{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Quantum states\n",
    "Useful for working examples and problems with photon quantum states. You may notice some similarity to the Jones Calculus ;-)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from numpy import sqrt\n",
    "from qutip import *"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "These are the polarization states:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "H = Qobj([[1],[0]])\n",
    "V = Qobj([[0],[1]])\n",
    "P45 = Qobj([[1/sqrt(2)],[1/sqrt(2)]])\n",
    "M45 = Qobj([[1/sqrt(2)],[-1/sqrt(2)]])\n",
    "R = Qobj([[1/sqrt(2)],[-1j/sqrt(2)]])\n",
    "L = Qobj([[1/sqrt(2)],[1j/sqrt(2)]])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Devices:\n",
    "\n",
    "HWP - Half-wave plate axis at $\\theta$ to the horizontal\n",
    "\n",
    "LP - Linear polarizer, axis at $\\theta$\n",
    "\n",
    "QWP - Quarter-wave plate, axis at $\\theta$\n",
    "\n",
    "Note, these are functions so you need to call them with a specific value of theta."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def HWP(theta):\n",
    "    return Qobj([[cos(2*theta),sin(2*theta)],[sin(2*theta),-cos(2*theta)]]).tidyup()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def LP(theta):\n",
    "    return Qobj([[cos(theta)**2,cos(theta)*sin(theta)],[sin(theta)*cos(theta),sin(theta)**2]]).tidyup()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def QWP(theta):\n",
    "    return Qobj([[cos(theta)**2 + 1j*sin(theta)**2,\n",
    "                 (1-1j)*sin(theta)*cos(theta)],\n",
    "                [(1-1j)*sin(theta)*cos(theta),\n",
    "                 sin(theta)**2 + 1j*cos(theta)**2]]).tidyup()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 1) Check that the $|H\\rangle$ state is normalized"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/latex": [
       "Quantum object: dims = [[1], [1]], shape = [1, 1], type = oper, isherm = True\\begin{equation*}\\left(\\begin{array}{*{11}c}1.0\\\\\\end{array}\\right)\\end{equation*}"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Quantum object: dims = [[1], [1]], shape = [1, 1], type = oper, isherm = True\n",
       "Qobj data =\n",
       "[[ 1.]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "H.dag()*H"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/latex": [
       "Quantum object: dims = [[2], [1]], shape = [2, 1], type = ket\\begin{equation*}\\left(\\begin{array}{*{11}c}(1.0+1.0j)\\\\(2.0-1.0j)\\\\\\end{array}\\right)\\end{equation*}"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Quantum object: dims = [[2], [1]], shape = [2, 1], type = ket\n",
       "Qobj data =\n",
       "[[ 1.+1.j]\n",
       " [ 2.-1.j]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "psi = Qobj([[1+1j], [2-1j]])\n",
    "psi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/latex": [
       "Quantum object: dims = [[1], [2]], shape = [1, 2], type = bra\\begin{equation*}\\left(\\begin{array}{*{11}c}(1.0-1.0j) & (2.0+1.0j)\\\\\\end{array}\\right)\\end{equation*}"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Quantum object: dims = [[1], [2]], shape = [1, 2], type = bra\n",
       "Qobj data =\n",
       "[[ 1.-1.j  2.+1.j]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "psi.dag()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/latex": [
       "Quantum object: dims = [[2], [1]], shape = [2, 1], type = ket\\begin{equation*}\\left(\\begin{array}{*{11}c}(1.0+1.0j)\\\\(2.0-1.0j)\\\\\\end{array}\\right)\\end{equation*}"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Quantum object: dims = [[2], [1]], shape = [2, 1], type = ket\n",
       "Qobj data =\n",
       "[[ 1.+1.j]\n",
       " [ 2.-1.j]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "psi.dag().dag()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 1) verify that the $|V\\rangle$ state is normalized"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2) Verify that the $|H\\rangle$ and $|V\\rangle$ states are orthogonal. Repeat for the other pairs of states."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3) Find the horizontal component $c_H$ of the state $\\psi = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{5}}|H\\rangle + \\frac{2}{\\sqrt{5}}|V\\rangle$"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4) Verify Eq. (3.18) "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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