The Addiction Ontology (AddictO) is an ontology being developed all aspects of addiction research. 2022-09-27 BFO OWL specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label BFO OWL specification label BFO CLIF specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only BFO CLIF specification label BFO CLIF specification label editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label example example of usage A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> IAO:0000112 uberon example_of_usage example_of_usage example of usage example of usage has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot OBI_0000281 has curation status has curation status definition definition textual definition English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> DEFINITION definition definition textual definition The official definition. url:http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/iao.owl editor note An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obfoundry.org/obo/obi> GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi> IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note editor_note editor note editor note definition editor term editor Name of editor entering the definition in the file. The definition editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The definition editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115. 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition editor definition editor term editor term editor alternative label alternative term A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like. An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent) OBO Operations committee PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related). alternative label alternative term alternative term definition source Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source definition source curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg IAO:0000232 uberon curator_notes curator_notes curator note curator note curator notes imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from imported from OBO foundry unique label An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry. The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Chris Mungall PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/> OBO foundry unique label elucidation person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Barry Smith Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms elucidation elucidation has associated axiom(nl) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax has associated axiom(fol) has associated axiom(fol) synonym The AE 'cough AE' has the 'label of AE outcome' of 'cough'; 'infection AE' has the 'label of AE outcom' of 'infection'. an annotation property that represents the label of an adverse event Yongqun Oliver He, Jiangan Hardy Xie label of adverse event outcome adverse event outcome An alternative term used by the IEDB. IEDB alternative term An alternative term used by the IEDB. url:https://www.iedb.org An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context. temporal interpretation https://oborel.github.io/obo-relations/temporal-semantics/ An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class. UBPROP:0000001 uberon external_definition external_definition This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO external_definition An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class. Notes on the homology status of this class. UBPROP:0000003 uberon homology_notes homology_notes This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO homology_notes Notes on the homology status of this class. Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'. UBPROP:0000007 uberon has_relational_adjective has_relational_adjective has_relational_adjective Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000012 uberon external_ontology_notes external_ontology_notes external_ontology_notes Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies. This annotation property gives the unique label of all Apollo_SV entities that are refered to in the schema. The UAL is the denotator for the Apollo_SV class in the schema. There can at all times only be ONE value of UAL for each class. UAL Unique Apollo Label created_by creation_date has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has database cross reference Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software. Synonym of the term. FULL_SYN Synonym with Source Data has exact synonym has_exact_synonym Synonym of the term. url:http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasExactSynonym has_narrow_synonym disease_ontology has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym An identifier for an individual entity. id An identifier for an individual entity. url:http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0020000 in_subset shorthand comment is defined by is defined by This is an experimental annotation label A human readable name for this class. A human-readable name for the subject. label label A human readable name for this class. url:http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label uberon seeAlso seeAlso see also uberon depicted_by depicted_by depicted by alternate name derived_from derived from is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes This document is about information artifacts and their representations A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this red color inheres in this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in inheres in bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of bearer of participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality has quality this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division) this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'. derives_from derives from contains contains located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in located in p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p. Chris Mungall produces has output A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities. Chris Mungall This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function functionally related to inverse of has output Chris Mungall output of Point prevalence tobacco smoking abstinence that lasts for 7 days prior to a time point. 7-day point prevalence tobacco smoking abstinence Smoking cessation in which a smoker goes from his or her usual level of cigarette consumption to no use of cigarette within a day. abrupt smoking cessation The behaviour of not performing a behaviour of a particular type. Abstinence only has any meaning when specifying what the behaviour is that the person is not doing. abstinence The percentage of a population that at a given point in time is exhibiting the attribute of abstinence from a behaviour or psycoactive drug. abstinence rate Smoking cessation that occurs without a smoker having an intention to stop smoking. accidental smoking cessation Drug use pattern in which each episode is determined by factors operating at the time rather than according to a planned schedule. ad lib drug use Vaping pattern in which each episode is determined by factors operating at the time rather than according to a planned schedule. ad lib vaping A behaviour attribute involving the likelihood that someone who engages in the behaviour will become addicted to it. addictiveness of a behaviour Alcohol consumption by an adolescent. Adolescent drinking Fully defined class because it is made up of the intersection of two classes. adolescent alcohol consumption A substance use behaviour involving an adolescent. adolescent substance use A drinking pattern by an adolescent. adolescent drinking pattern Abstinence in alcohol consumption. alcohol abstinence A consumption behaviour pattern involving use of a substance containing alcohol concurrently with use of a psychoactive substance that has not been legally sanctioned in the jurisdiction in which the user resides. alcohol and substance use pattern A change quantity or pattern of alcohol consumption. alcohol consumption change A reduction in alcohol consumption. alcohol consumption reduction A population level pattern of alcohol consumption. alcohol consumption trend The first instance of alcohol consumption. alcohol initiation Consumption of alcohol in a manner that is deemed unacceptable in the jurisdiction in which the user resides. alcohol misuse Consumption of alcohol in a manner that is deemed to cause harm to the individual, others or society. alcohol problem A consumption behaviour that involves drinking an alcohol-containing product. Alcohol use alcohol consumption A process that involves repeated occurrences of a behaviour. behaviour pattern A process profile that involves starting then stopping a behaviour following abstinence. behavioural lapse A process boundary that involves restarting a behaviour pattern after a period of abstinence from that behaviour pattern. behavioural relapse Behaviour in which a person consumes, ingests or takes an entity into themselves. consumption behaviour A person uses e-cigarettes for 3 years. A temporal region during which e-cigarettes have been used. E-cigarette use duration This duration relates to a whole behaviour pattern. This refers to the aggregate of use episodes in a person's history not a single e-cigarette use episode. That is covered by 'Duration of e-cigarette use episode'. duration of e-cigarette use A temporal region during which a single episode of e-cigarette use takes place. This duration relates to a specific behavioural episode. This refers to the duration of a single episode of e-cigarette use by a person. This can be aggregated across episodes using statistics such as mean, median etc. duration of e-cigarette use episode A behaviour pattern involving ingestion of a psychoactive drug. Drug use pattern substance use pattern A process in which use of a product delivering a psychoactive substance increases the likelihood of use of another product delivering a psychoactive substance. gateway effect A behaviour pattern that continues over an extended period of time. habitual behaviour pattern Absence from work as a result of an injury. injury-related work-absence A quality that inheres in a person. personal quality A process in which an increase in prevalence of use of a product delivering a psychoactive substance leads to an increase in the prevalence of use of another product delivering a psychoactive substance. population gateway effect Human behaviour that involves use of a product. Product-using behaviour Product use behaviour is included to provide a link between product and a class of behaviour for which the relation always holds. product use behaviour A process boundary that involves the end of a period of tobacco use. tobacco cessation A personal quality that involves not smoking tobacco having previously done so. smoking abstinence tobacco abstinence. tobacco cessation Smoking cessation tobacco smoking abstinence Behavioural relapse that involves tobacco smoking. tobacco smoking relapse Not attending for paid employment but not on annual leave. work absence Follow-up that occurs 12-months after the start of a follow-up period 12-month follow-up Follow-up that occurs 24-months after the start of a follow-up period 24-month follow-up A self-report questionaire for identifying minor psychiatric disorders in the general population and within community or non-psychiatric clinical settings such as primary care or general medical out-patients. Suitable for all ages from adolescent upwards , it assesses the respondents current state and asks if that differs from his or her usual state. 28-item GHQ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/scaled-version-of-the-general-health-questionnaire/855845C6B366DB4AEDD66C350320D2A9 The cross reference is a useful source of information about the questionnaire. 28-item General Health Questionnaire Follow-up that occurs 6 months after the start of a follow-up period 6-month follow-up Literature that is an output of academic activity. This covers the output of any academic activity, not just research. academic literature A quantitative confidence value that refers to an interval give values within which there is a high probability that the true population value can be found. The calculation of a confidence interval considers the standard deviation of the data and the number of observations. Thus, a confidence interval narrows as the number of observations increases, or its variance decreases. CI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBCS_0000070 confidence interval A research activity that involves taking a measurement after the end of an intervention or research activity. This attempts to capture the most common usage and so distinguishes between end-of-treatment assessment and follow up. Used in cohort studies and intervention evaluations to capture meausres taken after the end of the intervention or a baseline measure. follow-up A document that contains a set of questions. The most iwdely used definition in OntoBee is from OBI but it is too specific. questionnaire A process in which a questionnaire is answered. questionnaire administration An information content entity that is used in a research study to specify how a measurement should be undertaken. This and the one below need VERY clear labels to disambiguate research measure A planned process that has as its output a data item corresponding to a quantitative or qualitative description of the attributes of an entity. Measurement is not itself defined, except tautologically as "the data item that is the output of a measuremnet" Why not just 'measurement'? research study measurement A measurment datum that is produced as part of a research study. research study measurement datum A questionnaire that is administered in such a way that the person completing the questionnaire is answering questions about themselves. self-report questionnaire The process boundary at the beginning of a follow-up period. start of follow-up period The process boundary when a process or temporal region starts. AFP:0003328 Definition from AFP modified to include temporal region. temporal start A data item that represents a human being who has received an intervention intended to result in cessation of an addictive behaviour and who, after a period of abstinence, has resumed the behaviour. addiction relapse case Research activity about addiction. NCIT defines research as "Systematic investigation into a subject in order to discover facts, establish or revise a theory, or develop a plan of action based on the facts discovered." addiction research A person who has analytic toxicologist role. analytic toxicologist A sample is a substance role played by a biological substance as an input substance to a protocol. The definition and link to role is coherent with BFO but the ontology itself is probably not suitable to be imported. biological sample A research activity that forms part of a research study that aims to influence an outcome. BCIO? experimental manipulation The follow up period was for 12 months from the offer of a prescription for varenicline. A period of time between a research activity and follow up. The temporal period is often counted from the start of an intervention even though the definition of follow up states that it takes place after the end of an intervention. follow-up period Research literature whose constituent documents have not been published in a peer-reviewed journal. grey literature An information content entity that is an aggregate of documents. literature An information content entity that represents attributes of a population for the purposes of modelling processes or outcomes in that population. simulated population A research measure that has been subjected to evaluation for one or more forms of validity and which it is claimed has reached or exceeded an appropriate threshold on that criterion. validated measure A database documenting absence from work Absence register work absence register A data item that is the year in which a publication was published. year of publication A personal stake that interferes with the impartial enactment of a professional role. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/s/competing-interests The definition was adapted from the PLOS definition. Competing interests carry no implication of wrong-doing and are often unavoidable. However, they must be disclosed and in some cases may preclude someone from performing a particular role. competing interest A potential competing interest that involves the possibility of personal financial gain or loss resulting from enactment of the professional role. The definition was adapted from the PLOS definition. This includes: 1) ownership of stocks or shares, 2) employment in an organisation, 3) providing paid consultancy to an organisation, 4) being a director of a company, 5) receiving any kind of funding or tangible benefit from an organisation, 6) ownership of, or pending application for, a patent, and 7) seeking funding from an organisation, that may be affected by the enactment of the professional role. It also includes all of the above that relate to an intimate partner. Organisation includes commercial organisation, government agency, and charity. financial potential competing interest A report that provides information about a person's potential competing interest. Good practice involves being as inclusive as possible to ensure full transparency and include both financial and non-financial attributes that might conceivably influence the conduct, reporting or evaluation of research whether or not it actually does so. disclosure of potential competing interest Dr Smith has a personal stake in the outcome of the clinical trial of the drug, varenicline, because he has shares in the company that produces the drug. A personal attribute that involves an outcome of value to that person arising from a process. This is derived from the idea of a stakeholder and is a generalisation of vested interest. Value here can be positive or negative. This definition refers to actual value rather than perceived value. The process that produces the outcome will often be an event such as reporting of the outcome of a clinical trial, or delivery of a verdict in a trial, or enactment of legislation. personal stake Funding that originates from one or more tobacco companies. tobacco industry funding The absolute amount of harm to an individual resulting from use of an e-cigarette. It can be quantified in many different ways from using numeric or textual labels. No harm is represented by '0', 'Zero harm' or 'No harm'. absolute e-cigarette harmfulness to health The absolute amount risk of harm to an individual resulting from use of a nicotine product at a specified amount for a specified duration in a specified way. It can be quantified in many different ways from using numeric or textual labels. No risk is represented by '0', 'Zero harm' or 'No harm'. absolute risk Differentiated from absolute harm in that it combines amount of harm with probability of harm. Thus a high risk of harm involves both high probability of harm and high amount of harm. A low risk of harm could involve a low probability of a high amount of harm. This term should probably not be used without quantifying the degree of risk and the amount of harm in objective terms. absolute nicotine-related risk of harm A data item that is about the amount of harm produced by a product in a population over a time period expressed as an absolute quantity using a metric. absolute product harmfulness Absolute product harmfulness in which the harm relates to health. absolute product harmfulness to health Absolute product harmfulness to health in which the product is a tobacco-containing product. harmfulness Differentiated from relative harm which expressed the difference between or ration of two harms. It is a subjective term and probably should not be used without quantifying the harm in objective terms. absolute tobacco product harmfulness to health Psychoactive substance attribute involving its propensity for abuse by people who ingest it. abuse liability of a substance abuse potential of a substance An e-cigarette atomiser which the user can adjust to different levels of power. adjustable power atomiser adjustable power e-cigarette atomiser A disposition inhering in a product that is realised as adverse consequences to the user of the product. adverse event profile of a product Harm that is causally influenced by intoxication resulting from consumption of alcohol by a person. alcohol-related harm A central nervous system depressant that is used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. CHEBI:35623 Taken from ChEBI but slight edited for consistency. anticonvulsant drug An information content entity that is used by a person or organisation to denote and promote a product. Brand name brand A plant extract from the cannabis plant. cannabis marijuana cannabis extract A cannabis extract that has been treated with volatile solvent to result in a higher concentration of THC. Butanne Hash oil CO2 oil Shatter badder bubble hash budder butane hash oil charas concentrates crumble dabs distillate dry sift full-melt hash hash hash oil hashish honey oil ice water hash marijuana extract/ concentrate propane hash oil rosin shatter wax Cannabis extract Clarify what cannabis the concentrates are made up of i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what % cannabis concentrate An attribute of a portion of cannabis that is its concentration of THC. cannabis potency An oral tobacco-containing product that is manufactured to be chewed. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/chewing-tobacco Consists of loose tobacco leaves, pellets or bits , plugs , or twists . chewing tobacco product An e-cigarette that is designed to resemble a cigarette in shape, size and appearance. disposable e-cigarette cigalike cigalike e-cigarette A combustible tobacco-containing product that is a cylinder formed of chopped tobacco encased in tobacco leaf. The user sets one end alight and ingests smoke by sucking on the other end. The cylinder becomes shorter as the tobacco burns to smoke and ash until either the user extinguishes the burning tobacco or all the tobacco is burnt. This definition includes large panatelas and small cigars. Cigars typically produce smoke with a high concentration of nicotine so that a significant amount of nicotine can be absorbed through the lining of the mouth without the smoke having to be inhaled into the lungs. cigar A combustible tobacco-containing product that is a thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco encased in a thin paper. The user sets one end alight and ingests smoke by sucking on the other end. The cylinder becomes shorter as the tobacco burns to smoke and ash until either the user extinguishes the burning tobacco or all the tobacco is burnt. This definition includes hand-rolled cigarettes and manufactured cigarettes but not cigarillos, bidis or small cigars. Cigarettes are typically made for the smoke to be inhaled into the lungs. cigarette A brand that is applied to a manufactured cigarette. tobacco brand cigarette brand Smoke that is produced through the use of a cigarette. smoke cigarette smoke A chemical substance that is part of cigarette smoke. cigarette smoke ingredient An e-cigarette in which none of the main components is interchangeable. These e-cigarettes are often confusingly referred to cigalikes and they have many similarities but do not need to look like cigarettes. Note that the closed 'pod' may contain either e-liquid of a salts based solution. e-cigarette closed system A pharmaceutical formulation that contains codeine. codeine formulation A tobacco-containing product in which the tobacco is processed to make it suitable for burning for the user to ingest the smoke. combustible tobacco smoked tobacco smoked tobacco product combustible tobacco product combustible tobacco-containing product A disposable e-cigarette that resembles a cigarette. disposable cigalike disposable cigalike e-cigarette An e-cigarette closed system that has a non-rechargeable battery and no replaceable parts. disposable disposable e-cigarette A chemical substance that is metabolite of a drug. drug metabolite "Electronic cigarettes are handheld electronic vaping devices which produce an aerosol formed by heating an eliquid." Hartmann-Boyce et al., 2020. Cochrane Review of Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. An electronic vaping device that is hand held and produces for inhalation an aerosol formed by heating an e-liquid using a battery-powered heating coil. ANDS ENDS NVP alternative nicotine delivery system alternative nicotine vaping device electronic nicotine delivery system electronic nicotine vaping device electronic vaping device nicotine vaping device nicotine vaping product vape electronic cigarette The primary label is based on the fact that this is a the most commonly used term and is clear. It has the disadvantage that it carries negative connotations in some quarters but other terminology does not adequately capture this class as defined. The e-liquid contains one or more humectants , usually together with flavourings and nicotine. The heating is achieved by means of a battery-powered heating elementthat is activated by a switch or by suction as the user sucks on the mouthpiece of the device. E-cigarette do not necessarily contain nicotine or any pharmacologically active substance. e-cigarette A product that is manufactured to be part of an e-cigarette and to heat e-liquid during e-cigarette use to produce a vapour. e-cigarette atomiser An electrical battery that is designed to be part of an e-cigarette and provide electrical energy for an e-cigarette atomiser. e-cigarette battery A brand of e-cigarette products that are manufactured by a particular tobacco company under a particular name. vape brand e-cigarette brand A product that is a part of an e-cigarette and consists of an e-cigarette atomiser surrounded by a liquid-soaked poly-foam that acts as an e-liquid holder. e-cigarette cartridge A fire that has been caused by malfunction of an e-cigarette or a part of an e-cigarette. e-cigarette fire A product that is manufactured to be part of an e-cigarette and contain e-liquid. e-liquid container A chemical substance that is designed to be part of an e-liquid to impart a flavour to the vapour produced when the e-liquid is used in an e-cigarette. e-liquid flavouring A part of an e-cigarette that is the microchip with the purpose of recording vaping behaviour. e-cigarette microprocessor An e-cigarette that can be self-built and modified by the user. mod e-cigarette mod An e-cigarette part that allows the user to draw through a vapourised aerosol. e-cigarette mouthpiece A vaping device part that is part of an e-cigarette. e-cigarette device part device part e-cigarette part An e-cigarette that has as a part a replaceable e-cigarette pod. e-cigarette pod device An e-cigarette part that constitutes the heating element and must be replaced after use. atomiser coil e-cigarette replaceable coil An e-cigarette part that constitutes the container used to hold e-liquid. e-liquid tank tank e-cigarette tank An aerosol produced by heating an e-liquid. aerosol e-cigarette vapour A chemical substance that is part of e-cigarette vapour. e-cigarette vapour ingredient An e-cigarette that has no tank and in which the e-liquid is 'dripped' straight on to the wick or coil. e-cigarette with dripping atomiser A vaping device that produces vapour by electrically heating a substance that is an e-liquid or a solid. electronic vaping device A liquid commodity that is used in e-cigarettes for the purpose of aerosolization and inhalation by a person. Typically consists of propylene glycol or glycerol together with nicotine and flavourants. e-liquid A chemical substance that is manufactured for use as part of an e-liquid. e-liquid ingredient The concentration of nicotine in a portion of e-liquid. e-liquid strength nicotine strength strength e-liquid nicotine concentration Smoke that is produced through the burning of a tobacco-containing product and released into the environment. environmental tobacco smoke An e-cigarette atomiser which has only one power level. fixed-power atomiser fixed power e-cigarette atomiser An e-liquid that has e-liquid flavouring. flavoured liquid flavoured e-juice flavoured e-liquid A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a fruit flavour. fruit flavoured liquid fruit flavoured e-juice fruit flavoured e-liquid lung cancer from smoked tobacco use Opioid drug overdose Disposition inhering in a product that can result in negative consequences of its use. Having this as a disposition brings in the fact that harm only occurs in certain contexts or when certain conditions are met. harmfulness of a product E-cigarette use causes some degree of lung inflammation. A data item about harmfulness of a product. absolute harmfulness of a product This is distinguished from 'Relative quantification of harmfulness of a product' emphasising that there is no comparison with harmfulness of another product. absolute quantification of harmfulness of a product A data item about harmfulness of a product that arises from a comparison of the absolute harmfulness of this product with that of another product. relative quantification of harmfulness of a product A bodily disposition that is a person's likelihood of an adverse health outcome. Every person has this disposition to a greater or lesser extent at any given time in any given context. The term is only meaningful when operationalised to specify the nature of the risk and the timescale. individual health risk A tobacco-containing product that contains a tobacco stick that it heats to cause minimal or no combustion to produce smoke or a vapour for inhalation by a person. This product is described as not involving combustion of tobacco and thereby avoiding production of harmful chemicals caused by combustion such as carbon monoxide. However for at least some products there is some evidence of a degree of combustion. heated tobacco product A product that is formed of tobacco processed in such a way as to make it suitable to be used in a heated tobacco-containing product. heet stick heet heated tobacco stick A nicotine-containing e-liquid in which the e-liquid nicotine concentration is high. high nicotine concentration e-liquid A codeine formulation that contains what is judged to be a high concentration of the drug. What constitutes 'high' has to be defined when used for this to be a useable entity. high-strength codeine A heated tobacco-containing product that involves heating a heated tobacco stick to up to 350 degrees centigrade using power from a battery. It is marketed by Philip Morris under the brand name iQOS. iQOS is marketed as a product that has substantially lower harmfulness than cigarettes. This is a matter for empirical evidence and therefore not included in the definition, which aims solely to unambiguously identify the entity. iQOS An e-cigarette pod device that is marketed by the JUUL company. pod juul https://www.juul.co.uk JUUL pod device A nicotine-containing product that is a licensed drug LNP licensed nicotine product licensed nicotine-containing product A codeine formulation that contains what is judged to be a low concentration of the drug, What constitutes 'low' has to be defined when used for this to be a useable entity. low-strength codeine An environmental tobacco smoke that is produced by a person from the lighting of a combustible tobacco product, it is inhaled by the person and exhaled into the environment. mainstream smoke A cigarette that is manufactured in a factory. factory-made cigarette manufactured cigarette A cigarette brand colour that is closely associated with Marlboro cigarettes. marlboro Red An e-cigarette that has no circuitry and power is provided by the battery alone. mechanical mod e-cigarette A product that includes or contains nicotine for ingestion by the user. nicotine product The relation with 'nicotine' is 'has part' and not 'contains' because contains is reserved for spatially enclosing a separate entity. This class overlaps with tobacco-containing product but is distinct from it as tobacco-containing products can have the nicotine removed and nicotine-containing products may not have any other tobacco constituents in them . nicotine-containing product A nicotine replacement therapy product that consists of a plastic tube which holds a replaceable nicotine cartridge which delivers nicotine orally to a person through a mouthpiece. Inhaler Product concentration needs to be specified nicotine inhalator A nicotine replacement therapy product that delivers nicotine orally by a tablet which slowly dissolves in the mouth. Product concentration needs to be specified nicotine lozenge A nicotine replacement therapy product that delivers nicotine by a spray in to nose. Product concentration needs to be specified nicotine nasal spray A nicotine replacement therapy product that delivers nicotine orally by a chewing gum. Nicotine gum Product concentration needs to be specified nicotine polacrilex Nicotine replacement therapy are nicotine delivery products that are licensed for use as smoking cessation or harm reduction aids used by people for quitting or reducing use of tobacco containing products. NRT products nicotine replacement therapy A nicotine replacement therapy product that delivers nicotine through the skin by use of an adhesive patch. nicotine patch Product concentration needs to be specified nicotine transdermal patch An e-liquid that does not contain any e-liquid flavouring. I wonder if here we should add this includes tobacco - as there is a common misperception that tobacco is non flavoured which of course it is unflavoured e-liquid An liquid that is oil based and contains cannabinoids. Clarify what cannabis the oil consists of i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what % oil based cannabis liquid An e-cigarette in which all of the main components are interchangeable. e-cigarette open system A medicinal product that is licenced in a specified jurisdiction for sale without a prescription and is purchased by a person within a pharmacy. over-the-counter medicine A nicotine replacement therapy product that can be sold to a person without the need for a prescription. over the counter nicotine replacement therapy A combustible tobacco-containing product that is manufactured as two or more cigarettes in a single container. packet of fags packet of cigarettes It is important to state that it is manufactured as containing two or more cigarettes because the number actually in the pack depends on how many have been used. It is also important to be clear that it includes the cigarettes and not just the pack. A different term has to be used for the container. For AddictO the parent of interest relates to tobacco rather than more general types of pack. The entity in this case is the pack plus cigarettes manufactured within it. Cigarettes are 'part of' the pack rather than contained within it because the pack is both the packaging and the cigarettes. pack of cigarettes The number of cigarettes that are sold within a pack. pack size cigarette pack size Formulation of a drug-containing product, including the characteristics of its components, the chemical nature of the drug , drug solubility in water and organic solvents, particle size and surface area, type of dosage form and the excipients and processes used in its manufacturing. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/ncit/terms?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C42638 Much of the NCIT definition as been used but not all because it does not quite capture what is needed. pharmaceutical formulation A medicine that can only be provided to a patient in a jurisdiction if authorised by a prescription. prescription-only medicine A nicotine replacement therapy that is prescribed to a person by a medical practitioner. Prescription NRT prescription nicotine replacement therapy A role performed by an organisation or individual who participates in processes that bring the product into existence or purpose it as a product. producer of product An artifact that has a product role. DOI: 10.3233/AO-190210 This entity is the one specified in the Product Life Cycle Ontologies. It could not be imported because those ontologies do not conform to the OBO Foundry standard. This entity only includes objects. Commodities and intangible entities such as software are classified separately. product Adrugthat changesbrainfunction and results in alterations inperception,mood,consciousness,cognition, orbehaviour. psychoactive substance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35471 asentheogens for ritual, spiritual, orshamanicpurposes or for research. to purposefully improve performance or alter one's consciousness These substances may be used medically recreationally psychoactive drug An e-cigarette atomiser which is built by the end user. RDA Rebuildable dripper atomiser rebuildable e-cigarette atomiser A cigalike e-cigarette that has a rechargeable battery. cigalike. non disposable cigalike rechargeable cigalike e-cigarette An e-cigarette that has as a part a rechargeable battery. non disposable rechargeable e-cigarette An e cigarette consisting of a separate refillable tank, drip tip, coil and rechargeable battery. regulated box mod e-cigarette A tobacco-containing product used by a person for the purpose of smoking tobacco. RYO loose tobacco roll ups roll your own tobacco Roll your own tobacco also known as loose tobacco and used within pipes. roll your own tobacco An e-cigarette that has a rechargeable battery and refillable tank characterised by its penlike shape. penlike e-cigarette second gen second generation e-cigarette An electronic vaping device that resembles an e-cigarette but is branded as a shisha pen. e-hookah hookah pen e-shisha There is no property that always distinguishes a shisha pen from an e-cigarette apart from the branding. They are often long and thin and are often used with nicotine-free e-liquid. shisha pen An environmental tobacco smoke that is produced upon the lighting of a combustible tobacco-containing product and is released into the environment. Sidestream smoke is contrasted with mainstream smoke. sidestream smoke highly potent marijuana from female plants that are specially tended and kept seedless by preventing pollination to induce a high resin content skunk https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sinsemilla sinsemilla A tobacco-containing product in which the tobacco is processed for use in a manner that does not involve combustion. non-combustible tobacco product smokeless tobacco smokeless tobacco product This class includes all tobacco-containing products whose use does not involve burning. It does not include products whose only tobacco-related constituent is nicotine. Those are in the class of nicotine-containing products. It includes chewing tobacco and snus. smokeless tobacco-containing product A product that is used by a person for the purpose of quitting smoking. NRT product smoking cessation aid A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is formed of dry finely-ground tobacco and is ingested by a person into the nasal cavity. nasal snuff An oral tobacco-containing product that is composed mainly or exclusively of moist, ground or powdered tobacco that is processed to make it suitable for use by a person placing it in the mouth between the gum and the cheek. moist snuff People often confuse oral snuff with snus and it is important to recognise that snus is a subclass of oral snuff and not the same as it. This class includes snus as well as other oral ground or powdered tobacco products that are not chewed. oral snuff An e-cigarette part that is designed for use on a mechanical mod, it has an inbuilt reservoir for e-liquid, this is fed to a dripper by either squeezing or pumping the reservoir. squonker A drug attribute which describes the process by which a drug is released into the blood stream at a predetermined rate to maintain a specific drug concentration over a period of time. slow release sustained release drug An e-cigarette with a refillable tank. tank type e-cigarette A cannabis vaping device part that is formed of disposable non-refillable cartridge which is attached to a device for the purpose of consuming cannabis. vape pen, weed vape, oil vape Clarify what cannabis is being vaped in the device i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what % cannabis cart vaping device A liquid that contains cannabis. e-liquid, e-juice, vape juice Clarify what cannabis the liquid is made up of i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what % cannabis containing liquid A vaping device that is used by a person for the purpose of vaping cannabis. weed vape, cannabis vape Clarify what cannabis is being vaped i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what % cannabis vaping device A commodity that is formed from parts of the tobacco plant. tobacco Tobacco that has been processed for use in a tobacco-containing product. processed tobacco A plant of the species that belongs to the Nicotiana genus of herbaceous plants. Nicotiana Although there are definitions of tobacco plant in other ontologies, these were not quite suitable for the purposes of AddictO. Nicotiana species include many varieties. These are commonly referred to as tobacco plants, and are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. N. tabacum is grown worldwide for production tobacco-containing products. tobacco plant A product that is classified by the US Food and Drug Administration as a tobacco product. tobacco product This class is required because it is used by US the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Tobacco Products to classify products over which it has jurisdiction. An FDA defined tobacco product is any product that meets the definition of a tobacco product set out in the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and as interpreted by the courts. It is any product made or derived from tobacco that is intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product . It does not include an article that is a drug. This class is not coherent and is best avoided in scientific discourse because, despite the label, it includes products that have no tobacco constituents in them and excludes products that do have the tobacco constituent nicotine . FDA-defined tobacco product The designated price of a unit of a tobacco product. tobacco product price Aproduct that is made of tobacco or has tobacco as a part and is used by people to ingest some tobacco constituent. tobacco product tobacco This class includes products that contain or consist of parts of the tobacco plant that have been subject to some form of processing. This class does not contain products that only contain nicotine. These are dealt with separately as 'nicotine-containing products'. tobacco-containing product A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a tobacco flavour. tobacco-flavoured e-liquid A nitrosamine which derives from tobacco products and tobacco smoke. TSNA tobacco-specific nitrosamine Smoke that is produced through the burning of tobacco. tobacco smoke An e-cigarette that is pen shaped. pen-like e-cigarette vape pen A product that produces a vapour for inhalation by a person. vaporiser vaporizer vapourizer vapouriser https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_ This class includes any device that produces vapour or aerosol for inhalation for any purpose. There are many different ways in which the vapour is created and many different substances that are inhaled. It is essential when using this term make clear what type of vaporiser is being referred to and what substance or substances are being inhaled. vaping device A product part that is a component of a vaping device. vaping device part Mortality in a population in which the deaths in question are at least partly caused by the consumption of alcohol by people in that population. Expressed in terms of number or proportion of deaths or population attributable fraction. alcohol-related mortality Epidemic of HIV infection. No definition found in Ontobee HIV epidemic A population attribute that reflects the number of deaths within a population within a time frame. mortality The health of a population population health A data item that is the estimated number of years that a person can expect to live, adjusted downwards according to how far the assessed quality of life of that person is less than what is judged to be optimal. QALY No appropriate ontological definition found. Definition based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life The issue of who does the judging would need to be specified and the basis for the judgement. quality-adjusted life year Treatment demand that is influenced by the availability of the treatment to to population. supply-induced treatment demand A quality of a population that involves the number of people in the population who seek a treatment. treatment demand A data item that is about a person and signifies that the person has been diagnosed with alcohol use disorder within the past 12 months. 12-month diagnosis of alcohol use disorder A person who is exhibiting the attribute of abstinence from engagement in a behaviour. abstainer A personal attribute that is the how readily a person can access a service. access to a service An environmental disposition that is is the extent to which an environment enables people in that environment to receive addiction treatment accessibility of addiction treatment An environmental disposition that is the extent to which an environment enables people in that environment to acquire naloxone. accessibility of naloxone Acute effect of using a product on a person in which use of the product involves ingestion of a psychoactive substance. acute effect of ingesting a substance on a person Acute effect of ingesting a substance on a person in which the substance is alcohol. acute effect of ingesting alcohol on a person A process involving a person that results directly from,and within a short time period of, use by the person of a product. acute effect of using a product on a person A mental disposition towards repeated episodes of abnormally high levels of motivation to engage in a behaviour, acquired as a result of engaging in the behaviour, where the behaviour results in risk or occurrence of serious net harm. Dependence The aim is to include dispositions about which there is a consensus that they constitute addiction while avoiding making a disputed statement about whether addiction necessarily involves disordered brain mechanisms . This entity focuses on abnormal motivation to engage in a behaviour and includes serious net harm as a feature. The reason is to limit the class to things that merit a treatment and public health response. It is a quantitative entity and a fuzzy set because there can be varying thresholds set for degree of harm and strength of motivation. As a result, it is essential to operationalise the term for it to be meaningful. addiction A behaviour that is addictive in a significant proportion of of people who engage in it. There is not a consensus on what what counts as a significant proportion but in practice in common usage it can be as low as 10%. Currently accepted as addictive behaviours are: alcohol consumption, use of nicotine or tobacco-containing products, opioid use, stimulant use, cannabis use, sedative use, steroid use,and gambling. Some experts believe that online gaming should be added. addictive behaviour A mental disorder that results in repeated episodes of abnormally high levels of motivation to engage in a behaviour, acquired as a result of engaging in the behaviour, where the behaviour results in risk or occurrence of serious net harm. Dependence disorder This is separated fropm 'addiction' to provide a parent term for the range of 'disorders' relating to substance use that are defined as such and about which, therefore, there cannot be legitimate dispute. addictive disorder A person who has reached maturity. For use in research contexts the minimum age needs to be specified. adult A material entity that is either a human being, an aggregate of humans or an organisation and that has the capability of intentionality. The definition has been altered from 'A material entity which is active in a process or has the relevant capabilities of intentionality.' to allow for the fact that organisations are not aggregates of people in this ontology and that agents need not actually be active in a process. agent Death that is causally influenced by the consumption of alcohol by a person. No appropriate definition found. Definition based on usage. a causally influenced b iff a is a process The consumption of alcohol can be either by the decedent or another person. Includes death from disease and death from injury. alcohol-related death Injury that is caused at least in part by the consumption of alcohol by a person. alcohol-related injury A process that is causally influenced by consumption of alcohol by a person. Logically defined class: its members will be inferred by the OWL reasoner - it does not have to be a parent of another class alcohol-related outcome A traffic crash that is at least partially caused by intoxication resulting from consumption of alcohol. alcohol-related traffic crash A fiat part of a complex phenomenon that has salience in a particular context. aspect A process that has as output a material entity that is the material basis for an abnormal homeostasis dispostion. bodily harm Addiction to use of cannabis or cannabis products. Cannabis addiction https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/ncit/terms?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C34445 cannabis dependence A psychoactive substance user who is currently using cannabis. cannabis user A disposition of a person involving the probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease or pulmonary disease over a defined time period. cardiopulminary absolute risk Craving in which the target of the craving is cigarette smoking. cigarette craving Poison that result from ingestion of codeine. codeine poisoning A dual product user who is also an e-cigarette user participating in use that is less than daily frequency. Dual user concurrent non-daily dual user A strong identity in which what is represented is appraised as enduring. The parent class is 'strong identity' which captures the idea that the identity is appraised as important. Core identity adds the characteristic 'enduring'. Therefore core identities are appraised as both important and enduring. core identity A daily tobacco smoker whose who engages in cigarette smoking every day. Daily smoker daily cigarette smoker A daily tobacco user who engages in tobacco smoking every day. daily cigarette smoker smoker daily smoker This class is for tobacco smokers who smoke every day, no matter how many episodes of smoking they have each day. Smokers who smoke on average one or more cigarettes each day but do not smoke every day come under the class non-daily tobacco smoker. Daily tobacco smokers people who may very occasionally miss a day of smoking. daily tobacco smoker A subjective emotional feeling that generates a need state and arises from deviation of a physiological state from a target state established as a result of innate or learned processes. drive state A dual product user who particpates in use of both e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes every day. Dual user dual daily user A person who engages in e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking. e-ciagarette user occassional e-cigarette user vaper Dual user This class includes people who currently use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes rather than people who have once used one product and then used another. This creates ambiguity and to what counts as currently and when operationalised it may be helpful to specify the time period over which episodes of use of both products occurred. e-cigarette and cigarette dual user A person who engages in e-cigarette use. e-cigarette user A subjective emotional feeling involving positive affect associated with reduction in a feeling of need. feeling of need satisfaction A feeling of attraction to something in anticipation of pleasure or satisfaction. feeling of wanting A cognitive representation of themselves by a person or a group about themselves. This entity is more than self-identity of an individual as it includes group identity. identity A disorder that involves some structural damage that is immediately caused by a destructive external force. OGMS:0000102 Replaced 'catastrophic' with 'destructive'. injury A drive state that results from nicotine concentrations in the brain that are below that to which the brain has become accustomed. nicotine drive state A tobacco smoker who participates in tobacco smoking but not every day. Occasional smoker non-daily tobacco smoker An ever-tobacco smoker who has participated in tobacco smoking within the past 30 days. past-20 day smoker This includes any participation, including one puff on a single cigarette. It is in references to a current time frame that needs to be specified unless it is obvious from the context. past 30-day tobacco smoker Addiction to the behaviour of gambling. Gambling use Disorder http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C94335 Pathological gambling = DSM-IV pathological gambling A person who does not suffer from opioid use disorder but who, by virtue of his or her personal qualities or environment, has an elevated probability of developing opioid use disorder in the future. person at risk of opioid use disorder A person who participates in policy making. policy maker A tobacco smoker identity that is a positive identity. positive smoker identity positive tobacco smoker identity A personal attribute of not having enough material possessions or income to meet basic human needs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty Definition changed to one that is ontologically OK. poverty A dual product user who reports predominanly smoking. Dual user A class of 'dual-user' predominant smoker A dual product user who reports predominanly using an e-cigarette. Dual user predominant vaper Death that occurs as a result of an avoidable set of circumstances. premature death A personal attribute that is a person's ability to carry out activities needed to thrive and their mental well-being. QoL No appropriate ontological definition found. Definition based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life Multiple formulations exist focusing on different aspects. Domains covered include: mental mood, pain, and physical functioning. quality of life An appraisal by a person about themselves self-appraisal An identity that a person has about themselves. The term 'self' sounds tautologous but is required to reflect the fact that this is not identity in terms of who you are but how you represent yourself to yourself. The cognitive representation includes multiple aspects and some of these are social. For example, group memberships, cultural norms. Collective identity as a shared attribute of group is related to this but is separate. self-identity A subjective emotional feeling involving experience directly resulting from sensory processes. It includes touch, brightness, loudness. subjective sensation An addictive disorder in which the behaviour that is the subject of the addiction is use of a psychoactive substance. drug use disorder substance use disorder An emotion directly attributing an affective response to an object, event or experience. It includes liking and disliking. targeted emotion Use of combustible tobacco is a leading cause of tobacco-related disease. A disease in which tobacco use has played a causal role. tobacco-caused disease Use of combustible tobacco increases the users risk of developing tobacco-related disease. A disease in which tobacco use is a significant risk factor. tobacco-related disease A tobacco user who engages in tobacco smoking. current smoker current tobacco smoker smoker 'tobacco user' and 'participates in' some 'tobacco smoking' This applies to the current time period and the behaviour pattern of tobacco smoking. The time period and the amount of smoking needs to be operationalised. tobacco smoker A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as a tobacco smoker. tobacco smoker identity A mental process that involves a feeling of strong impulse to engage in a behaviour. urge An urge in which the behaviour that is the target of the feeling is smoking. urge to smoke An identity in which a person represents themselves as a vaper. vaper identity A person who is close in age to the transition between childhood and adulthood. young adult Youth Age range should be specified. young person An aggregate of organizations that manufacture or market alcoholic beverages. see http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMIT_0028826 alcohol industy A philanthropy organisation that is based in New York. Bloomberg Philanthropies A tobacco company based in London with the company number 03407696. BAT https://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__9d9kcy.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO89KHEK British American Tobacco P.L.C. An organisation that is engaged in the growth, manufacture, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, or distribution of cannabis products. cannabis company An industry in which the product is cannabis. cannabis industry A cannabis retailer that has a physical outlet. cannabis retail outlet A cannabis company that predominantly sells cannabis products and related merchandise. cannabis retailer An organisation that is engaged in the manufacture, preparation for sale, marketing or distribution of electronic cigarettes, components that are used primarily in electronic cigarettes, and e-liquid. e-cigarette company An industry in which the product is electronic cigarettes or e-liquid. E-Cig industry I have added here promotion of - this sets industry apart from manufactureres of but also includes these types of company. e-cigarette industry A e-cigarette company that predominantly sells e-cigarettes, e-cigarette components or e-liquid to consumers. E-Cig merchant E-cig Industry vape retailer vape shop E-Cig shop e-cigarette retailer An e-cigarette shop is an e-cigarette retailer that has a physical outlet. e-cigarette shop An industry in which the services provided relate to gambling activities. gambling industry A governmental organisation set up for a purpose. These are set up for purposes such as management of resources, financial oversight of industries, or national security issues. These organizations are typically created by legislative action, but may initially be set up by presidential order as well. The directors of these agencies are typically selected by Presidential appointment government agency An e-cigarette company that has no commercial or financial association with a tobacco company. Independent vape business vape company Independent vape company independent e-cigarette company An e-cigarette industry that has only independent e-cigarette companies as a part. independent vape industry vape industry independent e-cigarette industry An aggregate of organisations that manufacture, prepare for sale, distribute, market or promote products or services. industry A role performed by an organisation or individual who participates in processes which are intended to increase the amount of a product that is sold by making people want the product. marketer of product An aggregate of organisations. organisation aggregate A material entity which can play roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. Organization OBI:0000245 The definition from OBI has been slightly changed to refer to 'material entity' rather than 'continuant entity' organisation A tobacco company based in Switzerland with the business identification number CHE-105.950.151. PMI https://www.pmi.com/company-information Philip Morris International A role performed by an organisation or individual who participates in processes through which a product is sold. retailer of product A role performed by an organisation or individual who participates in processes through which a product is obtained or brought to the retailer or user. supplier of product An organisation that is engaged in the growth, manufacture, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, or distribution of tobacco and products that include tobacco. This excludes law firms acting for the TI. It also excludes NRT manufacturers and e-cig manufacturers even though nicotine is derived from tobacco. tobacco company An industry in which the product is tobacco. tobacco industry A tobacco retailer that has a physical outlet. tobacco retail outlet A tobacco company that predominantly sells tobacco products. tobacco retailer A tobacco retailer that has a physical outlet where tobacco products are the major part of their product range. tobacconist A shop that sells products related to vaping. vape shop An emergency department facility that is part of a university hospital. academic emergency department facility An environmental disposition that is the extent to which an environment enables people in that environment to acquire a product. accessibility of a product An environmental disposition that is the extent to which an environment enables people in that environment to receive a service. accessibility of a service Accessibility of a product where the product is heroin. accessibility of heroin Accessibility of a service where the service is opioid agonist therapy accessibility of opioid agonist therapy A health care facility within a hospital that provides acute medical care for patients that have presented as medical emergencies to a hospital or who have developed an acute medical illness while in hospital. acute medical ward https://www.rcpmedicalcare.org.uk/designing-services/specialties/acute-internal-medicine/services-delivered/acute-medical-unit/ acute medical unit Accessibility of a product where the product is an alcoholic beverage alcohol availability accessibility of alcohol An information content entity that is about amount and quality of human and physical resources available to the inhabitants of a geospatial region. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development level of economic development Dose in which the thing administered is nicotine. nicotine dose An action specification sets rules and regulations concerning activities of agents under a person's or organisation's jurisdiction. policy A law that creates a requirement on product manufacturers to pre-notify a relevant authority of the product characteristics and receive approval before marketing a product. prior product authorisation law A pharmacy access law in which the product being distributed is naloxone. naloxone pharmacy access law A law that aims to facilitate distribution of a product through retail pharmacy channels. pharmacy access law An intervention that it is practicable and affordable to implement so that it reaches the intended target population scalable intervention A government policy aimed at reducing harm from tobacco use. tobacco control policy An environmental disposition that is the extent to which an environment enables people in that environment to receiveadvice from a primary health care physician. accessibility of primary healthcare physician advice Treatment in which the disorder that is being treated is addiction. addiction treatment A government policy aimed at reducing consumption of alcohol or harm from consumption of alcohol in a population under its jurisdiction. No appropriate definition found. Definition based on usage. A disjunctive class. alcohol control policy An alcohol control policy aimed at reducing the harm from consumption of alcohol in a population under its jurisdication without promoting complete abstinence from alcohol. No appropriate definition found. Definition based on usage. alcohol harm reduction policy An alcohol control policy aimed at reducing the consumption of alcohol in a population under its jurisdiction. No appropriate definition found. Definition based on usage. alcohol reduction policy An organisation that provides a clinical service. clinical provider Drug scheduling in which the drug concerned is codeine. codeine scheduling Treatment of addiction that either a drug user or a person with a drug problem is compelled to undergo by a legal authority in the jurisdiction in which they reside. compulsory addiction treatment A data item that is about an intervention and is the estimated financial cost of delivering that intervention to a population in a setting in order to gain one QALY in the population. No ontological definition found. Definition based on definition of ICER https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_cost-effectiveness_ratio cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained A public policy that involves legislation to reduce the incidence of vehicle driving with alcohol in the body. drink driving legislation A national drug policy that classifies drugs into classes, called 'schedules' according to their potential for abuse, safety, addictive potential and whether or not they have legitimate medical applications. Each schedule has rules regarding restrictions on use and penalties for misuse. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/substance-abuse/Pages/Controlled-Substances-Not-Just-Street-Drugs.aspx drug scheduling A public policy that regulates e-cigarettes or their use. Includes public policies concerning the manufacture, marketing, and sales of e-cigarettes. e-cigarette policy A plan specification for delivering an intervention that has been developed on a part of a population to the full population. intervention scale-up strategy A directive information entity that is produced by government and enables, prohibits or bans activities, or establishes rights or responsibilities. legislation A national policy that concerns the manufacture, marketing, distribution, use and harms from psychoactive drugs. national drug policy A treatment that involves providing a safer opioid agonist to a person with opioid addiction in order to reduce their psychological need for the opioid to which they are addicted. Opioid agonist therapy No ontological definition found. opioid agonist treatment An intervention scale-up strategy for delivering a opioid agonist treatment programme to a population. opioid agonist treatment scale-up strategy An action specification that a government produces that includes rules and regulations concerning activities of agents under the government's jurisdiction. Public policy government policy A planned process whose completion is hypothesized by a health care provider to eliminate, prevent, or alleviate the signs and symptoms of a disorder or pathological process. treatment A subjective emotional feeling involving a strong desire or urge. craving A disposition of a person involving the probability of experiencing a given disease over a defined time period. disease absolute risk A person who uses psychoactive substances. User of substances user of drugs Substance user psychoactive substance user Injury to the body or interference of normal body functions by a substance that is ingested. poisoning An addiction that is to a substance that is ingested. substance addiction A process in which a vehicle collides with an object, person or vehicle, causing damage. traffic accident A person who is undergoing the developmental stage of transition from childhood to adulthood. adolescent A rule recognised by the legal system of a country or community law A dependent continuant that is shared by all members of a population, or an attribute that characterises a population as a whole This is what the root of the BCIO population ontology is in actual effect population attribute A disposition of a material entity or a process to cause addiction to it. This is a quantitative entity that is only meaningful when operationalised in terms of the proportion of people who are exposed who become addicted, the mode of use, the severity of addiction and any other contextual factors that may be in play. Addictiveness can be a disposition of material entity such as a chemical substance or a process such as gambling behaviour. addictiveness A psychoactive drug that is used to reduce depression. Parent in CheBI is psychotropic drug antidepressant drug A psychoactive drug that is used to treat mania. antimanic drug A psychoactive drug that is used to reduce anxiety. Note - these drugs are used to reduce anxiety even when there is no anxiety disorder, e.g. associated with worrying events anxiolytic drug The concentration of a drug in a portion of matter. drug concentration A quality of a drug that is the amount of a desired effect of the drug for a given dose and a given mode of administration. Drugs may have different potencies for different drug effects. Effect of the drug on side-effects is not covered by this definition. If a drug has more than one effect that may be desired, it is necessary to specify what effect or effects are included in a given usage of the term. drug potency A process attribute of drug ingestion that is the amount of a drug that is ingested. To be meaningful it is necessary to describe the ingestion process in terms of its duration and mode of ingestion. Ingestion in this case means entering body tissue. It does not include drug that is swallowed but not absorbed through the wall of the GI tract. This attribute depends on the concentration of the drug, the mode of administration, and the absorption process. drug received dose An information content entity that specifies the amount of a drug in a single item of a drug preparation. This is not the same as dose received or dose that is potentially delivered by the preparation into the body. Drug unit dose as an attribute of a defined drug preparation drug unit dose A tobacco-containing product that is a part of a heated tobacco-containing product. The formal definition looks clunky but is formally correct. heated tobacco-containing product part A commodity that is liquid liquid commodity A product part that is a component of a tobacco-containing product. tobacco-containing product part A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a mint flavour. mint flavoured e-liquid A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a menthol flavour. menthol flavoured e-liquid 13% of e-cigarette users report having tried a sweet flavoured e-liquid, e.g., candy floss. A flavoured e-liquid in which the e-liquid flavouring is designed to have a sweet flavour. Sweet flavours include a broad range of flavour choices but they are distinct from fruit flavours and therefore need to described. sweet flavoured e-liquid A data item which indicates the absolute reduction number of cigarettes smoked over a period of time. Cigarette reduction ADDICTO:0000103 absolute smoking reduction A tobacco use behaviour where the person plans to quit smoking. planned cigarette smoking quit attempt A data item which indicates the number of number of cigarettes less per day a person has smoked since the last time data was collected. Cigarettes per day reduction in cigarettes per day An e-cigarette use pattern in which each episode is determined by factors operating at the time rather than according to a planned schedule. Here e-cigarette is specified as the object, see also ad lib vaping. ad lib e-cigarette use A cigarette use pattern in which each episode is determined by factors operating at the time rather than according to a planned schedule. Ad lib cigarette use ad lib smoking A cannabis use behaviour that involves ingesting cannabis. cannabis use A tobacco use pattern that indicates current use of cigarettes. current cigarette use A tobacco use pattern that involves smoking at least once per day. cigarette daily use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has smoked cigarette in the 30-days prior to the time of asking. cigarette past 30-day use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has smoked cigarette in the 7-days prior to the time of asking. cigarette past 7-day use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has smoked cigarette in the 1-month prior to the time of asking. cigarette past 1-month use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has smoked cigarette in the 1-year prior to the time of asking. cigarette past 1-year use A tobacco use behaviour that involves smoking a cigarette. cigarette use A tobacco use behaviour that involves ingesting smoke from a cigarette. Tobacco smoking cigarette smoking A product demand in which the product is cigarettes. Purchase demand cigarette demand A population attribute that involves the amount of a product that a population uses. It would normally be necessary to specify the population, the product and the conditions that create the demand. product demand A behaviour pattern that includes use of a product at least once. ever use Ever use in which the product is a cigarette. Ever smoked cigarette ever use A behaviour that involves an exchange of money for a good or service. product purchase A product purchase in which the product is a cigarette. Tobacco purchase cigarette purchase A behavioural episode that involves the act of drawing cigarette smoke into the body. cigarette puff A tobacco use pattern that involves regular use of cigarettes. cigarette regular use A tobacco use pattern which involves the cessation of smoking cigarettes. tobacco cessation Smoking cessation This represents smoking cigarette cessation only and is deliberately separate from tobacco cessation as other types of tobacco smoking may continue e.g., cannabis and tobacco use. cigarette cessation A data item which indicates the number of cigarettes smoked by a person since their target quit date. number of cigarettes since target quit data A tobacco use pattern that involves smoking cigarettes less frequent than once per day. non daily cigarette use A tobacco use behaviour that involves inhalation of the products of tobacco combustion. combustible tobacco use An alcohol use pattern that involves consuming alcohol at least once per day. daily alcohol consumption A cannabis use pattern that involves ingesting cannabis at least once per day. daily cannabis use A tobacco use pattern that involves smoking a cigarette at least once per day. Daily cigarette consumption Everyday cigarette consumption daily cigarette use A heroin use pattern that involves injecting heroin into the body at least once per day. daily heroin injection A data item which indicates the number of puffs taken per day by a person on a cigarette. Puffs per day daily number of puffs on a cigarette An opioid use pattern that involves ingesting prescription opioids at least once per day. daily prescription opioid use A substance use pattern of behaviour that involves the concurrent use by a person of two substances. dual use A consumption behaviour that involves concurrent use by a person of e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco use. Dual use dual cigarette and smokeless tobacco use A temporal region during which a person concurrently used both e-cigarettes and cigarettes. Dual use dual e-cigarette use duration A consumption behaviour that involves concurrent use by a person of e-cigarettes and cigarettes. Dual use dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes The temporal extent that a behavioural process projects into. duration of behaviour A product use behaviour that involves using an e-cigarette. e-cigarette use An e-cigarette use pattern that indicates current use of e-cigarettes. current e-cigarette use An e-cigarette use pattern that involves use of a device at least once per day. e-cigarette daily use An e-cigarette use pattern that indicates a person has used an e-cigarette in the 30-days prior to the time of asking. e-cigarette past 30-day use An e-cigarette use pattern that indicates a person has used an e-cigarette in the 7-days prior to the time of asking. e-cigarette past 7-day use An e-cigarette use pattern that indicates a person has used an e-cigarette in the 1-month prior to the time of asking. e-cigarette past 1-month use An e-cigarette use pattern that indicates a person has used an e-cigarette in the 1-year prior to the time of asking. e-cigarette past 1-year use A product demand in which the product is e-cigarettes. Purchase demand e-cigarette demand Ever use in which the product is an e-cigarette. Ever vaped e-cigarette ever use A product purchase in which the product is an e-cigarette. E-cigarette purchase e-cigarette purchase A behavioural episode that involves the act of drawing aerosol produced by an e-cigarette into the body. e-cigarette puff An e-cigarette use pattern that involves regular use of e-cigarettes. e-cigarette regular use Individuals who use an e-cigarette on a non-daily basis are less likely to achieve tobacco cessation compared with those who use e-cigarettes on a daily basis. An e-cigarette use pattern that involves using e-cigarettes less frequent than a daily basis. infrequent e-cigarette use. Less than daily e-cigarette use non-daily e-cigarette use An e-cigarette use behaviour which indicates the trial use of e-cigarette devices. People may experiment with when they first encounter e-cigarettes but not all will go on to become regular users. experimentation with e-cigarettes Smoking cessation in which a smoker goes from his or her usual level of cigarette consumption to no use of cigarette over a period of time. gradual smoking cessation A tobacco use pattern that indicates current use of heated tobacco containing product. current heated tobacco containing product use A tobacco use pattern that involves use of a heated tobacco containing product at least once per day. heated tobacco containing product daily use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has used heated tobacco containing product in the 30-days prior to the time of asking. heated tobacco containing product past 30-day use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has used heated tobacco containing product in the 7-days prior to the time of asking. heated tobacco containing product past 7-day use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has used heated tobacco containing product in the 1-month prior to the time of asking. heated tobacco containing product past 1-month use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has used heated tobacco containing product in the 1-year prior to the time of asking. heated tobacco containing product past 1-year use A product demand in which the product is heated tobacco containing products. Purchase demand The type of heated tobacco containing product should also be defined. heated tobacco containing product demand Ever use in which the product is a heated tobacco containing product. heated tobacco containing product ever use A product purchase in which the product is a heated tobacco containing product. Tobacco purchase heated tobacco containing product purchase A tobacco use pattern that involves regular use of a heated tobacco containing product. heated tobacco containing product regular use A tobacco use pattern that involves using heated tobacco containing product less frequent than once per day. non daily heated tobacco containing product use A data item which indicates the number of puffs cigarettes smoked per day by a person. CPD Cigarettes per day Cigarettes/day number of cigarettes smoked per day A data item which indicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed within a defined period. number of drinks consumed A data item which indicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per day. number of drinks per drinking day A data item which indicates the number of puffs taken per day by a person on a e-cigarette. number of e-cigarette puffs per day A data item which indicates the number of years a person has been smoking cigarettes. Years of smoking Number of years smoking does not provide any indication of amount or frequency of smoking. number of years of cigarette smoking A number denoting a quantity of cigarette smoking made up of the number of years of smoking multiplied by the number packs of 20 cigarettes smoked on average per day over that period. pack years A data item which indicates the number of packs of cigarettes smoked by a person per day. packs of cigarettes smoked per day Tobacco smoking abstinence that lasts for a defined period of time. Smoking cessation The amount of time needs to be specified. point prevalence tobacco smoking abstinence A tobacco use behaviour that involves ingesting a smokeless tobacco-contaoing product. smokeless tobacco use A tobacco use pattern that indicates current use of smokeless tobacco . current smokeless tobacco use A tobacco use pattern that involves use of smokeless tobacco at least once per day. smokeless tobacco daily use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has used smokeless tobacco in the 30-days prior to the time of asking. smokeless tobacco past 30-day use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has used smokeless tobacco in the 7-days prior to the time of asking. smokeless tobacco past 7-day use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has used smokeless tobacco in the 1-month prior to the time of asking. smokeless tobacco past 1-month use A tobacco use pattern that indicates a person has used smokeless tobacco in the 1-year prior to the time of asking. smokeless tobacco past 1-year use A product demand in which the product is smokeless tobacco. Purchase demand The type of smokeless tobacco product should also be defined. smokeless tobacco demand Ever use in which the product is a smokeless tobacco product. smokeless tobacco ever use A product purchase in which the product is smokeless tobacco. Tobacco purchase smokeless tobacco purchase A tobacco use pattern that involves regular use of smokeless tobacco. smokeless tobacco regular use A tobacco use pattern that involves using smokeless tobacco less frequent than once per day. non daily smokeless tobacco use A substance use behaviour that involves the use of a tobacco-containing product. tobacco use A person who was a tobacco smoker in the past but who is not currently a tobacco smoker. ex-smoker, ex-tobacco smoker CN This class aims to capture as objectively as possible the history of a person's behaviour. It does not make reference to whether the person considers themselves be an ex-smoker because this is captured by the 'ex-tobacco smoker identity' class. former tobacco smoker A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as having previously been a tobacco smoker but currently not being a tobacco smoker. CN ex-tobacco smoker identity An identity that a group holds about itself. can a socially shared representtaion be said to be purely cognitive? I.e query parent entity? group identity A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as no longer having some positively appraised characteristic. lost self-identity A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as a not being a tobacco smoker. non tobacco smoker identity A self-identity representing something as having been positively appraised in the past but as currently negatively appraised. spoiled self-identity An element of a behaviour process which can be used to characterise the behaviour Should this be defined in the Human Behaviour Ontology? behaviour attribute A behaviour pattern that involves consuming a product. Should be defined in the Human Behaviour Ontology consumption behaviour pattern A consumption behaviour that involves ingesting a psychoactive substance. substance use A tobacco use pattern that involves only the exclusive use of tobacco-containing products at the time of asking or within a defined period. Exclusive tobacco use The tobacco-containing product must be spedified. The period of time over which exclusive use relates to should be defined. exclusive tobacco-containing product use An e-cigarette use pattern that indicates exlusive use of e-cigarettes at the time of asking or within a defined period. Exclusive e-cigarette use The period of time over which exclusive use relates to should be defined. exclusive e-cigarette use A data item which indicates the first time a person a used a nicotine-containing product. nicotine product first used A data item which indicates the number of days a person has remained abstinent from a particular substance or behaviour. number of days abstinent A data item which indicates the number of days per week a person has drunk alcohol to levels which are considered to be excessive. The writer must state by which organisations value or measure the person is considered to be drinking excessively. number of days per week of excessive drinking A data item which indicates the number of days required to achieve abstinence from alcohol. number of days required to achieve abstinence A data item which indicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per week. number of drinking days per week A tobacco use pattern that involves the process of quitting smoking cigarettes. Note this quitting smoking is distinguished from smoking cessation as in this label we are describing the process of quitting. quitting smoking "Solitary drinking was defined as drinking while physically alone ". Skrzynski CJ, Creswell KG. A systematic review and meta-analysis on solitary drinking in adults. Alcohol consumption in which the person consuming an alcohol-containing product does so with no-one else present in the same location. This definition has been chosen because it is the most commonly encountered term in the research literature. The definition would not count as solitary drinking alcohol consutmpsion in which there was someone present but not consuming alcohol solitary drinking A disposition inhering in a drug that is realised as adverse consequences to the user of the drug. adverse event profile of a drug Anorganic compoundcontaining one or more hydroxyl groups bound to a saturatedcarbonatom. alcohol A liquid product that has alcohol as a part. alcoholic drink Define the level of alcohol content and type of beverage. alcohol-containing beverage A nonessential amino acid that is a salt of aspartic acid. aspartate A type of retailer that sells beverages. beverage retailer A type of liquid product that is consumed. beverage A combustible tobacco-containing product that is a cylinder of tobacco leaf containing cannabis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt_ In some cases a cigar is hollowed out and filled with cannabis. Blunts can also be manufactured. blunt The practice of including or involving a range of different brands in order to be attractive to a wide range of different people. brand diversity A buprenorphine mixture with naloxone. buprenorphine-naloxone A medicinal product which contains cannabinoids as an active ingredient. cannabinoid medication A cigar that is short and thin with wrapping that is tobacco or tobacco-based paper. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarillo Cigarillos are widely used in the same way as cigarettes, with the smoke being inhaled into the lungs. For public health purposes they should be classed with cigarettes. cigarillo A beverage that has been prepared from coffee beans. coffee A data item which indicates the cost using an e-cigarette. Cost relates to currency and period of time, both must be defined. cost of e-cigarette use A medicinial product that contains naloxone which is formulated in a way that releases over time. extended release/long-acting naloxone A medicinal product that contains naltrexone which is formulated in a way that releases over time. sustained release naltrexone XR-NTX extended-release naltrexone A data item which indicates the cost of a product or behaviour. cost Indicate currency and period of time, both must be defined. financial cost A data item which indicates the cost of smoking. Indicate currency and period of time, both must be defined. financial cost of smoking A medicinal product which is licencesed to treat, prevent or aid paricular conditions, illnesses or diseases. medication A cigaratte that is flavoured with the compound menthol. menthol cigarette A psychoactive substance which is consumed for non-medical purposes and usually sold illegally. narcotic A psychoactive substance that is newly recognised as a drug of abuse. emerging drug new psychoactive substance NPS novel psychoactive substance A synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist that is novel and new in its usage. SCRA new synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist An opioid that is a naturally occuring psychoactive substance derived from the plant papaver somniferum opiate Naltrexone that is consumed via the mouth. oral naltrexone A role preformed by an individual who participates in administering a substance orally. orally administered A psychoactive drug that stimulates the central nervous system. stimulants psychomotorstimulants psychostimulant A central nervous system depressant that has the application of sedative effects. sedative drug A cannabinoid receptor agonist which consists of synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring cannabinoids. synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist The extent and rate at which a substance is absorbed in order to have a physiological affect on the whole body. systemic bioavailability An alcohol user who presents with alcohol use disorder. dependent drinker harmful drinker person with alcohol dependence risky drinker Alcohol dependence We strongly advise against using synonyms and especially alcoholic, this term given its lack of clinical definition and stigmatising connotations. person with alcohol use disorder A psychoactive substance user who consumes alcohol. alcohol consumer Drinker alcohol user A daily cigarette smoker who, when circumstances allow, smokes continually with little or no tempora gap between cigarettes for much of their waking hours. Heavy smoker chain smoker A psychoactive substance user who reports current psychoactive substance use. current user Current substance user The term current must be defined further and frequency of use should also be recorded for greater clarification. current psychoactive substance user A tobacco smoker who has ever participated in smoking. Ever smoker Ever should be further defined and frequency of past use should be indicated where possible. ever tobacco smoker A tobacco smoker who is an ex-e-cigarette user current smoker ex e-cigarette user ex-vaper Smoker This class requires specification of the time period since e-cigarette use stopped. E-cigarette use may have been with or without tobacco smoking. tobacco smoker and ex-e-cigarette user An e-cigarette user who is a former tobacco smoker. ex-smoking e-cigarette user A person who was a regular tobacco smoker in the past but is not currently a tobacco smoker. The use of 'regular tobacco user' in this case does not mean daily or weekly but rather that the person has used tobacco for at least a year. former regular tobacco smoker A person who was a substance in the past but is not currently a substance user. ex-substance user Substance use includes caffeine, nicotine, alcohol as well as ones that are generally referred to in the literature such as cannabis. former substance user A person who was a cigarette smoker in the past but is not currently a cigarette smoker. ex-smoker, ex-cigarette smoker Note that the parent cannot be former tobacco smoker because a former cigarette smoker may still be using another form of tobacco former cigarette smoker A psychoactive substance user who administers substance/s by injection. Injecting drug user IDU person who injects drugs A person who has never smoked tobacco. Never smoker is often defined as a person who has smoked fewer than 20 cigarettes in their lifetime. never smoker A person who does not currently report smoking tobacco. non-smoker Ex-smoker The term nono-smoker is included as a synonym but is discouraged from use. Not currently smoking also needs to be further defined by providign details of time since last smoking and frequency of smoking. not a current smoker A person who is not a substance user. non-psychoactive substance user non-substance user An example using this definition: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.15295 An ever-tobacco smoker who has participated in tobacco smoking within the past year. past-year smoker This definition is commonly used in outputs from the Smoking Toolkit Study. It refers to those who affirm smoking any tobacco products within the past 12 months. For more info see: www.smokinginengland.info past-year tobacco smoker A psychoactive substance user who reports using substances. drug user substance user PWUD Use should be further defined into time and frequency. person who uses drugs An opioid user who presents with a clinical diagnosis of opioid use disorder. drug user substance user PWUD person with opioid use disorder A tobacco smoker that is pregnant. pregnant smoker A former regular tobacco smoker who has smoked within the past 12 months. past regular smoker Ex-smoker recent former regular tobacco smoker A tobacco smoker who reports recently smoking. recent smoker smoker Current smoker The time period that is meant by recent must be defined. recent smoker A carcinogen where there is sufficent evidence, with an established casual relationship, to suggest it is carcinogenic to humans. IARC group 1 carcinogen A carcinogen where there is limited evidence in humans, but sufficient evidence in animals to suggest it is probably carcinogenic to humans. IARC group 2 carcinogen Cocaine which has been heated, purified, concentrated, and compressed into smokeable, pebble-sized crystals. UMLS Metathesaurus Browser crack cocaine A substance that is produced by a living organsism and is toxic, noxious or poisonous UMLS Metathesaurus Browser toxin A chemical substance that has the carcinogenic agent role. This is distinguished from carcinogenic agent in order to separate a chemical from its role. Carcinogenic agent role is defined in CHEBI as 'A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquisition of tumoral capabilities.' carcinogen An ex-smoker who reports being at risk of relapse to smoking. risk-relapse If possible how risk of relapse is being defined should be stated. adult at risk of relapse to smoking The age at which a person reports quitting smoking tobacco. Age quit smoking Quit age age of smoking cessation A cannabis user who smokes cannabis. This defintion deliberately seperates cannabis smoking from the use of cannabis by edibles. cannabis smoker A cannabis user who vapes cannabis. This defintion deliberately seperates cannabis smoking from vaping. cannabis vaper A daily cannabis user who smokers cannabis daily. daily cannabis smoker A cannabis user who uses cannabis products daily. daily cannabis user An e-cigarette user who engages in e-cigarette use every day. daily vaper if not daily e-cigarette user. If other products are used alongside the e-cigarette this should be noted daily e-cigarette user A daily cigarette smoker who is not seeking smoking cessation treatment. daily tobacco user unmotivated smoker Daily smoker daily non-treatment-seeking cigarette smoker A cigarette smoker who is tobacco dependent according to a defined and validated measure. nicotine dependent tobacco dependent The measure and data must be presented. dependent cigarette smoker An e-cigarette user who self-reports first time ever use of an e-cigarette. New e-cigarette user The purpose of this defintion is only to highlight first use. In addition to this it is important to state whether the person using the e-cigarette is a current smoker, ex-smoker or never. e-cigarette first user A cannabis smoker who only smokes their cannabis. cannabis smoker Intended defintion for those who smoke their cannabis only and do not use cannabis in any other form. exclusive cannabis smoker A cannabis vaper who only vapes their cannabis. cannabis vaper This defintion is for those who chose to vape their cannabis and are not using their cannabis in any form which involves combustion. exclusive cannabis vaper An e-cigarette user who is not a tobacco user. daily e-cigarette user Vaper Exclusive user refers to the complete absence of a tobacco containing product. They could be using another kind of nicotine product such as nicotine transdermal patch. non-tobacco using e-cigarette user An ex-smoker who has not smoked for approximately one-year or more. ex-smoker This is fuzzy set because the time frame is approximate and needs to be defined in published work. long-term ex-smoker An e-cigarette user who does not use their e-cigarette on a daily basis. non daily vaper occassional e-cigarette user The frequency of use should still be quatified if possible and other products e.g., cigarettes, if used alongside should be recorded. non-daily e-cigarette user A psychoactive substance user who is not seeking treatment for their substance use at the current time of recording data. non-treatment seeking A cannabis user who ingests cannabis through edible products. This defintion deliberately seperates cannabis smoking from the use of cannabis by edibles. user of edible cannabis products An e cigarette part that is the tank for a CE4 e cigarette CE4 e-cigarette tank A cannabis vaping device that consists of an internal batter, a chamber for the cannabis and a mouthpiece. They are small, simple to operate and portable. THC vape pens dab pen weed vape pens Clarify what cannabis is being vaped i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what % cannabis vape pen A toxicant that has an effect on the cardiovascular system. cardiovascular toxicant A toxicant that has interferes with homeostasis, normal growth, differentiation or behaviour within the developmental process. developmental toxicant A drug quality which involves the acute harmful health effects of the drug. drug toxicity A dry herb vaporiser that consists of an internal battery, a chamber for the THC and a mouthpiece. It is small, simple to operate and is portable. dry herb pen, dry herb tank, dry herb atomizer weed vape pens Clarify what type of cannabis is being vaped in the device i.e. CBD and/or THC and where possible what % dry herb vaporiser pen A liquid product that contains a high percentage of sugar, caffeine or another stimulant and is promoted as a product capable of increasing alertness and reducing fatigue. energy drink A data item referring to an amount of alcohol expressed in gram units. Indicate amount in grams grams of alcohol Any class of substances characterised by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility and high reflectivity of light. metal A toxicant that has an effect on the reproductive systsem. reproductive toxicant A toxicant that has an effect on the respiratory system. respiratory toxicant The effect produced by a substance which contains toxins. toxic effect A quality of a toxin substance. toxicant An e-cigarette user who has been using e-cigarettes for one year or more. experienced e-cigarette user long-term e-cigarette user An e-liquid that includes nicotine. nicotine e-liquid The concentration of nicotine in the e-liquid will usually need to be defined for use of this term to be meaningful. nicotine-containing e-liquid A material entity that is a component of another product. We use the term 'proper part' to ensure clarity in that in formal theories, everything is a part of itself. product part An ex-smoker who quit less than a year ago. former smoker recent quitter past smoker This is a fuzzy because the time frame is not universally agreed and if this term is used, what is meant by recent must be defined. recent ex-smoker An e-cigarette retailer that has no commercial or financial association with a tobacco company. Independent vape shop independent vape retailer vape retailer Independent e-cig shop independent e-cigarette retailer A quality or disposition of a product. product characteristic This class is intended to allow reference to anything that is either a quality or disposition of a product. product attribute A psychoactive substance disposition to cause harm as a result of use by a person. drug harmfulness drug-related harm substance harmfulness There are many related classes for which the term 'harmfulness' is applied. AddictO uses the term to refer to a disposition. This is different from the actual harm caused in a given situation. This class is a disposition of a product to cause harm when used by an individual. It needs to be distinguished from actual amount of harm caused by a product in a given situation which will depend on how the product is used and other aspects of the situation in which it is used. It refers to a harm from an individual's use. Harmfulness from use by a population is different because it depends on how how many people use the substance. Harmfulness itself is an aggregate of individual types of harm. This aggregation can be undertaken in an infinite number of ways which means that use of the class is only meaningful when the harm is precisely operationalised. psychoactive substance individual-level harmfulness A product disposition that is realised as an amount of harm that it can cause. This entity is only meaningful when operationalised in terms of whether the harm is per individual user, per person or thing being harmed, or whether it is in a population, and the harm itself is defined and operationalised. If the harm being referred to is harm to health, this must be specified. product harmfulness A TB patient that is of adult age and is currently receiving medical care. Adult age needs to be defined. adult TB patient A disease of the respiratory system that causes lung conditions these include emphysema and chronic bronchitis. COPD https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A person that uses both smokeless tobacco-containing products and concurrently smokers tobacco. dual user tobacco smoker user of tobacco smokeless user The type of smokeless product that is being used should be defined. Also, the frequency of dual use should be reported. dual smokeless-containing product user and tobacco smoker A person with COPD that reports current use of an e-cigarette. Vaper with COPD e-cigarette user with COPD A smokeless tobacco-containing product user that uses heated tobacco products. smokeless tobacco user tobacco user heat not burn user heated-tobacco containing product user A person who is living with HIV and also reports being a current smoker. HIV positive smoker person living with HIV who smokes A person with a clinical status that indicates the person is living with COPD. person with COPD A person with COPD that reports being a current smoker. current smoking patient with COPD smoker with COPD person with COPD who currently smokes A tobacco-containing product user that uses smokeless tobacco. Smokeless user There is a wide range of smokeless tobacco-containing products so it is important to state which product/s the user is consuming. smokeless tobacco-containing product user A smokeless tobacco-containing product user that reports using snuff. smokeless user tobacco user smokeless tobacco user snuff user A person that reports using snus. snus user A person living with tuberculosis. TB patient A TB patient that reports being a current smoker. TB patient who smokes A person who uses tobacco-containing products. The type of product that is being used must be defined. tobacco-containing product user A tobacco-containing product user who reports using a waterpipe. waterpipe user waterpipe smoker A cigarette made of tobacco and cloves. Kretek An oil based liquid product that is used in some cannabis vaping devices for the purpose of aerosolization and inhalation by a person. CO2 oil butane or propane hash oil cannabis oil distillate hash oil honey oil THC oil Clarify what cannabis the oil consists of i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what % cannabis oil A vaping device part that is part of a cannabis vaping device. cannabis vaping device part Toxicity to the extent it causes harm at clinical levels. clinical toxicity A tabletop vaporiser that is designed to vape cannabis flower or herbs desktop or tabletop vaporizer dry herb vaporiser Clarify what type of cannabis is being vaped in the device i.e. CBD and/or THC and where possible what % dry herb tabletop vaporiser The concentration of carbonyls in a portion of e-cigarette vapour. e-cigarette vapour carbonyl concentration https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/12/e003732 A cigarette pack which contains the full product brand name, logo or visual motif imprinted on it. fully branded cigarette pack A term used to categorise a group of drugs that have a high addictive potential. hard drug Toxicity which is caused by nicotine. nicotine toxicity A cannabis vaping device that is battery operated and therefore easy to carry around. handheld dry herb vape portable vape portable weed vape handheld vaporiser Clarify what cannabis is being vaped i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what % portable cannabis vaporiser A cannabis vaping device which is large, usually mains powered and intended for use in one location. desktop vaporiser tabletop vaporiser A disposition of causing harm to an organism. toxicity A cancer charity that is focused on cancer research within the UK with a company number 4355631. CRUK Cancer Research UK The US government agency that has responsibility for health protection. CDC Centers for Disease Control The US government agency that has statutary responsibility for regulation of medicinal products. Food and Drug Administration A cancer charity that is focused on cancer research and care in Ireland with a the charity number CHY5863. Irish Cancer Society An e-cigarette organisation with headquarters based in San Francisco. JUUL labs A medical and health care service that is publicly funded to provide care for people in the UK. NHS National Health Service An organization that provides funding support for projects such as investigations. funder http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001942 grant agency An organisation which is involved in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care of people. medical and health care service The use of mulled cigarettes mulling A research study that aims to determine the value of carrying out a full-scale study or intervention and how that study or intervention should be implemented. https://pilotandfeasibilitystudies.qmul.ac.uk/introduction/#:~:text=A feasibility study asks whether, conducted on a smaller scale There are other definitions available but they do not capture what is needed, including the feasibility and value of a study and finding out how best to carry out the study. This one follows the guidance of Eldridge and colleague . Feasibility studies can include assessment of study methods as well as whatever is being studied. This definition does not include full-scale studies that assess the feasibility of an intervention. feasibility study A feasibility study that evaluates an intervention. This is a broader class than pilot trial because a a feasibility trial may involve an evaluation that is not a smaller scale version of a full-scale RCT, for example, trying out a range of different interventions or ways of conducting the trial. feasibility trial A pilot trial in which a controlled trial is being piloted. The semantics of this definition are carried by the use of the parent class and the fact that a pilot study is a smaller version of a full-scale study and the full-scale study is a controlled trial. This entity is intended to provide users with an opportunity to be specific about the nature of the study in that it follows the procedures of a controlled trial where pilot trials include, for example, single arm trials. pilot controlled trial A pilot controlled trial in which what is piloted is a randomised controlled trial. pilot randomised controlled trial A feasibility study that involves a smaller-scale version or part of the intervention or study whose feasibility is being assessed. https://pilotandfeasibilitystudies.qmul.ac.uk/introduction/#:~:text=A feasibility study asks whether,conducted on a smaller scale The aim of this definition is to make a useful and clear distinction from feasibility studies. It uses the definition set out by Eldridge and colleagues . pilot study A pilot study in which what is being piloted is a trial that evaluated an intervention. The aim is to make a clear distinction from both pilot study and feasibility trial. This includes pilot controlled trial as a subclass. Pilot trials need not be controlled trials. They include single arm trials. pilot trial Literature that is an output of research activity scientific literature research literature The revenue received from the sale of alcohol. alcohol sales revenue An antagonist at the alpha 4 beta 2* nicotinic cholinergic receptor, but has only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist. ChEBI only lists nicotinic antagonist ChEBI:48878 alpha 4 beta 2* subtype selective nicotinic acetylcholine partial receptor antagonist The amount of a substance that needs to be ingested to provide an observable behavioural effect. behaviourally-relevant dose of a substance A combustible tobacco-containing product that is a thin small cylinder of dried leaf containing finely chopped tobacco. beedee These are usually hand-rolled and include flavouring. They are popular in India. The smoke is usually inhaled into the lungs and so for public health purposes they should be classified with cigarettes. bidi A specially designed atomizer which can be adding to a tank system to allow vaping of cannabis. https://vaping360.com/best-vape-tanks/dry-herb-atomizers/ Clarify what type of cannabis is being vaped in the device i.e. CBD and/or THC and where possible what % dry herb atomizer A tank system with a dry herb atomizer attached to it to allow the vaping of cannabis https://vaping360.com/best-vape-tanks/dry-herb-atomizers/ Clarify what type of cannabis is being vaped in the device i.e. CBD and/or THC and where possible what % dry herb tank A cigarette whose parts have been purchased separately and assembled by hand or using a device for single assembly. RYO own-roll cigarette roll-your-own cigarette hand-rolled cigarette An element with atomic symbol Pb, atomic number 82, and atomic weight 207.2. UMLS CUI: C0023175 lead Money that has a revenue role. revenue A role that inheres in money by virtue of it being acquired by an economic agent for providing a good or service or as a levy. revenue role A smoking product that consists of an open chamber designed to contain organic matter for burning, an enclosed bowl containing water, a flexible hose connected to the bowl and a mouthpiece on the other end, which is used for smoking organic matter. hubbly-bubbly narghile Shisha pipe https://www.theshishashop.com/blog/2014/03/whats-difference-shisha-hookah/ This is mainly used for smoking tobacco but any kind of organic matter can be smoked using it. hookah Oral snuff in which tobacco, moisturizers, sodium carbonate, salt , sweeteners and flavourings are mixed to form a moist product, resulting in very low concentrations of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Snus is usually flavoured, but not always. Use usually results in blood nicotine concentrations at least as high as smoking tobacco. They often come in permeable pouches. It is commercially prepared and is consumed by holding in the mouth for 30 minutes or more and does not require chewing, sucking or spitting. snus A cannabis smoker who smokes mulled cigarettes. mulled cigarette smoker A role that is provided by a tobacco company. tobacco funding A commodity that is formed from parts of the cannabis plant. marijuana cannabis A whole plant that belongs to a species of the genus Cannabaceae. Hemp May contain a group of compounds known as cannabinoids that are psychoactive. cannabis plant A leaf of the tobacco plant tobacco leaf A product that is manufactured to be part of an e-cigarette as a combination of a container for e-liquid, an atomiser and systems for controlling the atomiser connected together into a single component. e-cigarette pod An e-cigarette in which the e-liquid container can be filled by the user. tank-type e-cigarette The age at which a person initiated substance use. Age of first cannabis use age of substance use initiation A psychoactive substance user who is currently using cocaine. cocaine user A psychoactive substance user who has a high-risk of adverse outcomes as a result of their substance use. high-risk substance user A cannabis user who users medicinal cannabis. medicinal cannabis user A person who has never used opioid receptor agonist drugs. never opioid user A person who participates in opioid use. opioid user An alcohol user who is currently seeking treatment for their alcohol use. treatment-seeking alcohol user A substance user who is in contact with a service to receive treatment for a substance use disorder. treatment-seeking substance user A woman who self identifies as using psychoactive substances. woman who uses psychoactive drugs A woman who has convictions for driving under the influence. woman with MDUI convictions A person who is in their late teenage years, or early twenties. young person Age range should be specified. young adult A young adult who uses alcohol. Age should be specified young adult alcohol user A young adult who self-reports as a binge drinker. 'young adult' and 'binge drinker' young adult binge drinker A vaping device that heats dry herbs in order to create a vapour for ingestion by the user into the lungs. dry herb vaporiser https://katukina.com/products/rape/matses-nunu A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for nasal use, in which dark coloured Mapacho tobacco, inner bark of Mocambo tree and cacahuilo tree are mixed to form an extremely fine dust. It is prepared in cottage industries and is blown or snorted high into the nostrils. NuNu https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-Zqo67BjH7UCandpg=PA38andlpg=PA38anddq=how is gundi or kadapan usedandsource=blandots=xLk4geh0hRandsig=ACfU3U1IVfUPFwmdKtSqeE1JNE6Gcc3KYgandhl=enandsa=Xandved=2ahUKEwjB2bep1OnvAhVAgP0HHfw8BDsQ6AEwAnoECAMQAw#v=onepageandq=how is gundi or kadapan usedandf=false https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, , in which cured tobacco, coriander seeds, and other spices are fried separately and ground, then mixed with aromatic resinous oils to form a coarse powder. Kadapan Gundi is premade in cottage industry, and it may be chewed as it is or added as ingredient in betel quid. gundi A disposition of a psychoactive substance. psychoactive substance disposition A combustible tobacco-containing product part that is a component of a cigarette. cigarette part https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#ghutka https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which sun-dried, roasted, and finely chopped tobacco is mixed with areca nut, slaked lime , catechu, and other condiments, sweeteners, and flavourings to create dry granular product. pan/paan masala with tobacco Gutkha Gutka is premade commercially or in cottage industry, and it may be held in the mouth and chewed or sucked. gutka A material entity that is a product. physical product https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which different types of tobacco, with or without other ingredients , are wrapped in a betel leaf. khilli pan/paan kun Yar oan/paan with tobacco The product is custom-made by vendor/individual, and placed in the mouth by users for chewing or holding. betel quid with tobacco A product part that is component of a combustible tobacco-containing product. combustible tobacco-containing product part https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6996481/ https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which unprocessed and crushed tobacco leaves are bundled in strands. Hogesoppu is premade in cottage industry, and it may be chewed as it is or added as an ingredient in betel quid. hogesoppu A product that is used for burning organic matter and ingesting the smoke that is generated. This is a class that covers products that are defined by the fact that their use involves ingesting smoke rather than what is ingested or smoked. smoking product https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco leaves are crushed and boiled into a sticky, heavy black liquid, which is allowed to mature and seasoned with different ingredients to create a tobacco-based paste. Chim is produced by small family-operated factories or industrially manufactured, and used by placing a small amount between the lip or cheek and the gum and left there for some time , after which it is spit out. chim https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#iqmik https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which fire- or air-cured tobacco leaves are mixed with tree fungus ash or other ash derived from burning driftwood, alder bush or willow bush to form a thick chewable product. dediguss blackbull it is chewed and users may pre-chew the iqmik and place it in a small box for later use. Iqmik is prepared by the individual user or a family or community member to share iq'mik https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#dohra https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which different types of tobacco are combined with a mix of areca nut, catechu, slaked lime and flavorings such as peppermint, cardamom to form a wet mixture. Dhora Dohra is custom-made by the vendor/individual, and a small amount of it is placed in the mouth and chewed or sucked on. dohra A product part that is part of e-liquid. e-liquid part https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6996481/ https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which dried raw tobacco stalks and petioles form loose dry sticks. kaddipudi is premade in cottage industry, and it is either chewed or added as ingredient in betel quid. kaddipudi https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which finely ground tobacco is mixed with aromatic substances, salts, water, and other hydrating agents to form a tobacco-based paste that is sold in toothpaste-like tubes. tobacco toothpaste Creamy snuff is commercially manufactured, and it is applied to teeth and used to clean teeth like regular toothpaste. creamy snuff https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#khaini https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which sun-dried or fermented coarsely cut tobacco leaves are mixed with slaked lime and sometimes areca nut to create a flaky form. surti khoinee Khaini is usually custom-made by individual, but also commercially/cottage industry manufactured, and it is placed in the mouth between the gums and cheeks and sucked slowly for 10 15 minutes, or sometimes left overnight in the mouth. khaini A quality of a substance having no fixed shape but a fixed volume. liquid https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for either oral or nasal use, in which tobacco is fire-cured, fermented and processed into dry fine powder. snuff Scotch snuff Dry snuff may also be sweetened. Dry snuff is commertially manufactured, and it is usually sucked by the user and held orally, but it may also be inhaled through the nostrils. dry snuff https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#kharra https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6077969/ A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco is mixed with areca nut, lime, catechu and additional ingredients to form a coarse powder. Kharra may be custom-made by vendor/individual or premade in cottage industry, and it is held in the mouth and sucked or chewed. kharra A tabletop vaporiser that is designed to vape oil based cannabis products. Clarify what cannabis is being vaped i.e. CBD or THC and where possible what % oil based tabletop vaporiser https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which the tobacco leaf, stems, and seeds are fermented, air- and/or fire-cured, mixed with different flavourings, augmented with stimulants , taurine, and vitamins B and C, and processed into moist fine particles or strips . Energy-enhanced snuff is premade manufactured, and it is placed between the lip or cheek and the gum for holding and sucking. energy-enhanced snuff https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#kiwam https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which boiled tobacco leaves are soaked in water, then flavoured with powdered spices and additives such as musk and then prepared into a thick paste that may also be formed into granules or pellets. Qimam kimam qiwam khiwam Kiwam is commercially manufactured, and it may be chewed alone or inserted into a betel quid. kiwam The price a person pays or is charged by a company or person for one cigarette. price per cigarette https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#gudakhu https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which fine leaf tobacco dust is mixed with molasses, red soil, lime, and water to form a tobacco-based paste. Gudahka Gudahku Gudhaku udakhu is premade manufactured, but can also be made by individuals for personal use, and it is used by rubbing on the teeth and gums with a fingertip for cleaning teeth or leaving in the mouth. gudakhu A tobacco use behaviour that involves using a heated tobacco containing product. heated tobacco containing product use https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which leaf tobacco is air-cured, stemmed, sweetened and flavoured with sugar and liquorice, and cut or granulated into small strips of shredded tobacco loose leaf chewing tobacco loose leaf chew Loose leaf is commercially manufactured and usually sold in pouches, and a piece of the product is either chewed or held in the mouth and sucked. loose leaf https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#gul https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which pyrolysed tobacco leaves are mixed with ash of tendu leaves to form a fine powder. it is applied to teeth and gums, usually for cleaning teeth. Gul is commercially manufactured and sold in small tin cans gul https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#mainpuri https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of small pieces of tobacco leaves treated in slaked lime, finely cut betel nut, flavouring agents and sandalwood powder to form a coarse granular mixture. kapoori The product is made in cottage industry and is chewed, held or sucked in the mouth. mainpuri https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which sun-dried tobacco is mixed with ashes from oak, walnut and grapewine and then sprinkled with water to form a moist powder The product is custom-made by vendor/individual and is applied between the lower lip and gums for 4-5 minutes. maras https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, composed of sun-cured tobacco flakes, thin shavings of areca nut and slaked lime. Mawa is custom made by vendor/individual and is consumed by placing in the mouth and chewing for 10 to 20 minutes. mawa https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, composed of toasted tobacco in a powdered form. masheri misri The product is custom made and is applied to the teeth and gums, sucked or used as a dentifrice for cleaning. mishri https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of fermented, air- or fire-cured tobacco mixed with flavourings , sweeteners, inorganic salts, humectants and preservatives and processed into moist fine particles or strips . moist snuff spit tobacco dip The product is prepared commercially and is consumed by placing a pinch or dip between the lip or cheek and gum and holding in the mouth or sucking for 30 minutes. moist snuff https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, composed of dried tobacco leaves, ash, cottonseed or sesame oil, water and sometimes gum which are rolled into balls. niswar naswar The product is custom made and is chewed, held in the mouth and sucked for 10-15 minutes. nass https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#naswar https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of sun or heat dried tobacco leaves mixed with slaked lime, water, ash from tree bark, oil or butter flavourings and colouring agents that are rolled into a ball. nisvai nasvay The product is custom made or prepared in cottage industry and is consumed by placing under the tongue or cheek and holding or sucking for 10 to 15 minutes. nasway A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for nasal use, that is composed of dried tobacco and made into a fine powder. nufha tenfeha naffa The product can be premade in cottage industry or custom made and is used nasally to induce sneezing or lighten the head. neffa nytimes.com/2010/04/19/business/19smoke.html A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which finely ground tobacco, mint or cinnamon flavouring are mixed to form pellets. The product is commercially prepared and is used by placing in the mouth, holding, sucking or dissolving like breath mints. orbs anilbeediworks.com/tobacco/ A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of dried tobacco flakes. It is prepared commercially and at the time of use, is mixed with the required proportions of lime to form a moist product that is chewed. pandharpuri https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00507.x A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of sun-dried flaked tobacco mixed with or without lime. It is prepared commercially and is consumed by chewing pattiwala ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4269-6-26 A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which sun/fire dried tobacco leaves are mixed with ash to form a quid. mingkupla The product is custom prepared and is consumed by chewing or holding in the lower lip or cheek for extended periods of time. pituri https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#plug A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which Burley and bright tobacco or cigar tobacco leaves, liquorice, and sugar are mixed to form a moist product. chaw plug spit tobacco pressed leaf plug chewing tobacco It is commercially packaged and consumed by chewing, sucking or holding between the cheek and gum. plug https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/11/10/1175/1011617 A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of moist finely ground tobacco that is packaged into small teabag like sachets. It is commercially prepared and is consumed by holding in the mouth between the upperlip and gums. portion snus https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#rape A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for nasal use, in which dried tobacco leaf, flavourings such as tonka bean, clove, cinnamon powder, camphor, and in some cases, ashes from select trees are mixed to form a fine powder. The product is manufactured in cottage industries and consumed by blowing or snorting high into each of the nostrils through a ceremonial pipe made of bone or bamboo. rap https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#lal https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco, herbs and flavourings are mixed to form a fine red powder. The product is commercially prepared and applied on teeth and gums and used as a dentifrice to clean teeth. red toothpowder https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco, slaked lime, ash, black pepper, oil, flavourings, bombosa are mixed to form a wet product. alqat al-shammah bajeli chemma (Algeria haradi shamma sharaci, black shammah yemeni snuff el-shamma It is custom made by vendor or individual and is consumed by sucking or holding between the gum and lower lip or cheek. In Algeria, users may wrap shammah in paper before putting it in the mouth. Orally chewed or held in the mouth black shammah https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#snuif A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for either oral or nasal use, in which sun-dried tobacco leaf and ash from local plants are hand mixed to form a finely ground powder. traditional South African snuff It is custom made and is used by holding in the mouth or sniffing through the nose. snuif A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which ground tobacco, humectants, preservatives and flavours are compressed into soft pellets. pellet It is commercially prepared and is consumed by sucking, holding or dissolving in the mouth. soft pellete https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#dissovable A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which ground tobacco, humectants, preservatives and flavours are compressed to form sticks. It is commercially prepared and is consumed by sucking, holding or dissolving in the mouth. sticks https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#dissovable A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which ground tobacco, humectants, preservatives and flavours are compressed into strips. It is commercially prepared and is consumed by sucking, holding or dissolving in the mouth. strips https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#ghana A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for either oral or nasal use, in which dry fermented tobacco is mixed with natron and ground into a fine powder. It can be consumed both nasally or orally. Nigerian traditional snuff The product is custom made or packaged in cottage industries and is used by holding in the mouth or sniffing nasally. taaba ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746834/ A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of tobacco which is sometimes flavoured with menthol and sold as small teabag like pouches. The product is commercially prepared and consumed by placing the single-serve pouch between the cheek and gums, and disposing of when finished. taboka https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#ghana A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for either oral or nasal use, which is composed of dried tobacco leaf with, saltpeter and ashes which are ground into a fine powder. Ghana traditional snuff It is premade in cottage industry or custom made by vendor/individuals and is consumed by holding in the mouth or sniffing nasally. tawa https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Smokeless-Tobacco-And-Some-Tobacco-specific-Em-N-Em--Nitrosamines-2007 A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of finely ground tobacco , chewing gum base and xylitol. It is commercially manufactured and used as a chewing gum. tobacco chewing gum A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, which is composed of nicotine with flavours like strawberry, peppermint, spearmint, coffee, cinnamon etc and is placed in the mouth like a toothpick. I It is commercially prepared and is sucked or sometimes chewed to increase the speed of nicotine release. tobacco coated toothpick verywellmind.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-nicotine-lozenges-2825034 A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, that in which ground tobacco is mixed with various flavouring agents like cinnamon, fruit and mint to form a sugar-free tablet. It is commercially packaged and is consumed by placing in the mouth and allowing to dissolve over the course of 20 to 30 mins. tobacco lozenges https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#dissovable A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which ground tobacco, humectants, preservatives and flavours are compressed to form tablets. ariva cigalet It is commercially prepared and is consumed by sucking, holding or dissolving in the mouth. tobacco tablets https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product, in which sun-dried, fermented, then ground and aged tobacco leaves are mixed with a solution of baking soda and water to create a moist form that can be rolled into a ball . ammari saffa saood sute saut query over whether the same product is used nasally - nasal use is not described Toombak may be premade in cottage industry or custom-made by vendor/individual, and used by holding a small portion is the mouth and sucking slowly for 10 to 15 minutes. toombak https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco smoke is passed through water and the resulting tobacco water is sold in glass bottles. hidakphu tobacco water tuiber Tuibur is premade in cottage industry, and the product is either sipped from a bottle or through cotton soaked with tobacco water. It is retained in the mouth or gargled for 5 to 10 minutes before it is spit out. tuibur https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which air- or fire-cured burley tobacco leaf is treated with a tar-like tobacco leaf extract and sometimes sweeteners and other flavourings, then twisted into rope-like strands that are dried and braided. chaw chew roll twist chewing tobacco Twist is handmade by commercial manufacturers, and users typically cut off a piece, place it in the mouth, and chew. twist https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#zarda https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use, in which boiled and dried tobacco leaves are mixed with lime, spices and vegetable dyes to make a flaky product. vizapatta dokta An oral smokeless tobacco-containing poduct, in which boiled and dried tobacco leaves are mixed with lime, spices and vegetable dyes to make a flaky product. Zarda is commercially manufactured, and it may be chewed by itself, or with chopped areca nuts and spices, or added as an ingredient in betel quid. zarda https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4117660/#:~:text=Afzal is used by applying,subsequently spit out the rest. A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for oral use in which dried tobacco is mixed with varied additives to create a moist, ground form. Sweekah In Afzal, some premade ingredients are mixed to create a custom-made product, which is used by placing a pinch of it between the lips and the gums. Users then suck the juice from Afzal for varying periods of time, often up to 30 min, and spit out the rest. afzal An object that is designed by humans to fulfil some function. DOI:10.3233/AO-190210 This entity is specified in the Product Life Cycle Ontologies reference in the source field. It is not directly imported yet because it is not yet in a form that permits this. artifact A material entity that bears a commodity role. DOI: 10.3233/AO-190210 This is taken from the Product Life Cycle Ontologies specified in the source field. It cannot yet be important because that ontology is not yet set up to allow this. commodity A chemical substance that has a disposition to alter the mental functioning of a person. psychoactive substance https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco containing product that is designed for oral use, in which tobacco, slaked lime, ash, black pepper, oil, flavourings, bombosa are mixed to form a dry product. alqat bajeli chemma (Algeria haradi shamma sharaci, al-shammah yemeni snuff el-shamma It is custom made by vendor or individual and is consumed by sucking or holding between the gum and lower lip or cheek. In Algeria, users may wrap shammah in paper before putting it in the mouth. Orally chewed or held in the mouth white shammah https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#loose https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product, in which raw tobacco leaf is powdered, flaked or sold in bundles of several long strands. Leaf tobacco is custom-made by vendor/individual, and it may be chewed alone or in a betel quid or other custom-made product. A regular user consumes one 15cm piece of the strand per day. oral smokeless tobacco leaf https://untobaccocontrol.org/kh/smokeless-tobacco/paan-betel-quid-tobacco/#tapkeer https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/smokelesstobaccoandpublichealth.pdf A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is designed for both oral or nasal use, in which fermented, roasted tobacco is made into a dry, fine powder. tapkir tyapkeer bajar Bajjar is frequently prepared by individual users at home , and it is typically rubbed on the teeth and gums to clean teeth, but sometimes used nasally. bajjar A drug that has a marketing authorisation from a medicines regulatory agency. licensed drug A behaviour pattern involving ingestion of tobacco. tobacco use pattern A behaviour pattern involving a vaping product. vaping pattern E-liquid that includes cannabis or some cannabis extract. cannabis-containing e-liquid A data item that is a measure of lung function, and is about the maximal amount of air a person can forcefully exhale in one second. Forced Expiratory Volume FEV1 An adverse event that is a risk factors of psychopathology and psychological dysfunction in children and adolescents. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9808931/ adverse life event A fluid of a biological orgin. biological fluid A disposition of a person involving the probability that exposure to some agent or substance will adversely transform cells to replicate and form a malignant tumor over a defined time period. cancer risk Alcohol use disorder which is characterised by impairments and/or problems which are extreme in nature. Give indication of severity and how this is operationalised. severe alcohol use disorder A protein coding gene in humans. GABBR1 A disease involving the cardiovascular system. cardiovascular disease The essential features of this diagnosed disorder are prominent anxiety symptoms that are judged to be due to the direct physiological effects of a substance. MFOMD:0000197 substance-induced anxiety disorder An adverse effect which is an unintended response to a a specific treatment intervention. A causal relationship with the treatment is a likely possibility. Adverse reaction NCIT:C41332 adverse reaction to a treatment A bodily disposition that is the pressure of circulating blood. BP blood pressure A disposition of a person involving the probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease over a defined time period. cardiovascular disease risk the last trimester of gestation. The trimester that ranges from the 28th week of pregnancy until delivery third trimester An adult who is currently not receiving any form of intervention for psychoactive substance use disorder. adult not in treatment for substance use disorders An addictive disorder in which the behaviour that is the subject of the addiction is use of alcohol. alcohol use disorder A cardiovascular disease in which plaque, a waxy substance, builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. Coronary artery disease Adapted from OAE:0002134 coronary heart disease A person who is between the ages of 13 and 19. teenager especially one of the three months of gestation into which a human pregnancy is divided. A period of three months trimester An adult with a diagnosis of an opioid use disorder that is currently a patient. adult patient aged 18 or older with a diagnosis of opioid use disorder An addictive disorder in which the behaviour that is the subject of the addiction is use of amphetamine. amphetamine use disorder A tobacco user who has either only ever smoked cigarettes or who smoked a cigarette as his or her earliest form of tobacco user. cigarette first user A disease which affects any, or all parts of the digestive system. disease of the digestive system An adult who has received and diagnosis of opioid use disorder adult with opioid use disorder An addictive disorder in which the behaviour that is the subject of the addiction is use of cannabis. CUD cannabis use disorder An addiction that is to a substance containing cocaine. Cocaine dependence cocaine addiction A disease which affects any, or all parts of the respiratory system. disease of the respiratory system An addictive disorder in which the behaviour that is the subject of the addiction is use of cocaine. cocaine use disorder A former tobacco smoker who has been diagnosed as suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. former tobacco smoker with COPD A disorder which affects the musculoskeletal system, which provides form, support, stability and movement to the body. musculoskeletal disorder A coronary artery disease characterised by myocardial cell death , caused by interruption of the blood supply to the heart. myocardial infarction A person who has an opioid use disorder who is in prison. incarcerated persons with opioid use disorder A person who has never used a psychoactive drug. never substance user An older person who has a diagnosis of an opioid use disorder. 'older person' and 'opioid use disorder' older adult with opioid use disorder An addictive disorder in which the behaviour that is the subject of the addiction is use of a opioids opioid use disorder Addiction to use of a nicotine-containing product. nicotine addiction A woman who is currently pregnant and also has a diagnosis of opioid use disorder. 'pregnant woman' and 'bearer of' some 'opioid use disorder' pregnant woman with opioid use disorder An addictive disorder that involves addiction to tobacco use. tobacco use disorder The process of passing on the human immunodeficiency virus infections disease from one carrier to another. HIV transmission A tobacco smoker that also has a diagnosis of affective disorder. 'tobacco smoker' and 'bearer of' some 'affective disorder' smoker with affective disorder An abstainer from the engagement in the use of cannabis. cannabis abstainer A person living with HIV. person with HIV HIV positive person living with HIV A tobacco smoker that also has a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. smoker with bipolar disorder A psychoactive substance user who presents with a clinical diagnosis of substance use disorder. person with substance use disorder An abstainer from the engagement in the use of psychoactive substances. psychoactive substance abstainer An opioid user who is currently seeking treatment for opioid use disorder treatment-seeking opioid user A person who is incarcerated in a prison. prisoner A person who receives money or goods in exchange for sexual services. sex industry worker prostitute A sex worker may directly or indirectly receive income or goods for their services, this may not be their main occupation, the role may or may not be consensual. sex worker A self-identity that represents a relation between oneself and another person or group. This can be either a self-identity or a group identity. Possible relations may include membership , affiliation or antagonism. The group may be a formal group, informal group or collection of people. social identity An urge in which the behaviour that is the target of the feeling is vaping. urge to vape An adult who is unable to look after themselves and or who is unable to protect themselves against significant harm or exploitation. At risk adult vulnerable adult A young adult who uses opioids. Age should be specified young adult opioid user A psychoactive substance user who reports use of stimulant drugs. stimulant drug user A data item that indicates the number of years an individual was or has been in education. years of education An almond-shaped cluster of nuclei located within the medial temporal lobe of the brain, which makes up part of the limbic system, that serves a role in memory, emotional reactions and decision-making. amygdala An organisation which specifically raises income for the purpose of the prevention and treatment of alcohol related problems. alcohol harm prevention organisation alcohol organistion An organisation that undertakes assays of presence or amounts of defined chemicals in specifmens analytical laboratory An organisation which specifically raises income for the purpose of the prevention and treatment of cancer. cancer prevention organisation cancer charity A role played by an organisation that raises and distributes income for charitable purposes. charity A regulatory agency is a organization that has responsibility over or for the legislation for a given sector of the government. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000450 regulatory agency An organisation formed with a goal to have its members conduct investigations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000828 research organisation A quality whose bearer is a drug. drug quality An extract from a plant. plant extract A social policy whose aim is to reduce the harm to a population from continued use of a psychoactive substance by members of that population. harm minimisation policy it can include whole commodities such as tobacco. This entity is defined in terms of the aims of a policy rather than its effect. It is distinguished from harm reduction behaviour. It includes attempting to get people to reduce their use of the substance, change their pattern of use, change the type or formulation of the substance they consume. Note that the substance does not just include the psychoactive drug harm reduction policy Substance use that involves continuing to use a substance while changing the type of substance, formulation of the substance or the amount or manner of use of the substance with the aim of reducing the harm caused. harm minimisation behaviour harm reduction behaviour A policy that is applied by a public body. public policy A cocaine use behaviour that involves the use of cocaine. cocaine use An economic good role that inheres in some artifact and is realized in some act of appraisal. Product Life Cycle Ontology https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332535504_An_ontological_approach_to_representing_the_product_life_cycle product role A role that inheres in some material entity and is realized in some act of appraisal. economic good role An economic good role that inheres in some material entity that is not an object and is realized in some act of appraisal. commodity role A material entity that is not an object. substance A chemical substance that has a drug role. drug A product that is manufactured to be part of a cigarette, located at the end that the user puts to the lips, which blocks some smoke particles from entering the mouth during use. cigarette filter A material entity that has an economic good role. This includes commodities and products. economic good Product harmfulness to an individual. This entity relates to the harmfulness for a given individual. It is distinct from population-level harmfulness which refers to harmfulness to a population. Thus a product may have high individual-level harmfulness but low population-level harmfulness if there are very few users in the population. The individual may be a user of the product or another person . product individual-level harmfulness A product that is designed to be a proper part of another product. product component Product harmfulness to a population. This entity refers to the harmfulness for a specified population. It is distinct from individual-level harmfulness which refers to harmfulness for an individual. The harm may be to users or non-users. product population-level harmfulness A disposition of a product. product disposition A data item which indicates the average time to relapse. time to relapse average time to relapse https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/HealthyLiving/smoking-the-financial-cost A data item which indicates changes in expenditure on cigarettes between defined time points. changes in money spent on cigarettes. changes in money spent on tobacco reduction in cigarette expenditure change in expenditure on cigarettes A behaviour pattern involving an e-cigarette. e-cigarette use pattern A subjective emotional feeling which consists of a strong wanting or wishing to have something or for something to happen. desire A mental disposition that consists of a strong dislike or disinclination towards an object, situation or behaviour aversion An aversion towards cigarette smoking aversion to smoking A substance use pattern in which the substance used is alcohol. alcohol use pattern A substance use pattern that involves use of cannabis. cannabis use pattern A substance use pattern that involves use of heroin. heroin use pattern A substance use pattern in which the substance used is an opioid. opioid use pattern A nicotine-containing product that some country has granted marketing authorisation as a medicine to replace nicotine from tobacco in an attempt to reduce or stop smoking. NRT This class is problematic because as products have evolved distinctions between those receiving a license to be marketed as medicines and those that have not have become blurred. It is better to use the parent class 'nicotine-containing product' or the more accurate 'licensed nicotine-containing product'. nicotine replacement therapy product An information content entity that describes the level of motivation involved in an addiction. addiction strength A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as an e-cigarette user. vaper identity e-cigarette user identity A plan detailing guidelines, principles, legislation and activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare, such as a person's quality of life. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/gsso/terms?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_008961andviewMode=Allandsiblings=false This is drawn from the GSSO but with wording and parentage corrected. social policy A mental disposition to experience motives in the performance of a professional role that are not aligned with the responsibilities of that role. Curator note: The definition was adapted from the PLOS definition. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/s/competing-interests competing interest A personal attribute that could lead to a competing interest. Potential competing interests must be distinguished from competing interests. They should always be declared so that stakeholders can form a judgement about whether bias is likely to be present. However, it would be wrong to assume that they necessarily lead to bias. potential competing interest A healthcare facility that provides harm reduction services to substance users. harm reduction facility A healthcare facility that treats and manages addictive disorders. addiction clinic A facility where some alcoholic beverage can be purchased. alcohol outlet An information content entity that is about the number of alcohol outlets per unit area within a geographical location. alcohol outlet density A healthcare facility that provides services to people who are pregnant and their partners. antenatal clinic A facility that provides housing, health care and social care. health and social care facility Accessibility of a service in which the service is addiction treatment. accessibility of addiction treatment A country in which English is an official language. English-speaking country A healthcare facility that bears a function to provide low intensity healthcare services to patients on a short-term basis, with patients leaving on the same date as arriving outpatient clinic outpatient facility A facility whose purpose is undertaking experiments or taking measurements under controlled conditions. laboratory facility A facility that provides accommodation for people. housing Housing that is provided for people on low incomes or with particular needs by government agencies or non-profit organizations. https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/ social housing A geopolitical region that delimits a government with effective internal and external sovereignty over the region and its population, and which is not dependent on or subject to any other power or Geopolitical Entity. http://www.ontologyrepository.com/CommonCoreOntologies/Country Definition taken from the VIDO ontology but this does not have appropriate codes so we have created a separate entity. country A geospatial region that delimits the authority of a formally constituted government to exercise its control within the bounded area. geopolitical region A site at or near the surface of the Earth. geospatial region A disorder that involves mental processes. MF defines mental disease as a disposition to pathological *mental* processes which is not quite right. Needs work Should be primarily defined in MF mental health disorder A self-appraisal in which what is represented is appraised as good or desirable. positive self-appraisal A self-appraisal in which what is represented is appraised as bad or undesirable. negative self-appraisal A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as being addicted to something. addict identity A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as having been addicted to something but no longer addicted to that thing. ex-addict identity A self-identity in which a person represents themselves as being in recovery from addiction and vulnerable to relapse to that addiction. recovering addict identity A self-identity in which the person considers themselves to smoke predominantly or exclusively in social situations. This is not a subclass of tobacco smoker identity because not all social smokers may consider themselves to be smokers as they do not smoke sufficiently often. This class is intended for tobacco smokers. social smoker identity A lost self-identity in which the positively appraised past characteristic is that of being a tobacco smoker lost tobacco smoker identity A non tobacco smoker identity that is a core identity and a positive identity. positive core non tobacco smoker identity A tobacco smoker that is also a spoiled identity. spoiled tobacco smoker identity Inequality between different gender groups. gender inequality Inequality in health and access to healthcare. Health inequality can be operationalised in many ways and these need to be specified when the class is used. health inequality A quality of a population that is the degree of variation among members of the population on some valued attribute. The GSSO definition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_002956 is not well-formed and so one had to be constructed. inequality A person whose identity is male, based on societal and cultural conceptualizations of being male, usually reflected by specific anatomical variations, chromosome combinations, and/or sex hormones. boy men male http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_000370 man Male persons who engage in sexual activity with members of the same sex, regardless of how they identify themselves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_000376 man who has sex with men Male persons who engage in sexual activity with women, regardless of how they identify themselves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_001596 man who has sex with women Male persons who engage in sexual activity with men and women, regardless of how they identify themselves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_001802 man who has sex with women and men. a person having a gender identity which is outside of the gender binary . A person whose gender identity is not exclusively male or female http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_000395 non binary person Inequality between different racial or ethnic groups. racial inequality Inequality in access to social or material resources. social inequality A person whose gender identity does not match their gender assigned at birth or a person who otherwise identifies as transgender trans http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_000130 transgender person A person whose identity is female, based on societal and cultural conceptualizations of being female, usually reflected by specific anatomical variations, chromosome combinations, and/or sex hormones. girl women female http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_000369 woman Women who engage in sexual activity with men, regardless of how they identify themselves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_001595 woman who has sex with men Female persons who engage in sexual activity with men and women, regardless of how they identify themselves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_004516 woman who has sex with men and women Women who engage in sexual activities with other women, whether or not they identify themselves as lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual, or dispense with sexual identification altogether. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GSSO_000379 woman who has sex with women A nicotine replacement therapy user who engages in nicotine replacement therapy use every day. NRT user daily NRT user The type of nicotine replacement therapy used should be specified. It may also be useful in the reporting of studies to quantify the amount of NRT used and the strength. daily nicotine replacement therapy user This is definition used across studies and also within the reporting of NRT use in the Smoking Toolkit Study: www.smokinginengland.info A person who participates in nicotine replacement therapy use. NRT user The type of nicotine replacement therapy used should be specified. It may also be useful in the reporting of studies to quantify the amount of NRT used and the strength. nicotine replacement therapy user An NRT user who does not use their product on a daily basis. NRT user Non-daily NRT user The product or products used should be specified. non-daily nicotine replacement therapy user A nicotine replacement therapy user who is not a tobacco user or an e-cigarette user. exclusive NRT user Exclusive user referes to the complete absense of tobacco containing products. exclusive nicotine replacement therapy user A nicotine replacement therapy user who has been using NRT products for one year or more. long term NRT use Long-term NRT user The NRT product or products used should be specified. long-term nicotine replacement therapy user A substance user who engages in tobacco use. tobacco user An e-cigarette atomiser quality that is the opposition of its circuit to the flow of current in that circuit. e-cigarette atomiser resistance A quality inhering in an e-cigarette atomiser. e-cigarette atomiser quality An e-cigarette battery disposition to transfer electrical energy in a circuit containing an atomiser. e-cigarette battery power An e-cigarette whose e-liquid contains nicotine. nicotine-containing e-cigarette A disposition inhering in a manufactured cigarette manufactured cigarette disposition A disposition of a manufactured cigarette to produce a quantity of carbon monoxide in the smoke produced when tested in a smoking machine that is programmed to take puffs in a standard way. manufactured cigarette machine-smoked carbon monoxide yield A disposition of a manufactured cigarette to produce a quantity of nicotine in the smoke produced when tested in a smoking machine that is programmed to take puffs in a standard way. manufactured cigarette machine-smoked nicotine yield A smokeless tobacco-containing product that is manufactured to be held in the mouth. This includes chewing tobacco products. oral tobacco-containing product A nicotine-containing product that is manufactured to enable users to draw a nicotine-containing vapour into the respiratory tract so that nicotine can be absorbed through the lining of this tract. inhaled nicotine-containing product A nicotine-containing product that is manufactured to enable users to ingest nicotine through the nasal mucosa. nasal nicotine-containing product A nicotine-containing product that is manufactured to be attached to the skin so that nicotine can be absorbed through the skin. transdermal nicotine-containing product A product that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. electrical battery A disposition of a manufactured cigarette to produce a quantity of tobacco particles in the smoke produced when tested in a smoking machine that is programmed to take puffs in a standard way. manufactured cigarette machine-smoked tar yield A disposition inhering in an e-cigarette battery. e-cigarette battery disposition A cigarette that has a cigarette filter as a part. filter cigarette A nicotine-containing product that is designed to be held in the mouth or chewed so that nicotine is absorbed through the buccal mucosa. oral nicotine-containing product A bodily disposition which is realised as impaired functioning following reduction or termination of use of a psychoactive substance. This is distinguished from addiction. The two are often correlated but distinct. Dependence is a disposition to experience impaired functioning, which includes withdrawal symptoms, while addiction is a distinction to experience powerful motivation. The motivation can, but need not be caused by impaired functioning. substance dependence Substance dependence in which the dependence is on nicotine. nicotine dependence Tobacco addiction where there tobacco-containing product is cigarettes. cigarette addiction Addiction to a tobacco-containing product. tobacco addiction Craving in which the target of the craving is use of an opioid drug. opioid craving Craving that is wholly or mostly triggered by the immediate environment or part of it. situational craving Craving in which the target of the craving is use of a tobacco-containing product. tobacco craving Craving that is mostly or completely independent of the immediate environment. This aims to capture craving that is caused by endogenous drive processes or withdrawal symptoms. background craving Craving whose target is consumption of an alcoholic beverage. alcohol craving An age of substance use initiation in which the substance is tobacco. age of tobacco use initiation A substance dependence in which the dependence is on use of cigarettes. cigarette dependence A data item that is about how many times tobacco was formerly used. number of times formerly tobacco used An identity that includes all of a persons self-identities composite self-identity A tobacco smoker identity that is a core identity and a positive identity. positive core tobacco smoker identity A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how much time elapsed between birth and a certain point. PATO:0000011 A slight wording change from 'A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed.' This captures more precisely that the amount is 'time' rather than using the word 'long' and that it relates to give time point and that existence is defined as time of birth. human age A self-identity in which what is represented is appraised as important. If the characteristic represented is appraised as both important and enduring the appropriate class is 'core identity'. strong identity A role can be assigned without being realised. A person realises a role by doing something. A role that inheres in a human being by virtue of their social and institutional circumstances. personal role An aggregate of individual human behaviours of members of a population. human behaviour population behaviour Also referred to in definitions as human behaviour or just behaviour. A bodily process of a human that involves co-ordinated contraction of striated muscles controlled by the brain. Individual human activity that involves co-ordinated contraction of striated muscles controlled by the brain. human behaviour individual human behaviour Examples of interventions are putting health warnings on cigarette packets, providing free stop smoking services and banning smoking in public places. A planned process that has the aim of influencing an outcome. intervention A process that is produced by a person. individual human activity An aggregate of people human population Individual human behaviour or population behaviour human behaviour An attribute of a process process attribute Includes everything that can be said about a person: the most general class under which all other qualities, dispositions, roles etc belong. A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in a person. The population ontology individuals branch defines many personal attributes personal attribute A disposition that inheres in a person. personal disposition A process attribute that is an attribute of a life process. personal life attribute A quality that inheres in a person. personal quality A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities. quality A process whose beginning is demarcated by accelerating infection acquisition by one or more host species of a particular pathogen in a particular location and whose end is demarcated by the time when the rate of infection acquisition becomes constant. William R. Hogan epidemic of infection A process whose beginning is demarcated by accelerating infection acquisition by one or more host species of a particular pathogen in a particular location and whose end is demarcated by the time when the rate of of infection acquisition becomes constant. The constant rate may be zero. The period of an epidemic may be defined using statistical criteria based on incidence rates or causal models based on their fit to incidence data. Epidemic An example of multiple host species is foot and mouth disease (such as the 2001 epidemic in the UK, see: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5519/1155.long) and swine flu. The foot and mouth disease epidemic affected sheep, pigs, and cattle. epidemic infection in an ecosystem A process comprised of numerous infections and infection acquisitions with a particular pathogen in one or more populations of hosts. William R. Hogan A process of ongoing infection and infection acquisition in individuals in one or more populations in an ecosystem. infection in ecosystem entity Entity entity Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35120 entity entities entitātem Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf per discussion with Barry Smith An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) continuant Continuant continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] continuant Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] occurrent Occurrent An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] occurrent Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. per discussion with Barry Smith Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] ic IndependentContinuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] independent continuant b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] s-region SpatialRegion BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes. Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] spatial region Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. per discussion with Barry Smith A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] t-region TemporalRegion Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] temporal region Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional per discussion with Barry Smith A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] process Process a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] BFO:0000015 process process p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] disposition Disposition an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] disposition b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] realizable RealizableEntity the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] realizable entity To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] sdc SpecificallyDependentContinuant specifically dependent continuant Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] specifically dependent continuant b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. per discussion with Barry Smith (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] role Role John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] role b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] fiat-object-part FiatObjectPart or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29 the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body. the Western hemisphere of the Earth the division of the brain into regions the division of the planet into hemispheres the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body the upper and lower lobes of the left lung BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004]) (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] fiat object fiat object part b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004]) (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] object-aggregate ObjectAggregate a collection of cells in a blood biobank. a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds a symphony orchestra an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team) defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint the aggregate of blood cells in your body the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere the restaurants in Palo Alto your collection of Meissen ceramic plates. An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee). ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] object aggregate An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] site Site Manhattan Canyon) a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese a rabbit hole an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport the Grand Canyon the Piazza San Marco the cockpit of an aircraft the hold of a ship the interior of a kangaroo pouch the interior of the trunk of your car the interior of your bedroom the interior of your office the interior of your refrigerator the lumen of your gut your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity) b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] site b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] object Object atom cell cells and organisms engineered artifacts grain of sand molecule organelle organism planet solid portions of matter star BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting. BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below). BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47 BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74 b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) object b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) gdc GenericallyDependentContinuant generically dependent continuant The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] generically dependent continuant b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] p-boundary ProcessBoundary the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life. p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002]) (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] process boundary p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002]) (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] material MaterialEntity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] bfo BFO:0000040 material entity material entity A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] immaterial ImmaterialEntity BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10 immaterial entity process-profile ProcessProfile On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance. The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on. b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] process profile b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. 0 C22H28N2O InChI=1S/C22H28N2O/c1-2-22(25)24(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)21-14-17-23(18-15-21)16-13-19-9-5-3-6-10-19/h3-12,21H,2,13-18H2,1H3 PJMPHNIQZUBGLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 336.47050 336.22016 CCC(=O)N(C1CCN(CC1)CCc1ccccc1)c1ccccc1 CHEBI:310077 CHEBI:5012 CAS:437-38-7 DrugBank:DB00813 Drug_Central:1164 KEGG:D00320 PMID:10669565 PMID:10987438 PMID:11585443 PMID:14698188 PMID:16621415 PMID:18462178 PMID:18728103 PMID:30176422 PMID:30305277 Patent:FR1344366 Patent:US3164600 Reaxys:494484 VSDB:1864 Wikipedia:Fentanyl N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide chebi_ontology 1-phenethyl-4-(N-phenylpropionamido)piperidine 1-phenethyl-4-N-propionylanilinopiperidine Duragesic N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidinyl)-N-phenylpropionamide N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide N-(1-phenethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-N-phenyl-propionamide N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylpropionamide N-phenethyl-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine N-phenyl-N-(1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl)propanamide fentanilo fentanyl fentanylum phentanyl CHEBI:119915 fentanyl CAS:437-38-7 ChemIDplus CAS:437-38-7 KEGG DRUG Drug_Central:1164 DrugCentral PMID:10669565 ChEMBL PMID:10987438 ChEMBL PMID:11585443 ChEMBL PMID:14698188 ChEMBL PMID:16621415 Europe PMC PMID:18462178 Europe PMC PMID:18728103 Europe PMC PMID:30176422 Europe PMC PMID:30305277 Europe PMC Reaxys:494484 Reaxys N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide IUPAC 1-phenethyl-4-(N-phenylpropionamido)piperidine ChemIDplus 1-phenethyl-4-N-propionylanilinopiperidine ChemIDplus Duragesic ChemIDplus N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidinyl)-N-phenylpropionamide ChemIDplus N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide ChemIDplus N-(1-phenethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-N-phenyl-propionamide ChEMBL N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylpropionamide ChEMBL N-phenethyl-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine ChemIDplus N-phenyl-N-(1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl)propanamide ChemIDplus fentanilo WHO_MedNet fentanyl WHO_MedNet fentanylum WHO_MedNet phentanyl DrugBank A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents. 0 C17H21NO InChI=1S/C17H21NO/c1-14-8-6-7-11-16(14)19-17(12-13-18-2)15-9-4-3-5-10-15/h3-11,17-18H,12-13H2,1-2H3/t17-/m1/s1 VHGCDTVCOLNTBX-QGZVFWFLSA-N 255.35470 255.16231 CNCC[C@@H](Oc1ccccc1C)c1ccccc1 Beilstein:4318684 CAS:83015-26-3 DrugBank:DB00289 Drug_Central:256 HMDB:HMDB0014434 KEGG:D07473 LINCS:LSM-2452 PMID:15338851 PMID:23048018 Reaxys:4318684 Wikipedia:Atomoxetine (3R)-N-methyl-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-amine chebi_ontology (-)-Tomoxetine Tomoxetina Tomoxetinum atomoxetine tomoxetine CHEBI:127342 atomoxetine Beilstein:4318684 Beilstein CAS:83015-26-3 ChemIDplus CAS:83015-26-3 KEGG DRUG Drug_Central:256 DrugCentral PMID:15338851 Europe PMC PMID:23048018 Europe PMC Reaxys:4318684 Reaxys (3R)-N-methyl-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-amine IUPAC (-)-Tomoxetine ChEBI Tomoxetina DrugBank Tomoxetinum DrugBank atomoxetine KEGG_DRUG tomoxetine DrugBank A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5. 0 C11H15NO2 InChI=1S/C11H15NO2/c1-8(12-2)5-9-3-4-10-11(6-9)14-7-13-10/h3-4,6,8,12H,5,7H2,1-2H3 SHXWCVYOXRDMCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 193.24234 193.11028 CNC(C)Cc1ccc2OCOc2c1 CAS:42542-10-9 DrugBank:DB01454 HMDB:HMDB0041931 KEGG:C07577 PMID:15062945 PMID:18570171 Reaxys:158675 Wikipedia:MDMA 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine chebi_ontology (RS)-3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine 1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methyl-2-propanamine DL-(3,4-Methylenedioxy)methamphetamine MDMA N,alpha-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxole-5-ethanamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine ecstasy CHEBI:1391 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine CAS:42542-10-9 ChemIDplus CAS:42542-10-9 KEGG COMPOUND PMID:15062945 Europe PMC PMID:18570171 Europe PMC Reaxys:158675 Reaxys 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine IUPAC 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine KEGG_COMPOUND (RS)-3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine ChemIDplus 1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methyl-2-propanamine NIST_Chemistry_WebBook DL-(3,4-Methylenedioxy)methamphetamine ChemIDplus MDMA ChemIDplus MDMA KEGG_COMPOUND N,alpha-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxole-5-ethanamine NIST_Chemistry_WebBook N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine KEGG_COMPOUND ecstasy ChEBI A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it. 0 CH3OR 31.034 31.01839 *C(O)([H])[H] CHEBI:13676 CHEBI:14887 CHEBI:26262 CHEBI:57489 CHEBI:8406 KEGG:C00226 Primary alcohol chebi_ontology 1-Alcohol a primary alcohol primary alcohols CHEBI:15734 primary alcohol Primary alcohol KEGG_COMPOUND 1-Alcohol KEGG_COMPOUND a primary alcohol UniProt primary alcohols ChEBI A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. 0 C2H6O InChI=1S/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3 LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 46.06844 46.04186 CCO CHEBI:14222 CHEBI:23978 CHEBI:30878 CHEBI:30880 CHEBI:42377 CHEBI:44594 CHEBI:4879 Beilstein:1718733 CAS:64-17-5 DrugBank:DB00898 Drug_Central:1076 Gmelin:787 HMDB:HMDB0000108 KEGG:C00469 KEGG:D00068 KEGG:D06542 KNApSAcK:C00019560 MetaCyc:ETOH MolBase:858 MolBase:859 PDBeChem:EOH PMID:11046114 PMID:11090978 PMID:11198720 PMID:11200745 PMID:11262320 PMID:11303910 PMID:11333032 PMID:11505026 PMID:11590970 PMID:11728426 PMID:11750186 PMID:11754521 PMID:11810019 PMID:11826039 PMID:11981228 PMID:12824058 PMID:12829422 PMID:12888778 PMID:12946583 PMID:14674846 PMID:15019421 PMID:15239123 PMID:15285839 PMID:15464411 PMID:15465973 PMID:15749123 PMID:15900217 PMID:15902919 PMID:16084479 PMID:16133132 PMID:16352430 PMID:16390872 PMID:16737463 PMID:16891664 PMID:16934862 PMID:17043811 PMID:17190852 PMID:17663926 PMID:17687877 PMID:18095657 PMID:18249266 PMID:18320157 PMID:18347649 PMID:18408978 PMID:18411066 PMID:18456322 PMID:18513832 PMID:18922656 PMID:18925476 PMID:19280886 PMID:19359288 PMID:19384566 PMID:19458312 PMID:19851413 PMID:19901811 PMID:21600756 PMID:21762181 PMID:21881875 PMID:21967628 PMID:22019193 PMID:22222864 PMID:22261437 PMID:22286266 PMID:22306018 PMID:22331491 PMID:22336593 PPDB:1373 Reaxys:1718733 UM-BBD_compID:c0038 Wikipedia:Ethanol ETHANOL Ethanol ethanol chebi_ontology 1-hydroxyethane Aethanol Aethylalkohol Alkohol C2H5OH Dehydrated ethanol EtOH Ethyl alcohol Methylcarbinol [CH2Me(OH)] [OEtH] alcohol alcohol etilico alcool ethylique etanol hydroxyethane spiritus vini CHEBI:16236 ethanol Beilstein:1718733 Beilstein CAS:64-17-5 ChemIDplus CAS:64-17-5 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:64-17-5 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:1076 DrugCentral Gmelin:787 Gmelin PMID:11046114 Europe PMC PMID:11090978 Europe PMC PMID:11198720 Europe PMC PMID:11200745 Europe PMC PMID:11262320 Europe PMC PMID:11303910 Europe PMC PMID:11333032 Europe PMC PMID:11505026 Europe PMC PMID:11590970 Europe PMC PMID:11728426 Europe PMC PMID:11750186 Europe PMC PMID:11754521 Europe PMC PMID:11810019 Europe PMC PMID:11826039 Europe PMC PMID:11981228 Europe PMC PMID:12824058 Europe PMC PMID:12829422 Europe PMC PMID:12888778 Europe PMC PMID:12946583 Europe PMC PMID:14674846 Europe PMC PMID:15019421 Europe PMC PMID:15239123 Europe PMC PMID:15285839 Europe PMC PMID:15464411 Europe PMC PMID:15465973 Europe PMC PMID:15749123 Europe PMC PMID:15900217 Europe PMC PMID:15902919 Europe PMC PMID:16084479 Europe PMC PMID:16133132 Europe PMC PMID:16352430 Europe PMC PMID:16390872 Europe PMC PMID:16737463 Europe PMC PMID:16891664 Europe PMC PMID:16934862 Europe PMC PMID:17043811 Europe PMC PMID:17190852 Europe PMC PMID:17663926 Europe PMC PMID:17687877 Europe PMC PMID:18095657 Europe PMC PMID:18249266 Europe PMC PMID:18320157 Europe PMC PMID:18347649 Europe PMC PMID:18408978 Europe PMC PMID:18411066 Europe PMC PMID:18456322 Europe PMC PMID:18513832 Europe PMC PMID:18922656 Europe PMC PMID:18925476 Europe PMC PMID:19280886 Europe PMC PMID:19359288 Europe PMC PMID:19384566 Europe PMC PMID:19458312 Europe PMC PMID:19851413 Europe PMC PMID:19901811 Europe PMC PMID:21600756 Europe PMC PMID:21762181 Europe PMC PMID:21881875 Europe PMC PMID:21967628 Europe PMC PMID:22019193 Europe PMC PMID:22222864 Europe PMC PMID:22261437 Europe PMC PMID:22286266 Europe PMC PMID:22306018 Europe PMC PMID:22331491 Europe PMC PMID:22336593 Europe PMC Reaxys:1718733 Reaxys UM-BBD_compID:c0038 UM-BBD ETHANOL PDBeChem Ethanol KEGG_COMPOUND ethanol ChEBI ethanol IUPAC ethanol UniProt 1-hydroxyethane ChemIDplus Aethanol ChemIDplus Aethylalkohol ChemIDplus Alkohol ChemIDplus C2H5OH ChEBI Dehydrated ethanol KEGG_DRUG EtOH ChemIDplus Ethyl alcohol KEGG_COMPOUND Methylcarbinol KEGG_COMPOUND [CH2Me(OH)] MolBase [OEtH] MolBase alcohol NIST_Chemistry_WebBook alcohol etilico ChEBI alcool ethylique ChemIDplus etanol ChEBI hydroxyethane ChemIDplus spiritus vini ChEBI An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia. 0 C10H8 InChI=1S/C10H8/c1-2-6-10-8-4-3-7-9(10)5-1/h1-8H UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 128.17052 128.06260 c1ccc2ccccc2c1 CHEBI:14638 CHEBI:25469 CHEBI:44619 CHEBI:7472 Beilstein:1421310 CAS:91-20-3 Gmelin:3347 HMDB:HMDB0029751 KEGG:C00829 KNApSAcK:C00001259 MetaCyc:NAPHTHALENE PDBeChem:NPY PMID:10814889 PMID:11202734 PMID:16220979 PMID:16699520 PMID:17850896 PMID:26875834 PMID:26895256 PMID:27439360 PPDB:1312 Reaxys:1421310 UM-BBD_compID:c0333 Wikipedia:Naphthalene NAPHTHALENE Naphthalene naphthalene chebi_ontology Naphthalen Naphthalin naftaleno naftalina naphtalene naphtaline CHEBI:16482 naphthalene Beilstein:1421310 Beilstein CAS:91-20-3 ChemIDplus CAS:91-20-3 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:91-20-3 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:3347 Gmelin PMID:10814889 Europe PMC PMID:11202734 Europe PMC PMID:16220979 Europe PMC PMID:16699520 Europe PMC PMID:17850896 Europe PMC PMID:26875834 Europe PMC PMID:26895256 Europe PMC PMID:27439360 Europe PMC Reaxys:1421310 Reaxys UM-BBD_compID:c0333 UM-BBD NAPHTHALENE PDBeChem Naphthalene KEGG_COMPOUND naphthalene IUPAC naphthalene UniProt Naphthalen ChEBI Naphthalin NIST_Chemistry_WebBook naftaleno ChEBI naftalina ChEBI naphtalene ChEBI naphtaline ChEBI An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol. 0 CH2O InChI=1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2 WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 30.02598 30.01056 [H]C([H])=O CHEBI:14274 CHEBI:24077 CHEBI:337763 CHEBI:5142 Beilstein:1209228 CAS:50-00-0 DrugBank:DB03843 Drug_Central:3244 Gmelin:445 HMDB:HMDB0001426 KEGG:C00067 KEGG:D00017 MetaCyc:FORMALDEHYDE PDBeChem:FOR PMID:110589 PMID:12686735 PMID:15091529 PMID:16423181 PMID:17618393 PMID:18837732 PMID:25042713 PMID:7381846 PMID:7548723 PMID:7689168 PMID:7896413 PMID:9686972 PPDB:359 Reaxys:1209228 UM-BBD_compID:c0122 Wikipedia:Formaldehyde FORMALDEHYDE Formaldehyde formaldehyde chebi_ontology FORMALIN Formaldehyd Formalin Methanal Methylene oxide Oxomethane Oxomethylene CHEBI:16842 formaldehyde Beilstein:1209228 Beilstein CAS:50-00-0 ChemIDplus CAS:50-00-0 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:50-00-0 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:3244 DrugCentral Gmelin:445 Gmelin PMID:110589 Europe PMC PMID:12686735 Europe PMC PMID:15091529 Europe PMC PMID:16423181 Europe PMC PMID:17618393 Europe PMC PMID:18837732 Europe PMC PMID:25042713 Europe PMC PMID:7381846 ChEMBL PMID:7548723 Europe PMC PMID:7689168 Europe PMC PMID:7896413 Europe PMC PMID:9686972 Europe PMC Reaxys:1209228 Reaxys UM-BBD_compID:c0122 UM-BBD FORMALDEHYDE PDBeChem Formaldehyde KEGG_COMPOUND formaldehyde IUPAC formaldehyde UniProt FORMALIN ChEMBL Formaldehyd NIST_Chemistry_WebBook Formalin KEGG_COMPOUND Methanal KEGG_COMPOUND Methylene oxide KEGG_COMPOUND Oxomethane KEGG_COMPOUND Oxomethylene KEGG_COMPOUND A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H). 0 COR2 28.010 27.99491 [*]C([*])=O CHEBI:13427 CHEBI:13646 CHEBI:24974 CHEBI:6127 CHEBI:8742 KEGG:C01450 Wikipedia:Ketone Ketone ketones chebi_ontology Keton R-CO-R' a ketone cetone ketones CHEBI:17087 ketone Ketone KEGG_COMPOUND ketones IUPAC Keton ChEBI R-CO-R' KEGG_COMPOUND a ketone UniProt cetone ChEBI ketones ChEBI An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals. 0 C3H6O InChI=1S/C3H6O/c1-2-3-4/h3H,2H2,1H3 NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 58.07910 58.04186 [H]C(=O)CC CHEBI:14898 CHEBI:26281 CHEBI:41359 CHEBI:45052 CHEBI:8468 CAS:123-38-6 HMDB:HMDB0003366 KEGG:C00479 MetaCyc:CPD-665 PDBeChem:CBG PMID:20097366 PMID:21568340 Reaxys:506010 UM-BBD_compID:c0207 Wikipedia:Propanal Propanal propanal propionaldehyde chebi_ontology 1-Propanal Aldehyde propionique C2H5CHO Methylacetaldehyde Propaldehyde Propanaldehyde Propional Propionaldehyde Propionic aldehyde Propyl aldehyde Propylaldehyde Propylic aldehyde n-Propanal n-Propionaldehyde CHEBI:17153 propanal CAS:123-38-6 ChemIDplus CAS:123-38-6 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:123-38-6 NIST Chemistry WebBook PMID:20097366 Europe PMC PMID:21568340 Europe PMC Reaxys:506010 Reaxys UM-BBD_compID:c0207 UM-BBD Propanal KEGG_COMPOUND propanal UniProt propionaldehyde IUPAC 1-Propanal NIST_Chemistry_WebBook Aldehyde propionique ChemIDplus C2H5CHO NIST_Chemistry_WebBook Methylacetaldehyde ChemIDplus Propaldehyde ChemIDplus Propanaldehyde ChemIDplus Propional ChemIDplus Propionaldehyde KEGG_COMPOUND Propionic aldehyde ChemIDplus Propyl aldehyde ChemIDplus Propylaldehyde ChemIDplus Propylic aldehyde ChemIDplus n-Propanal ChemIDplus n-Propionaldehyde NIST_Chemistry_WebBook A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. 0 CO InChI=1S/CO/c1-2 UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 28.01010 27.99491 [C-]#[O+] CHEBI:13281 CHEBI:23013 CHEBI:3282 CHEBI:41526 Beilstein:1900508 Beilstein:3535285 Beilstein:3587264 CAS:630-08-0 Gmelin:421 HMDB:HMDB0001361 KEGG:C00237 KEGG:D09706 MetaCyc:CARBON-MONOXIDE MolBase:753 PDBeChem:CMO PMID:10085152 PMID:10679539 PMID:11572959 PMID:14527438 PMID:14563665 PMID:15127883 PMID:15598489 PMID:16371440 PMID:16520836 PMID:17041734 PMID:18094356 PMID:19909254 PMID:23762709 PMID:7022476 PMID:8240252 PMID:8620577 UM-BBD_compID:c0369 Wikipedia:Carbon_monoxide CARBON MONOXIDE Carbon monoxide carbon monooxide carbon monoxide carbon(II) oxide chebi_ontology C#O CO [CO] CHEBI:17245 carbon monoxide Beilstein:1900508 Beilstein Beilstein:3535285 Beilstein Beilstein:3587264 Beilstein CAS:630-08-0 ChemIDplus CAS:630-08-0 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:630-08-0 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:421 Gmelin PMID:10085152 Europe PMC PMID:10679539 Europe PMC PMID:11572959 Europe PMC PMID:14527438 Europe PMC PMID:14563665 Europe PMC PMID:15127883 Europe PMC PMID:15598489 Europe PMC PMID:16371440 Europe PMC PMID:16520836 Europe PMC PMID:17041734 Europe PMC PMID:18094356 Europe PMC PMID:19909254 Europe PMC PMID:23762709 Europe PMC PMID:7022476 Europe PMC PMID:8240252 Europe PMC PMID:8620577 Europe PMC UM-BBD_compID:c0369 UM-BBD CARBON MONOXIDE PDBeChem Carbon monoxide KEGG_COMPOUND carbon monooxide IUPAC carbon monoxide IUPAC carbon(II) oxide IUPAC C#O ChEBI CO KEGG_COMPOUND CO UniProt [CO] MolBase A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. 0 CHOR 29.01800 29.00274 [H]C([*])=O CHEBI:13432 CHEBI:13753 CHEBI:13805 CHEBI:13806 CHEBI:22291 CHEBI:2554 CHEBI:8750 KEGG:C00071 Aldehyde aldehyde aldehydes chebi_ontology Aldehyd RC(=O)H RCHO aldehido aldehidos aldehydes aldehydum an aldehyde CHEBI:17478 aldehyde Aldehyde KEGG_COMPOUND aldehyde ChEBI aldehyde IUPAC aldehydes IUPAC Aldehyd ChEBI RC(=O)H IUPAC RCHO KEGG_COMPOUND aldehido ChEBI aldehidos ChEBI aldehydes ChEBI aldehydum ChEBI an aldehyde UniProt A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicotine. Beilstein:82108 Beilstein:82111 CAS:22083-74-5 DrugBank:DB00184 HMDB:HMDB0014330 KEGG:C16150 KNApSAcK:C00002057 PMID:10751565 PMID:11192937 PMID:11471991 PMID:11559179 PMID:11682702 PMID:11714820 PMID:11719700 PMID:11801622 PMID:11818389 PMID:11860617 PMID:12197757 PMID:12700710 PMID:12965231 PMID:14715938 PMID:15183514 PMID:15251917 PMID:15313135 PMID:15458549 PMID:15707677 PMID:15894687 PMID:15960296 PMID:15961264 PMID:16496293 PMID:16950410 PMID:17167832 PMID:17206646 PMID:17438652 PMID:17498149 PMID:17942810 PMID:18077004 PMID:18311975 PMID:18380035 PMID:18383130 PMID:18651995 PMID:18922921 PMID:19100331 PMID:19287496 PMID:19389046 PMID:19465085 PMID:20338106 PMID:20528766 PMID:21636612 PMID:21822688 PMID:21945235 PMID:22129149 PMID:22218403 PMID:22331007 PMID:22377934 PMID:22448647 PMID:22459798 PMID:22529223 PMID:22573728 PMID:22585541 PMID:22589423 PMID:22770225 PMID:22792725 PMID:22855884 PMID:22930863 PMID:22935730 PMID:23108361 PMID:23117126 PMID:7097594 PMID:7564279 PMID:7566693 PMID:7807214 PMID:7896575 PMID:8156919 PMID:8545712 PMID:8764340 PMID:9203638 PMID:9450943 PMID:9621392 Reaxys:82108 UM-BBD_compID:c0468 Wikipedia:Nicotine rac-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine chebi_ontology (+-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine (+-)-nicotine (R,S)-nicotine (RS)-nicotine nicotin nikotin CHEBI:18723 nicotine Beilstein:82108 Beilstein Beilstein:82111 Beilstein CAS:22083-74-5 ChemIDplus CAS:22083-74-5 KEGG COMPOUND PMID:10751565 Europe PMC PMID:11192937 Europe PMC PMID:11471991 Europe PMC PMID:11559179 Europe PMC PMID:11682702 Europe PMC PMID:11714820 Europe PMC PMID:11719700 Europe PMC PMID:11801622 Europe PMC PMID:11818389 Europe PMC PMID:11860617 Europe PMC PMID:12197757 Europe PMC PMID:12700710 Europe PMC PMID:12965231 Europe PMC PMID:14715938 Europe PMC PMID:15183514 Europe PMC PMID:15251917 Europe PMC PMID:15313135 Europe PMC PMID:15458549 Europe PMC PMID:15707677 Europe PMC PMID:15894687 Europe PMC PMID:15960296 Europe PMC PMID:15961264 Europe PMC PMID:16496293 Europe PMC PMID:16950410 Europe PMC PMID:17167832 Europe PMC