibility that harm may occur to achieve a greater benefit as in the case of surgery.
A receptor partial agonist acting on the nicotine acetylcholine receptor.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist
A pharmacological role of a substance that binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own but only up to a certain concentration.
A disposition of a psychoactive substance to result in substance dependence in people who use it.
A mental disposition to prefer a psychoactive substance to other psychoactive substances.
A disposition inhering in a pharmaceutical.
A pharmaceutical disposition to ameliorate or cure some symptom or medical condition when the pharmaceutical is used under typical conditions.
A pharmaceutical disposition to ameliorate or cure some symptom or medical condition when the pharmaceutical is used as specified.
A mixed study design in which two or more groups experience the same study processes but in a different order.
Note that the term 'study processes' is used here rather than interventions because there may be no intervention involved (e.g. when different forms of measurement are being compared in different orders)
A data item that describes the percentage of study participants for whom a measurement is taken at a follow-up point.
A non-interventional study design in which study participants who have been identified as having (case) or not having (control) some characteristic of interest are compared on other characteristics to establish whether these are associated with being a case or control.
A study design in which study participants are not planned to experience an intervention as a part of the study process.
A planned process to choose which of two or more study processes will be applied to a study participant.
A study participation allocation process in which allocation of study participants to study processes is undertaken using a random process.
Random processes include pseudo-random processes: for example, random number generation by a computer.
A personal attribute that inheres in a person by virtue of their bodily makeup.
Includes dispositions such as strength and well as metrics such as height.
A study design in which measurements taken on the same study participants at two or more different times in different circumstances are compared.
Distinguished in common usage from longitudinal study design that usually involves repeated measurements over an extended period with no stipulation about the conditions preceding or surrounding the measurement.
An interventional study design in which participants are randomly allocated to receive one of two or more interventions or no intervention using a study randomisation process.
A data item that is the percentage of study participants who were eligible for follow-up but could not be contacted at a follow-up point.
This class is used for study participants who were eligible for follow-up but could not be contacted.
A study design in which measurements taken on two or more groups of study participants at two or more times are compared allowing differences to be assessed between groups and over time.
A data item that is the percentage of study participants for whom measurements are not taken at a follow-up.
This class includes participants who may be been contacted but whom for whatever reason did not provide data at the follow-up.
A study design that includes specification of some intervention as part of the study process.
This class is for any study in which an activity is undertaken for the purposes of the study, usually for the purpose of evaluating its effect.
A research activity in which a participant visits a research facility or is visited by a researcher for the purpose of taking some measurement.
A temporal region during which a follow-up occurs.
This is often specified as a time point but in practice is always a period of time to allow for participants to be contacted and measurements taken.
A randomised controlled trial design with two study arms to which participants can be allocated.
two-arm parallel group randomised controlled trial design
A randomised controlled trial design in which participants are randomised to study on more than one occasion during the study.
sequential multiple randomised controlled trial design
A mixed study design in which measures are taken in two or more groups of participants before one or more of them receives an intervention and then measurements are repeated so that changes in the measures can be compared.
The purpose of the study is to compare changes in some variable as a function of one or more interventions. The interventions could be naturally occurring as in a quasi-experimental study or delivered as part of the research process as in an interventional study. If it is an interventional study and participants are randomised to study groups/arms this would be a form of randomised controlled trial.
A public policy that aims to improve the health of a population.
Harmful product-use behaviour where the harm arises from a high level of use.
A binge behaviour session in which the behaviour is cocaine use.
A randomised controlled trial design in which pre-existing groups of participants are randomly allocated to intervention arms.
Distinguished from individually randomised controlled trial design.
cluster randomised controlled trial design
An interventional study design in which all the participants receive the same type of intervention.
A person with whom someone has a sufficiently close relationship that they are willing to discuss important matters.
A data item that is the number of important others in a person's environmental system.
number of important others in a person's social environment
A data item that is the number of important others who smoke tobacco in a person's social environment.
number of important others who smoke tobacco in a person's social environment.
A data item that is the number of important others who vape nicotine in a person's social environment.
number of important others who vape nicotine in a person's social environment.
A data item describing how often a person has engaged in a binge drinking session within the past 30 days.
This class is expressed as a number. If just whether or not there has been binge drinking is required use 'past 30-day binge drinking occurrence'
A plan specification that describes the way a research study should be conducted in terms of what kind of data are collected, how the data are collected and the circumstances in which they are collected.
The design is the specification that may be realised as a research study.
Follow-up that occurs at the 4-week follow-up point.
A process attribute of a research activity.
A statistical parameter that describes the extent and manner in which two or more variables combine to influence or predict an outcome variable.
A data item that is output from a statistical analysis describing a feature of a data set.
A repeated measures study design involving multiple repeated measurements taken in each of two or more conditions facilitating inferential statistical analyses to be undertaken to output statistical parameters from data sets for each individual participant.
This class of design may involve multiple participants, each with a set of parameter estimates which have the potential to be aggregated in further statistical analyses.
An interventional study design in which neither the investigators carrying out the study nor the participants are informed about which of two or more interventions the participants are to experience until the data set has been locked in preparation for the statistical analysis to be carried out.
Note that the participants might end up knowing what intervention they have experienced. The design merely states that they should not be informed about this. The definition makes clear that this only applies to study designs with two or more interventions. Participants may or may not be informed about what interventions they could be allocated to. This study design may or may not involve randomisation. It can be combined with other classes of study design to more fully describe study designs, e.g., double-blind individually randomised controlled trial.
An interventional study design in which study participants are informed which of two or more interventions that they are to experience.
Unblinded studies can be single-arm trials as well as multi-arm trials.
An interventional design in which those carrying out the study, the participants and those specifying the statistical analyses are not informed of what intervention each participant will experience until after the data set is locked in preparation for the statistical analysis to be carried out.
A research activity in which parameters estimates describing features of a data set are output.
A research study that implements a cross-over study design.
An interventional study design in which the participants are not informed about which of two or more interventions they are to experience until after an endpoint has been reached.
Participants may be unblinded before the end of the study so it is necessary to state at what endpoint they are unblinded. The blinding process needs to be specified so that its likely success can be evaluated.
A research activity that aims to ensure that study participants in an interventional research study have as little information as possible about which of two or more interventions they are to experience.
A protocol for the analysis of conversations.
A conversational analysis protocol that represents parts and features of conversations, including pauses and non-verbal utterances using a controlled vocabulary of symbols
A process that produces a good or helpful outcome.
A randomised controlled trial design in which individuals are randomly allocated to intervention arms.
individually randomised controlled trial design
A randomised controlled trial design that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention under conditions similar to those that would obtain were the intervention to be delivered in routine practice.
A personal attribute in which the person presents fewer or lower intensity of symptoms compared to their previous symptom presentation, and the current symptoms minimally interfere with their life.
A personal attribute in which the symptoms of a person suffering from a disorder have reverted from a desired level to an undesired level.
A personal attribute in which a person who was suffering from a disorder no longer suffers from that disorder.
A health status in which a person is suffering from an addictive disorder.
A self-identity that includes a positive self-appraisal
A personal attribute in which the person has resumed a behaviour pattern having previously abstained from that behaviour pattern.
Operationalisation should specify a threshold above which the number and timing of occurrences of tobacco use render it resumption. The operationalization also needs to specify the period over which the behaviour is being observed.
Relapsed to a behaviour pattern in which the behaviour pattern is tobacco use.
This class represents relapse from any form of tobacco use to any form of tobacco use. For example, cigarette smoking to smokeless tobacco use.
A personal attribute in which the person has engaged in a behaviour pattern, having previously been abstinent but then resumed abstinence.
The threshold for the number and timing of occurrences of a behaviour pattern that distinguished lapse from relapse needs to be specified along with the duration of abstinence that includes the lapse.
A personal attribute that is the person's current or past state of physical or mental wellness.
A health status where the medical condition is a mental health condition.
A bodily process in which a behavioural lapse results in relapse through negative emotions attributed by the person to the lapse.
A bodily process in which addiction strength is increased.
A mental process that involves the development of some self-identity.
A self-appraisal based on values held by a social group of which the person is a member.
self-appraisal in relation to a social group
A consumption behaviour that involves ingestion of a drug.
it is a chemical with a drug role and drug role, also defined in AddictO. So this involves any drug ingested in any manner.
refer to the definition of drug in AddictO
A data item that is about the amount of nicotine that is absorbed into the body from use of a nicotine-containing product.
unemployed and lowest grade occupations.
A personal attribute that is a marker of the socio-economic position of someone aged 16 or over based on their occupation. AB: Higher and intermediate managerial, administrative and professional occupations. C1: Supervisory, clerical, and junior managerial, administrative and professional occupations C2: Skilled manual occupations. DE: Semi-skilled and unskilled manual occupations
The original definition limits social grade to people aged 16 to 64 but the class defined here includes all ages 16 and above.
A within country location that is one of nine geographical regions that cover the country of England: North East, North West, Yorkshire, East Midlands, West Midlands, London, South East, East of England and South West.
Pleasure associated with a behaviour where the behaviour is cigarette smoking.
pleasure associated with cigarette smoking
A mental disposition to experience pleasure associated with cigarette smoking.
A mental disposition to experience a subjective want to stop smoking cigarettes.
disposition to want to stop cigarette smoking
A behavioural intention to stop smoking indefinitely.
A personal attribute that is how much the person interacts with cigarette smokers.
This class can be operationalised in many ways but in social network analysis often involves a sum of the number of smokers in the person's social network weighted by the importance of the relationship.
extent of interaction with cigarette smokers
A history of diagnosis of a disorder in which the disorder is a psychiatric disorder.
history of diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder
A personal attribute in which the person has received a diagnosis of a disorder.
A data item that is about how many times the person has attempted to stop tobacco smoking in the past year.
number of tobacco smoking cessation attempts in the past year
A personal attribute that in which the person is putting into effect an intention to achieve cessation of a behaviour pattern.
This class has to be a behavioural attribute rather than, say, a process, because it involves a combination of a disposition (intention) and processes (behaviour change) that characterises a person at a given time.
attempting individual behaviour pattern cessation
Attempting individual behaviour pattern cessation where the behaviour pattern is cigarette smoking.
A data item that is about the number of cigarettes smoked per unit of time.
A personal attribute that is how much alcohol a person consumes.
This class is distinct from 'alcohol consumption' which refers only to the consumption of alcohol, not the amount of alcohol consumed.
A nicotine consumption behaviour pattern that involves use of a licensed nicotine containing product.
This class covers use of nicotine transdermal patches, nicotine gum, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine mouth spray, nicotine lozenge and other products that have received marketing approval by a medicines regulatory agency. Strictly, it could at some point include e-cigarettes if they were to get a licence.
Addiction strength for cigarette smoking
strength of addiction to cigarette smoking
Having enacted a behaviour that involves having used varenicline to aid a quit attempt in the past year.
past-year varenicline use in a cigarette smoking cessation attempt
Having enacted a behaviour that that involves having used behavioural support to aid a quit attempt in the past year.
past-year use of behavioural support in a cigarette smoking cessation attempt
Intention to stop cigarette smoking in the near future.
This class cover the dimension of intention from no intention to a strong intention.
intention to stop cigarette smoking soon
A data item that is about how much money the person spends on average each week buying tobacco in UK pounds.
A generically dependent continuant that is socially constructed to functions as a medium of exchange, a unit of account and a store of value.
A bodily process that involves anxiety, irritability and a heightened level of physiological arousal.
A consumption behaviour pattern involving repeated occurrences of binge behaviour sessions.
This class is the one to use for tendencies to binge on something.
A consumption behaviour pattern in which the behaviour is repeated in a session to an extent that is excessive.
This is a very loosely defined class that is based on judgements about what constitutes 'excessive' and a 'session' and therefore must be operationalised and defined for a given behaviour and usage. The parent is a behaviour pattern because the entity involves more than one occurrence of the behaviour. This class is restricted to consumption behaviours such as eating, smoking, drinking and taking drugs.
A binge behaviour pattern in which the behaviour is consumption of an alcohol beverage
A data item describing whether or how far a person's binge drinking behaviour pattern has reduced in frequency.
As a data item this class needs to be further specified to be able to interpret the numerical value.
A binge behaviour session in which the behaviour is consumption of an alcoholic beverage.
A data item indicating whether or not a person has engaged in a binge drinking session in the past 30 days.
To provide the number of binge drinking sessions use 'past 30-day binge drinking frequency'
An attribute that inheres in a population.
A statistical interaction between two variables.
A statistical analysis involving multiple data points arising from measures taken at repeated intervals that outputs parameter estimates describing changes over time in the data.
This class includes analyses that describe changes over time in a time series and analyses that estimate associations between changes over time in one or more data sequence and others.
A person who engages in psychoactive substance use.
This class includes people who use any psychoactive substance. Use is defined as a behaviour pattern and not a single episode of behaviour.
An organisation that provides healthcare.
A research activity whose purpose is to assign a number to an attribute of an object or event or to classify the object or event according to that attribute.
Harm that results from some medical treatment.
A quality that inheres in some independent continuant and involves a detrimental change in the bearer's condition compared with a normative or previously existing condition.
A disposition of a person involving the probability of experiencing adverse health outcomes over a defined time period.
A population attribute that consists of shared patterns of beliefs, evaluations, feelings, rules and behaviours that are maintained and spread among members of the population through social learning processes.
Population refers to any collection of two or more people, whether in organised social groups such as teams or families or not.
A process that involves a person and of which the person has some subjective experience of what is occurring, either at the time or later.
This class is intended to capture everything that happens to a person of which they have some awareness. It forms the parent class of adverse life event.
A bodily process involving clinical signs or symptoms, or onset, prolongation or worsening of a clinical disorder or disease.
This is not the same as an adverse reaction because there may or may not be a causal association between the treatment and the event.
clinical adverse event following treatment
A behavioural intention to stop using a psychoactive substance indefinitely.
A personal attribute of a tobacco smoker that is how much of the person's tobacco smoking takes places in the presence of other people who are smoking.
A data item that is about human age and is expressed in years rounded down.
A personal attribute that is having or having had one or more guardians when young who smoke or smoked tobacco regularly.
This is set as a personal attribute because it is most practicable to construe it that way rather than the much more complex way of referring to a person's history or a personal relationship with a smoker.
A research facility in which systems of manufactured products control internal conditions and in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
A new class has been defined because the ENOVO class has incompatible parentage.
A facility where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken.
This class refers to research facilities that are architectural structures and not ones that are mobile. This is because it comes under OMRSE's class 'facility'. ENVO has a broader class.
An architectural structure with walls and a roof.
A building which is primarily used to facilitate the buying or selling of goods or services.
A commercial building in which a business presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods.
A self identity that includes a negative self-appraisal.
A bodily disposition to undergo pathological processes characterized by physiological or psychological dysfunction that exists in an organism because of homeostatic disruption resulting from the cessation or reduction of repeated drug exposure.
This class refers to 'syndrome' as a disposition and is technically a 'disease' as defined by OGMS rather than a collection of signs and symptoms. 'Disease' is not mentioned in the definition because the term carries other meanings for people than the one strictly applied from OGMS.
A drug withdrawal syndrome that results from cessation or reduction of nicotine consumption.
Typical features of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome are increased appetite, irritability, depressed mood, increased anxiety, restlessness and difficult concentrating and craving for the habitual nicotine delivery system. These typically last for up to 4 weeks but increased appetite lasts longer. Craving is sometimes considered as separate.
A process involving widespread occurrence of a disease or disorder in a population.
This class is intended to be used broadly. Classes whose definitions are used by WHO or other legal entities would be subclasses.
A drug withdrawal syndrome that results from cessation or reduction of alcohol consumption.
A drug withdrawal syndrome that results from cessation or reduction of cannabis consumption.
A drug withdrawal syndrome that results from cessation or reduction of consumption of an opioid drug.
A process attribute that is an attribute of a life process.
A social grade where the person's occupation is higher and intermediate professional or managerial.
A social grade where the person's occupation is supervisory, clerical, or junior managerial or administrative or professional.
A social grade where the person's occupation is as a skilled manual worker.
A social grade where the person's occupation is as a semi-skilled or unskilled manual worker.
A social grade where the person's primary income is from state benefit or they are unemployed or in unstable, low paid, unskilled employment.
A mental health status in which the person has ever been diagnosed as suffering from a mental health disorder.
past or current diagnosis of mental health disorder
A data item that is about the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption of a person.
Involves three question scored from 0 to 4 resulting in a score from 0 to 12, with a score of 5 to 7 meaning 'increasing risk', 8 to 10 meaning 'higher risk' and '11 to 12' meaning possible dependence.
A substance use behaviour pattern in which the psychoactive substance is nicotine.
A consumption behaviour pattern that involves breathing in a material through the nose or mouth.
A rental housing tenure in which the person's main residence is a property rented from a housing association or a local authority.
Extent of social smoking in which all or almost all smoking is enacted with other smokers.
Although this refers to a behaviour, it is in the 'human being' subontology because it characterises a person with reference to their behaviour.
high proportion of smoking enacted with other smokers
Extent of social smoking in which not very much of it or none of it is enacted with other smokers.
Because the proportion that qualifies as 'low' needs to be operationalised.
low proportion of smoking enacted with other smokers
Extent of social smoking in which most, or some of it, but not all or almost all of it, is enacted with other smokers.
Because the proportion that qualifies as 'moderate' needs to be operationalised.
moderate proportion of smoking enacted with other smokers
A personal attribute that is the person's ownership or rental status of the property in which they mainly reside.
A housing tenure in which the person's main residence is provided to them, their intimate partner or a close family member free of charge by the owner.
This includes people who receive accommodation through their work. It also includes 'squatting' on a long-term basis without the owner's permission.
A housing tenure in which the person's main residence is a property that they, their intimate partner or close family member at least partially own.
This class includes properties with and without mortgages and ones in which they own part of the property. This includes leaseholders. It includes parents who are living with children who own the property and children living with parents who own the property.
A housing tenure in which the person's main residence is rented by them or an intimate partner or a close family member from another person or organisation.
This class includes all cases where the person is paying rent and has no ownership of the property. This includes people who are renting a room in an apartment or house, whoever owns the apartment or house. It includes people who are living in residential institutions for which they are paying.
A housing tenure in which the person does not have a fixed main residence.
This class includes people who are designated as 'homeless' or who are between main residences.
An owner-occupier housing tenure in which the property is fully owned by the person or a member of their immediate family.
An owner-occupier housing tenure in which the property is subject to a bank loan or mortgage.
A rental housing tenure in which the owner of the property is a person, group of people or an organisation that is neither governmental nor acting on behalf of a governmental organisation.
A disposition not to experience any enjoyment from cigarette smoking or to dislike it.
disposition not to enjoy cigarette smoking at all
A disposition to enjoy cigarette smoking to a small degree.
disposition to enjoy cigarette smoking a little
A disposition to enjoy cigarette smoking to a moderate degree.
disposition to enjoy cigarette smoking somewhat
A disposition to enjoy cigarette smoking to a high degree.
disposition to enjoy cigarette smoking very much
Intention to stop cigarette smoking soon that involves at least some positive intention.
This class involves at least some positive intention.
intention to stop cigarette smoking soon to some degree
A disposition to want to stop smoking that involves wanting to stop smoking at least sometimes.
disposition to want to stop cigarette smoking to some degree
A potential competing interest involving a potential financial gain or loss to the person or an organisation or person with which they have a relationship.
This includes: 1) ownership of stocks or shares, 2) employment in an organisation, 3) providing paid consultancy to an organisation, 4) being a director of a company, 5) receiving any kind of funding or tangible benefit (e.g. research grant, travel funding, hospitality, gift) from an organisation, 6) ownership of, or pending application for, a patent, and 7) seeking funding from an organisation, that may be affected by the enactment of the professional role. It also includes all of the above that relate to an intimate partner. Organisation includes commercial organisation, government agency, and charity.
A potential competing interest involving gain or loss to the person or an organisation or person with which they have a relationship in terms of reputation, advancement, or support for personal values.
non-financial potential competing interest
An organisation whose main goal is making money by selling products or services.
A commercial organisation that is engaged in the manufacture, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, or distribution of a nicotine-containing product or part of such a product, or is at least partly owned by such an organisation.
A commercial organisation that is engaged in the manufacture, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, or distribution of a pharmaceutical product or part of such a product, or is at least partly owned by such an organisation.
A commercial organisation that is engaged in the manufacture, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, or distribution of an e-cigarette or part of such a product, or is at least partly owned by such an organisation.
An organisation that has as a function the production, distribution, or provision of goods or services intended to improve health or reduce ill-health.
An organisation that has as a function the production, distribution, or provision of goods or services intended for recreational use by consumers.
A planned process in which a BCI is applied in a given context, including BCI engagement and outcome behaviour.
Includes as part BCI population and BCI setting. Use of the word ‘may’ conveys a non-zero probability given available information.
An aggregate of entities that are not dependent on the intervention but may influence the effect of a BCI on its outcome behaviour.
A process that is causally active in the relationship between a BCI scenario and its outcome behaviour.
behaviour change intervention mechanism of action
"Behavioural Intention" in the Technology Acceptance Model
"Behavioural intention" in the Ecological Model for Preventing Type 2 Diabetes
"Behavioural intention" in the Six-staged model of communication effects
"Commitment to a plan of action" in the Health Promotion Model
"Decisions tier" in the Theory of Triadic Influence
"Enactment" in the AIDS Risk Reduction Model"
"General behavioural intentions" in the Theory of Interpersonal Behavior
"Goal intention" in the Action Theory Model of Consumption
"Health intention" in the Systems Model of Behaviour Change
"Intending" in the Reflective Impulsive Model
"Intention to change" in the Social Ecological Model of Behaviour Change
"Intention" in the Health Action Process Approach
"Intention" in the Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction
"Intention" in the Needs-Opportunity-Abilities Model
"Intention" in the Theory of Planned Behaviour
"Intentions" in the Temporal Self-Regulation Theory
"Intentions" in the Transcontextual Model of Motivation
"Motivation / intention state" in the I-Change Model
"Motivational phase" in the Health Action Process Approach
"Preparation" in the Six-Staged Model of Communication Effects
"Specific behavioural intentions" in the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour
"Validation" in the Six-Staged Model of Communication Effects
"We-Intentions" in the Social Influence Model
"Implementation intentions" in the Action Theory Model of Consumption
A <mental disposition> to commit to enact or not enact a behaviour
The term ‘plan’ can sometimes be used to refer to intention and sometimes for instructional plans.
A <role> that inheres in a human being by virtue of their social and institutional circumstances.
A role that inheres in a human being by virtue of their social and institutional circumstances.
A role can be assigned without being realised. A person realises a role by doing something.
<Pleasure emotion> that is experienced as a result of engaging in a behaviour.
<Pleasure> that is experienced as a result of engaging in a behaviour.
An intervention delivery in which the intervention is a behaviour change intervention.
This includes individual people, groups of people, and organisations.
A role played by a person, population or organisation that provides a BCI.
A personal attribute that is a time quality inhering in a person by virtue of how long since the person was born.
A personal attribute that is the pattern of a person's emotional, romantic and/or sexual attractions.
A sexual orientation of an individual who experiences sexual attraction to members of more than one sex.
A person who does not own a residential facility and does not have an agreement with a residential facility owner that would enable them to live in a residential facility.
A patient role which inheres in a person and is realized by being under the care of a physician or health care provider and being admitted to a hospital or equivalent facility.
A patient role which inheres in a person and is realized by coming to a healthcare facility for diagnosis or treatment but not being admitted for an overnight stay.
A population statistic about biological mother.
A population statistic about biological parent.
A population statistic about family member.
A geographical location within a country where the intervention takes place.
A geographical location within a country.
A hospital facility to treat patients without them staying overnight, often after a hospital visit.
What counts as substantively is subject to judgement. The level and nature of the contribution can be defined using the CReDiT taxonomy (https://casrai.org/credit/).
A role played by a person that contributes substantively to production or reporting of a BCI evaluation study.
behaviour change intervention study investigator
An aggregate of individual human behaviours of members of a population.
Also referred to in definitions as human behaviour or just behaviour.
walks for 15 mins/day, never eats meat, attends school daily
A <bodily process> of a human that involves co-ordinated contraction of striated muscles controlled by the brain.
A bodily process of a human that involves co-ordinated contraction of striated muscles controlled by the brain.
Individual human activity that involves co-ordinated contraction of striated muscles controlled by the brain.
it is concerned with moving skeletal parts to which it is usually attached.' (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/striped-muscle)
Striated muscles referred to in the definition do not ordinarily involve cardiac muscles. Behaviours are usually in response to an internal or external stimuli. Every behaviour is associated with mental processes, but not every mental process is associated with behaviour. For instance, a verbal communication behaviour will involve mental processes to produce speech. However, mental processes associated with listening can occur without a person performing a behaviour. 'behaviours' can involve a series of activities (e.g., more granular behaviours). 'A 'striated muscle' can defined as 'a type of contractile tissue that is marked by transverse striations
Shooting, Writing, Using a weapon, Using public transport, Taking a bus, Sailing, Typing, Collecting, Drying, Ironing, Painting, Drawing
A material entity-related behaviour that uses a non-living object.
A material-entity related behaviour that uses a non-living object.
Non-living objects can include engineered artifacts, grain of sand and/or molecules.
A material entity-related behaviour that involves ingesting material into the body.
A uniform process aggregate whose member parts are behaviours of the same type and in the same person.
- For any x and y in P where x does not equal y, if x occupies_spatiotemporal_region s, then y occupies_spatiotemporal_region t and s does not equal t
- For any pi in P, s is participant_in pi
- P is the set {p1, ... pn} of process aggregate member parts of b
b is a behaviour pattern means: - b is instance_of uniform process aggregate
The term 'pattern' is used to refer to several processes (individual human behaviours) of the same type being repeated overtime. This class is intended to include behaviours that can usefully be characterised in terms of frequency and pattern of enactment with a temporal start and end of the series. This means that the series can be terminated (e.g. stopping smoking), interrupted (e.g. abstaining from alcohol consumption for a month), and changed in frequency (e.g. cutting down on snacks).
A substance use behaviour pattern that involves tobacco use.
A tobacco use behaviour that involves setting light to a combustible tobacco product and ingesting the tobacco smoke that is produced.
A tobacco use behaviour pattern that involves tobacco smoking behaviour.
A tobacco smoking behaviour that involves setting light to one end of a cigarette, putting the other end to the lips and sucking in order to ingest cigarette smoke.
A tobacco smoking behaviour pattern that indicates current use of cigarettes.
A tobacco smoking behaviour pattern that involves cigarette smoking behaviour.
An occurrent consisting exactly of a plurality of processes that are process_aggregate_member_parts_of that occurrent for all times at which it exists.
Process aggregate extends BFO in the same way that object aggregate extends its coverage of material entities. It is required to be able to classify occurrents such as behaviour patterns that are repeated occurrences of classes of process that have properties such as average frequency of occurrence (not to be confused with frequency as a process profile) and temporal patterning of occurrences.
A consumption behaviour that involves ingesting a psychoactive substance into the body.
Substance use behaviour is not equated with substance abuse.
A substance use behaviour that involves ingesting constituents of a tobacco-containing product.
Examples of interventions are putting health warnings on cigarette packets, providing free stop smoking services and banning smoking in public places.
A planned process that has the aim of influencing an outcome.
A process that is intended to change something in a population
Defined in the 'eagle-I resource ontology' as "A planned process used to influence one or more factors in a research study, and the independent variable in an interventional study wherein the influence is measured or evaluated.". Defined in the NCIT as "An activity that produces an effect, or that is intended to alter the course of a disease in a patient or population. This is a general term that encompasses the medical, social, behavioral, and environmental acts that can have preventive, therapeutic, or palliative effects." See also PICO
each Behaviour change intervention can be divided up into two complementary aspects, namely Behaviour change intervention content and Behaviour change intervention delivery. "
See behaviour change intervention in BCIO, this should be a proper generalisation of that. Last seen definition as "A process involving provision of products, services, activities, or fiscal or environmental measures that are intended to affect behaviour
An object aggregate that consists of two or more people.
Population in OBI is defined as "A population is a collection of individuals from the same taxonomic class living, counted or sampled at a particular site or in a particular area". See also PICO ontology
By the proposed definition we should update the name to 'human population'. Note that the BCIO 'population' ontology only defines population attributes rather than populations themselves. BCI population defined as "That part of a Behaviour change intervention context that consists of the aggregate of people whose behaviour an intervention is intended to change. "
A process that is an individual human behaviour or a population behaviour.
Individual human behaviour or population behaviour.
This is intended to provide a user-friendly way of representing the way in which processes are manifest. This is somewhat similar to, but not the same as, the class 'specifically dependent continuant' in Basic Formal Ontology which provides a way of representing features of material entities such as age and size. It is formally equivalent to process profile in Basic Formal Ontology.
A process profile that is an attribute of a process.
A planned process by which intervention content is delivered.
An individual human behaviour pattern that involves consumption behaviour.
A consumption behaviour pattern that involves substance use behaviour.
A process aggregate whose member parts are of the same type.
u is a uniform process aggregate means: • u instance_of process aggregate • P is the set {p1,…pn} of process aggregate member parts of u • X is some descendant of process • Each of {p1,…pn} in P is instance_of X
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in a person.
The BCIO population ontology individuals branch defines many personal attributes
Attributes included under this header are age, immigration, social and economic conditions.
Includes everything that can be said about a person: the most general class under which all other qualities, dispositions, roles etc belong.
"Value from worth" in the Regulatory Fit Theory
A <subjective affective feeling> that is an attraction to an imagined scenario involving anticipated pleasure or satisfaction.
Providing healthcare that involves advising and authorising the use of a treatment to improve or maintain another person's health or wellbeing.
A substance use behaviour that involves drinking an alcohol-containing product.
Inhaling consumption that involves using an e-cigarette.
E-cigarettes do not necessarily have to include nicotine but can involve inhaling flavourings or other chemicals.
Inhaling consumption that involves the use of an electronic vaping device.
Inhaling consumption that involves using a device to consume an aerosol.
A consumption behaviour that involves breathing in a material through the nose or mouth.
A health-related behaviour that involves assessing, monitoring, improving or maintaining an aspect of another person’s health.
An individual human behaviour that relates to health of oneself or others.
An individual human behaviour that relates to a material entity.
A temporal interval during which a person is abstinent from a behaviour.
A personal attribute in which a person does not engage in a behaviour during a time period.
A personal history part that includes previously performing a behaviour.
A process that is part of a personal history.
A population whose behaviour is studied in a research study.
Percentage of highly educated individuals in a population. Mean age in a population.
A data item that is about the number or extent of something in a population.
entity
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist.
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entities
entitātem
continuant
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
A continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R
BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
spatial region
Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional
A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])
All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])
Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])
(forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001]
(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001]
temporal region
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable
realizable entity
specifically dependent continuant
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant and there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004]
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
characteristic
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity and b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to beand b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed.
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29
the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.
the Western hemisphere of the Earth
the division of the brain into regions
the division of the planet into hemispheres
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the upper and lower lobes of the left lung
A material entity that is considered to be an object.
BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions
b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])
(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004]
fiat object part
a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
a symphony orchestra
an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
the aggregate of blood cells in your body
the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
the restaurants in Palo Alto
your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
object aggregate
Manhattan Canyon)
a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
a rabbit hole
an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
the Grand Canyon
the Piazza San Marco
the cockpit of an aircraft
the hold of a ship
the interior of a kangaroo pouch
the interior of the trunk of your car
the interior of your bedroom
the interior of your office
the interior of your refrigerator
the lumen of your gut
your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
A three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof.
b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
site
atom
cell
cells and organisms
engineered artifacts
grain of sand
molecule
organelle
organism
planet
solid portions of matter
star
BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.
BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).
BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47
BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity
BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74
b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])
object
generically dependent continuant
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life.
p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])
Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])
(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002]
(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001]
process boundary
the temporal region during which a process occurs.
BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks).
A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])
(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001]
one-dimensional temporal region
material entity
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
An <independent continuant> that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
Elucidation: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels
One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.
The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on.
b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])
b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])
(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005]
(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002]
process profile
A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.
A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.
Any aromatic amide obtained by acylation of aniline.
Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.
A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.
An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia.
A morphinane alkaloid found in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum var. album; has analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrhoeal properties.
An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.
A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.
A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicotine.
Any amino acid derivative that is the N-acetyl or O-acetyl derivative of an amino acid.
A metabolite of acrolein and may be found in the urine of smokers.
Not in CHEBI and not wanting to import the full information from NCIT.
Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A group of heterocyclic compounds with a core structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.
An organic heteropolycyclic compound that has a core structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.
A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.
Any organochlorine compound containing a benzene ring which is substituted by one or more chlorines.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.
An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.
Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances.
A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives.
Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.
Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
An isoquinoline alkaloid based on a morphinan skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.
An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.
An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides.
An aldehyde based on a propanal skeleton and its derivatives.
A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamphetamine or dextroamphetamine.
Note: ChEBI has two outgoing parents, racemate or amphetamines.
Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.
A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions.
A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.
As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.
A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.
A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4 and a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 3.
A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4 and a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 3. It acts as a central nervous system depressant, GABA agonist and muscle relaxant.
It acts as a central nervous system depressant, GABA agonist and muscle relaxant.
A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.
A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.
A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. [RW: 'Morphine alkaloid ...?]
An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.
It is a medication primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support stopping smoking.
4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)butan-1-one (CHEBI:32692) is a nitrosamine (CHEBI:35803).
A nitrosamine that has formula C10H13N3O2.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.
Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are meta to one another.
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.
A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A molecule that features two fused rings.
A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two, and only two, atoms in common. Such compounds have n common faces and 2n common atoms.
A polycyclic compound in which one ring contains two, and only two, atoms in common with each of two or more rings of a contiguous series of rings. Such compounds have n common faces and less than 2n common atoms.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.
A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. It is a potent and selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist. Besides its antagonistic properties, numerous studies have shown that, at micromolar concentrations rimonabant behaves as an inverse agonist at CB1 receptors. The drug was the first selective CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist introduced into clinical practice to treat obesity and metabolic-related disorders. It was later withdrawn from market due to CNS-related adverse effects including depression and suicidal ideation.
A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.
A polycyclic compound that contains more than one ring with at least two common atoms (also known as bridgehead carbons) that are adjacent to each other.
A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
Amines that constitute a class of central nervous system stimulants based on the structure of the parent amphetamine 1-phenylpropan-2-amine.
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).
A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.
Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.
A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought or behaviour.
Anxiolytic drugs are agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions.
A psychoactive substance that is used to treat psychosis.
Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.
Antimanic drugs are agents used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders.
An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood.
A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system.
A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.
Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
Compounds having the nitroso group, -NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.
N-Nitroso amines, compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant.
A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
A polycyclic compound that contains more than one ring with at least two common atoms (also known as bridgehead carbons) that are not adjacent to each other.
Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
Often the term 'carbonyl' is used alone, which actually refers to a range of different compounds.
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
A bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.
An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321°C, and B.P. 765°C). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: 106Cd, 108Cd,110Cd, 111Cd, 112Cd, 113Cd, 114Cd and 116Cd, with 112Cd and 114Cd being the most common.
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.
Any drug that binds to and activates cholinergic receptors.
An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.
An organic heterotricyclic compound that is the toxic principle in Laburnum seeds and is found in many members of the Fabaceae (legume, pea or bean) family. An acetylcholine agonist, it is widely used throughout Eastern Europe as an aid to giving up smoking.
An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.
A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.
A γ-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own.
Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances.
Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists.
An antagonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptor.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1).
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor
An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquisition of tumoral capabilities.
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.
Cyclopropane and its derivatives formed by substitution.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
An aldehyde of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-CH=O or RC#C-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.
A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties.
A substance that is introduced into a living organism with therapeutic, diagnostic or hedonic purpose.
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.
An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.
An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-β with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
An amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
Antipsychotic drugs which can have different modes of action but which tend to be less likely than first generation antipsychotics to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities such as body rigidity or Parkinson's disease-type movements.
A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group.
A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.
ChEBI definition does not highlight use for recreational purposes. Sold illicitly. Users seek out for its psychoactive properties. CHEBI: The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.
An agonist that binds to and activates cannabinoid receptors.
A diverse group of pharmacologically active secondary metabolite characteristic to Cannabis plant as well as produced naturally in the body by humans and animals. Cannabinoids contain oxygen as a part of the heterocyclic ring or in the form of various functional groups. They are subdivided on the basis of their origin.
A class of cannabinoid which are C21 terpenophenolic compounds isolated primarily from Cannabis sativa.
A class of cannabinoid that consists of synthetic analogs of the naturally occuring cannabinoids.
A class of cannabinoid that consists of synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring cannabinoids.
A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.
A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.
Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.
A cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.
An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.
Any organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
An aldehyde of general formula R-CH2-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is attached to a CH2 group at the alpha-position.
An antagonist that binds to and deactivates cannabinoid receptors.
An antagonist that binds to and deactivates type 1 cannabinoid receptors.
An antagonist that binds to and deactivates type 2 cannabinoid receptors.
A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
A pyrrolidinone in which the oxo group is at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.
A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.
A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.
A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.
An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.
An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group.
A μ-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.
A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*).
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-OH group of donors (EC 1.1.*.*).
EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor
An EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor that uses NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*).
EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor
A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a six-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.
Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a morphinan skeleton. These are synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds that resemble the morphinane (opioid) alkaloids in their pharmacological effects.
Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.
Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.
An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.
NB: ChEBI has two parents for Varenicline
A method that results in the separation of two or more components according to some property.
A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction.
A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column).
Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid
A disease that is the consequence of the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions.
infectious disease
disease by infectious agent
A bacterial infectious disease that results_in infection by bacteria as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic virulence is, in part, a necessary consequence of their need to reproduce and spread.
primary bacterial infectious disease
A fetal alcohol spectrum disorder that results in damage to organs, bones, or muscles due to prenatal alcohol exposure.
ARBD
alcohol-related birth defects
A specific developmental disorder and physical disorder that is characterized by physical, behavioral and learning birth defects resulting from maternal ingestion of alcohol during pregnancy.
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
A disease of mental health that occur during a child's developmental period between birth and age 18 resulting in retarding of the child's psychological or physical development.
developmental disorder of mental health
A developmental disorder of mental health that categorizes specific learning disabilities and developmental disorders affecting coordination.
specific developmental disorder
A vascular disease caused by the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
thrombosis
A disease by infectious agent that results_in infection, has_material_basis_in Bacteria.
bacterial infectious disease
A disease of mental health in which the normally well-integrated functions of memory, identity, perception, or consciousness are separated (dissociated).
The essential feature of the Dissociative Disorders is a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. The disturbance may be sudden or gradual, transient or chronic.
dissociative disease
dissociative reaction
dissociative disorder
A disease of mental health that involves a failure to resist an impulsive act or behaviour that may be harmful to self or others.
impulse control disorder
A disease of anatomical entity which occurs in the blood, heart, blood vessels or the lymphatic system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells or lymph to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
disease of subdivision of hemolymphoid system
cardiovascular system disease
A specific developmental disorder marked by a pattern of repetitive behavior wherein the rights of others or social norms are violated.
conduct disorder
A disease that is characterized by abnormally rapid cell division.
cell process disease
neoplasm
disease of cellular proliferation
A depressive disorder that is characterized by at least two weeks of loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities or depressed mood along with additional cognitive or somatic impairments such as appetite or weight changes, sleep difficulties, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, diminished ability to think or concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, and suicidality.
The essential feature is a clinical course that is characterised by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic episodes.
clinical depression
major depression
recurrent major depression
single major depressive episode
unipolar depression
Xref MGI.
major depressive disorder
A disease that involves a psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability that occurs in an individual, and which are not a part of normal development or culture.
disease of mental health
A disease of mental health that involve long-term patterns of thoughts and behaviors that cause serious problems with relationships and work.
character disorder
personality disorder
A disease of mental health that affects cognitive functions including memory processing, perception and problem solving.
cognitive disease
Organic Mental disorder
cognitive disorder
A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, emptiness, or irritability and decreased ability to function.
mental depression
depression
depressive disorder
A disease of cellular proliferation that is malignant and primary, characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation, local cell invasion and metastasis.
malignant neoplasm
malignant tumor
primary cancer
Updating out dated UMLS CUI.
cancer
A cardiovascular system disease that primarily affects the blood vessels which includes the arteries, veins and capillaries that carry blood to and from the heart.
vascular tissue disease
vascular disease
A cognitive disorder that involves an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations.
A cognitive disorder that involves an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations. [ url:http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml ]
anxiety
anxiety state
anxiety disorder
A cognitive disorder that involves abnormal thinking and perceptions resulting in a disconnection with reality.
mental or behavioural disorder
psychotic disorder
A mood disorder that involves alternating periods of mania and depression.
A mood disorder that involves alternating periods of mania and depression. [ url:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder ]
Manic Bipolar Affective disorder
Manic Depressive disorder
Manic bipolar I disorder
bipolar depression
bipolar disorder manic phase
manic depression
manic disorder
mixed bipolar disorder
Depressive-manic psych.
bipolar disorder
A cognitive disorder that involves a disturbance in mood as the predominant underlying feature.
episodic mood disorder
Updating outdated UMLS CUI.
mood disorder
A primary bacterial infectious disease that is located_in lungs, located_in lymph nodes, located_in pericardium, located_in brain, located_in pleura or located_in gastrointestinal tract, has_material_basis_in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted_by droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
tuberculosis
A disease is a disposition (i) to undergo pathological processes that (ii) exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism.
disease
A viral infectious disease that results in destruction of immune system, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers, has_material_basis_in Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (Lentivirus humimdef1) or Human immunodeficiency virus 2 (Lentivirus humimdef2), which are transmitted by sexual contact, transmitted by transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk, transmitted by congenital method, and transmitted by contaminated needles. The virus infects helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) which are directly or indirectly destroyed, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The infection has symptom diarrhea, has symptom fatigue, has symptom fever, has symptom vaginal yeast infection, has symptom headache, has symptom mouth sores, has symptom muscle aches, has symptom sore throat, and has symptom swollen lymph glands.
A viral infectious disease that results in destruction of immune system, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers, has_material_basis_in Human immunodeficiency virus 1 or has_material_basis_in Human immunodeficiency virus 2, which are transmitted by sexual contact, transmitted by transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk, transmitted by congenital method, and transmitted by contaminated needles. The virus infects helper T cells (CD4 T cells) which are directly or indirectly destroyed, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The infection has symptom diarrhea, has symptom fatigue, has symptom fever, has symptom vaginal yeast infection, has symptom headache, has symptom mouth sores, has symptom muscle aches, has symptom sore throat, and has symptom swollen lymph glands.
HIV infection
human immunodeficiency virus infectious disease
A disease that manifests in a defined anatomical structure.
disease of anatomical entity
A disease by infectious agent that results in infection, has_material_basis_in Viruses.
Viral Infection
Viral disease
virus infection
viral infectious disease
A construction that has been assembled by deliberate human effort.
"constructed" should probably be made something like a quality and this class obsoleted or filled only by inference
A material entity which other material entities in an environmental system are primarily or partially composed of.
A portion of environmental material is a fiat object part which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system.
Everything under this parent must be a mass noun (i.e. not countable). All subclasses are to be understood as being composed primarily of the named entity, rather than restricted to that entity. For example, "ENVO:water" is to be understood as "environmental material composed primarly of some CHEBI:water".
Instances of this class are portions of environmental materials, such as seawater in bucket, a water parcel in the photic zone of a lake, or the concrete that composes a building part. Instances of these portions may have fiat or non-fiat boundaries. For example, a water parcel has not physical boundaries, while the seawater in a bucket is bounded by the internal surfaces of the bucket.
Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.
Should connect to PATO as "quality of an aerosol"
A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities.
In ENVO's alignment with the Basic Formal Ontology, this class is being considered as a subclass of a proposed BFO class "system". The relation "environed_by" is also under development. Roughly, a system which includes a material entity (at least partially) within its site and causally influences that entity may be considered to environ it. Following the completion of this alignment, this class' definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A disposition which is realised by an environmental system or system parts thereof.
This class and its subclasses are experimental and are being developed with NCEAS use cases in mind.
A fire is a process whereby rapid and exothermic oxidation of a material through a combustion process releases heat, light, and other products.
Not to be confused with a flame - the visible portion of gas released by a fire . Oxidation processes such as rusting or biological digestion are not subsumed here.
fire
A material part of an astronomical body.
Also note that some astronomical body parts (ABPs) may have fiat boundaries: if there's strong debate about where an ABP begins or ends (over and above fuzzy boundaries), with different official classifications setting different thresholds or limits, axiomatise the class with fiat boundaries of the appropriate dimension.
Note that material entities may have immaterial entities (e.g. sites) as parts.
This class includes material parts of astronomical bodies. Immaterial parts, such as magnetospheres, are represented as sites under the influence of magnetic fields.Please post countercases in the ENVO tracker for revision of this hierarchy if needed.
Material parts of astronomical bodies generally have boundaries formed by discontinuities in qualities, composition, or other physical characterisitcs. These boundaries are sometimes sharp, and sometimes diffuse, with different classification systems and communities declaring varying thresholds (e.g. for where a shoreline, forest, or other entity begins and ends). However, some boundaries are declared by fiat - that is, by arbitrary human convention or decree - particularly by regulatory or other authorities and communities of practice. The classes in this hierarchy attempt to offer generalisable definitions that allow multiple classfiication systems to map to and interoperate through. If desired, we can create classes that declare thresholds used by a given authority or community under the more generic ones, annotated with source information.
astronomical body part
Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of gas that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass
smoke
Combustion or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
Unlike the "combustion" class in the Chemical Methods Ontology, this class is not necessarily a planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001473
combustion process
A chemical decomposition (the separation of a single chemical compound into its two or more elemental parts or to simpler compounds) caused by heat.
thermolysis
A material transformation process during which solid or liquid particles form and are suspended in a mass of air, thus creating an aerosol.
aerosol formation process
A material entity which has been assembled through the intentional, instinctual, or deliberately programmed efforts of an organism or machine.
construction
A process in which includes the components of an environmental system as participants.
This is a convenience class for organisation and should not be used for annotation.
environmental system process
A process during which a portion of some environmental material is converted into a different material or a collection of materials.
A different material transformation process class (or similarly named class) pertaining to the conversion of a specific chemical into another belongs in CHEBI and or REX ontologies.
Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material transformation process only refers to ENVO:environmental material classes (e.g. bulk and typically impure substances), rather than transformations converting a specific chemical into another.
material transformation process
A material processing technique performed to locally deliver an agent to a recipient.
Intubation of a patient whose airway is blocked.
Agent delivery of a tube into an external or internal orifice of the body for the purpose of adding or removing fluids or air.
A reference to a place on the Earth, by its name or by its geographical location
conditional specification
A directive information entity that specifies what should happen if the trigger condition is fulfilled.
PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
OBI branch derived
Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
Alan Ruttenberg
OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
action specification
data item
Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
PERSON: Jonathan Rees
data
information content entity
Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
directive information entity
An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
PERSON: Bjoern Peters
rule
example to be added
A conditional specification that guides, defines, restricts actions.
A rule is an executable which guides, defines, restricts actions.
MSI
PRS
The definition has been tweaked to make it consistent with the recommended format.
report
Examples of reports are gene lists and investigation reports. These are not published (journal) articles but may be included in a journal article.
A document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record).
2009-03-16: comment from Darren Natale: I am slightly uneasy with the sentence "Topic of the report is on something that has completed." Should it be restricted to those things that are completed? For example, a progress report is (usually) about something that definitely has *not* been completed, or may include (only) projections. I think the definition would not suffer if the whole sentence is deleted.
2009-03-16: this was report of results with definition: A report is a narrative object that is a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so.
2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'document'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion
disagreement about where reports go. alan: only some gene lists are reports. Is a report all the content of some document? The example of usage suggests that a report may be part of some article. Term needs clarification
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
GROUP: OBI
plan specification
PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231.
Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
Clint Dowland
2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them
measurement datum
A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
material information bearer
A page of a paperback novel with writing on it. The paper itself is a material information bearer, the pattern of ink is the information carrier.
a brain
a hard drive
A material entity in which a concretization of an information content entity inheres.
GROUP: IAO
document
A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
"Activity-related" in the Health Promotion Model
"Affective reactions" in the Affective Events Theory
"Context-related" in the Health Promotion Model
"Feedback intervention-induced affect" in the Feedback Intervention Theory
"Self-related" in the Health Promotion Model
"Affective processes" in the Feedback Intervention Theory
An <affective process> that is a synchronized aggregate of constituent mental processes, including an appraisal process, which is valenced, has an object, and gives rise to an action tendency.
An affective process that is a synchronized aggregate of constituent mental processes including an appraisal process, which is valenced, has an object, and gives rise to an action tendency.
Emotion processes are distinguished from other affective processes (e.g., mood) by having an object. Even if an emotion is experienced due to physiological reasons, they would be felt as being about something or someone. For instance, a person might be angry at a situation that they would normally not be angry at, because they are hungry. However, that person would still be angry at a specific situation.
There is no intended sequence of the entities that are part of the emotion process (e.g., an appraisal process does not necessarily precede a physiological process part of the emotion process). Emotion processes are distinguished from other affective processes (e.g., mood) by having an object. Even if an emotion is experienced due to physiological reasons, they would be felt as being about something or someone. For instance, a person might be angry at a situation that they would normally not be angry at, because they are hungry. However, that person would still be angry at a specific situation. Valence refers to the 'the subjective value of an event, object, person, or other entity in the life space of the individual' (https://dictionary.apa.org/valence). Valence ranges from negative to positive.
There is no rigid sequence of the entities that are part of the emotion process (e.g., an appraisal process does not necessarily precede a physiological process part of the emotion process).
Valence refers to the 'the subjective value of an event, object, person, or other entity in the life space of the individual' (https://dictionary.apa.org/valence). Valence ranges from negative to positive.
A cognitive representation of the emotional relevance of an object or event to the organism.
A cognitive representation which represents an evaluation of the relevance of some triggering object or event to the organism.
Appraisals are a part of emotion processes, representing how a triggering stimulus is relevant to the self. Appraisal captures the ‘aboutness’ of an emotion process. For example, a stimulus such as an image of a tiger can produce different emotion processes depending on how the relevance of this stimulus is evaluated. If the image of a tiger was on TV, this would likely not be evaluated as dangerous. However, an image of a tiger two meters away from a person would be relevant to a person in terms of its dangerousness. Therefore, an appraisal of the dangerouness of the tiger would be part of the emotion process 'fear'.
There is no rigid sequence of the entities that are part of the emotion process -- an appraisal does not necessarily precede a physiological process part of the emotion process.
"Regulatory fit" in the Regulatory Fit Theory
An <affective process> that involves the experience of internal or external sensory stimuli.
An affective process that involves the experience of internal or external sensory stimuli.
The subjective emotional feeling is that (fiat) part of the emotion process by which the organism experiences its own emotion.
'Subjective affective feeling can have greater or weaker physiological or mental components. The bodily process that are experienced will usually involve some mental process. Bodily sensation and the experiences of emotions (e.g., feeling calm) would both qualify as examples of 'subjective affective feeling'. As a subclass of 'affective process', subjective affective feelings have valence. Valence refers to the 'the subjective value of an event, object, person, or other entity in the life space of the individual' (https://dictionary.apa.org/valence). Valence ranges from negative to positive.
As a subclass of 'affective process', subjective affective feelings have valence. Valence refers to the 'the subjective value of an event, object, person, or other entity in the life space of the individual' (https://dictionary.apa.org/valence). Valence ranges from negative to positive.
Bodily sensations and the experiences of emotions (e.g., feeling calm) would both qualify as examples of 'subjective affective feeling'.
Excluded the following subjective feelings which appear on the GRID questionnaire since they seem debatable to what extent they are really *feelings* and to what extent they are actually *evaluations* or other things: -- felt submissive/dominant -- felt powerless/powerful
Subjective affective feeling can have greater or weaker physiological or mental components. The bodily processes that are experienced will usually involve some mental process.
"Pleasantness" in the Feedback Intervention Theory
A positive emotion which is sought out and is associated with happiness and satisfaction.
placer
plaisir
vergnügen
"Mood / arousal" in the Social Action Theory (Ewart)
A <mental process> that has positive or negative valence.
A mental process that has positive or negative valence.
An affective process is any process that has positive or negative valence.
affective process
An extended organism that is a member of the species Homo sapiens.
A <bodily process> that occurs in the brain, and that can of itself be conscious, or can give rise to a process that can of itself be conscious or can give rise to behaviour.
A bodily process that occurs in the brain, and that can of itself be conscious, or can give rise to a process that can of itself be conscious or can give rise to behaviour.
Valence is a process profile of an emotion, mood, or affective bodily feeling (such as pleasure and pain). Valence can be positive or negative, with different strengths in both directions. For example, pleasure is positively valenced while pain is negatively valenced.
A 'mental process' is a subclass of 'bodily process', as mental processes occur within the body, specifically involving the brain.
A bodily process which brings into being, sustains or modifies a cognitive representation or a behavior inducing state.
Examples include thinking, feeling pain, remembering and emotion as occurrent experiences.
Mental processes can vary in the degree to which they involve consciousness. A 'mental process' is a subclass of 'bodily process', as mental processes occur within the body, specifically involving the brain.
Mental processes can varying in the degree to which they involve consciousness.
GO:0050890, cognition, defined as `The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.'
A dependent continuant which is about a portion of reality.
A representation which specifically depends on an anatomical structure in the cognitive system of an organism.
Cognitive representations can be held by individuals or groups.
When a belief is activated, the content of that belief is a cognitive representation. The use of the phrase ‘an anatomical structure in the cognitive system’ in the formal definition means that a specific cognitive representation will depend on parts of the brain, rather than involving the whole brain.
"Internal environment" in the PRIME theory
A <disposition> that inheres in some extended organism.
A bodily disposition is a disposition that inheres in some extended organism. Examples are: my disposition to catch a cold when exposed to a virus, my ability to speak the English language.
A disposition that inheres in some extended organism.
Bodily disposition includes features that can be used in a specific context, such as a person's strength, but not a person's weight. A person has a specific weight independent of the circumstances they are in.
Extended organism refers to an organism and its microbiome (e.g., the bacteria that live in one's digestive system) Bodily disposition would include features, such as a person's strength (which can be used in a specific context), but not weight. A person would have a certain weight independent of most circumstances they are in.
Extended organism refers to an organism and its microbiome (e.g., the bacteria that live in one's digestive system).
bodily disposition
"Psychological" in the Health Promotion Model
"Psychological factors" in the I-Change Model
A <bodily disposition> that is realized in a mental process.
A bodily disposition that is realized in a mental process.
A mental disposition is a bodily disposition that is realized in a mental process.
'Mental disposition' is a subclass of 'bodily disposition', as mental dispositions occur in the body.
Mental disposition' is a subclass of 'bodily disposition', as mental dispositions occur in the body.
mental disposition
A directive information entity that represents a mathematical relationship which relates changes in a given response to changes in one or more factors. A statistical model is a formalization of relationships between variables in the form of mathematical equations.
WEB: http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section7/pri7.htm; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_model
A quantitative confidence value that is used in Bayesian analysis to describe the range in which a posterior probability estimate is likely to reside.
WEB: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/glossary-of-common-biostatistical-and-epidemiological-terms
A data item which is the ratio of observed deaths in the study group to expected deaths in the general population.
standardized mortality ratio
A data item that is derived from a statistical data analysis.
Jie Zheng, Yongqun He, Marcy Harris, Asiyah Yu Lin
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic
WEB: http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-numerical-data
derived data from statistical analysis
A data item that is derived from an inferential statistical data analysis.
WEB: http://psc.dss.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/stat_inf/intro.htm
derived data from inferential statistical analysis
A data item that is produced as the output of a data transformation.
transformed data item
Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy
A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)
We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process.
6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent
This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)
planned process
drug role
http://www.answers.com/topic/drug 1. A substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or as a component of a medication. 2. Such a substance as recognized or defined by the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
A role borne by a molecular entity and is realized in a process of absorption by an organism alters, or effects (or is assumed to effect) a function(s) which inhere in an organism.
Role Branch
OBI, CDISC
processed material
Examples include gel matrices, filter paper, parafilm and buffer solutions, mass spectrometer, tissue samples
Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing.
quantitative confidence value
A data item which is used to indicate the degree of uncertainty about a measurement.
person:Chris Stoeckert
a hospitalized person; a person with controlled diabetes; the patient's role http://www.fertilityjourney.com/testingAndDiagnosis/theRightDoctor/thePatientsRole/index.asp?C=55245395146924652778
A role which inheres in a person and is realized by being under the care of a physician or health care provider.
a role which inheres in a person and is realized by the process of being under the care of a physician or health care provider
GROUP:Role Branch
CDISC definition: patient. Person under a physician's care for a particular disease or condition. NOTE: A subject in a clinical trial is not necessarily a patient, but a patient in a clinical trial is a subject. See also subject, trial subject, healthy volunteer. Often used interchangeably
patient role
A cell lysis, production of a cloning vector, creating a buffer.
A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material
material transformation
material processing
organization
PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.
A material entity which can play roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now.
The definition from OBI has been slightly changed to refer to 'material entity' rather than 'continuant entity'
protocol
PCR protocol, has objective specification, amplify DNA fragment of interest, and has action specification describes the amounts of experimental reagents used (e..g. buffers, dNTPS, enzyme), and the temperature and cycle time settings for running the PCR.
A plan specification which has sufficient level of detail and quantitative information to communicate it between investigation agents, so that different investigation agents will reliably be able to independently reproduce the process.
OBI branch derived + wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28natural_sciences%29)
extract
Up-regulation of inflammatory signalings by areca nut extract and role of cyclooxygenase-2 -1195G>a polymorphism reveal risk of oral cancer. Cancer Res. 2008 Oct 15;68(20):8489-98. PMID: 18922923
A processed material that results from an extraction process.
an extract is a material entity which results from an extraction process
extracted material
An organism has been injected 1ml of vaccine
A measurement datum that measures the quantity of something that may be administered to an organism or that an organism may be exposed to. Quantities of nutrients, drugs, vaccines and toxins are referred to as doses.
A disposition (i) to undergo pathological processes that (ii) exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism.
A material entity which is clinically abnormal and part of an extended organism. Disorders are the physical basis of disease.
The phrase 'bodily component of an organism in the definition refers to a part of the body.
A <process> in which at least one bodily component of an organism participates.
A process in which at least one bodily component of an organism participates.
A process in which at least one bodily component of an organsim participates.
From OGMS: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000060
The phrase 'bodily component of an organism’ in the definition refers to ‘a part of the body’.
A bodily process that is clinically abnormal.
An object aggregate consisting of an organism and all material entities located within the organism, overlapping the organism, or occupying sites formed in part by the organism.
From OGMS: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000087
A healthcare process whose completion is hypothesized by a health care provider to eliminate, prevent, or alleviate the signs and symptoms of a disorder or pathological process.
A planned process whose completion is hypothesized by a health care provider to eliminate, prevent, or alleviate a disorder, the signs and symptoms of a disorder, or a pathological process
A planned process with the objective to improve the health status of a patient that directly involves the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of disease or injury of a patient
A disorder that involves some structural damage that is immediately caused by a catastrophic external force.
At the scale of organism (as opposed to the cellular scale or the population scale), an injury is typically the result of a catastrophic event. Consider the implications of making 'injury' a subtype of 'disorder'. Note: Adopted subtype of disorder, and injury can occur at the scale of organism down to cellular level.
http://groups.google.com/group/ogms-discuss/browse_thread/thread/ca0ad373f27774c5 OGMS call adoption- 16 SEPT 2015 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iiV1-fTS7BUUSzDw3N_Afx42698YWf54-FOTY2NkAxo/edit
creation date: 2011-09-20T09:57:44Z edited date: 30 SEPT 2015
A material entity that is a human made strcuture with firm connection between its foundation and the ground.
A material entity that is a human made structure with firm connection between its foundation and the ground.
Mathias Brochhausen
"Building" is a subclass of this.
This type of entity is referred to as "Bauwerk" or "Bauliche Anlage".
architectural structure
An architectural structure that bears some function.
Ontology of Medically Related Social Entities
facility
A facility that is run by a hospital organization, such as emergency departments, outpatient clinics and rehabilitation and is the bearer of a hospital function
A health care facility that bears the function to provide acute and intensive healthcare services and that is run by a hospital organization and is the bearer of a hospital function.
A health care facility that is run by a hospital organization, such as emergency departments, outpatient clinics and rehabilitation and is the bearer of a hospital function.
William Hogan
hospital facility
A facility bearing the function to provide healthcare and that is administered by a health care organization for the purpose of providing health care to a patient or patient population.
A facility that is administered by a health care organization for the purpose of providing health care to a patient or patient population.
A facility that’s administered by a health care organisation for the purpose of providing health care to a patient population
health care facility
A facility to assist in physical or addiction recovery
Emma Norris
Human Behaviour Change Project
rehabilitation facility
A health care facility that bears a function to provide emergency healthcare services and the acute care of patients who present without prior appointment, having arrived either by their own means or by ambulance
Adapted from Human Behaviour Change Project
emergency department facility
a health care facility that also bears a residence function and thus one in which the patients are also residents of the facility
community living health care facility
residential facility
A facility that has at least one housing unit as part in which a person or persons live
Modified version of definition provided by Human Behaviour Change Project
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed.
A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance.
The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism.
This term was originally named "presence". It has been renamed to reduce ambiguity. Consider annotating with the reciprocal relation,PATO:0001555, has_number_of. For example, rather than E=fin ray Q=count in organism C=10, say E=organism Q=has number of E2= fin ray C=10.
A quality in which events occur in sequence.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
A quality which inheres in a molecular entity, a single molecule, atom, ion, radical etc.
A quality of an entity that can be represented numerically, including anything that can be counted, measured, or given a numerical value.
A plant structure (PO:0005679) which is a whole organism.
A plant structure which is a whole organism.
Examples include plant embryo (PO:0009009), megagametophyte (PO:0025279) and microgametophyte (PO:0025280).
An anatomical entity that is or was part of a plant.
entidad anat&#243mica vegetal (Spanish, exact)
Includes both material entities such as plant structures and immaterial entities such as plant anatomical spaces. CARO:0000000 'anatomical entity' is defined as: A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity aboove the level of a protein complex. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. Refers to BFO:0000004 'independent continuant'.
A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated.
May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43
A planned process executed in the performance of scientific research wherein systematic investigations are performed to establish facts and reach new conclusions about phenomena in the world.
Data generation process are typically experimental studies or observations, but can include any process generating information used to evaluate a claim. This is an organizational class that groups more specific types of such processes that are most commonly used in generating data used as evidence to support claims. These processes produce informational artifacts such as measured data values, derived statistical calculations and confidence measures, or statements representing summaries or conclusions drawn from such data.
research activity
A planned process that executes some study design or protocol to generate scientific data that is interpreted to test or generate a hypothesis.
Explore the classification of study types here as a possibility to implement in SEPIO. https://mcw.libguides.com/evidencebased/studies Useful because these map to the strength of the evidence each might provide.
A research study is considered broadly to be any scientific activity aimed at answering a research question. Studies can be simple or complex, depending on the scope of the question being explored and the extent of resources deployed in doing so. They may include a full research investigation, a set of experiments, or a single experiment or assay. Regardless, that act of summarizing any results as a finding statement is considered part of the study.
A research study is considered broadly to be any scientific activity aimed at answering a research question. Studies can be simple or complex, depending on the scope of the question being explored and the extent of resources deployed in doing so. They may include a full research investigation, a set of related experiments, or a single experiment or assay. Regardless, that act of summarizing any results as a finding statement is considered part of the study. 'Study' here is broadly considered to include any defined activity performed to address a scientific question or generate a scientific hypothesis. It covers scientific inquiry at different scales of complexity, from a single assay, experiment or observation, to a complex research investigation addressing a broader scientific question. Studies can be based on a broad range of methods, including in silico algorithms, in vitro or in vivo experimentation on model systems, clinical studies on human subjects, or curation and analysis of existing knowledge, e.g. from publications, datasets, or knowledegbases, to derive novel insight.
research study
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].
Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
CARO v1 does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ. CARO v2 may include organ, see https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/4
A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism.
this class represents a proper part of the life cycle of an organism. The class 'life cycle' should not be placed here
the WBls class 'all stages' belongs here as it is the superclass of other WBls stages
we map the ZFS unknown stage here as it is logically equivalent to saying *some* life cycle stage
A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO).
Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO][GO_REF:0000021].
Proposed CUMBO def from MM: A subcortical part of the nervous system consisting of a relatively compact group of cells that is distinguishable histologically that share a commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel and connectivity. (comments: I put in 'subcortical' because I don't think we consider either the cerebellar cortex or cerebral cortex to be nuclei. Some people distinguish between a nucleus and a laminar structure (see Wikipedia definition). However, there are structures identified as nuclei that are laminar, e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus, although they are not laminated in all species. Also, I put in 'relatively compact' and 'distiguishable by histology' because we have groups of cells, e.g., cholinergic cell groups, doparminergic cell groups that are related on the 3 criteria but which we don't tend to consider nuclei because they don't occupy an easily defined territory. But all is open to debate.
Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body.
Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function.
Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.
The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO]
There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG]
ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes.
An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO]
many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
Subcortical nucleus of telecephalic origin consisting of an elongated gray mass lying lateral to and bordering the lateral ventricle. It is divided into a head, body and tail in some species.
Nucleus of brain which is an elongated crescent-shaped mass lying parallel and adjacent to the lateral ventricle throughout its extent[FMA:61833].
A neural nucleus that is part of the brain.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.
we treat cardiovascular as part of circulatory system, with the latter including other kinds of circulation, including lymph.
The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]
ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451
A structure consisting mainly of cell components, rather than complete cells.
we go with the FMA classification rather than the CARO one. FMA def: 'Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells.'
Such a structure may contain some complete cells in addition to partial cells (e.g., glia in nervous system regions).
Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.
A nucleus of brain that is part of a telencephalon.
An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part.
An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest.
structure with developmental contribution from neural crest
A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system.
central nervous system cell part cluster
A temporal boundary connecting two life cycle stages that follow in immediate succession. A temporal boundary is an abstract, instantaneous entity.