cv2obo 29:05:2025 10:16 antibiotic_resistance 1.2 CARD PMID:11324679 PMID:15544496 PMID:27480866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000000 Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000000 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000000 ARO:0000000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000000 macrolide antibiotic PMID:23010009 PMID:3311572 PMID:3802748 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000001 The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000001 fluoroquinolone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000001 quinolone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000001 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000001 ARO:0000001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000001 fluoroquinolone antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000002 A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000002 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000002 ARO:0000002 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000002 tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 CAS:55779-06-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 ChEBI:37923 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 ChEMBL:CHEMBL3084803 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 PubChem:5284517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 Astromicina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 Astromicine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 Astromicinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 fortimicin A http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 ARO:0000003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000003 astromicin PMID:02669628 PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:3871589 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000004 Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000004 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000004 ARO:0000004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000004 monobactam PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 CAS:1404-04-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 ChEBI:7507 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 ChEMBL:CHEMBL3989751 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 PubChem:8378 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 Fradiomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 Fradiomycinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 Framycetinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 Mycifradin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 Neomas http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 Soframycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 framycetin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 neomycin B http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 ARO:0000005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000005 neomycin PMID:10582867 PMID:15980346 PMID:7683018 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 ChEBI:48923 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 ChEMBL:CHEMBL532 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 PubChem:12560 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 Abomacetin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 Emgel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 Eritromicina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 Erymax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 Erythrocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 Erythromycin A http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 Erythromycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 Erythromycinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 N-methylerythromycin A http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 ARO:0000006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000006 erythromycin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 CAS:34493-98-6 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 ChEBI:37945 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 ChEMBL:CHEMBL560976 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 PubChem:470999 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Debecacin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Dibekacina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Dibekacine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Dibekacinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Dideoxykanamycin B http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Icacine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Kappati http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Orbicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 Panamicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 ARO:0000007 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000007 dibekacin PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:3487346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 CAS:35607-66-0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 ChEBI:209807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 ChEMBL:CHEMBL996 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 PubChem:441199 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 FOX http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 Mefoxitin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 mefoxin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 ARO:0000008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000008 cefoxitin PMID:1624425 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000009 Tunicamycin is mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotics that block the reaction of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and dolichyl phosphate in the first step of glycoprotein synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000009 CAS:11089-65-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000009 ChEBI:29699 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000009 ChEMBL:CHEMBL505513 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000009 PubChem:5354023 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000009 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000009 ARO:0000009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000009 tunicamycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000010 Clusters of antibiotic resistance genes. May be regulated by a shared promoter or repressor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000010 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000010 ARO:0000010 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000010 antibiotic resistance gene cluster, cassette, or operon PMID:11585791 PMID:1234495 PMID:15673804 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 CAS:61-72-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 ChEBI:49566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 ChEMBL:CHEMBL891 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 PubChem:6098 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Chloroxacillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Clossacillina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Cloxacilina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Cloxacilline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Cloxacillinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Cloxapen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Methocillin S http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Orbenin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Syntarpen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 Tegopen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 ARO:0000011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000011 cloxacillin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 CAS:3808-42-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 ChEBI:60821 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1801945 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 PubChem:475825 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 nourseothricin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 racemomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 streptothricin F http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 yazumycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 ARO:0000012 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000012 streptothricin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 CAS:37517-28-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 ChEBI:2637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 ChEMBL:CHEMBL177 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 PubChem:37768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 AMK http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 Amicacin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 Amikacina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 Amikacinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 Amikavet http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 Arikace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 Kaminax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 Lukadin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 Mikavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 amikacine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 mikacin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 ARO:0000013 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000013 amikacin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 CAS:11097-82-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 ChEBI:75616 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 ChEMBL:CHEMBL384124 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 PubChem:3084091 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Cidomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Garamycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Gentacycol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Gentamicins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Gentamycinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Gentavet http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Gentocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Refobacin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 Uromycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 ARO:0000014 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000014 gentamicin C PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:3889939 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 CAS:61-32-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 ChEBI:6827 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 ChEMBL:CHEMBL575 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 PubChem:6087 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 Dimocillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 Metacillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 Methicillinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 Methycillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 Meticilina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 Meticilline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 Meticillinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 Staphcillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 meticillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 ARO:0000015 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000015 methicillin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000016 Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000016 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000016 ARO:0000016 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000016 aminoglycoside antibiotic PMID:10582867 PMID:15135500 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000017 Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000017 lincosamide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000017 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000017 ARO:0000017 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000017 lincosamide antibiotic PMID:211438 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000018 Viomycin sulfate (Viocin) is an polypeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus and binds to the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting prokaryotic protein synthesis and certain forms of RNA splicing. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000018 PubChem:135398671 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000018 Celiomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000018 Florimycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000018 Tuberactinomycin B http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000018 Viocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000018 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000018 ARO:0000018 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000018 viomycin PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000020 Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000020 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000020 ARO:0000020 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000020 carbapenem PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 CAS:25546-65-0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 ChEBI:45257 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 ChEMBL:CHEMBL221572 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 PubChem:33042 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 dekamycin IV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 hetangmycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 ribastamin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 vistamycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 xylostatin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 ARO:0000021 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000021 ribostamycin PMID:11706007 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000022 Polymyxins are cationic detergent antibiotics, with a general structure of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail. They disrupt the structure of the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with its phospholipids. Polymyxins have a bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacilli, especially on Pseudomonas and coliform organisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000022 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000022 ARO:0000022 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000022 polymyxin antibiotic PMID:15914491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 CAS:74011-58-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 ChEBI:157175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 ChEMBL:CHEMBL826 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 PubChem:3229 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 Enroxil http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 Penetrex http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 ARO:0000023 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000023 enoxacin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 CAS:12772-35-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 ChEBI:65109 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 ChEMBL:CHEMBL3549904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 PubChem:72393 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 ambutyrosin sulfate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 butirosin sulphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 ARO:0000024 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000024 butirosin PMID:17567049 PMID:18701452 PMID:5809587 PMID:8075064 PMID:8994972 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 CAS:23155-02-4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 ChEBI:28915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1757 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 PubChem:73491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 (1R,2S)-1,2-epoxy-propylphosphonic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 phosphomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 phosphonomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 ARO:0000025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000025 fosfomycin PMID:15700955 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000026 Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000026 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000026 ARO:0000026 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000026 streptogramin antibiotic PMID:10582867 PMID:15980346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000027 Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000027 ChEBI:48844 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000027 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1214185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000027 PubChem:6915744 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000027 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000027 ARO:0000027 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000027 roxithromycin PMID:16323116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000028 Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000028 ChEBI:28001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000028 ChEMBL:CHEMBL262777 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000028 PubChem:14969 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000028 Vancocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000028 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000028 ARO:0000028 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000028 vancomycin PMID:11131961 PMID:16323116 PMID:6235205 PMID:6239854 PMID:6240963 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 CAS:61036-62-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 ChEBI:29687 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 ChEMBL:CHEMBL2367892 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 PubChem:16129712 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 targocid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 teichomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 ARO:0000029 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000029 teicoplanin PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000030 Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000030 CAS:220620-09-7 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000030 ChEBI:149836 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000030 ChEMBL:CHEMBL376140 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000030 PubChem:54686904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000030 Tygacil http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000030 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000030 ARO:0000030 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000030 tigecycline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000031 Resistance to antibiotics is often conferred by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other mutations in target genes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000031 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000031 ARO:0000031 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000031 antibiotic resistant gene variant or mutant PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:6810737 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000032 Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000032 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000032 ARO:0000032 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000032 cephalosporin PMID:12102603 PMID:12860128 PMID:15700955 PMID:17015629 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000034 Streptogramin A antibiotics are cyclic polyketide peptide hybrids that bind to the ribosomal peptidyl transfer centre. Structural variation arises from substituting a proline for its desaturated derivative and by its substitution for Ala or Cys. Used alone, streptogramin A antibiotics are bacteriostatic, but is bactericidal when used with streptogramin B antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000034 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000034 ARO:0000034 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000034 streptogramin A antibiotic PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 CAS:32385-11-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 ChEBI:9169 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 ChEMBL:CHEMBL221886 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 PubChem:36119 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 antibiotic 6640 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 dehydrogentamicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 rickamicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 sisomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 sissomicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 ARO:0000035 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000035 sisomicin PMID:15700957 PMID:15914491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 CAS:85721-33-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 ChEBI:100241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 ChEMBL:CHEMBL8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 PubChem:2764 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 CIP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 Cipro http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 Ciprobay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 Ciproxan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 ARO:0000036 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000036 ciprofloxacin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 CAS:37321-09-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 ChEBI:2790 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1909452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 PubChem:3081545 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 ambylan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 apralan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 nebramycin II http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 ARO:0000037 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000037 apramycin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 CAS:56391-56-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 ChEBI:7528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1572 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 PubChem:441306 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 1-N-aethylsisomicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 netilyn http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 netromycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 vectacin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 ARO:0000038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000038 netilmicin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 CAS:1695-77-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 ChEBI:9215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1167 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 PubChem:15541 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 Actinospectacin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 Spectam http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 Togamycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 Trobicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 ARO:0000039 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000039 spectinomycin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 CAS:57-92-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 ChEBI:17076 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 ChEMBL:CHEMBL372795 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 PubChem:19649 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 streptomycin A http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 streptomycin A sulfate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 streptomycin sulfate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 streptomycin sulphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 ARO:0000040 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000040 streptomycin PMID:8389741 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule which carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 PubChem:57402735 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Altracin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Ayfivin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 BACiiM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Baciguent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Baciquent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Citracin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Fortracin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Penitracin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Topitracin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 Zutracin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 ARO:0000041 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000041 bacitracin PMID:11381101 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000042 Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000042 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000042 ARO:0000042 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000042 glycylcycline PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:4248289 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 CAS:4697-36-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 ChEBI:3393 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1214 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 PubChem:20824 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Anabactyl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 CAR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Carbecin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Carbenicilina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Carbenicillina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Carbenicilline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Carbenicillinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Geopen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Microcillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 Pyopen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 ARO:0000043 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000043 carbenicillin PMID:11566977 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 ChEMBL:CHEMBL5219994 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 PubChem:443101 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Acriflavin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Assiflavine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Bialflavina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Bioacridin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Bovoflavin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Buroflavin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Choliflavin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Euflavine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Pantonsiletten http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 Xanthacridinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 ARO:0000045 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000045 acriflavine PMID:10582867 PMID:15135500 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 CAS:154-21-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 ChEBI:6472 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1447 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 PubChem:3000540 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Cillimycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Epilincomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Jiemycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Lincocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Lincolcina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Lincolnensin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Lincomicina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Lincomycin A http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Lincomycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 Lincomycinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 ARO:0000046 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000046 lincomycin PMID:7608059 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 CAS:53-79-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 ChEBI:17939 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 ChEMBL:CHEMBL469912 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 PubChem:439530 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 Puromycin dihydrochloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 Puromycin hydrochloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 Stylomycin dihydrochloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 ARO:0000047 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000047 puromycin PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 CAS:59-01-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 ChEBI:17630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 ChEMBL:CHEMBL223520 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 PubChem:6032 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 Aminodeoxykanamycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 Aspidium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 Kanamicina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 Kanamycin sulfate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 Kanamycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 Kanamycinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 Kantrex http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 kanamycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 ARO:0000049 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000049 kanamycin A PMID:10582867 PMID:15700955 PMID:9746015 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000050 Streptogramin B antibiotics are are cyclic hepta- or hexa-depsipeptides. Type B streptogramins block the peptide exit tunnel of the 50S bacterial ribosome. The general composition of group B streptogramins is 3-hydroxypicolinic acid-L-Thr-D-aminobutyric acid (or D-Ala)-L-Pro-L-Phe (or 4-N-,N-(dimethylamino)-L-Phe)-X-L-phenylglycine. Used alone, streptogramin B antibiotics are bacteriostatic, but is bactericidal when used with streptogramin A antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000050 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000050 ARO:0000050 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000050 streptogramin B antibiotic PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 CAS:60-54-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 ChEBI:27902 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1440 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 PubChem:54675776 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Abricycline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Achromycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Agromicina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Ambramicina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Ambramycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Biocycline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Criseociclina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Enterocycline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Sumycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 Tsiklomistsin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 ARO:0000051 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000051 tetracycline PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 CAS:32986-56-4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 ChEBI:28864 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1747 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 PubChem:36294 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Gotabiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Nebcin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Tenebrimycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Tobracin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Tobradistin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Tobramaxin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Tobramicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Tobramitsetin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Tobramycetin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 Tobrex http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 ARO:0000052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000052 tobramycin PMID:15700963 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 Bleomycin is a family of glycopeptide antibiotics produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycins, taken as a mixture, act by the induction of DNA and RNA strand breaks. In addition to its antibacterial activity, bleomycin is also used as an anticancer agent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 ChEBI:22907 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 ChEMBL:CHEMBL403664 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 PubChem:5360373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 Blenoxane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 Bleocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 Bleomicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 Bleomycin sulfate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 Isobleomycin A2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 cu-blenoxane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 ARO:0000053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000053 bleomycin PMID:16181146 PMID:7487110 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 Bicyclomycin represents a unique class of antibiotics, discovered in 1972. It is obtained by the fermentation of Streptomyces sapporonensis. In the crystalline form bicyclomycin is observed to be rhombic or monoclinic, depending on the solvent used. This antibiotic kills bacteria by inhibiting the Rho transcription terminator factor, halting ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 CAS:38129-37-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 ChEBI:60584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1231250 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 PubChem:65807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 Aizumycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 Bacfeed http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 Bacteron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 Bicozamicina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 Bicozamycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 Bicozamycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 Bicozamycinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 ARO:0000055 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000055 bicyclomycin PMID:7928809 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 CAS:66-79-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 ChEBI:7809 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 ChEMBL:CHEMBL819 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 PubChem:6196 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 MPI-penicillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 Ossacillina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 Oxacilina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 Oxacilline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 Oxacillinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 Oxazocillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 Oxazocilline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 Prostaphlin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 Prostaphlyn http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 ARO:0000056 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000056 oxacillin PMID:15700954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 CAS:191114-48-4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 ChEBI:29688 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1136 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 PubChem:3002190 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 HMR-3647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 HMR3647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 Ketek http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 Levviax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 ARO:0000057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000057 telithromycin PMID:27572414 PMID:4790605 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Cefazolin, also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 CAS:25953-19-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 ChEBI:474053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1435 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 PubChem:33255 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 CFZ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Cefamezin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Cefazolina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Cefazoline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Cefazolinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Cephamezine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Cephazolidin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Cephazolin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Cephazoline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 Elzogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 ARO:0000058 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000058 cefazolin PMID:8150771 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 CAS:88040-23-7 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 ChEBI:478164 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 ChEMBL:CHEMBL186 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 PubChem:5479537 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 Axepim http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 Cefepima http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 Cefepimum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 FEP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 Maxipime http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 ARO:0000059 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000059 cefepime PMID:6805421 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 CAS:72558-82-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 ChEBI:3508 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 ChEMBL:CHEMBL44354 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 PubChem:5481173 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 CAZ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 Ceftazidim http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 Ceptaz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 Fortaz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 Pentacef http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 Tazicef http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 Tazidime http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 caftazidime http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 ceftazidima http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 ceftazidimum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 ARO:0000060 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000060 ceftazidime PMID:22064544 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 CAS:209467-52-7 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 ChEBI:140407 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 ChEMBL:CHEMBL520642 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 PubChem:135413542 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 Ceftobiprole medocaril http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 Zeftera http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 Zevtera http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 ARO:0000061 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000061 ceftobiprole PMID:6810737 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 CAS:73384-59-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 ChEBI:29007 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 ChEMBL:CHEMBL161 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 PubChem:5479530 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Biotrakson http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 CRO http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Cefatriaxone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Ceftriaxon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Ceftriaxona http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Ceftriaxonum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Ceftriazone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Longacef http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Longaceph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 Rocephin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 ARO:0000062 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000062 ceftriaxone PMID:1259408 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 CAS:55268-75-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 ChEBI:3515 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1436 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 PubChem:5479529 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 Biofuroksym http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 CXM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 Cefuril http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 Cefuroxim http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 Cefuroximo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 Cefuroximum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 Cephuroxime http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 Sharox http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 Zinacef http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 ARO:0000063 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000063 cefuroxime PMID:19236222 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 CAS:26787-78-0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 ChEBI:2676 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1082 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 PubChem:33613 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 AMX http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 Amolin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 Amopenixin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 Amoxicilina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 Amoxicilline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 Amoxicillinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 Amoxycillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 Clamoxyl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 D-Amoxicillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 Moxal http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 ARO:0000064 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000064 amoxicillin PMID:7683018 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 CAS:81103-11-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 ChEBI:3732 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1741 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 PubChem:84029 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Biaxin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 CLR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Clambiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Clarith http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Clathromycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Klacid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Klaricid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Macladin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Naxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 Veclam http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 ARO:0000065 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000065 clarithromycin PMID:20876128 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 CAS:18323-44-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 ChEBI:3745 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1753 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 PubChem:446598 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 CLI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 Chlolincocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 Chlorlincocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 Cleocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 Clindamicina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 Clindamycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 Clindamycinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 Clinimycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 Sobelin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 ARO:0000066 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000066 clindamycin PMID:17958555 PMID:20818945 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000067 Colistins are polymyxin antibiotics produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. Colistin, also referred to as polymyxin E, is a mixture of cyclic polypeptides colistin A and B which disrupt the bacterial cell membrane and is effective against Gram-negative bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000067 CST http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000067 Colomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000067 polymyxin E http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000067 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000067 ARO:0000067 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000067 colistin PMID:11353654 PMID:12615866 PMID:14985278 PMID:15870461 PMID:16311632 PMID:20522545 PMID:22083474 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 PubChem:16134395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 Cidecin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 Cubicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 Daptomicina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 Daptomycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 Daptomycinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 Deptomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 ARO:0000068 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000068 daptomycin PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 CAS:564-25-0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 ChEBI:50845 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1200699 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 PubChem:54671203 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Azudoxat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Deoxymykoin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Doxiciclina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Doxitard http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Doxycyclinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Doxytetracycline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Vibramycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Vibramycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 Vibravenos http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 ARO:0000069 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000069 doxycycline PMID:12951340 PMID:27572414 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 CAS:153832-46-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 ChEBI:404903 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1359 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 PubChem:150610 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 ERT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 Invanz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 ARO:0000070 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000070 ertapenem PMID:15700957 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 CAS:100986-85-4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 ChEBI:63598 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 ChEMBL:CHEMBL5315124 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 PubChem:149096 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 Levaquin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 Tavanic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 ARO:0000071 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000071 levofloxacin PMID:15700955 PMID:18757750 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 CAS:165800-03-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 ChEBI:63607 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 ChEMBL:CHEMBL126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 PubChem:441401 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 Zyvox http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 Zyvoxa http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 Zyvoxam http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 Zyvoxid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 ARO:0000072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000072 linezolid PMID:18416587 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 CAS:96036-03-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 ChEBI:43968 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 ChEMBL:CHEMBL127 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 PubChem:441130 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 MER http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 Meronem http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 Meropen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 Meropenem anhydrous http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 Meropenemum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 Merrem http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 ARO:0000073 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000073 meropenem PMID:10193688 PMID:11858629 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 CAS:151096-09-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 ChEBI:63611 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 ChEMBL:CHEMBL32 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 PubChem:152946 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 Actira (hydrochloride) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 Avelox http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 Avelox (hydrochloride) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 MXFX http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 Moxifloxacin hydrochloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 Vigamox http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 ARO:0000074 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000074 moxifloxacin PMID:1100114 PMID:7928834 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It inhibits enzyme synthesis by inhibiting essential enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, as well as those involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It is marketed under the following brand names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro and Urantoin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 CAS:67-20-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 ChEBI:71415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 ChEMBL:CHEMBL572 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 PubChem:6604200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Chemiofuran http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Cistofuran http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Furadantin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Furadantine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Furalan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Macrobid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Macrodantin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Macrodantina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 Nitrofuradantin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 ARO:0000075 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000075 nitrofurantoin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000076 Resistance-modifying agents (RMA) include antibiotic adjuvants and other inhibitors of antibiotic resistance, as well as antibiotic potentiators. These are non-antibiotic compounds which act to block resistance mechanisms or enhance antibiotic action. These are often delivered in combination with an antibiotic (e.g. amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) and may either affect the host organism or the pathogen. Adjuvants and potentiators are therefore used to rescue the activity of existing antibiotic drugs, and are researched as an alternative solution to the antibiotic resistance crisis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000076 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000076 ARO:0000076 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000076 resistance-modifying agents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000077 Tazobactam is a compound which inhibits the action of bacterial beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000077 CAS:89786-04-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000077 ChEBI:9421 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000077 ChEMBL:CHEMBL404 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000077 PubChem:123630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000077 Zosyn http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000077 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000077 ARO:0000077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000077 tazobactam PMID:11735679 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 CAS:61477-96-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 ChEBI:8232 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 ChEMBL:CHEMBL702 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 PubChem:43672 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 Piperacillin anhydrous http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 Piperacillin sodium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 Pipercillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 Pipracil http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 Pipril http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 ARO:0000078 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000078 piperacillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 CAS:58001-44-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 ChEBI:48947 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 ChEMBL:CHEMBL777 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 PubChem:5280980 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 Acide clavulanique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 Acido clavulanico http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 Clavulansaeure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 Clavulox http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 Isoclavulanic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 Sodium Clavulanate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 acidum clavulanicum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 clavulanate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 ARO:0000079 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0000079 clavulanic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001001 Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001001 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001001 ARO:0001001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001001 antibiotic target alteration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001002 Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001002 antibiotic target substitution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001002 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001002 ARO:0001002 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001002 antibiotic target replacement PMID:32587401 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001003 Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001003 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001003 ARO:0001003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001003 antibiotic target protection PMID:20564281 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001004 Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001004 drug enzymatic inactivation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001004 drug enzymatic modification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001004 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001004 ARO:0001004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0001004 antibiotic inactivation PMID:19678712 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010000 Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010000 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010000 ARO:0010000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010000 antibiotic efflux PMID:8302219 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010001 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010001 ABC type drug efflux http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010001 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010001 ARO:0010001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010001 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump PMID:10943556 PMID:19678712 PMID:9529885 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010002 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010002 MFS type drug efflux http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010002 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010002 ARO:0010002 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010002 major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump PMID:17942072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010003 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010003 SMR type drug efflux http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010003 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010003 ARO:0010003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010003 small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump PMID:15582398 PMID:16915237 PMID:19664953 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010004 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010004 RND type drug efflux http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010004 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010004 ARO:0010004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_0010004 resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000001 Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000001 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000001 ARO:1000001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000001 process or component of antibiotic biology or chemistry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000002 Antibiotic resistance mechanisms evolve naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000002 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000002 ARO:1000002 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000002 mechanism of antibiotic resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000003 Antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure or spectrum of activity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000003 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000003 ARO:1000003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_1000003 antibiotic molecule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000000 A relationship ontology term in which the subject (usually an enzyme, protein or other gene product) confers or contributes to clinically relevant resistance to a specific antibiotic drug. An entity is resistant to a chemical compound if and only if x is a pathogen and y is an antibiotic, and the fitness of that pathogen is not decreased when exposed to that antibiotic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000000 ARO:2000000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000000 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000000 ARO:2000000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000000 confers_resistance_to_antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000000 confers_resistance_to_antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000000 confers_resistance_to_antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000001 A relationship ontology term in which the subject (e.g., a gene family) confers or contributes to antibiotic resistance to some or all of the object (e.g. a drug class). It is a qualitative measure of antibiotic resistance, based on an experiment illustrating elevated MIC even outside of a clinical setting. A family of AMR genes confers resistance to a class of antibiotics if and only if all instances of that family confer resistance to some instances of that class in an organism. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000001 ARO:2000001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000001 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000001 ARO:2000001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000001 confers_resistance_to_drug_class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000001 confers_resistance_to_drug_class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000001 confers_resistance_to_drug_class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000002 A component of tripartite efflux systems that resides in the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that actively transports substrates out of the cell. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000002 ARO:2000002 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000002 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000002 ARO:2000002 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000002 inner_membrane_protein_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000002 inner_membrane_protein_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000002 inner_membrane_protein_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000003 A component of tripartite efflux systems that resides in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane protein forms a channel or pore that spans the outer membrane, enabling the export of substrates directly into the extracellular environment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000003 ARO:2000003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000003 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000003 ARO:2000003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000003 outer_membrane_protein_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000003 outer_membrane_protein_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000003 outer_membrane_protein_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000004 A bridging component of tripartite efflux systems in Gram-negative bacteria, located in the periplasmic space. The periplasmiic adaptor protein links the inner membrane transporter and the outer membrane protein, stabilizing the efflux complex and facilitating substrate transport. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000004 ARO:2000004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000004 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000004 ARO:2000004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000004 periplasmic_adaptor_protein_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000004 periplasmic_adaptor_protein_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000004 periplasmic_adaptor_protein_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000005 Homology that is defined by similarity with regard to selected stoichiometrical parameters. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000005 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000005 ARO:2000005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000005 stoichiometrically_homologous_to http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000006 Homology that is defined by similarity with regard to selected structural parameters. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000006 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000006 ARO:2000006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000006 structurally_homologous_to http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000007 A relationship ontology term in which the subject is targeted by the object (usually a class of antibiotics). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000007 ARO:2000007 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000007 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000007 ARO:2000007 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000007 targeted_by http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000007 targeted_by http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000007 targeted_by http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000008 A relationship ontology term in which the subject is targeted by a specific antibiotic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000008 ARO:2000008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000008 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000008 ARO:2000008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000008 targeted_by_antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000008 targeted_by_antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_2000008 targeted_by_antibiotic PMID:15700955 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000000 A mutation, single nucleotide polymorphism, gene, or gene product that confers antibiotic resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000000 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000000 ARO:3000000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000000 determinant of antibiotic resistance PMID:19995920 PMID:21220461 PMID:6109327 PMID:7574506 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000001 Beta-lactamases are enzymes (EC 3.5.2.6) produced by some bacteria and are responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins (are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase), cephamycins, and carbapenems (ertapenem). These antibiotics have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam. The lactamase enzyme breaks that ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties. Beta-lactam antibiotics are typically used to treat a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative organisms are usually secreted. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000001 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000001 ARO:3000001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000001 beta-lactamase PMID:11036060 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000002 vanW is an accessory gene, with unknown function, found on vancomycin resistance operons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000002 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000002 ARO:3000002 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000002 vanW http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000003 These compounds are antibiotics of unique structure or origin, without a defined classification. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000003 miscellaneous antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000003 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000003 ARO:3000003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000003 antibiotic without defined classification PMID:14629034 PMID:15215079 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000004 Ambler Class B beta-lactamases are the metallo-beta-lactamases. These enzymes possess one or two zinc ions in the active site, which are used to orient a hydroxide nucleophile to attack the carbonyl on a beta-lactam ring. There are currently no inhibitors in late-stage development for these relatively new beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000004 Molecular Class B beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000004 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000004 ARO:3000004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000004 class B (metallo-) beta-lactamase PMID:10368136 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000005 VanD is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog similar to VanA, and can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000005 vanD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000005 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000005 ARO:3000005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000005 vanD PMID:1931965 PMID:9177243 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000006 VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000006 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000006 ARO:3000006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000006 vanH PMID:3889939 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000007 Beta-lactam antibiotics are a broad class of antibiotics that include penams (penicillin derivatives), cephems (cephalosporins), monobactams, and carbapenems. These antibiotic agents contain a beta-lactam nucleus in its molecular structure. They are the most widely-used group of antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000007 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000007 ARO:3000007 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000007 beta-lactam antibiotic PMID:3889939 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000008 Penicilins (Penams) are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. Penicillin-like antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000008 penam http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000008 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000008 ARO:3000008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000008 penicillin beta-lactam PMID:9177243 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000010 VanA is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It has been isolated from VREs. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000010 PDB:1E4E http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000010 vanA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000010 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000010 ARO:3000010 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000010 vanA PMID:7854121 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000011 VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000011 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000011 ARO:3000011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000011 vanX http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000012 Proteins involved in restructuring of the cell wall, causing antibiotic resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000012 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000012 ARO:3000012 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000012 protein(s) conferring antibiotic resistance via molecular bypass PMID:9177243 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000013 VanB is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog similar to VanA, and can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It has been isolated from VREs. It is associated with vancomycin resistance, but not teicoplanin resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000013 vanB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000013 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000013 ARO:3000013 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000013 vanB PMID:11585791 PMID:8432315 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000014 TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000014 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000014 ARO:3000014 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000014 TEM beta-lactamase PMID:11585791 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000015 SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000015 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000015 ARO:3000015 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000015 SHV beta-lactamase PMID:20705517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000016 These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000016 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000016 ARO:3000016 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000016 CTX-M beta-lactamase PMID:16891520 PMID:24696435 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000017 OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000017 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000017 ARO:3000017 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000017 OXA beta-lactamase PMID:8878585 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000018 IMI beta-lactamases are a group of TEM-1-like beta-lactamase that are known to hydrolyze imipenem. IMI beta-lactamases are inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000018 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000018 ARO:3000018 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000018 IMI beta-lactamase PMID:20121112 PMID:8141584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000020 Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000020 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000020 ARO:3000020 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000020 IMP beta-lactamase PMID:12562689 PMID:18061205 PMID:20121112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000021 The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000021 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000021 ARO:3000021 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000021 VIM beta-lactamase PMID:17620 PMID:2532132 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000022 Ristocetin is a glycopeptide antibiotic similar to vancomycin but positively charged. It is not used clinically because it induces platelet agglutination. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000022 CAS:1404-55-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000022 ChEBI:85129 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000022 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1095986 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000022 PubChem:16204749 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000022 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000022 ARO:3000022 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000022 ristocetin PMID:12604514 PMID:16127057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000023 Subunit of the topoisomerase IV sensitive to aminocoumarins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000023 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000023 ARO:3000023 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000023 aminocoumarin sensitive parE PMID:20709735 PMID:20937787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000024 PatA is an ABC transporter of Streptococcus pneumoniae that interacts with PatB to confer fluoroquinolone resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000024 patA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000024 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000024 ARO:3000024 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000024 patA PMID:20709735 PMID:20937787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000025 PatB is an ABC transporter of Streptococcus pneumoniae that interacts with PatA to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000025 patB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000025 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000025 ARO:3000025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000025 patB PMID:15855507 PMID:15855508 PMID:16569840 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000026 MepA is an efflux protein regulated by MepR and part of the MepRAB cluster. Its presence in Staphylococcus aureus led to multidrug resistance, while it has also been shown to decrease tigecycline susceptibility. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000026 mepA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000026 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000026 ARO:3000026 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000026 mepA PMID:7730261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000027 EmrA is a membrane fusion protein, providing an efflux pathway with EmrB and TolC between the inner and outer membranes of E. coli, a Gram-negative bacterium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000027 emrA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000027 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000027 ARO:3000027 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000027 emrA PMID:18679046 PMID:3061990 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000034 Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000034 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000034 ARO:3000034 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000034 nucleoside antibiotic PMID:19156787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000035 Lipopeptide antibiotics are aliphatic, with their hydrophobic components interacting with the bacterial cell membrane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000035 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000035 ARO:3000035 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000035 lipopeptide antibiotic PMID:24497223 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000036 Enzymes or other gene products which hydroxylate tetracycline and other tetracycline derivatives. Hydroxylation inactivates tetracycline-like antibiotics, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000036 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000036 ARO:3000036 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000036 tetracycline inactivation enzyme http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000040 Hydrolysis of an antibiotic molecule to confer resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000040 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000040 ARO:3000040 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000040 hydrolysis of antibiotic conferring resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000042 Antibiotic adjuvants shown to inhibit the action of a beta-lactamase enzyme or enhance the ability of a beta-lactam antibiotic. These compounds are used along with antibiotics to treat beta-lactam-resistant infectious pathogens. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000042 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000042 ARO:3000042 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000042 beta-lactamase inhibitor PMID:10049269 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000043 VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000043 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000043 ARO:3000043 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000043 VEB beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000045 A collection of curated phenotypic terms relating to antibiotic resistance and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000045 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000045 ARO:3000045 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000045 component of AMR genotypic or phenotypic terminology PMID:11381101 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000050 These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000050 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000050 ARO:3000050 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000050 tetracycline antibiotic PMID:10348745 PMID:18065456 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000053 Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000053 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000053 ARO:3000053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000053 peptide antibiotic PMID:8092824 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000055 SME beta-lactamases are chromosome-mediated class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems in Serratia marcescens. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000055 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000055 ARO:3000055 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000055 SME beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000056 PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000056 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000056 ARO:3000056 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000056 PER beta-lactamase PMID:19770275 PMID:20705517 PMID:21393184 PMID:21507902 PMID:21624908 PMID:21930874 PMID:22078325 PMID:24165671 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000057 NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000057 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000057 ARO:3000057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000057 NDM beta-lactamase PMID:1963529 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000058 MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000058 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000058 ARO:3000058 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000058 MIR beta-lactamase PMID:17441734 PMID:19493866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000059 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000059 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000059 ARO:3000059 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000059 KPC beta-lactamase PMID:10077836 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000060 IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000060 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000060 ARO:3000060 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000060 IND beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000066 GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000066 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000066 ARO:3000066 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000066 GES beta-lactamase PMID:7811034 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000067 FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000067 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000067 ARO:3000067 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000067 FOX beta-lactamase PMID:9736562 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000068 DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000068 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000068 ARO:3000068 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000068 DHA beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000069 CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000069 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000069 ARO:3000069 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000069 CMY beta-lactamase PMID:1556077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000071 VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000071 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000071 ARO:3000071 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000071 vanS PMID:9055993 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000072 ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000072 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000072 ARO:3000072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000072 ACT beta-lactamase PMID:10428914 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000073 ACC beta-lactamases or Ambler class C beta-lactamases are AmpC beta-lactamases. They possess an interesting resistance phenotype due to their low activity against cephamycins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000073 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000073 ARO:3000073 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000073 ACC beta-lactamase PMID:1409590 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000074 emrB is a translocase in the emrB -TolC efflux protein in E. coli. It recognizes substrates including carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), nalidixic acid, and thioloactomycin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000074 emrB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000074 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000074 ARO:3000074 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000074 emrB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000075 Class D beta-lactamases are one of the subgroups of beta-lactamases that are classified as serine enzymes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000075 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000075 ARO:3000075 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000075 class D beta-lactamase PMID:19822890 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000076 AmpC type beta-lactamases are commonly isolated from extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. AmpC beta-lactamases (also termed class C or group 1) are typically encoded on the chromosome of many Gram-negative bacteria including Citrobacter, Serratia, Enterobacter species, and P. aeruginosa where its expression is usually inducible; it may also occur on Escherichia coli but is not usually inducible, although it can be hyperexpressed. AmpC type beta-lactamases may also be carried on plasmids. AmpC beta-lactamases, in contrast to ESBLs, hydrolyse broad and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (cephamycins as well as to oxyimino-beta-lactams) but are not inhibited by beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000076 AmpC beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000076 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000076 ARO:3000076 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000076 class C beta-lactamase PMID:16323116 PMID:24711382 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000077 VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000077 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000077 ARO:3000077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000077 vanY PMID:17407578 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000078 The Class A beta-lactamases are one of the subgroups of beta-lactamases that are classified as serine enzymes. Class A beta-lactamases exhibit a large degree of variability and are known to hydrolyze penicillins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000078 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000078 ARO:3000078 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000078 class A beta-lactamase PMID:18757750 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000079 Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000079 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000079 ARO:3000079 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000079 oxazolidinone antibiotic PMID:8576156 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000080 Aminonucleoside antibiotics are nucleoside antibiotics that contain an amino group. This amino group is often acylated, e.g. puromycin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000080 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000080 ARO:3000080 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000080 aminonucleoside antibiotic PMID:10232990 PMID:16007453 PMID:3276316 PMID:4369274 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000081 Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000081 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000081 ARO:3000081 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000081 glycopeptide antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000082 The biological synthesis of antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000082 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000082 ARO:3000082 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000082 antibiotic biosynthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000083 MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000083 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000083 ARO:3000083 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000083 MOX beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000085 A grouping of the related CMY, LAT, and MOX beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000085 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000085 ARO:3000085 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000085 CMY-LAT-MOX beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000086 A grouping of the related CMY and LAT beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000086 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000086 ARO:3000086 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000086 CMY-LAT beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000087 A grouping of the related CMY and MOX beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000087 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000087 ARO:3000087 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000087 CMY-MOX beta-lactamase PMID:9687391 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000089 AER beta-lactamases are capable of hydrolyzing arbenicillin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000089 AsbB1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000089 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000089 ARO:3000089 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000089 AER beta-lactamase PMID:12760895 PMID:27557855 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000090 Bla1 is a chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamase, found in Bacillus anthracis, which hydrolyzes penicillins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000090 Bla1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000090 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000090 ARO:3000090 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000090 Bla1 PMID:6782068 PMID:9687391 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000091 CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000091 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000091 ARO:3000091 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000091 CARB beta-lactamase PMID:11451692 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000094 OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000094 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000094 ARO:3000094 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000094 OCH beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000095 SRT beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000095 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000095 ARO:3000095 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000095 SRT beta-lactamase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000096 A grouping of the related SHV and LEN beta-lactamases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000096 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000096 ARO:3000096 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000096 SHV-LEN beta-lactamase PMID:15215087 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000097 LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000097 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000097 ARO:3000097 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000097 LEN beta-lactamase PMID:19258272 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000098 PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000098 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000098 ARO:3000098 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000098 PDC beta-lactamase PMID:16143832 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000100 Genes that directly or indirectly modulate beta-lactam resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000100 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000100 ARO:3000100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000100 gene modulating beta-lactam resistance PMID:8231802 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000103 Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000103 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000103 ARO:3000103 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000103 aminocoumarin antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000105 Phosphorylation of antibiotic usually by ATP, sometimes GTP. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000105 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000105 ARO:3000105 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000105 phosphorylation of antibiotic conferring resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000106 Addition of an acyl group to an antibiotic, often via acetylation by acetylCoA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000106 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000106 ARO:3000106 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000106 acylation of antibiotic conferring resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000107 Modification by NMP, usually AMP. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000107 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000107 ARO:3000107 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000107 nucleotidylation of antibiotic conferring resistance PMID:10770754 PMID:4680802 PMID:8231802 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 CAS:303-81-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 ChEBI:28368 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 ChEMBL:CHEMBL36506 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 PubChem:54675769 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 cathomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 streptonivicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 ARO:3000111 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000111 novobiocin PMID:16330770 PMID:19100867 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000112 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000112 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000112 ARO:3000112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000112 multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter PMID:15728891 PMID:20876620 PMID:21768510 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000113 Vga-type plasmid-borne ABC-F proteins, expressed in staphylococci that confer resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics through ribosomal protection. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000113 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000113 ARO:3000113 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000113 vga-type ABC-F protein PMID:20833577 PMID:9872733 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000114 Kinases that modify aminoglycoside antibiotics by phosphorylation using NTPs as cofactor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000114 aminoglycoside kinase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000114 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000114 ARO:3000114 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000114 aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000115 ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Mutations in ParE prevents antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000115 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000115 ARO:3000115 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000115 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit parE PMID:16323116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000116 VanZ is a teicoplanin resistance gene that is an accessory protein. VanZ prevents the incorporation of the terminal D-Ala into peptidoglycan subunits. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000116 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000116 ARO:3000116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000116 vanZ PMID:12060705 PMID:16492565 PMID:17884639 PMID:9435111 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000117 A47934 is an 'aglycone' glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces toyocaensis. It is a teicoplanin-like glycopeptide. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000117 CAS:90039-80-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000117 ChEBI:29505 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000117 PubChem:16131155 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000117 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000117 ARO:3000117 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000117 antibiotic A47934 PMID:15728891 PMID:9427556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000118 Vga(B) is an ABC-F protein expressed in staphylococci that confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics and related compounds. It is associated with plasmid DNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000118 vgaB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000118 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000118 ARO:3000118 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000118 vgaB PMID:70202 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000119 Edeines are basic linear peptides produced by Bacillus brevis Vm4. They have antibacterial as well as antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Edeines are bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal at low and high concentrations, respectively. They are able to inhibit DNA synthesis and protein translation. These compounds are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases and contain numerous unusual amino acids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000119 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000119 ARO:3000119 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000119 edeine PMID:10390204 PMID:11495926 PMID:11932455 PMID:16730832 PMID:9761883 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000120 Balhimycin is a vancomycin-like glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Amycolatopsis balhimycina. It binds to the terminal Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala of peptidoglycan precursors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000120 PubChem:16134543 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000120 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000120 ARO:3000120 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000120 balhimycin PMID:20833577 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000121 Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase enzymes modify aminoglycoside antibiotics by catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group to one of the amino groups present in aminoglycosides, using acetyl coenzyme A as a donor substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000121 aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000121 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000121 ARO:3000121 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000121 aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC) PMID:11553538 PMID:11677608 PMID:11735367 PMID:11743194 PMID:12603745 PMID:12650243 PMID:12726767 PMID:12732947 PMID:1406372 PMID:1461942 PMID:1517170 PMID:15539072 PMID:1650008 PMID:1713259 PMID:1929282 PMID:1929326 PMID:19459958 PMID:2013403 PMID:2227449 PMID:2697637 PMID:2993795 PMID:3110008 PMID:3860383 PMID:3865770 PMID:3900035 PMID:6950931 PMID:9349809 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000122 Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. CAT is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alkalihalobacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum, Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000122 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000122 ARO:3000122 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000122 chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000123 Gramicidins are a family of antibiotics synthesized by Bacillus brevis. It includes the linear pentadecapeptides gramicidin A, B and C that make up the mixture gramicidin D. Gramicidin S is a cyclic peptide chain. Gramicidins are also components of tyrothricins, another mixture of antibiotics produced by Bacillus brevis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000123 PubChem:16130140 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000123 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000123 ARO:3000123 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000123 gramicidin PMID:24564530 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000124 mecI acts as a repressor of transcription of the mecA/mecR1/mecI operon. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000124 mecI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000124 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000124 ARO:3000124 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000124 mecI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000125 The use of different nucleophilic molecules by enzymes can break up the epoxide ring of fosfomycin and render the molecule ineffective. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000125 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000125 ARO:3000125 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000125 hydrolysis of fosfomycin epoxide ring PMID:8385262 PMID:9200607 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000126 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3'-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin and neomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000126 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000126 ARO:3000126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000126 APH(3') http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000127 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of streptomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3''-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000127 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000127 ARO:3000127 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000127 APH(3'') http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000128 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin, tobramycin and amikacin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000128 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000128 ARO:3000128 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000128 APH(2'') PMID:14731399 PMID:4984939 PMID:70202 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000130 Edeine A is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and spermidine. Edeine A is a mixture of edeine A1 and its inactive isomer, edeine A2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000130 PubChem:379085 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000130 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000130 ARO:3000130 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000130 edeine A PMID:12044152 PMID:6154685 PMID:8231802 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000132 Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000132 ChEMBL:CHEMBL303984 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000132 PubChem:54706138 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000132 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000132 ARO:3000132 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000132 clorobiocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000133 Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000133 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000133 ARO:3000133 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000133 fosfomycin thiol transferase PMID:20410587 PMID:4984939 PMID:70202 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000134 Edeine B is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and guanylspermidine. Edeine B is a mixture of edeine B1 and its inactive isomer, edeine B2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. Edeine B has also been shown to inhibit septation and cause filamentous morphology, also leading to cell death. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000134 PubChem:446232 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000134 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000134 ARO:3000134 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000134 edeine B PMID:70202 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000135 Edeine D is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine A with the beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000135 PubChem:170400 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000135 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000135 ARO:3000135 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000135 edeine D PMID:6615592 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000136 Edeine F is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine B with beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000136 PubChem:194407 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000136 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000136 ARO:3000136 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000136 edeine F PMID:19793461 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000145 Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000145 CAS:1401-69-0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000145 ChEBI:17658 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000145 ChEMBL:CHEMBL42743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000145 PubChem:5280440 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000145 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000145 ARO:3000145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000145 tylosin PMID:15075406 PMID:15741169 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000149 An enzyme that confers resistance to fosfomycin in Serratia marcescens by breaking the epoxide ring of the molecule. It depends on the cofactors Manganese (II) and Potassium and uses Glutathione (GSH) as the nucleophilic molecule. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, FosA catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione to carbon-1 of fosfomycin, rendering it ineffective as an antibacterial drug. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000149 PDB:1NPB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000149 FosA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000149 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000149 ARO:3000149 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000149 FosA PMID:11036020 PMID:14285468 PMID:14285469 PMID:8231802 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000150 Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000150 CAS:4434-05-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000150 ChEBI:3907 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000150 ChEMBL:CHEMBL389471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000150 PubChem:54675768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000150 Notomycin A1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000150 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000150 ARO:3000150 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000150 coumermycin A1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000151 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of streptomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 6-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000151 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000151 ARO:3000151 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000151 APH(6) PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000152 Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000152 CAS:10118-90-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000152 ChEBI:50694 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000152 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1434 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000152 PubChem:54675783 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000152 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000152 ARO:3000152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000152 minocycline PMID:20089863 PMID:9614079 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000153 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 9-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of spectinomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 9-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000153 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000153 ARO:3000153 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000153 APH(9) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000154 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 7''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of hygromycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 7''-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000154 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000154 ARO:3000154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000154 APH(7'') PMID:21084294 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000155 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 4-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of hygromycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 4-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000155 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000155 ARO:3000155 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000155 APH(4) PMID:7683018 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000156 Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000156 CAS:24916-50-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000156 ChEBI:85260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000156 ChEMBL:CHEMBL453514 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000156 PubChem:6419898 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000156 rovamycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000156 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000156 ARO:3000156 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000156 spiramycin PMID:15700959 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000157 Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000157 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000157 ARO:3000157 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000157 rifamycin antibiotic PMID:1662624 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000158 Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000158 CAS:83905-01-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000158 ChEBI:2955 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000158 ChEMBL:CHEMBL529 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000158 PubChem:447043 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000158 AZM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000158 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000158 ARO:3000158 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000158 azithromycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000159 Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000159 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000159 ARO:3000159 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000159 efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance PMID:12654668 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000160 blaI acts as a repressor of transcription of the blaZ/blaR1/blaI operon. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000160 blaI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000160 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000160 ARO:3000160 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000160 blaI PMID:1929280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000164 Catalyzes methylation of rRNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000164 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000164 ARO:3000164 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000164 rRNA methyltransferase conferring antibiotic resistance PMID:15837373 PMID:8821947 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000165 TetA is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many species of Gram-negative bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000165 tet(A) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000165 tetA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000165 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000165 ARO:3000165 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000165 tet(A) PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000166 Tet(B) is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in many Gram-negative bacteria. It confers resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, but not tigecycline. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000166 tet(B) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000166 tetB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000166 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000166 ARO:3000166 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000166 tet(B) PMID:6307828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000167 Tet(C) is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many species of Gram-negative bacteria. It is typically found in plasmid DNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000167 tet(C) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000167 tetC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000167 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000167 ARO:3000167 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000167 tet(C) PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000168 TetD is a tetracycline efflux pump found exclusively in Gram-negative bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000168 tet(D) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000168 tetD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000168 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000168 ARO:3000168 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000168 tet(D) PMID:15667909 PMID:6356275 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000169 Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000169 CAS:13292-46-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000169 ChEBI:28077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000169 ChEMBL:CHEMBL374478 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000169 PubChem:135398735 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000169 rifampicin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000169 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000169 ARO:3000169 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000169 rifampin PMID:10629005 PMID:12084099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000170 Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000170 CAS:64221-86-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000170 ChEBI:471744 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000170 ChEMBL:CHEMBL148 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000170 PubChem:104838 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000170 IMI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000170 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000170 ARO:3000170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000170 imipenem PMID:8195830 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000171 Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000171 diaminopyrimidine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000171 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000171 ARO:3000171 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000171 diaminopyrimidine antibiotic PMID:24004181 PMID:24447055 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000172 A thiol transferase that leads to the resistance of fosfomycin. Contrasting FosA, FosB is dependent on the cofactor Magnesium (II) and uses either bacillithiol or L-cysteine to open up the epoxide ring of fosfomycin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000172 PDB:4JH1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000172 FosB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000172 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000172 ARO:3000172 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000172 FosB PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000173 TetE is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many Gram-negative bacteria, especially those in water environments. The gene is found on large plasmids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000173 tet(E) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000173 tetE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000173 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000173 ARO:3000173 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000173 tet(E) PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000174 TetG is a tetracycline efflux protein found in Gram-negative bacteria. The encoding gene is found in both chromosomal and plasmid DNA where it is frequently linked to the floR, sul1, and cmlA9 genes which encode proteins that can confer florfenicol/chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol resistance, respectively. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000174 tet(G) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000174 tetG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000174 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000174 ARO:3000174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000174 tet(G) PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000175 TetH is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in Gram-negative bacteria (Actinobacillus, Acinetobacter, Gallibacterium, Histophilus, Mannheimia, Moraxella, Pasteurella, and Psychrobacter). Its gene is linked to the resistance genes sul2, and strA, which confer resistance to sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin, respectively. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000175 tet(H) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000175 tetH http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000175 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000175 ARO:3000175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000175 tet(H) PMID:7683018 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000176 Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000176 CAS:62013-04-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000176 ChEBI:474014 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000176 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1237072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000176 PubChem:6473883 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000176 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000176 ARO:3000176 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000176 dirithromycin PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000177 TetJ is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Morganella, and Proteus). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000177 tet(J) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000177 tetJ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000177 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000177 ARO:3000177 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000177 tet(J) PMID:15837373 PMID:7781778 PMID:8234490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000178 TetK is a tetracycline efflux protein found in both Gram-negative (Haemophilus and Gallibacterium) and Gram-positive (many species, including mycobacteria) bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000178 tet(K) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000178 tetK http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000178 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000178 ARO:3000178 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000178 tet(K) PMID:15837373 PMID:3324958 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000179 TetL is a tetracycline efflux protein found in many species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000179 tet(L) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000179 tetL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000179 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000179 ARO:3000179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000179 tet(L) PMID:14702405 PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000180 TetA(P) is a inner membrane tetracycline efflux protein found on the same operon as the ribosomal protection protein TetB(P). It is found in Clostridium, a Gram-positive bacterium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000180 tetA(P) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000180 tetP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000180 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000180 ARO:3000180 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000180 tetA(P) PMID:15837373 PMID:22673307 PMID:9687386 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000181 TetV is a tetracycline efflux protein that has been found in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis and Mycolicibacterium fortuitum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000181 tet(V) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000181 tetV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000181 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000181 ARO:3000181 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000181 tet(V) PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000182 TetY is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-negative bacteria (Aeromonas and Escherichia). It is associated with plasmid DNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000182 tet(Y) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000182 tetY http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000182 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000182 ARO:3000182 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000182 tet(Y) PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000183 TetZ is a tetracycline efflux protein found in Gram-positive bacteria (Corynebacterium and Lactobacillus). It is associated with plasmid DNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000183 tet(Z) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000183 tetZ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000183 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000183 ARO:3000183 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000183 tet(Z) PMID:11035791 PMID:11942828 PMID:9545426 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000184 Chloroeremomycin is a vancomycin-like glycopeptide, with three sugars instead of two in vancomycin and balhimycin. Chloroeremomycin dimerizes and binds to the terminus of peptidoglycan precursors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000184 CAS:118395-73-6 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000184 ChEBI:29556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000184 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1688951 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000184 PubChem:445806 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000184 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000184 ARO:3000184 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000184 chloroeremomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000185 These proteins confer antibiotic resistance by bind the antibiotic target to prevent antibiotic binding. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000185 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000185 ARO:3000185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000185 antibiotic target protection protein PMID:19475445 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000186 Tet(M) is a ribosomal protection protein that confers tetracycline resistance. It is found on transposable DNA elements and its horizontal transfer between bacterial species has been documented. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000186 tet(M) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000186 tetM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000186 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000186 ARO:3000186 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000186 tet(M) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000187 Mechanism of enzymatic degradation common to Ambler Class A, C and D beta-lactamases. A serine residue located in the active site is used to form an acyl-enzyme intermediate and subsequent hydrolysis renders the beta-lactam inactive. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000187 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000187 ARO:3000187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000187 hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotic by serine beta-lactamase PMID:11432417 PMID:18024520 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000188 Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000188 CAS:738-70-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000188 ChEBI:45924 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000188 ChEMBL:CHEMBL22 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000188 PubChem:5578 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000188 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000188 ARO:3000188 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000188 trimethoprim PMID:15954849 PMID:18258256 PMID:27904526 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000189 Oritavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of chloroeremomycin, a vancomycin-like glycopeptide. Oritavancin inhibits both transglycosylation and transpeptidation, by binding both the D-Ala-D-Ala and pentaglycine bridge segments of peptidoglycan to inhibit cell wall formation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000189 CAS:171099-57-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000189 ChEBI:82699 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000189 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1688530 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000189 PubChem:16136912 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000189 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000189 ARO:3000189 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000189 oritavancin PMID:2841293 PMID:9848445 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000190 Tet(O) is a ribosomal protection protein. It is associated with conjugative plasmids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000190 tet(O) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000190 tetO http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000190 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000190 ARO:3000190 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000190 tet(O) PMID:20826220 PMID:9372425 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000191 Tet(Q) is a ribosomal protection protein. Its gene is associated with a conjugative transposon and has been found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000191 tet(Q) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000191 tetA(Q) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000191 tetQ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000191 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000191 ARO:3000191 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000191 tet(Q) PMID:7840565 PMID:8370538 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000192 Tet(S) is a ribosomal protection protein found in Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. It is similar to tet(M) and tet(O). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000192 tet(S) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000192 tetS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000192 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000192 ARO:3000192 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000192 tet(S) PMID:8980765 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000193 Tet(T) is a ribosomal protection protein of streptococci. It is similar to Tet(Q). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000193 tet(T) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000193 tetT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000193 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000193 ARO:3000193 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000193 tet(T) PMID:10681357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000194 Tet(W) is a ribosomal protection protein. It is associated with both conjugative and non conjugative DNA and has been found strains of Clostridioides difficile. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000194 tet(W) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000194 tetW http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000194 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000194 ARO:3000194 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000194 tet(W) PMID:15837373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000195 TetB(P) is a tetracycline ribosomal protection protein found on the same operon as tetA(P), a tetracycline efflux protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000195 tetB(P) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000195 tetP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000195 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000195 ARO:3000195 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000195 tetB(P) PMID:11600392 PMID:18955517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000196 Tet(32) is a tetracycline resistance gene similar to Tet(O), and binds to the ribosome to confer tetracycline resistance as a ribosomal protection protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000196 tet(32) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000196 tet32 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000196 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000196 ARO:3000196 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000196 tet(32) PMID:12839793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000197 Tet(36) is a tetracycline resistance gene found in Bacteroides similar to Tet(Q), and binds to the ribosome to confer antibiotic resistance as a ribosomal protection protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000197 tet(36) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000197 tet36 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000197 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000197 ARO:3000197 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000197 tet(36) PMID:17567049 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000198 FosX is an enzyme used to confer resistance to fosfomycin. It's dependent on the cofactor, manganese (II), and uses water to generate a vicinal diol. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000198 PDB:2P7K http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000198 FosX http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000198 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000198 ARO:3000198 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000198 FosX PMID:17572379 PMID:9672588 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000199 Gramicidin D is a mixture of the linear peptides gramicidin A, B, and C, each with 15 alternating L- and D-amino acids. They are active against most gram-positive bacteria and select gram-negative bacteria. These compounds create channels in the bacterial membrane and increase the permeability to cations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000199 PubChem:45267103 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000199 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000199 ARO:3000199 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000199 gramicidin D PMID:10590309 PMID:8836773 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000200 Gramicidin S is a cyclical decapeptide with two pentapeptides (Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro) joined head to tail. Like other gramicidins, Gramicidin S disrupts membrane permeability of cations while also destabilizing the membrane at higher concentrations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000200 PubChem:73357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000200 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000200 ARO:3000200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000200 gramicidin S http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000201 Enzymes shown to inactivate macrolide antibiotics by chemical modification, thereby conferring resistance to macrolides. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000201 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000201 ARO:3000201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000201 macrolide inactivation enzyme PMID:11476839 PMID:17555436 PMID:20144045 PMID:20598637 PMID:22547628 PMID:23752511 PMID:28663118 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000202 Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000202 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000202 ARO:3000202 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000202 Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase PMID:20564281 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000203 Mechanism of enzymatic degradation common to Ambler Class B beta-lactamases. One or two zinc atoms are used to orient a hydroxide nucleophile for attack of the beta-lactam ring. In contrast to serine beta-lactamases, no acyl-enzyme intermediate is formed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000203 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000203 ARO:3000203 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000203 hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotic by metallo-beta-lactamase PMID:15452119 PMID:16128584 PMID:1846135 PMID:21402075 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000205 Tet(X) is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase conferring resistance to tetracycline antibiotics. Tet(X) hydroxylates position 11a of the tetraketide group thus inactivating the antibiotic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000205 PDB:2XYO http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000205 tet(X) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000205 tetX http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000205 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000205 ARO:3000205 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000205 tet(X) PMID:12501312 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000206 emrK is a membrane fusion protein that is a homolog of EmrA. Together with the inner membrane transporter EmrY and the outer membrane channel TolC, it mediates multidrug efflux. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000206 emrK http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000206 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000206 ARO:3000206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000206 emrK PMID:10931319 PMID:14706082 PMID:15226509 PMID:16531241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000207 Protein subunit of AcrA-AcrB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrA represents the periplasmic portion of the transport protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000207 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000207 ARO:3000207 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000207 acrA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000208 Addition of glycosyl moiety to antibiotics thereby inactivating them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000208 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000208 ARO:3000208 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000208 glycosylation of antibiotic conferring resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000209 ParY is part of a topoisomerase IV that is resistant to antibiotics that affect other topoisomerases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000209 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000209 ARO:3000209 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000209 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit parY PMID:10543773 PMID:11136757 PMID:12821473 PMID:15047531 PMID:21300839 PMID:22361457 PMID:3050121 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000210 Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000210 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000210 ARO:3000210 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000210 rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000211 Chemical alteration of the ribosome results in modification of an antibiotic's target leading to resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000211 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000211 ARO:3000211 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000211 ribosomal alteration conferring antibiotic resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000212 Point mutations in the DNA may lead to an altered gene product that may result in antibiotic resistance. Examples included modified antibiotic targets with lower binding affinities and the deactivation of repressors that result in increased expression of genes that inactivate or pump out antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000212 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000212 ARO:3000212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000212 mutation conferring antibiotic resistance PMID:1931965 PMID:9177243 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000213 Peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-Ala-D-Lac or D-Ala-D-Ser instead of D-Ala-D-Ala conferring high level glycopeptide resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000213 molecular bypass conferring antibiotic resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000213 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000213 ARO:3000213 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000213 restructuring of bacterial cell wall conferring antibiotic resistance PMID:10103173 PMID:11163189 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000214 Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000214 CAS:31282-04-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000214 ChEBI:16976 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000214 PubChem:35766 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000214 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000214 ARO:3000214 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000214 hygromycin B PMID:1544435 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000215 mecR1 is a transmembrane spanning and signal transducing protein which in response to interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics results in upregulation of the mecA/mecR1/mecI operon. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000215 mecR1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000215 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000215 ARO:3000215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000215 mecR1 PMID:12374972 PMID:17275331 PMID:18073115 PMID:19166984 PMID:19453279 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000216 Protein subunit of AcrA-AcrB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrB functions as a herterotrimer which forms the inner membrane component and is primarily responsible for substrate recognition and energy transduction by acting as a drug/proton antiporter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000216 PDB:1IWG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000216 ECK0456 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000216 JW0451 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000216 acrB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000216 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000216 ARO:3000216 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000216 acrB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000217 blaR1 is a transmembrane spanning and signal transducing protein which in response to interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics results in upregulation of the blaZ/blaR1/blaI operon. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000217 blaR1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000217 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000217 ARO:3000217 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000217 blaR1 PMID:20833577 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000218 Covalent modification of aminoglycoside antibiotic hydroxyl group by ATP-dependent transfer of AMP. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000218 aminoglycoside adenyltransferase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000218 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000218 ARO:3000218 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000218 aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (ANT) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000219 Efflux regulatory proteins with mutations that result in increased expression of efflux proteins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000219 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000219 ARO:3000219 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000219 mutant efflux regulatory protein conferring antibiotic resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000220 Point mutations in gyrB confer antibiotic resistance by preventing drugs from binding the beta-subunit of gyrase, essential for DNA supercoiling. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000220 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000220 ARO:3000220 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000220 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit gyrB PMID:11797175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000221 Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000221 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000221 ARO:3000221 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000221 lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) PMID:17572379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000222 Gramicidin A is the most abundant (more than 80%) of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a tryptophan in position 11. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000222 PubChem:16132269 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000222 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000222 ARO:3000222 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000222 gramicidin A PMID:17572379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000223 Gramicidin B is one of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a phenylalanine in position 11. It is structurally similar to gramicidin A, but its ability to induce the assembly of bilayers is reduced. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000223 PubChem:25244501 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000223 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000223 ARO:3000223 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000223 gramicidin B PMID:17572379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000224 Gramicidin C is one of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a tyrosine in position 11. It is structurally similar to gramicidin A, but its ability to induce the assembly of bilayers is reduced. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000224 PubChem:73357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000224 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000224 ARO:3000224 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000224 gramicidin C http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000225 A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically streptomycin, by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 6-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000225 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000225 ARO:3000225 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000225 ANT(6) PMID:1522070 PMID:21115799 PMID:9006040 PMID:9449266 PMID:9593127 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000226 Point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000226 dihydropteroate synthase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000226 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000226 ARO:3000226 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000226 antibiotic resistant folP PMID:16560680 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000227 Tyrothricin is a mixture of antibiotics including tyrocidines and gramicidins, isolated from Bacillus brevis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000227 PubChem:452550 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000227 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000227 ARO:3000227 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000227 tyrothricin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000228 A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 9-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically streptomycin, by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 9-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000228 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000228 ARO:3000228 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000228 ANT(9) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000229 A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 4'-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 4-hydroxyl group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000229 aadD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000229 ant(4',4'') http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000229 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000229 ARO:3000229 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000229 ANT(4') PMID:25564464 PMID:3024112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000230 Plasmid or integron-encoded nucleotidylylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides at the hydroxyl group at position 2'' in P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, E. coli, S. typhimurium, C. freundii and A. baumannii. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000230 ANT(2'')-Ia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000230 aadB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000230 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000230 ARO:3000230 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000230 ANT(2'')-Ia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000231 An operon conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000231 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000231 ARO:3000231 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000231 beta-lactam resistance operon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000232 Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3''. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000232 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000232 ARO:3000232 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000232 ANT(3'')-Ia PMID:11467949 PMID:12771141 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000233 Resistance to streptogramin antibiotics may be conferred through enzymatic inactivation. There are two known mechanisms of streptogramin inactivation shown clinically to confer resistance: 1) vgB lyase enzymes linearize type B streptogramin antibiotics by breaking the ester linkage; 2) vat acetyltransferase enzymes modify type A streptogramin antibiotics by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary streptogramin hydroxyl. Both mechanisms result in antibiotic inactivation thus conferring resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000233 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000233 ARO:3000233 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000233 streptogramin inactivation enzyme PMID:16323116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000234 Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000234 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000234 ARO:3000234 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000234 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster PMID:21300839 PMID:21444710 PMID:9142129 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000235 embB gene encodes for an arabinosyl transferase in the arabinogalactan synthesis pathway. It is inhibited by ethambutol. Mutations within the ERDR region of embB confers resistance to ethambutol. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000235 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000235 ARO:3000235 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000235 ethambutol resistant embB PMID:16323116 PMID:8380148 PMID:8843432 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000236 This inducible cluster confers high resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin by allowing restructuring of peptidoglycan precursors to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. The vanA gene cluster can be located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Gene orientation: vanRSHAXYZ. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000236 vanA_cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000236 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000236 ARO:3000236 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000236 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanA PMID:10879525 PMID:11589692 PMID:12163644 PMID:14630321 PMID:16359323 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000237 TolC is a protein subunit of many multidrug efflux complexes in Gram negative bacteria. It is an outer membrane efflux protein and is constitutively open. Regulation of efflux activity is often at its periplasmic entrance by other components of the efflux complex. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000237 PDB:1EK9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000237 TolC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000237 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000237 ARO:3000237 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000237 TolC PMID:16323116 PMID:8654967 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000238 This inducible cluster confers resistance to vancomycin but organisms remain sensitive to teicoplanin by allowing restructuring of peptidoglycan precursors to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. Sensitivity to teicoplanin is due to lack of binding to the sensor kinase VanS. The vanB gene cluster can be located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Gene orientation: vanRSYWHBX. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000238 vanB_cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000238 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000238 ARO:3000238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000238 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanB PMID:19100346 PMID:2848006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000244 Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000244 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000244 ARO:3000244 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000244 reduced permeability to antibiotic PMID:16629670 PMID:21415119 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000245 RNA-polymerase binding protein which confers resistance to rifampin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000245 RbpA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000245 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000245 ARO:3000245 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000245 RbpA PMID:10817725 PMID:12615855 PMID:1551598 PMID:16323116 PMID:7986009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000246 Confers low vancomycin resistance by engineering peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-Ala-D-Ser in an inducible or constitutive manner. The vanC cluster is intrinsic to the Enterococcus gallinarum chromosome. vanC organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: vanC(XY)TRS. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000246 vanC_cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000246 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000246 ARO:3000246 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000246 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanC PMID:15078090 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000247 A tetrameric protein that converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to phosponopyruvate (Ppyr). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000247 PDB:1S2T http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000247 Fom1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000247 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000247 ARO:3000247 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000247 phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) mutase PMID:19170875 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000248 DnaA is a chromosomal replication initiation protein which binds and interacts with RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. A surplus of DnaA present in a cell has been shown to confer resistance to the antibiotic Rifampicin. Normally, rifampicin inhibits initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase, but a surplus of DnaA available at the origin has been shown to disrupt Rifampicin activity and confer resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000248 DnaA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000248 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000248 ARO:3000248 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000248 DnaA PMID:10835366 PMID:7592948 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000249 ATP-dependent kinase modifies the C-3 hydroxyl group of chloramphenicol. Source is the chloramphenicol producer Streptomyces venezuelae. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000249 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000249 ARO:3000249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000249 chloramphenicol phosphotransferase PMID:18439898 PMID:2113911 PMID:2492520 PMID:6792593 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000250 ErmC is a methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA in two steps. Expression of ErmC is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmC. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000250 ErmC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000250 ErmC' http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000250 ermIM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000250 ermM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000250 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000250 ARO:3000250 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000250 ErmC PMID:15914491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000251 MsrA is an ABC-F subfamily ribosomal protection protein expressed in Staphylococcus species which confers resistance to erythromycin and streptogramin B antibiotics through antibiotic target protection mechanisms. It is associated with plasmid DNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000251 msr(A) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000251 msrA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000251 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000251 ARO:3000251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000251 msrA PMID:11344152 PMID:12499162 PMID:16323116 PMID:9303405 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000253 Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. This cluster is constitutively expressed in the chromosome due to a dysfunctional D-ala-D-ala ligase and confers moderate resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin. Gene orientation: vanRSYHDX. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000253 vanD_cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000253 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000253 ARO:3000253 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000253 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanD PMID:12501312 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000254 emrY is a multidrug transport that moves substrates across the inner membrane of the Gram-negative E. coli. It is a homolog of emrB. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000254 emrY http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000254 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000254 ARO:3000254 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000254 emrY PMID:10681342 PMID:15980329 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000255 Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. The vanF gene cluster is inducible and confers high resistance to vancomycin in Paenibacillus popilliae. vanF organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: RSYZHFX. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000255 vanF_cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000255 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000255 ARO:3000255 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000255 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanF PMID:20733041 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000256 Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. The plasmid-located vanM gene cluster is inducible and confers high resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Gene orientation: RSYHMX. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000256 vanM_cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000256 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000256 ARO:3000256 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000256 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanM PMID:11036060 PMID:16323116 PMID:19851013 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000257 Contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The vanG gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanG organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. It is the only van gene cluster that contains two vanY genes. Gene orientation: vanRSYWGYT. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000257 vanG_cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000257 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000257 ARO:3000257 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000257 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanG PMID:10471558 PMID:12019119 PMID:12426332 PMID:16323116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000259 Homologous to VanC, contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The chromosome-located vanE gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanE organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: E(XY)TRS. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000259 vanE_cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000259 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000259 ARO:3000259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000259 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanE PMID:18458129 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000260 Homologous to VanC, contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The chromosome-located vanL gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanL organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. It is the only van gene cluster with two vanT genes. Gene orientation: vanL(XY)TmTrRS. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000260 vanL_cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000260 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000260 ARO:3000260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000260 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanL PMID:9862449 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000261 When bound to different sigma factors, RNA-polymerase may possess an altered sensitivity to rifampin-mediated inhibition. Sequence data unavailable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000261 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000261 ARO:3000261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000261 sigma factor conferring resistance to rifampin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000262 The bla operon is composed of blaZ/blaR1/blaI. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000262 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000262 ARO:3000262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000262 bla operon PMID:12027588 PMID:2848006 PMID:9333027 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000263 In the presence of antibiotic stress, E. coli overexpresses the global activator protein MarA, which besides inducing MDR efflux pump AcrAB, also down- regulates synthesis of the porin OmpF. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000263 marA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000263 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000263 ARO:3000263 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000263 marA PMID:12499164 PMID:17360700 PMID:17942072 PMID:17976529 PMID:18006522 PMID:19167526 PMID:19171974 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000264 EmrE is a small multidrug transporter that functions as a homodimer and that couples the efflux of small polyaromatic cations from the cell with the import of protons down an electrochemical gradient. EmrE is found in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000264 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000264 ARO:3000264 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000264 emrE PMID:19100346 PMID:2848006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000265 In the presence of antibiotic stress, E. coli overexpresses the global activator protein MarA, which besides inducing MDR efflux pump AcrAB, also down- regulates synthesis of the porin OmpF. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000265 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000265 ARO:3000265 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000265 porin OmpF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000266 The inactivation of antibiotics by the enzymatic addition of ADP-ribose from NAD+. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000266 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000266 ARO:3000266 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000266 ADP-ribosylation of antibiotic conferring resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000268 The mec operon is composed of mecA/mecR1/mecI. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000268 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000268 ARO:3000268 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000268 mec operon PMID:10026296 PMID:7562018 PMID:8195838 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000269 Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000269 CAS:56518-41-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000269 ChEBI:131726 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000269 ChEMBL:CHEMBL31891 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000269 PubChem:68760 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000269 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000269 ARO:3000269 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000269 brodimoprim PMID:19100346 PMID:2848006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000270 Enzymes or other proteins either directly or indirectly reducing overall permeability to antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000270 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000270 ARO:3000270 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000270 protein modulating permeability to antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000273 Point mutations in gyrA confer antibiotic resistance by preventing drugs from binding the alpha-subunit of gyrase, essential for DNA supercoiling. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000273 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000273 ARO:3000273 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000273 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit gyrA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000274 Point mutations in parC confer antibiotic resistance by preventing drugs from binding the parC subunit of topoisomerase IV, essential for DNA decatanation and relaxation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000274 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000274 ARO:3000274 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000274 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit parC PMID:15673783 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000282 Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000282 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000282 ARO:3000282 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000282 sulfonamide antibiotic PMID:3043259 PMID:7036848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000284 Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000284 CAS:53808-87-0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000284 ChEBI:135420 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000284 ChEMBL:CHEMBL32039 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000284 PubChem:65450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000284 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000284 ARO:3000284 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000284 tetroxoprim PMID:10786631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000299 Stabilizes the C-P bond in phosphonopyruvate formed by phophoenolpyruvate mutase by catalyzing the self-removal of the carboxyl group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000299 Fom2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000299 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000299 ARO:3000299 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000299 phosphonopyruvate decarboxylase PMID:12019099 PMID:15914491 PMID:21245447 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000300 LsaA is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in Enterococcus faecalis. It confers resistance to clindamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and dalfopristin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000300 lsaA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000300 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000300 ARO:3000300 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000300 lsaA PMID:16675700 PMID:16842212 PMID:8240355 PMID:8987357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000309 EmrD is a multidrug transporter from the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) primarily found in Escherichia coli. EmrD couples efflux of amphipathic compounds with proton import across the plasma membrane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000309 PDB:2GFP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000309 emrD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000309 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000309 ARO:3000309 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000309 emrD PMID:17302923 PMID:20231391 PMID:29317655 PMID:8619599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000316 The mphA gene encodes for resistance enzyme MPH(2')-I which preferentially inactivate 14-membered macrolides (e.g.erythromycin, telithromycin, roxithromycin) over 16-membered macrolides (e.g.tylosin, spiramycin). It phosphorylates macrolides at 2'-OH hydroxyl of desosamine sugar of macrolides in a GTP-dependent manner. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000316 macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase I http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000316 mphA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000316 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000316 ARO:3000316 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000316 mphA PMID:1330822 PMID:17302923 PMID:29317655 PMID:8900063 PMID:9503630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000318 The mphB gene encodes for MPH(2')-II. This enzymes phosphorylates 14-membered and 16-membered macrolides. It phosphorylates macrolides in GTP- dependent manner at 2'-OH hydroxyl of desosamine sugar of macrolides. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000318 macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase II http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000318 mphB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000318 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000318 ARO:3000318 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000318 mphB PMID:12670694 PMID:17302923 PMID:29317655 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000319 The mphC gene was identified from Staphylococcus aureus. This gene shows similarity to mphB gene from Escherchia coli. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000319 mphC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000319 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000319 ARO:3000319 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000319 mphC PMID:22303981 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000320 Hydrolytic enzymes that cleave the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000320 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000320 ARO:3000320 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000320 macrolide esterase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000321 Hydrolysis of the the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000321 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000321 ARO:3000321 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000321 hydrolysis of macrolide macrocycle lactone ring PMID:10639379 PMID:12709352 PMID:15388438 PMID:15728939 PMID:1577689 PMID:1649572 PMID:18467306 PMID:18476779 PMID:19709289 PMID:19949054 PMID:2060791 PMID:2549372 PMID:2914849 PMID:3892230 PMID:6318050 PMID:7486920 PMID:8257126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000322 A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 3-amino group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000322 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000322 ARO:3000322 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000322 AAC(3) PMID:4597736 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000324 Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000324 CAS:68-35-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000324 ChEBI:9328 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000324 ChEMBL:CHEMBL439 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000324 PubChem:5215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000324 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000324 ARO:3000324 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000324 sulfadiazine PMID:15673783 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000325 Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000325 CAS:57-68-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000325 ChEBI:102265 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000325 ChEMBL:CHEMBL446 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000325 PubChem:5327 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000325 sulfamethazine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000325 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000325 ARO:3000325 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000325 sulfadimidine PMID:12019067 PMID:3117622 PMID:7961464 PMID:9735285 PMID:9973557 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000326 ErmE is a methyltransferase found in the erythromycin producer Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. The gene is found within the erythromycin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000326 ErmE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000326 ermE2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000326 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000326 ARO:3000326 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000326 ErmE PMID:21029476 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000327 Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000327 CAS:2447-57-6 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000327 ChEBI:9329 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000327 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1539 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000327 PubChem:17134 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000327 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000327 ARO:3000327 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000327 sulfadoxine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000328 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in rRNA can confer antibiotic resistance to drugs that target the bacterial ribosome. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000328 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000328 ARO:3000328 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000328 rRNA with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance PMID:1093654 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000329 Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000329 CAS:723-46-6 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000329 ChEBI:9332 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000329 ChEMBL:CHEMBL443 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000329 PubChem:5329 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000329 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000329 ARO:3000329 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000329 sulfamethoxazole PMID:978409 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000330 Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000330 CAS:127-69-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000330 ChEBI:102484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000330 ChEMBL:CHEMBL453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000330 PubChem:5344 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000330 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000330 ARO:3000330 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000330 sulfisoxazole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000333 Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000333 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000333 ARO:3000333 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000333 macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) PMID:15700955 PMID:18174304 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000336 Point mutations in bacterial 23S rRNA from the large ribosomal subunit that confer resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotics such as linezolid block peptide synthesis through peptidyl transferase activity. Mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit reduce antibiotic binding affinity at specific sites, conferring resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000336 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000336 ARO:3000336 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000336 23S rRNA with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance PMID:19289528 PMID:19622858 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 CAS:192314-93-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 ChEBI:31724 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 ChEMBL:CHEMBL134561 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 PubChem:213043 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 AR-100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 RO-48-2622 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 ARO:3000337 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000337 iclaprim http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000338 Genes that confer antibiotic resistance by hydrolyzing bonds to linearize and deactivate antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000338 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000338 ARO:3000338 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000338 linearization of antibiotic conferring resistance PMID:18931120 PMID:8407825 PMID:9159528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000341 A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 2-amino group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000341 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000341 ARO:3000341 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000341 AAC(2') http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000342 Enzymes that inactivate fosfomycin by chemical modification. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000342 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000342 ARO:3000342 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000342 fosfomycin inactivation enzyme PMID:15057575 PMID:9811639 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000343 Efflux pump proteins contained within Mycobacterial genomes which confer resistance to a number of different antibiotics including aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000343 tap http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000343 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000343 ARO:3000343 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000343 tap PMID:7730261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000344 EmrAB-TolC is a multidrug efflux system found in E. coli. EmrB is the electrochemical-gradient powered transporter; EmrA is the linker; and TolC is the outer membrane channel. It confers resistance to nalidixic acid and thiolactomycin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000344 EmrAB-TolC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000344 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000344 ARO:3000344 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000344 EmrAB-TolC PMID:15673721 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000345 A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000345 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000345 ARO:3000345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000345 AAC(6') PMID:18952616 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000347 ErmA confers the MLSb phenotype. Similar to ErmC, Expression of ErmA is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000347 ErmA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000347 ermTR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000347 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000347 ARO:3000347 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000347 ErmA PMID:10681332 PMID:18701452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000359 In the presence of ATP and magnesium (II), fosfomycin gets phosphorylated at the phosphate group resulting in a diphosphate group which inactivates the antibiotic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000359 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000359 ARO:3000359 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000359 fosfomycin phosphotransferase PMID:22303981 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000361 EreA is an erythromycin esterase that hydrolyses the drug's lactone ring. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000361 Ere(A) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000361 EreA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000361 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000361 ARO:3000361 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000361 EreA PMID:10908116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000363 EreB is an erythromycin esterase-like protein that hydrolyses the drug's lactone ring. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000363 Ere(B) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000363 EreB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000363 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000363 ARO:3000363 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000363 EreB PMID:1551598 PMID:16323116 PMID:9666008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000368 VanC is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Ser, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum and E. casseliflavus, providing intrinsic resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000368 vanC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000368 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000368 ARO:3000368 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000368 vanC PMID:14500476 PMID:7711899 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000369 The mtr (multiple transferable resistance) system of Neisseria gonorrhoeae confers resistance to many hydrophobic agents including antibiotics, fatty-acids and detergents. MtrCDE is homologous to AcrAB-TolC, where MtrC is the membrane fusion protein, MtrD is the inner membrane transporter, and MtrE is the outer membrane channel protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000369 MtrCDE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000369 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000369 ARO:3000369 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000369 MtrCDE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000370 Many drugs target topoisomerases to inhibit DNA synthesis. Resistant DNA topoisomerase subunits prevent antibiotic binding and thus confer resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000370 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000370 ARO:3000370 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000370 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit PMID:10817725 PMID:10878136 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000372 VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000372 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000372 ARO:3000372 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000372 vanT PMID:12501312 PMID:21954395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000373 EmrKY is a homolog of EmrAB found in E. coli. Together with TolC, it is a tripartite multidrug transporter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000373 EmrKY-TolC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000373 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000373 ARO:3000373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000373 EmrKY-TolC PMID:10508434 PMID:18299414 PMID:9187657 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ErmB confers the MLSb phenotype. Similar to ErmC, expression of ErmB is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmB. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 PDB:1YUB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ErmB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 erm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 erm2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ermAM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ermAMR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ermBC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ermBP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ermBZ1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ermBZ2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ermIP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ermP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ARO:3000375 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000375 ErmB PMID:11467949 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000376 vgb (Virginiamycin B) lyase inactivates type B streptogramin antibiotics by linearizing the streptogramin lactone ring at the ester linkage through an elimination mechanism, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000376 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000376 ARO:3000376 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000376 streptogramin vgb lyase PMID:15117957 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000377 MexA is the membrane fusion protein of the MexAB-OprM multidrug efflux complex. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000377 PDB:1T5E http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000377 MexA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000377 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000377 ARO:3000377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000377 MexA PMID:14973037 PMID:19361527 PMID:20583998 PMID:21178960 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000378 MexB is the inner membrane multidrug exporter of the efflux complex MexAB-OprM. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000378 PDB:2V50 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000378 MexB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000378 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000378 ARO:3000378 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000378 MexB PMID:15797729 PMID:16508113 PMID:16511029 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000379 OprM is an outer membrane factor protein found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia vietnamiensis. It is part of the MexAB-OprM, MexVW-OprM, MexXY-OprM and the AmrAB-OprM complex. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000379 PDB:1WP1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000379 OprM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000379 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000379 ARO:3000379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000379 OprM PMID:7492106 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000380 FosC is an enzyme that phosphorylates fosfomycin to confer resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000380 FosC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000380 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000380 ARO:3000380 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000380 FosC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000381 Alternate proteins that have the same functions as other antibiotic target proteins, but are structurally different and thus resistant to antibiotics. These can replace the activity of other antibiotic-sensitive proteins in the presence of antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000381 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000381 ARO:3000381 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000381 antibiotic target replacement protein PMID:15539072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000382 Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000382 CAS:13838-08-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000382 ChEBI:135238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000382 ChEMBL:CHEMBL278788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000382 ChEMBL:CHEMBL3989525 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000382 PubChem:62858 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000382 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000382 ARO:3000382 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000382 azidamfenicol PMID:21513882 PMID:8550435 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000384 AcrAB-TolC is a tripartite RND efflux system that confers resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and rifampin in Gram-negative bacteria. The system spans the cell membrane (AcrB) and the outer-membrane (TolC), and is linked together in the periplasm by AcrA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000384 AcrAB-TolC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000384 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000384 ARO:3000384 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000384 AcrAB-TolC PMID:17737966 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000385 Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000385 CAS:56-75-7 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000385 ChEBI:17698 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000385 ChEMBL:CHEMBL130 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000385 PubChem:5959 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000385 CHL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000385 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000385 ARO:3000385 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000385 chloramphenicol PMID:16189126 PMID:17586626 PMID:18312276 PMID:18676884 PMID:9449262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000386 MexAB-OprM is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexA is the membrane fusion protein; MexB is the inner membrane transporter; and OprM is the outer membrane channel. MexAB-OprM is associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, azithromycin, novobiocin, and certain β-lactams and lastly over-expression is linked to colistin resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000386 MexAB-OprM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000386 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000386 ARO:3000386 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000386 MexAB-OprM PMID:12860128 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000387 Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000387 phenicol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000387 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000387 ARO:3000387 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000387 phenicol antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000388 Biosynthesis of streptoramin antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000388 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000388 ARO:3000388 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000388 streptogramin biosynthesis PMID:900602 PMID:9006023 PMID:9303382 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000389 Type B streptogramins are cyclic hexa- or hepta-depsipeptides produced by NRPSs in Streptomyces. The NRPS contains 6 or 7 modules arranged on one or more genes. SnbA catalyzes the activation of the first residue, 3-hydroxypicolynic acid. SnbC then activates and incorporates threonine and aminobutyric acid. Lastly, SnbDE activates and incoporates the last four amino acids. The thioesterase domain is responsible for peptide cyclization, and it is located at the end of the assembly line. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000389 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000389 ARO:3000389 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000389 streptogramin B biosynthesis PMID:18349144 PMID:9869590 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000390 Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000390 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000390 ARO:3000390 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000390 rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) PMID:12730173 PMID:15774883 PMID:8431010 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000391 NorA is a multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones and other structurally unrelated antibiotics like acriflavine. It shares 30% similarity with NorA, and is a structural homolog of Bmr of Bacillus subtilis. It is regulated by arlRS and mgrA, the latter also known as NorR. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000391 norA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000391 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000391 ARO:3000391 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000391 norA PMID:14693532 PMID:16174779 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000392 Erm(37) is found in Mycobacterium species and confers the MLSb phenotype. In addition to methylation of A2058 this Erm methylates adjacent adenosines (A2057 and A2059) as well. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000392 Erm(37) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000392 Erm37 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000392 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000392 ARO:3000392 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000392 Erm(37) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000393 Synthesis of glycopeptide antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000393 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000393 ARO:3000393 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000393 glycopeptide biosynthesis PMID:15113000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000394 Biosynthesis of teicoplanin by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000394 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000394 ARO:3000394 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000394 Actinoplanes teichomyceticus teicoplanin gene cluster PMID:11432417 PMID:17158944 PMID:17827139 PMID:18753343 PMID:19075060 PMID:21537009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000410 Sul1 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase of Gram-negative bacteria. It is linked to other resistance genes of class 1 integrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000410 sul1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000410 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000410 ARO:3000410 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000410 sul1 PMID:11432417 PMID:15722395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000412 Sul2 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase of Gram-negative bacteria, usually found on small plasmids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000412 sul2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000412 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000412 ARO:3000412 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000412 sul2 PMID:12604565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000413 Sul3 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase similar to Sul1 and Sul2. Its resistance gene was found encoded in E. coli plasmid DNA of sulfonamide resistant isolates. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000413 sul3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000413 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000413 ARO:3000413 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000413 sul3 PMID:15933203 PMID:19258263 PMID:19822894 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000419 Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000419 Qnr http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000419 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000419 ARO:3000419 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000419 quinolone resistance protein (qnr) PMID:15774883 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000421 NorB is a multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones and other structurally unrelated antibiotics like tetracycline. It shares 30% similarity with NorB, and is a structural homolog of Blt of Bacillus subtilis. It is regulated by mgrA, also known as NorR. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000421 norB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000421 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000421 ARO:3000421 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000421 norB PMID:10681332 PMID:18701452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000423 In the presence of ATP and magnesium (II), fosfomycin gets phosphorylated at the phosphate group resulting in a diphosphate group which inactivates the antibiotic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000423 PDB:3D40 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000423 FomA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000423 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000423 ARO:3000423 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000423 FomA PMID:22802246 PMID:8328779 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000443 The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by glycosylation at the 23-OH position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000443 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000443 ARO:3000443 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000443 rifampin glycosyltransferase PMID:24778229 PMID:27103605 PMID:7928806 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000444 The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by phosphorylation at the 21-OH position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000444 rphA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000444 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000444 ARO:3000444 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000444 rphA PMID:19942945 PMID:8980786 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000445 Enzyme responsible for the decolorization of rifampin by monoxygenation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000445 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000445 ARO:3000445 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000445 rifampin monooxygenase PMID:11599741 PMID:11796355 PMID:21421794 PMID:22252810 PMID:8067768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000446 Mupirocin inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS). Mutations in ileS can confer low-level mupirocin resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000446 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000446 ARO:3000446 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000446 antibiotic-resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS) PMID:17548499 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000448 QepA1 is a plasmid-mediated efflux pump in E. coli, shown to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance. It is regulated by sox genes, also known as global stress regulators. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000448 QepA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000448 QepA1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000448 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000448 ARO:3000448 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000448 QepA1 PMID:18701452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000449 An enzyme which on its own cannot provide fosfomycin resistance, however in conjunction with FomA, it leads to the formation of fosfomycin with three phosphates total, which makes it inactive. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000449 FomB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000449 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000449 ARO:3000449 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000449 FomB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000450 Inactivation of an antibiotic via introduction a hydroxyl group (-OH). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000450 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000450 ARO:3000450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000450 hydroxylation of antibiotic conferring resistance PMID:14572535 PMID:24878531 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000451 Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000451 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000451 ARO:3000451 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000451 protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux PMID:11504468 PMID:20802486 PMID:22279180 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000452 Fluoroquinolones inhibit type II and type IV topoisomerases (2 strand breaking enzymes) such as GyrA/GyrB and ParC/ParE. Point mutations in the associated gyrA and parC genes, in particular in the 'quinolone resistance determining region' (QRDR), give rise to resistance to the class. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000452 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000452 ARO:3000452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000452 fluoroquinolone resistant DNA topoisomerase PMID:11841212 PMID:12771141 PMID:20713681 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000453 vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000453 Streptogramin A acetyltransferase (SAT) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000453 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000453 ARO:3000453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000453 streptogramin vat acetyltransferase PMID:17201926 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 Polymyxin B is mixture of mostly polymyxins B1 and B2, mainly used for resistant gram-negative infections. They are polypeptides with cationic detergent action on cell membranes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 CAS:1404-26-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 ChEBI:59063 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 ChEBI:8309 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 ChEMBL:CHEMBL3989738 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 ChEMBL:CHEMBL5314354 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 PubChem:49800004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 ARO:3000454 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000454 polymyxin B http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000455 Type A streptogramins are produced by a hybrid NRPS/PKS composed of 8 NRPS modules and 2 PKS modules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000455 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000455 ARO:3000455 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000455 streptogramin A biosynthesis PMID:15539072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000456 Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000456 CAS:15318-45-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000456 ChEBI:32215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000456 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1236282 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000456 PubChem:27200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000456 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000456 ARO:3000456 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000456 thiamphenicol PMID:16127057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000457 ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParE prevent anticoumarin antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000457 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000457 ARO:3000457 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000457 aminocoumarin resistant parE PMID:17376874 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000458 Macrolide glycosyltransferases are enzymes encoded by macrolide glycosyltransferase genes and inactivate macrolides by glycosylating them at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar moiety. They are predominantly found in macrolide producers and are also found in non-producers and are used as a resistance mechanism. Different variants of this enzyme has been reported. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000458 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000458 ARO:3000458 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000458 macrolide glycosyltransferase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000459 Biosynthesis of fosfomycin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000459 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000459 ARO:3000459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000459 fosfomycin biosynthesis PMID:15539072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000461 Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000461 CAS:73231-34-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000461 ChEBI:87185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000461 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1241590 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000461 PubChem:114811 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000461 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000461 ARO:3000461 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000461 florfenicol PMID:1605601 PMID:1612452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000462 A macrolide glycosyltransferase encoded by the mgtA gene in Streptomyces lividans. This enzyme inactivates macrolides using UDP-glucose as a cofactor. Its optimal substrates are lankamycin, calcomycin, rosaramicin, methymycin, and pikromycin, while interactions with erythomycin, oldeandomycin, azithromycin, and tylosin were weaker. It is inactive against spiramycin and carbomycin. Mechanism first described by Cundliffe, 1992. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000462 mgt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000462 mgtA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000462 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000462 ARO:3000462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000462 mgtA PMID:9756764 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000463 A macrolide glycosyltransferase encoded by the gimA gene in Streptomyces ambofaciens, a natural producer of the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin. Chalcomycin, methymycin, tylosin, pikromycin, rosaramicin, oleandomycin, josamycin, and carbomycin are preferred substrates of gimA glycosyltransferase, while erythromycin and spiramycin have notably low binding affinities. GimA may be able to inactivate spiramycin precursors. Described by Gourmelen et al. 1998. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000463 gimA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000463 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000463 ARO:3000463 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000463 gimA PMID:12183233 PMID:16547016 PMID:9797206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000464 Mutant forms of the porin Por result in reduced permeability to antibiotics, particularly tetracyclines and beta-lactams. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000464 Ngon_porin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000464 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000464 ARO:3000464 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000464 Neisseria gonorrhoeae porin PIB (por) PMID:15984838 PMID:17376874 PMID:9680207 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000465 OleI and OleD are glycosyltransferases found in Streptomyces antibioticus which is a natural producer of antibiotic oleandomycin. OleI glycosylates antibiotic oleandomycin whereas OleD can glycosylate a wide variety of macrolides. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000465 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000465 ARO:3000465 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000465 ole glycosyltransferase PMID:15566329 PMID:17461743 PMID:27904526 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000466 Dalbavancin is a semisynthetic second-generation lipoglycopeptide derived from teicoplanin. It binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors. It is used to treat Gram-positive bacteria and can be used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000466 CAS:171500-79-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000466 ChEBI:82721 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000466 ChEMBL:CHEMBL3301669 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000466 PubChem:23724878 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000466 Zeven http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000466 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000466 ARO:3000466 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000466 dalbavancin PMID:21930874 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000467 New Delhi beta-lactamase NDM-5. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000467 NDM-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000467 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000467 ARO:3000467 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000467 NDM-5 PMID:16015285 PMID:16186494 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000469 The enzyme responsible for the final step of fosfomycin biosynthesis. It converts S-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid (S-HPP) into fosfomycin via an oxidative cyclalization reaction. It uses Iron (II) or Zinc (II) as cofactors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000469 PDB:1ZZ6 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000469 Fom4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000469 HppE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000469 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000469 ARO:3000469 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000469 hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase PMID:11381101 PMID:12383729 PMID:21145184 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000476 Tet31 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Aeromonas salmonicida, a Gram-negative bacteria. It has also been shown to be expressed in Gallibacterium anatis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000476 tet(31) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000476 tet31 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000476 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000476 ARO:3000476 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000476 tet(31) PMID:12383729 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000478 Tet33 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-positive bacteria, including Arthrobacter and Corynebacterium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000478 tet(33) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000478 tet33 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000478 tetA(33) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000478 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000478 ARO:3000478 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000478 tet(33) PMID:12604514 PMID:14993313 PMID:16868863 PMID:21693461 PMID:21996946 PMID:9797224 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000479 Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) can result in resistance to aminocoumarins. These mutations usually involve arginine residues in organisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000479 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000479 ARO:3000479 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000479 aminocoumarin resistant gyrB PMID:12604514 PMID:14993313 PMID:16868863 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000480 Expression of parY(R), which encodes an aminocoumarin resistant topoisomerase IV, can confer aminocoumarin resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000480 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000480 ARO:3000480 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000480 aminocoumarin resistant parY PMID:11897587 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000481 Tet35 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-negative Vibrio and Stenotrophomonas. It is unrelated to other tet resistance genes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000481 effJ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000481 tet(35) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000481 tet35 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000481 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000481 ARO:3000481 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000481 tet(35) PMID:18671473 PMID:19401479 PMID:19436839 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000488 Telavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin and is a second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic. Telavancin inhibits cell wall synthesis by forming a complex with the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors and preventing transglycosylation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000488 CAS:372151-71-8 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000488 ChEBI:71229 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000488 ChEMBL:CHEMBL507870 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000488 PubChem:3081362 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000488 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000488 ARO:3000488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000488 telavancin PMID:16943773 PMID:17303126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000489 Sav1866 is a multidrug efflux pump in the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. It is a homolog of the human ABC transporter Mdr1 and pumps out toxic compounds including verapamil, tetraphenylphosphorchloride, and Hoechst 33342. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000489 PDB:2HYD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000489 sav1866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000489 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000489 ARO:3000489 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000489 sav1866 PMID:12936980 PMID:7509881 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000490 Tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide antibiotics that are important in the treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberactinomycins contain nonproteinogenic amino acids and inhibit group I self-splicing RNA to disrupt prokaryotic protein synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000490 PubChem:24847446 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000490 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000490 ARO:3000490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000490 tuberactinomycin PMID:10692383 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000491 AcrD is an aminoglycoside efflux pump expressed in E. coli. Its expression can be induced by indole, and is regulated by baeRS and cpxAR. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000491 acrD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000491 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000491 ARO:3000491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000491 acrD PMID:16186494 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000492 Genes that are involved in conferring self resistance to antibiotic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000492 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000492 ARO:3000492 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000492 gene involved in self-resistance to antibiotic PMID:26650381 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000495 ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000495 ErmD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000495 ermJ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000495 ermK http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000495 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000495 ARO:3000495 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000495 ErmD PMID:10564477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000496 VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000496 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000496 ARO:3000496 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000496 vanXY PMID:18242089 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000497 Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000497 CAS:74-55-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000497 ChEBI:4877 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000497 ChEMBL:CHEMBL44884 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000497 PubChem:14052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000497 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000497 ARO:3000497 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000497 ethambutol PMID:26219215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000498 ErmF confers the MLSb phenotype. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000498 ErmF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000498 ermFS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000498 ermFU http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000498 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000498 ARO:3000498 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000498 ErmF PMID:16267305 PMID:8407802 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000499 AcrE is a membrane fusion protein, similar to AcrA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000499 AcrE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000499 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000499 ARO:3000499 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000499 AcrE PMID:1468993 PMID:16015285 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000500 The enzyme responsible for converting phosphonoacetaldehyde to (S)-2-/nhydroxypropylphosphonic acid (S-HPP) via an anionic methyl attack, which also reduces the aldehyde to an alcohol. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000500 Fom3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000500 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000500 ARO:3000500 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000500 phosphonoacetaldehyde methyltransfererase PMID:16569850 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000501 Due to gene duplication, the genomes of Nocardia species include both rifampin-sensitive beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) and rifampin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB2) genes, with ~88% similarity between the two gene products. Expression of the rpoB2 variant results in replacement of rifampin sensitivity with rifampin resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000501 rpoB2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000501 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000501 ARO:3000501 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000501 rpoB2 PMID:16267305 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000502 AcrF is a inner membrane transporter, similar to AcrB. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000502 AcrF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000502 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000502 ARO:3000502 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000502 AcrF PMID:12937021 PMID:16267305 PMID:1720861 PMID:18984645 PMID:8647368 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000503 AcrEF-TolC is a tripartite multidrug efflux system similar to AcrAB-TolC and found in Gram-negative bacteria. AcrE is the membrane fusion protein, AcrF is the inner membrane transporter, and TolC is the outer membrane channel protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000503 EnvCD-TolC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000503 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000503 ARO:3000503 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000503 AcrEF-TolC PMID:17919284 PMID:20807206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000504 GolS is a regulator activated by the presence of golD, and promotes the expression of the MdsABC efflux pump. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000504 golS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000504 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000504 ARO:3000504 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000504 golS PMID:12727072 PMID:14526032 PMID:18812515 PMID:20616806 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000506 MexR is the repressor of the MexRAB-OprM operon. Mutant forms of mexR result in up-regulation of efflux pump system MexAB-OprM. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000506 PDB:1LNW http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000506 MexR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000506 nalB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000506 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000506 ARO:3000506 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000506 MexR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000507 Proteins which have been experimentally shown to protect RNA-polymerase from rifampin inhibition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000507 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000507 ARO:3000507 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000507 rifampin-resistant RNA polymerase-binding protein PMID:18297445 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000508 GadX is an AraC-family regulator that promotes mdtEF expression to confer multidrug resistance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000508 gadX http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000508 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000508 ARO:3000508 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000508 gadX PMID:22252810 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000510 An alternative isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase conferring resistance to mupirocin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000510 Saur_mupB_MUP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000510 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000510 ARO:3000510 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000510 Staphylococcus aureus mupB conferring resistance to mupirocin PMID:11914367 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000515 EvgSA is a two-component regulatory system that regulates MdtEF and EmrKY expression for multidrug resistance. EvgS is a sensor protein that phosphorylates the regulatory protein EvgA, though EvgA can be phosphorylated by other methods when it is overexpressed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000515 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000515 ARO:3000515 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000515 evgSA PMID:7730261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000516 EmrR is a negative regulator for the EmrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump in E. coli. Mutations lead to EmrAB-TolC overexpression. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000516 emrR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000516 mprA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000516 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000516 ARO:3000516 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000516 emrR PMID:15667909 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000517 Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000517 CAS:80621-81-4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000517 ChEBI:75246 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000517 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1617 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000517 PubChem:6436173 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000517 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000517 ARO:3000517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000517 rifaximin PMID:18503189 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000518 CRP is a global regulator that represses MdtEF multidrug efflux pump expression. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000518 CRP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000518 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000518 ARO:3000518 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000518 CRP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000519 Enzymes that confer resistance by modifying antibiotic targets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000519 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000519 ARO:3000519 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000519 antibiotic target modifying enzyme PMID:19139099 PMID:8143118 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000520 Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000520 CAS:54-85-3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000520 ChEBI:6030 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000520 ChEMBL:CHEMBL64 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000520 PubChem:3767 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000520 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000520 ARO:3000520 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000520 isoniazid PMID:11599741 PMID:21421794 PMID:8067768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000521 An alternative isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase conferring resistance to mupirocin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000521 Saur_mupA_MUP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000521 ileS2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000521 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000521 ARO:3000521 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000521 Staphylococcus aureus mupA conferring resistance to mupirocin PMID:3025178 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000522 ErmG is a rRNA adenine N-6-methyltransferase that protects the ribosome from inactivation due to antibiotic binding. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000522 ErmG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000522 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000522 ARO:3000522 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000522 ErmG PMID:12618449 PMID:22496764 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000524 CpxAR is a two-component regulatory system that involves a sensor kinase, CpxA, and the regulator CpxR. When the membrane envelope is stressed, CpxAR promotes acrD and mdtABC expression to confer multidrug resistance through efflux. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000524 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000524 ARO:3000524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000524 cpxAR PMID:12837387 PMID:15664522 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000525 A40926 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. It is precusor of the second-generation glycopeptide antibiotic dalbavancin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000525 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1142788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000525 PubChem:16133962 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000525 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000525 ARO:3000525 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000525 antibiotic A40926 PMID:15728904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000526 CmeR is a repressor for the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump, binding to the cmeABC promoter region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000526 cmeR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000526 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000526 ARO:3000526 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000526 cmeR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000527 Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000527 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000527 ARO:3000527 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000527 polyamine antibiotic PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 CAS:57-62-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 ChEBI:27644 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 ChEMBL:CHEMBL404520 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 PubChem:54675777 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 Aureomycin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 Eremomycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 ARO:3000528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000528 chlortetracycline PMID:15700959 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000530 Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000530 CAS:72559-06-9 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000530 ChEBI:45367 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000530 ChEMBL:CHEMBL444633 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000530 PubChem:135398743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000530 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000530 ARO:3000530 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000530 rifabutin PMID:12107134 PMID:15716448 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000531 BaeSR is a two component regulatory system for efflux proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. BaeR is a response regulator, while BaeS is a sensor kinase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000531 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000531 ARO:3000531 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000531 baeSR PMID:16868863 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000532 Biosynthesis of aminocoumarin antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000532 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000532 ARO:3000532 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000532 aminocoumarin biosynthesis PMID:19254725 PMID:20307498 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000533 MacA is a membrane fusion protein that forms an antibiotic efflux complex with MacB and TolC. macA corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000533 PDB:3FPP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000533 macA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000533 pvdR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000533 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000533 ARO:3000533 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000533 macA PMID:15700959 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000534 Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000534 CAS:61379-65-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000534 ChEBI:45304 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000534 ChEMBL:CHEMBL1660 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000534 PubChem:135403821 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000534 priftin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000534 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000534 ARO:3000534 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000534 rifapentine PMID:12832048 PMID:16359323 PMID:19432486 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000535 MacB is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that exports macrolides with 14- or 15- membered lactones. It forms an antibiotic efflux complex with MacA and TolC. macB corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000535 PDB:3FTJ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000535 macB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000535 pvdT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000535 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000535 ARO:3000535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000535 macB PMID:10770754 PMID:10801869 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000536 Novobiocin is produced from biosynthetic clusters in Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000536 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000536 ARO:3000536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000536 Streptomyces spheroides novobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster PMID:16359323 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000545 MacAB-TolC is an ABC efflux pump complex expressed in E. coli and Salmonella enterica. It confers resistance to macrolides, including erythromycin. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000545 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000545 ARO:3000545 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000545 MacAB-TolC PMID:12480894 PMID:16868863 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000546 Clorobiocin is produced by a biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces roseochromogenus subsp. oscitans. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000546 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000546 ARO:3000546 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000546 Streptomyces roseochromogenus subsp. oscitans clorobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster PMID:10633099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000547 ArlRS is a two-component regulatory system for NorA. ArlS phosphorylates ArlR to promote NorA expression. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000547 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000547 ARO:3000547 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000547 arlRS PMID:11036020 PMID:16868863 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000548 Coumermycin A1 is produced by a biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces rishiriensis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000548 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000548 ARO:3000548 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000548 Streptomyces rishiriensis strain DSM 40489 coumermycin A1 biosynthetic gene cluster PMID:22371895 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000549 AdeS is a sensor kinase in the AdeRS regulatory system of AdeABC. It is essential for AdeABC expression. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000549 adeS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000549 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000549 ARO:3000549 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000549 adeS PMID:3871589 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 CAS:78110-38-0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 ChEBI:161680 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 ChEMBL:CHEMBL158 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 PubChem:5742832 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 AZT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 Azactam http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 Primbactam http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 ARO:3000550 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000550 aztreonam http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000551 Organoarsenic antibiotics are arsenic-containing compounds with antibacterial effects. The organoarsenic antibiotic arsphenamine and its derivatives were developed in the 1910s as the first modern chemotherapeutic agents. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000551 Salvarsan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000551 arsenical http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000551 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000551 ARO:3000551 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000551 organoarsenic antibiotic PMID:18679046 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000552 Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and 606, is a drug that was used beginning in the 1910s to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis. It is an organoarsenic compound and was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000552 CAS:139-93-5 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000552 ChEBI:9016 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000552 PubChem:8774 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000552 Salvarsan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000552 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000552 ARO:3000552 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000552 arsphenamine PMID:22371895 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000553 AdeR is a positive regulator of AdeABC efflux system. AdeR inactivation leads to susceptibility to aminoglycoside antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000553 adeR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000553 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000553 ARO:3000553 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000553 adeR PMID:21336932 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000554 Mupirocin, also known as pseudomonic acid, is a bacteriostatic polyketide antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens used to treat S. aureus and MRSA. It inhibits Ile tRNA synthetase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000554 CAS:12650-69-0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000554 ChEBI:7025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000554 ChEMBL:CHEMBL719 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000554 PubChem:446596 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000554 pseudomonic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000554 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000554 ARO:3000554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000554 mupirocin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000555 Biosynthesis of macrolide antibiotics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000555 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000555 ARO:3000555 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000555 macrolide biosynthesis PMID:20479200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000556 Tet44 is a tetracycline resistance gene found in Campylobacter fetus, and binds to the ribosome to confer antibiotic resistance as a ribosomal protection protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000556 tet(44) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000556 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000556 ARO:3000556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000556 tet(44) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000557 Enzyme that catalyzes the inactivation of an antibiotic resulting in resistance. Inactivation includes chemical modification, destruction, etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000557 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000557 ARO:3000557 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000557 antibiotic inactivation enzyme PMID:22371895 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000559 AdeN is a repressor of AdeIJK, a RND-type efflux pump in Acinetobacter baumannii. Its inactivation increases expression of AdeJ. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000559 adeN http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000559 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000559 ARO:3000559 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000559 adeN PMID:10582867 PMID:20618865 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000560 Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000560 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000560 ARO:3000560 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000560 Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase PMID:11381101 PMID:9882678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000561 Tet30 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in agrobacterium, a Gram-negative bacterium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000561 tet(30) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000561 tet30 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000561 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000561 ARO:3000561 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000561 tet(30) PMID:15774883 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000565 Tet38 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. It is regulated by mgrA, which also regulates NorB. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000565 tet(38) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000565 tet38 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000565 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000565 ARO:3000565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000565 tet(38) PMID:15761075 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000566 Tet39 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-negative bacteria, including Brevundimonas, Stenotrophomonas, Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, and Providencia. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000566 tet(39) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000566 tet39 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000566 tetA(39) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000566 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000566 ARO:3000566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000566 tet(39) PMID:18779355 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000567 Tet40 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-positive Clostridium. It is similar to tetA(P). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000567 tet(40) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000567 tet40 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000567 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000567 ARO:3000567 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000567 tet(40) PMID:18563261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000568 Subclass B1 possess a binuclear active site. Within this active site can be either one or two Zn(II) ions. This subclass is able to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. This is the most clinically relevant subclass of MBLs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000568 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000568 ARO:3000568 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000568 subclass B1 (metallo-) beta-lactamase PMID:17308196 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000569 Tet41 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Serratia, a Gram-negative bacterium. It is related to Acinetobacter Tet(39). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000569 tet(41) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000569 tet41 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000569 tetA(41) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000569 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000569 ARO:3000569 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000569 tet(41) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000570 Metallo-beta-lactmases of subclass B2 contain only one Zn ion in their active site and selectively hydrolyze carbapenems. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000570 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000570 ARO:3000570 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000570 subclass B2 (metallo-) beta-lactamase PMID:18563261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000571 Metallo-beta-lactamases of subclass B3 are similar to B1 in that they have activity against penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, the are only active with two Zn(II) ions in the active site. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000571 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000571 ARO:3000571 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000571 subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamase PMID:18809935 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000572 Tet42 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in both Gram-negative (Pseudomonas) and Gram-positive (Microbacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Paenibacillus) bacteria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000572 tet(42) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000572 tet42 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000572 tetA(42) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000572 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000572 ARO:3000572 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000572 tet(42) PMID:11381101 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000573 Tet(43) is a tetracycline resistance gene with unknown origins, isolated from metagenomic DNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/antibiotic_resistance#CARD_Short_Name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000573 tet(43) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000573 tet43 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000573 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000573 ARO:3000573 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000573 tet(43) PMID:1556077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000574 VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000574 antibiotic_resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000574 ARO:3000574 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000574 vanR PMID:11036060 PMID:14617152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ARO_3000575 VanU is a transcriptional activator of vancomycin resistance genes.