{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## How not to feel bored – 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Библиотека для символьных вычислений `sympy`: продолжение\n",
    "\n",
    "### Интегралы в `sympy` "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Для начала импортируем библиотеку (если ещё не работали с `sympy`, см. обзор [здесь](https://github.com/allatambov/py-icef/blob/master/add/sympy-1.ipynb)) и определим символы для переменных, с которыми будем работать."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sympy import *\n",
    "x, y = symbols(\"x y\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Найдём неопределённый интеграл от какой-нибудь функции. Зададим саму функцию и выведем её в красивом свёрстанном виде:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABcAAAAqBAMAAACq4N3gAAAAMFBMVEX///8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAv3aB7AAAAD3RSTlMAMt0Qq5nNdrvvIolEZlSFnHVmAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAqUlEQVQoFWNgAAEhAzAFIphd8xEcBob6QcXxmK9SAHcpPRj/EeADFexbGtYIN4XLgWH/ARiPxYCBcwKMw/mZgeUXjMOiwMDyEcYB0kwfGMxLDHc/AAvJFzAEsLuzKoA5qgy8C9h/sVwAcVgDGBgZOBLA4gxXQRQ/JOD4NjCsYmA4v4DZACgmzcBQbHHAn4EbyOZSDQ1ReC8cyXAOyGEDejvBtJwv9gEDAwBMADQNYPFDtwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\frac{1}{2 x}$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " 1 \n",
       "───\n",
       "2⋅x"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "init_printing()\n",
    "fx = 1 / (2 * x)\n",
    "fx"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Вычислим интеграл (в `sympy` константа $C$ в неопределённых интегралах будет опускаться):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\frac{1}{2} \\log{\\left (x \\right )}$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "log(x)\n",
       "──────\n",
       "  2   "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(fx, x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Или что-то более сложное:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "$f(x) = \\dfrac{1}{1+x^2}$"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\operatorname{atan}{\\left (x \\right )}$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "atan(x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(1 / (1 + x ** 2), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "$f(x) = \\sin(x) + \\cos(x) \\cdot e^x$"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYIAAAArBAMAAACHsJIoAAAAMFBMVEX///8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAv3aB7AAAAD3RSTlMAEIl2mUTdMiJmu6tUze/kkN0jAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAFcklEQVRoBaWZbWhbVRjH/2nz3jaNs6BuyLLNidIJoekHpb7ETuaG4ILCYKA124coKCy+TRiiVxyCBV2lCmModhR1KEqH+1K/LKj4cUY/DBTFFqagk60wt3ai1uck59yX85bc3vMh5znP//n9z3NucpNbCrRGaedNTjsK/xqFtewWzrbX+WKgYXGzSVFYi29I2wxmUxY3qxSFtRiHtl22mHWSorAW73C2qaW0xcsuRWEtzuFs3+xp9ljMrFIU1mIcwja2ZTS/4Z0tmyxuRikKazQFQtruqacKFjerFIW1GIezTV9Fb8XiZpOisBbfkLbZSyNbLW5WKQprMQ5pOzhn8lo3fNIk8byZ7QDaZYutrqfBgsmujB0miefNbAfQLltsdT0lC0BD63gZR+pawU2aWbdkLYHFVtdTpokhR7vPW+IEXFZ/88wsMxT1HGepwHDaK1HmaRZbbU8jpaIHB6ObW8veRjubUOssLHAnN3uYz9K0RtuOPdGl+11sldrXir4Ua9GSWKuzxwL9Ba6LVqXyELY+spueEn8JYDLPolhTrAdaa7HSzR4L3OgWfOdGviCMrQ/rqifRZ3ou5RAbnxIGmTKP9oqMMguWhF2u+LYb+QKNrU81heaedMTkC8+xhnKetsjDr7yUOVpwpZzvXF7SjSBsvYwxMvekQy6urrL0o572Aw+7OUGi6XIDU27oBRpbTzRG5p44krqj1HzjPA6ee3WsKFzGKbh27LrNDWCY57QnkNh4gW6h0slntgE9c8QNbd6G2PbRCp6dvovZaGxZWh0yyCrM8HqgiieB88XUivBiF77c+3m8CrzHc9oTSCy78HGMFel3nb7fkf4TE/WDDmZjM0gyG40tdw9OCmiHJ/Io4BPgM+CqMHqKWnB6V/qoo294TnsCiU02gKO4x5mn79UqMNDEGWc/8PLzi+hhNhpbllaGArKKALzqjiUg+fftYCf4GLgkvH4FUsjSZaTt2cuOWu1CrUZvFOCiqyqbqwB1fMrKUqRuLND8DzBYODDrsKRkGztbY6POpICtAmpgluIjdttqWXMC2rjIKiZ4mfY9kFh2An4dEgt0eDLov0xGM+t+af3g0AlkW5ZRhgKyCjP8Cm5Ylk/wE0Mec2L5Dp8iiR1oEJZYwTXtT9HGMn8PduZj79dJ0thSVh0KyErMMF3cefkEs8D6yunWh/cY30D7HkhstojYB31LdF8hM9O6D9A4R5fixSLYLQWNLXcPTnQfBEEmm+EzeZxgN8GPvvtgGPj26QfxCIHbuTk1qw6Jpa/Q/uWhhUSDvpKKraetHuelOr7vX0TWIVpjq3pShh61giCrkuEUcH2bfmh6pHLowvFD/3107MpcO4U99F1e6t/VoOUTPOU7gZFNVOnrv/j1u4QkHXrZMH4L0uPDlcStpa3MRmPL0nzUEXN4KIMsLcO5f8/u4+WaKVkXyXSVR74TmNnHBYbX3MgXaGx96sWfa3nfUg5lOHlgv6U8Uxa8+zC2V2To+hpZ73nOe8bzOGhsfWrtyibfSglluE+pCCROiNWkCHyzmW192lllesZX74VWW/ER9sqDkQSbu2hh9LjQHsdF4JvNLD0+tEdW/wZbbTudQILNXbRaSE+1O8k47TnwamFf54VHA4C7sNp2OoEE902P1l3jkEEU1rLVfOl+i6pI2Xyafu/XNqKwlh2P40jFImukDzW5blNRWPMe2apZ0ym7HV22u1wU1rxD3P0DxVzjKvQIvHutN0IU1m1ACbJNxMP8E+o34LRi0mUiCmveIldF35JZVpQC8IeS7DIRhTVvQX/F5WbMsqIcRu+ikuwyEYU1b5Eu4+68WVaU9H2nwpQH+ChswCi4OPzAvcGEefU/tJ+1kUNlqeQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\frac{e^{x}}{5} \\sin^{2}{\\left (x \\right )} + \\frac{e^{x}}{5} \\sin{\\left (x \\right )} \\cos{\\left (x \\right )} - \\frac{e^{x}}{5} \\cos^{2}{\\left (x \\right )}$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " x    2       x                  x    2   \n",
       "ℯ ⋅sin (x)   ℯ ⋅sin(x)⋅cos(x)   ℯ ⋅cos (x)\n",
       "────────── + ──────────────── - ──────────\n",
       "    5               5               5     "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(sin(x) * cos(x) * exp(x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "А теперь посчитаем определённый интеграл. Для этого достаточно дописать границы отрезка, на котором мы интегрируем, внутри функции `integrate()`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAHgAAAAVBAMAAAB/IDdlAAAAMFBMVEX///8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAv3aB7AAAAD3RSTlMAEM3dMquZdrvvRGZUIonaR28CAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAACAUlEQVQ4EZWSPWgUQRTHf/eZva9kCWinpFQEPVmNlbqgjY23ksIikBxRN4UgZ2MV5ARBAgFjI6bysJMUOSzE8iCFYCEroggibBMsNSoIoqxvdoZNNhtC7sG8efPm/5t5O29haGtowkxD4gtaX+1s44onty1U2PCPuFA86qXz9RA+zt0Hc4jaPTC3mRbxgdE/kirsgMflWI9vPfL2FjCSwKs6eQVWJLJ2wDehZFNZptbeDX6tk09tZoMsvAyVTUr/4NEe8BTMuilYPXB1Qm5uUvoFx/aAZeu8DCk7N3+nR3VmeqEJ5TBGCt9hI45it/XNpmx56d+yI/CFgAe07Eq/B/l+rG514EUcxW4XuNCWHYHPQcudUtXK4w/EwaSMdcYdZafAwNccZ8VxTscKX3nLK/6FsdDAlZ5KltviWirSlr1Z98Ly6tLuse6aXVAVa/ilYp5rUPks/JZGkNzcPjgzrWT5gbh6yBdVdmIZuBgyYsff/BjW3DdaaXVkvgy34VXCZm9+7/vSavVgl1yO8+ziOyUe9eT3nPRvNGE+gUuLP6+ahWnViSj6Ie16+CRo3NqQXzmKzoigKpSE0QScNfrUlPQ5lV3i0LoqWRqjrSHHZG01m5I36kJNBvFDK0W5r/y+LCc3WgORWoHRf9oXp0WHv969rqJcV6+5Z+ahps9aXQv4D91/eBtLz+GiAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$-1 + 2 \\log{\\left (2 \\right )}$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "-1 + 2⋅log(2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(log(x), (x, 1, 2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Обратите внимание:** в таком случае все аргументы функции вводятся в круглых скобках – они должны быть оформлены в кортеж (*tuple*). Пример кортежа:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = (2, 5, 10) \n",
    "t"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Иначе ничего не получится:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ValueError",
     "evalue": "Invalid limits given: (x, 1, 2)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-22-b07d1598b3ef>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mintegrate\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlog\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sympy/integrals/integrals.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mintegrate\u001b[0;34m(*args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1289\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mrisch\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'risch'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1290\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mmanual\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'manual'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1291\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0mintegral\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mIntegral\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0margs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkwargs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m   1292\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1293\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0misinstance\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mintegral\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mIntegral\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sympy/integrals/integrals.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__new__\u001b[0;34m(cls, function, *symbols, **assumptions)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     73\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfunction\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_eval_Integral\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0msymbols\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0massumptions\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     74\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 75\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mAddWithLimits\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__new__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfunction\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0msymbols\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m**\u001b[0m\u001b[0massumptions\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     76\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mobj\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     77\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sympy/concrete/expr_with_limits.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__new__\u001b[0;34m(cls, function, *symbols, **assumptions)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    366\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    367\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0msymbols\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 368\u001b[0;31m             \u001b[0mlimits\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0morientation\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_process_limits\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0msymbols\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    369\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;32melse\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    370\u001b[0m             \u001b[0;31m# symbol not provided -- we can still try to compute a general form\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sympy/concrete/expr_with_limits.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_process_limits\u001b[0;34m(*symbols)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     67\u001b[0m                     \u001b[0;32mcontinue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     68\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 69\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mValueError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Invalid limits given: %s'\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m%\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0msymbols\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     70\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     71\u001b[0m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlimits\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0morientation\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: Invalid limits given: (x, 1, 2)"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(log(x), x, 1, 2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "А теперь рассмотрим какой-нибудь несобственный интеграл, например, интеграл, где оба предела интегрирования стремятся к $\\pm \\infty$:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAJBAMAAAD0ltBnAAAAMFBMVEX///8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAv3aB7AAAAD3RSTlMAdu+ZiURUMmYiu6sQ3c2sJJ3AAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAPklEQVQIHWNgEPr///9nBhbXlArxAoYyBknGAgYgWMB9AEiyb+AFcZgT+EHU+QP8AUBKjoHJAUgtY+B2YAAA88kMj3opkRQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\pi$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "π"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(1 / (1 + x ** 2), (x, -oo, oo))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Примечание:** символ для бесконечности немного нетривиальный – проще всего его просто скопировать из какой-нибудь документации `sympy` (если под рукой нет готового файла)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Интересный факт:** вместо готового значения можно вывести само выражение для интегрирования:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} \\frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}\\, dx$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "∞           \n",
       "⌠           \n",
       "⎮    1      \n",
       "⎮  ────── dx\n",
       "⎮   2       \n",
       "⎮  x  + 1   \n",
       "⌡           \n",
       "-∞          "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Integral(1 / (1 + x ** 2), (x, -oo, oo))  # Integral vs integrate"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Про особенности вычисления интегралов в `sympy` можно почитать [здесь](https://docs.sympy.org/latest/modules/integrals/integrals.html), раздел *API Reference*."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Пределы в `sympy`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Посчитаем предел функции $f(x) = e^{-x}$ при $x \\to \\infty$:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\lim_{x \\to \\infty} e^{- x}$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     -x\n",
       "lim ℯ  \n",
       "x─→∞   "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Limit(exp(-x), x, oo)  # пока само выражение"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAOBAMAAADkjZCYAAAAMFBMVEX///8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAv3aB7AAAAD3RSTlMAiXaZIs1UEN1mu6tEMu+iw/3TAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAV0lEQVQIHWNgYBQyYWBgCGOocGDgbGBgXMDAtYGB7TsDvwEDzzeGeiD5k8FfgIH3E5j8yFAvwMDzCSTL9o2BawED53cGzgcMzAEMDG0MdRcYGAqV9jIAAMSUErnbiJtLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$0$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "limit(exp(-x), x, oo) # результат"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "А что, если предел равен бесконечности? Проверим:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAAKBAMAAACkp3isAAAAMFBMVEX///8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAv3aB7AAAAD3RSTlMAMnaZZhC7ie9EVM0iq905P93KAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAb0lEQVQIHWNgEDJhYGAIMQlgYGBJquhk4NoZWMjAcJiBdf+EtQwM7AwMBQwMEb82MDAwTmBQYGDg/D8BqNwBxGSovwAkFMDMbV8YGHgWMCxkYOBdsH8CA3sAA3MAaxJD3JcYkOm1uQIMDNq/FzAAAO/uGCbPqITdAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\infty$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "∞"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "limit(exp(-x), x, -oo)  # и правда"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "А если предела не существует совсем (даже не-конечного)?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADkAAAAVBAMAAAAOWFv7AAAAMFBMVEX///8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAv3aB7AAAAD3RSTlMAIruJVN2ZMhDNdmZEq+/d7cTSAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVQoFWNgYBBgwA4KQMKMCkACG1AHCTI7IKRKG6Bs9ggGBjcQmxUqwMDAcW1+A4TTm/kDKgFWAlWxHirLwAWUBRsKNh6bLKMC0LgJUBkQhaKXYSIDA9cGnLLOyI7C0At071kkrWgmsx1gyAFaPTUUBIBhg2ov+wWG1bj1shgwdOKW5RRgYBJAkgaZDERAnwBDg0GIgQGoHQGAshw/QVywrAmQEYCQvPQ+dgFDaAMDA6/e11sQGZAKZMDSAOWxJAAZQNNRADOMB3YRZwOMC6G7YFywb7gXwLgQegOMCwkJBRgXjQaKAwD3mDYzMQtRhAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\langle -1, 1\\rangle$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<-1, 1>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "limit(sin(1/x), x, 0) # странный ответ, попробуйте понять, почему"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`Sympy` также умеет вычислять односторонние пределы:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\lim_{x \\to 2^-} \\frac{1}{x - 2}$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       1  \n",
       " lim ─────\n",
       "x─→2⁻x - 2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Limit(1 / (x - 2), x, 2, '-') # левосторонний предел"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACMAAAAKBAMAAADMVPqUAAAAMFBMVEX///8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAv3aB7AAAAD3RSTlMAEM3dMnaZZruJ70RUIqsKEj5BAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAgElEQVQIHWNggAHXdCBLPF0AxmdgYG+dtZqBR1tkCkLoGgOj/oZzDAycCKEJDAxSfxQYGFg2MAgZg4AJQwADA/f/DUAlBXBlQCGG+Q+ABIgBASCWxncGBt4DUAEGhiMMDHwH9DcwcArAhdgEGFsZhL/LglwHA/P6HBgYgj4dYAAAf14ZMFtvYvoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$-\\infty$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "-∞"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "limit(1 / (x - 2), x, 2, '-') # вычисляем"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "Limit(1 / (x - 2), x, 2, '+') # правосторонний предел"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "limit(1 / (x - 2), x, 2, '+') # вычисляем"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Немного про матрицы в `sympy`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Создадим матрицу `M` и посмотрим на неё:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left[\\begin{matrix}2 & 1\\\\1 & 2\\end{matrix}\\right]$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎡2  1⎤\n",
       "⎢    ⎥\n",
       "⎣1  2⎦"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "M = Matrix([[2, 1], [1, 2]])\n",
    "M"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Найдём обратную матрицу:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left[\\begin{matrix}\\frac{2}{3} & - \\frac{1}{3}\\\\- \\frac{1}{3} & \\frac{2}{3}\\end{matrix}\\right]$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎡2/3   -1/3⎤\n",
       "⎢          ⎥\n",
       "⎣-1/3  2/3 ⎦"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "M.inv()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Найдём её ранг:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAOBAMAAAAPuiubAAAAMFBMVEX///8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAv3aB7AAAAD3RSTlMAIpnNuzKriUQQ7912ZlSugimNAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAT0lEQVQIHWNgVDIJYGAQY2D/wcCQycCwioFh/QSGfAGGbAaGfKAEA8N+EMH6B0RyK4BIJRDBqwAinzMwCjCwFjDwTGCQVlICarH///8zAwAXpw31OpgbMwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$2$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "M.rank() # в данном случае ожидаемо, что он равен 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Посчитаем собственные значения матрицы `M`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left \\{ 1 : 1, \\quad 3 : 1\\right \\}$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "{1: 1, 3: 1}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "M.eigenvals() # два значения: 1 и 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "И собственные векторы (какие-нибудь):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left [ \\left ( 1, \\quad 1, \\quad \\left [ \\left[\\begin{matrix}-1\\\\1\\end{matrix}\\right]\\right ]\\right ), \\quad \\left ( 3, \\quad 1, \\quad \\left [ \\left[\\begin{matrix}1\\\\1\\end{matrix}\\right]\\right ]\\right )\\right ]$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎡⎛      ⎡⎡-1⎤⎤⎞  ⎛      ⎡⎡1⎤⎤⎞⎤\n",
       "⎢⎜1, 1, ⎢⎢  ⎥⎥⎟, ⎜3, 1, ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎟⎥\n",
       "⎣⎝      ⎣⎣1 ⎦⎦⎠  ⎝      ⎣⎣1⎦⎦⎠⎦"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "M.eigenvects() # два собственных вектора"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Приведём матрицу к диагональному виду:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left ( \\left[\\begin{matrix}-1 & 1\\\\1 & 1\\end{matrix}\\right], \\quad \\left[\\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\\\0 & 3\\end{matrix}\\right]\\right )$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎛⎡-1  1⎤  ⎡1  0⎤⎞\n",
       "⎜⎢     ⎥, ⎢    ⎥⎟\n",
       "⎝⎣1   1⎦  ⎣0  3⎦⎠"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "M.diagonalize()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Почему результат включает две матрицы? Вторая матрица – это итоговая диагональная матрица, а первая – это матрица $P$ отсюда:\n",
    "\n",
    "$$\n",
    "M=PDP^{−1} \n",
    "$$\n",
    "\n",
    "**Примечание:** $M$ – это наша исходная матрица, $D$ – диагоналльная матрица."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Можем извлечь диагональную матрицу из полученного кортежа:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left[\\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\\\0 & 3\\end{matrix}\\right]$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎡1  0⎤\n",
       "⎢    ⎥\n",
       "⎣0  3⎦"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "M.diagonalize()[1]  # второй элемент – элемент с индексом 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Или используем множественное присваивание:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left[\\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\\\0 & 3\\end{matrix}\\right]$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎡1  0⎤\n",
       "⎢    ⎥\n",
       "⎣0  3⎦"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "P, D = M.diagonalize()\n",
    "D"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Можем разложить матрицу, выбрав определённый метод разложения. Например, выберем LU-разложение, то есть представим матрицу `M` в виде произведения нижней треугольной матрицы (*Lower*) и верхней треугольной матрицы (*Upper*): "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left ( \\left[\\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\\\\\frac{1}{2} & 1\\end{matrix}\\right], \\quad \\left[\\begin{matrix}2 & 1\\\\0 & \\frac{3}{2}\\end{matrix}\\right], \\quad \\left [ \\right ]\\right )$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎛⎡ 1   0⎤  ⎡2   1 ⎤    ⎞\n",
       "⎜⎢      ⎥, ⎢      ⎥, []⎟\n",
       "⎝⎣1/2  1⎦  ⎣0  3/2⎦    ⎠"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "M.LUdecomposition()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Проверим, что всё работает корректно – перемножим матрицы из выдачи выше. Опять извлечём первые две матрицы из кортежа:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "L, U, N = M.LUdecomposition()  # N - просто так, пустая матрица"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left[\\begin{matrix}1 & 0\\\\\\frac{1}{2} & 1\\end{matrix}\\right]$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎡ 1   0⎤\n",
       "⎢      ⎥\n",
       "⎣1/2  1⎦"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "L"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\left[\\begin{matrix}2 & 1\\\\0 & \\frac{3}{2}\\end{matrix}\\right]$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎡2   1 ⎤\n",
       "⎢      ⎥\n",
       "⎣0  3/2⎦"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "U"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Перемножим и сравним:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "L * U == M  # действительно"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Задания "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Задача 1\n",
    "\n",
    "Вычислите с помощью `sympy` пределы 1, 7, 10, 12, 13 [отсюда](http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcI/ComputingLimits.aspx) и сравните результаты с предложенными решениями. Всегда ли `sympy` корректно возвращает результат (особенно интересуют случаи, когда предел равен $\\pm\\infty$ или не существует).\n",
    "\n",
    "**Подсказка:** кусочно-заданную функцию можно определить с помощью функции `Piecewise()`. Пример:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/latex": [
       "$$\\begin{cases} 0 & \\text{for}\\: x > 1 \\vee x < -1 \\\\x^{2} & \\text{otherwise} \\end{cases}$$"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "⎧0   for x > 1 ∨ x < -1\n",
       "⎪                      \n",
       "⎨ 2                    \n",
       "⎪x       otherwise     \n",
       "⎩                      "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Piecewise((0, x < -1),\n",
    "    (0, x > 1),\n",
    "    ( (x ** 2, True)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Задача 2\n",
    "\n",
    "Вычислите следующие неопределённые и определённые интегралы:\n",
    "\n",
    "* $\\int(\\sin\\pi x) dx$\n",
    "* $\\int\\frac{x^2}{\\sqrt{1-x}} dx$\n",
    "* $\\int\\limits_1^2\\tan(x^2) dx$"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Задача 3\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Найдите собственные значения матрицы `A` в общем виде (считая, что `a` и `b` – это какие-то числа):\n",
    "\n",
    "$$\n",
    "\\begin{pmatrix}\n",
    "a & 3 \\\\\n",
    "7 & b\n",
    "\\end{pmatrix}\n",
    "$$\n",
    "\n",
    "2. Извлеките полученные на предыдущем шаге собственные значения из словаря так, чтобы с ними можно было работать по отдельности (сохраните первое как `lamda1`, второе – как `lamda2`. Вычислите значения `lamda1` и `lamda2`, считая, что $a=5$, $b = 7$.\n",
    "\n",
    "3. Найдите собственные вектора матрицы `A` в общем виде (считая, что `a` и `b` – это какие-то числа). Покажите, что эти вектора перпендикулярны друг другу. \n",
    "\n",
    "**Подсказка:** Для этого погуглите или посмотрите в документации `sympy`, как считать скалярное произведение векторов."
   ]
  }
 ],
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