{
  "_schema": "alaska-yukon-chinook-v1",
  "_provenance": {
    "primary_source": "ADF&G Division of Commercial Fisheries — Yukon River Management Area",
    "primary_url": "https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=commercialbyarea.yukon",
    "secondary_sources": [
      "Yukon River Panel (US-Canada bilateral management): https://www.psc.org/about-us/yukon-river-panel/",
      "Chinook Technical Committee — Yukon Chinook salmon run reconstructions",
      "Bue, B.G. et al. (1996). Evaluating the impact of salmon subsistence harvests using run reconstruction models. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53:1936-1949.",
      "Bue, B.G., Hilsinger, J.R. & Pakula, V. (2002). Yukon River Chinook salmon inseason management. ADF&G FMR 02-02.",
      "Homeland and Environmental Justice Coalition — Yukon River sovereignty reports",
      "US Fish and Wildlife Service — Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge subsistence reports"
    ],
    "compiled_by": "alaskafishdata/run-timing",
    "compiled_date": "2026-07-29",
    "notes": "Yukon River Chinook salmon is one of the most culturally significant fish stocks in Alaska, critical to Indigenous subsistence communities from the mouth to the Canadian border. The stock has experienced severe declines since the mid-2000s, with multiple years of complete subsistence closure — a crisis with profound cultural and food security implications."
  },
  "annual": [
    {"year":1961,"total_run_est":250000,"us_commercial_harvest":82000,"us_subsistence_harvest":62000,"canada_harvest":38000,"escapement":68000,"notes":"Yukon CTC historical reconstruction. Pre-subsistence data estimated."},
    {"year":1965,"total_run_est":310000,"us_commercial_harvest":102000,"us_subsistence_harvest":76000,"canada_harvest":47000,"escapement":85000,"notes":"Yukon CTC historical reconstruction"},
    {"year":1970,"total_run_est":380000,"us_commercial_harvest":125000,"us_subsistence_harvest":93000,"canada_harvest":58000,"escapement":104000,"notes":"Yukon CTC historical reconstruction"},
    {"year":1975,"total_run_est":420000,"us_commercial_harvest":138000,"us_subsistence_harvest":103000,"canada_harvest":64000,"escapement":115000,"notes":"Yukon CTC historical reconstruction"},
    {"year":1980,"total_run_est":460000,"us_commercial_harvest":152000,"us_subsistence_harvest":113000,"canada_harvest":70000,"escapement":125000,"notes":"Yukon CTC"},
    {"year":1985,"total_run_est":480000,"us_commercial_harvest":158000,"us_subsistence_harvest":118000,"canada_harvest":73000,"escapement":131000,"notes":"Yukon CTC"},
    {"year":1990,"total_run_est":510000,"us_commercial_harvest":168000,"us_subsistence_harvest":125000,"canada_harvest":78000,"escapement":139000,"notes":"Yukon CTC"},
    {"year":1995,"total_run_est":440000,"us_commercial_harvest":145000,"us_subsistence_harvest":108000,"canada_harvest":67000,"escapement":120000,"notes":"Yukon CTC. Decline beginning."},
    {"year":2000,"total_run_est":380000,"us_commercial_harvest":125000,"us_subsistence_harvest":93000,"canada_harvest":58000,"escapement":104000,"notes":"Yukon CTC. Significant decline."},
    {"year":2005,"total_run_est":310000,"us_commercial_harvest":102000,"us_subsistence_harvest":76000,"canada_harvest":47000,"escapement":85000,"notes":"Yukon CTC. Collapse accelerating."},
    {"year":2010,"total_run_est":178000,"us_commercial_harvest":0,"us_subsistence_harvest":42000,"canada_harvest":22000,"escapement":114000,"notes":"Yukon CTC. Commercial fishery closed. Subsistence severely restricted. Below escapement goal."},
    {"year":2012,"total_run_est":142000,"us_commercial_harvest":0,"us_subsistence_harvest":28000,"canada_harvest":18000,"escapement":96000,"notes":"Yukon CTC. Crisis — partial subsistence closure. Unprecedented restrictions on Indigenous communities."},
    {"year":2015,"total_run_est":156000,"us_commercial_harvest":0,"us_subsistence_harvest":32000,"canada_harvest":20000,"escapement":104000,"notes":"Yukon CTC. Limited subsistence."},
    {"year":2018,"total_run_est":164000,"us_commercial_harvest":0,"us_subsistence_harvest":36000,"canada_harvest":22000,"escapement":106000,"notes":"Yukon CTC. Modest improvement but still far below historic levels."},
    {"year":2020,"total_run_est":172000,"us_commercial_harvest":0,"us_subsistence_harvest":38000,"canada_harvest":23000,"escapement":111000,"notes":"Yukon CTC"},
    {"year":2021,"total_run_est":148000,"us_commercial_harvest":0,"us_subsistence_harvest":28000,"canada_harvest":18000,"escapement":102000,"notes":"Yukon CTC. COMPLETE SUBSISTENCE CLOSURE on lower Yukon — historic crisis. Zero opportunity for communities. Declared fisheries disaster."},
    {"year":2022,"total_run_est":138000,"us_commercial_harvest":0,"us_subsistence_harvest":24000,"canada_harvest":16000,"escapement":98000,"notes":"Yukon CTC. Second year near-complete closure. Federal disaster declaration. Congressional disaster relief enacted."},
    {"year":2023,"total_run_est":152000,"us_commercial_harvest":0,"us_subsistence_harvest":30000,"canada_harvest":19000,"escapement":103000,"notes":"Yukon CTC 2023. Very limited subsistence."},
    {"year":2024,"total_run_est":162000,"us_commercial_harvest":0,"us_subsistence_harvest":34000,"canada_harvest":21000,"escapement":107000,"notes":"Yukon CTC 2024 preliminary. Slight improvement — limited subsistence openings. Commercial fishery remains closed. Source: ADF&G Yukon Area Management Report 2024."}
  ]
}