cv2obo 26:08:2024 09:59 antibiotic_resistance 1.2 CARD definition database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_synonym_type id shorthand RO:0002312 antibiotic_resistance evolutionary_variant_of evolutionary_variant_of evolutionary_variant_of RO:0012006 antibiotic_resistance is_small_molecule_inhibitor is_small_molecule_inhibitor is_small_molecule_inhibitor RO:regulates antibiotic_resistance regulates regulates regulates RO:confers_resistance_to_antibiotic antibiotic_resistance confers_resistance_to_antibiotic confers_resistance_to_antibiotic confers_resistance_to_antibiotic RO:confers_resistance_to_drug_class antibiotic_resistance confers_resistance_to_drug_class confers_resistance_to_drug_class confers_resistance_to_drug_class RO:derives_from antibiotic_resistance derives_from derives_from derives_from RO:has_part antibiotic_resistance has_part has_part has_part RO:is_a antibiotic_resistance is_a is_a is_a RO:part_of antibiotic_resistance part_of part_of part_of RO:participates_in antibiotic_resistance participates_in participates_in participates_in RO:targeted_by antibiotic_resistance targeted_by targeted_by targeted_by RO:targeted_by_antibiotic antibiotic_resistance targeted_by_antibiotic targeted_by_antibiotic targeted_by_antibiotic Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000000 macrolide antibiotic Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. PMID:11324679 PMID:15544496 PMID:27480866 The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. fluoroquinolone quinolone antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000001 fluoroquinolone antibiotic The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. PMID:23010009 PMID:3311572 PMID:3802748 A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000002 tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:5284517 Astromicina Astromicine Astromicinum fortimicin A antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000003 astromicin Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000004 monobactam Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. PMID:02669628 PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:3871589 Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:8378 Fradiomycin Fradiomycinum Framycetinum Mycifradin Neomas Soframycin framycetin neomycin B antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000005 neomycin Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. pubchem.compound:12560 Abomacetin Emgel Eritromicina Erymax Erythrocin Erythromycin A Erythromycine Erythromycinum N-methylerythromycin A antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000006 erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. PMID:10582867 PMID:15980346 PMID:7683018 Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:470999 Debecacin Dibekacina Dibekacine Dibekacinum Dideoxykanamycin B Icacine Kappati Orbicin Panamicin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000007 dibekacin Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. pubchem.compound:441199 FOX Mefoxitin mefoxin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000008 cefoxitin Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:3487346 Tunicamycin is mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotics that block the reaction of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and dolichyl phosphate in the first step of glycoprotein synthesis. pubchem.compound:5354023 antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000009 tunicamycin Tunicamycin is mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotics that block the reaction of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and dolichyl phosphate in the first step of glycoprotein synthesis. PMID:1624425 Clusters of antibiotic resistance genes. May be regulated by a shared promoter or repressor. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000010 antibiotic resistance gene cluster, cassette, or operon Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. pubchem.compound:6098 Chloroxacillin Clossacillina Cloxacilina Cloxacilline Cloxacillinum Cloxapen Methocillin S Orbenin Syntarpen Tegopen antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000011 cloxacillin Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. PMID:11585791 PMID:1234495 PMID:15673804 Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. pubchem.compound:475825 nourseothricin racemomycin streptothricin F yazumycin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000012 streptothricin Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:37768 AMK Amicacin Amikacina Amikacinum Amikavet Arikace Kaminax Lukadin Mikavir amikacine mikacin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000013 amikacin Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:3084091 Cidomycin Garamycin Gentacycol Gentamicins Gentamycinum Gentavet Gentocin Refobacin Uromycine antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000014 gentamicin C Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. pubchem.compound:6087 Dimocillin Metacillin Methicillinum Methycillin Meticilina Meticilline Meticillinum Staphcillin meticillin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000015 methicillin Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:3889939 Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000016 aminoglycoside antibiotic Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. lincosamide antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000017 lincosamide antibiotic Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. PMID:10582867 PMID:15135500 Viomycin sulfate (Viocin) is an polypeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus and binds to the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting prokaryotic protein synthesis and certain forms of RNA splicing. pubchem.compound:135398671 Celiomycin Florimycin Tuberactinomycin B Viocin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000018 viomycin Viomycin sulfate (Viocin) is an polypeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus and binds to the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting prokaryotic protein synthesis and certain forms of RNA splicing. PMID:211438 Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000020 carbapenem Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:33042 dekamycin IV hetangmycin ribastamin vistamycin xylostatin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000021 ribostamycin Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Polymyxins are cationic detergent antibiotics, with a general structure of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail. They disrupt the structure of the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with its phospholipids. Polymyxins have a bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacilli, especially on Pseudomonas and coliform organisms. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000022 polymyxin antibiotic Polymyxins are cationic detergent antibiotics, with a general structure of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail. They disrupt the structure of the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with its phospholipids. Polymyxins have a bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacilli, especially on Pseudomonas and coliform organisms. PMID:11706007 Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. pubchem.compound:3229 Enroxil Penetrex antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000023 enoxacin Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. PMID:15914491 Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:72393 ambutyrosin sulfate butirosin sulphate antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000024 butirosin Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. pubchem.compound:73491 (1R,2S)-1,2-epoxy-propylphosphonic acid phosphomycin phosphonomycin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000025 fosfomycin Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. PMID:17567049 PMID:18701452 PMID:5809587 PMID:8075064 PMID:8994972 Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000026 streptogramin antibiotic Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. PMID:15700955 Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. pubchem.compound:6915744 antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000027 roxithromycin Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. PMID:10582867 PMID:15980346 Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. pubchem.compound:14969 Vancocin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000028 vancomycin Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. PMID:16323116 Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. pubchem.compound:16129712 targocid teichomycin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000029 teicoplanin Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. PMID:11131961 PMID:16323116 PMID:6235205 PMID:6239854 PMID:6240963 Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. pubchem.compound:54686904 Tygacil antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000030 tigecycline Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 Resistance to antibiotics is often conferred by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other mutations in target genes. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000031 antibiotic resistant gene variant or mutant Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000032 cephalosporin Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:6810737 Streptogramin A antibiotics are cyclic polyketide peptide hybrids that bind to the ribosomal peptidyl transfer centre. Structural variation arises from substituting a proline for its desaturated derivative and by its substitution for Ala or Cys. Used alone, streptogramin A antibiotics are bacteriostatic, but is bactericidal when used with streptogramin B antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000034 streptogramin A antibiotic Streptogramin A antibiotics are cyclic polyketide peptide hybrids that bind to the ribosomal peptidyl transfer centre. Structural variation arises from substituting a proline for its desaturated derivative and by its substitution for Ala or Cys. Used alone, streptogramin A antibiotics are bacteriostatic, but is bactericidal when used with streptogramin B antibiotics. PMID:12102603 PMID:12860128 PMID:15700955 PMID:17015629 Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:36119 antibiotic 6640 dehydrogentamicin rickamicin sisomycin sissomicin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000035 sisomicin Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. pubchem.compound:2764 CIP Cipro Ciprobay Ciproxan antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000036 ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. PMID:15700957 PMID:15914491 Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:3081545 ambylan apralan nebramycin II antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000037 apramycin Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. pubchem.compound:441306 1-N-aethylsisomicin netilyn netromycin vectacin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000038 netilmicin Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. pubchem.compound:15541 Actinospectacin Spectam Togamycin Trobicin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000039 spectinomycin Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:19649 streptomycin A streptomycin A sulfate streptomycin sulfate streptomycin sulphate antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000040 streptomycin Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule which carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane. pubchem.compound:57402735 Altracin Ayfivin BACiiM Baciguent Baciquent Citracin Fortracin Penitracin Topitracin Zutracin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000041 bacitracin Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule which carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane. PMID:8389741 Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000042 glycylcycline Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. PMID:11381101 Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. pubchem.compound:20824 Anabactyl CAR Carbecin Carbenicilina Carbenicillina Carbenicilline Carbenicillinum Geopen Microcillin Pyopen antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000043 carbenicillin Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:4248289 Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. pubchem.compound:123731 antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000044 cephamycin Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 PMID:3487346 Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. pubchem.compound:443101 Acriflavin Assiflavine Bialflavina Bioacridin Bovoflavin Buroflavin Choliflavin Euflavine Pantonsiletten Xanthacridinum antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000045 acriflavine Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. PMID:11566977 Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. pubchem.compound:3000540 Cillimycin Epilincomycin Jiemycin Lincocin Lincolcina Lincolnensin Lincomicina Lincomycin A Lincomycine Lincomycinum antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000046 lincomycin Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. PMID:10582867 PMID:15135500 Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. pubchem.compound:439530 Puromycin dihydrochloride Puromycin hydrochloride Stylomycin dihydrochloride antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000047 puromycin Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. PMID:7608059 Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:6032 Aminodeoxykanamycin Aspidium Kanamicina Kanamycin sulfate Kanamycine Kanamycinum Kantrex kanamycin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000049 kanamycin A Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Streptogramin B antibiotics are are cyclic hepta- or hexa-depsipeptides. Type B streptogramins block the peptide exit tunnel of the 50S bacterial ribosome. The general composition of group B streptogramins is 3-hydroxypicolinic acid-L-Thr-D-aminobutyric acid (or D-Ala)-L-Pro-L-Phe (or 4-N-,N-(dimethylamino)-L-Phe)-X-L-phenylglycine. Used alone, streptogramin B antibiotics are bacteriostatic, but is bactericidal when used with streptogramin A antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000050 streptogramin B antibiotic Streptogramin B antibiotics are are cyclic hepta- or hexa-depsipeptides. Type B streptogramins block the peptide exit tunnel of the 50S bacterial ribosome. The general composition of group B streptogramins is 3-hydroxypicolinic acid-L-Thr-D-aminobutyric acid (or D-Ala)-L-Pro-L-Phe (or 4-N-,N-(dimethylamino)-L-Phe)-X-L-phenylglycine. Used alone, streptogramin B antibiotics are bacteriostatic, but is bactericidal when used with streptogramin A antibiotics. PMID:10582867 PMID:15700955 PMID:9746015 Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. pubchem.compound:54675776 Abricycline Achromycin Agromicina Ambramicina Ambramycin Biocycline Criseociclina Enterocycline Sumycin Tsiklomistsin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000051 tetracycline Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. pubchem.compound:36294 Gotabiotic Nebcin Tenebrimycin Tobracin Tobradistin Tobramaxin Tobramicin Tobramitsetin Tobramycetin Tobrex antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000052 tobramycin Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. PMID:10103173 PMID:11083623 PMID:8385262 Bleomycin is a family of glycopeptide antibiotics produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycins, taken as a mixture, act by the induction of DNA and RNA strand breaks. In addition to its antibacterial activity, bleomycin is also used as an anticancer agent. pubchem.compound:5360373 Blenoxane Bleocin Bleomicin Bleomycin sulfate Isobleomycin A2 cu-blenoxane antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000053 bleomycin Bleomycin is a family of glycopeptide antibiotics produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycins, taken as a mixture, act by the induction of DNA and RNA strand breaks. In addition to its antibacterial activity, bleomycin is also used as an anticancer agent. PMID:15700963 Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. pubchem.compound:2349 Benzopenicillin Cilopen Dropcillin Gelacillin Liquacillin PCN Pharmacillin Pradupen Specilline G penicillin g antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000054 penicillin Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. PMID:11585791 PMID:15673804 Bicyclomycin represents a unique class of antibiotics, discovered in 1972. It is obtained by the fermentation of Streptomyces sapporonensis. In the crystalline form bicyclomycin is observed to be rhombic or monoclinic, depending on the solvent used. This antibiotic kills bacteria by inhibiting the Rho transcription terminator factor, halting ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. pubchem.compound:65807 Aizumycin Bacfeed Bacteron Bicozamicina Bicozamycin Bicozamycine Bicozamycinum antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000055 bicyclomycin Bicyclomycin represents a unique class of antibiotics, discovered in 1972. It is obtained by the fermentation of Streptomyces sapporonensis. In the crystalline form bicyclomycin is observed to be rhombic or monoclinic, depending on the solvent used. This antibiotic kills bacteria by inhibiting the Rho transcription terminator factor, halting ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. PMID:16181146 PMID:7487110 Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. pubchem.compound:6196 MPI-penicillin Ossacillina Oxacilina Oxacilline Oxacillinum Oxazocillin Oxazocilline Prostaphlin Prostaphlyn antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000056 oxacillin Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. PMID:7928809 Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. pubchem.compound:3002190 HMR-3647 HMR3647 Ketek Levviax antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000057 telithromycin Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. PMID:15700954 Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. pubchem.compound:33255 CFZ Cefamezin Cefazolina Cefazoline Cefazolinum Cephamezine Cephazolidin Cephazolin Cephazoline Elzogram antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000058 cefazolin Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. PMID:27572414 PMID:4790605 Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. pubchem.compound:5479537 Axepim Cefepima Cefepimum FEP Maxipime antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000059 cefepime Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. PMID:8150771 Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. pubchem.compound:5481173 CAZ Ceftazidim Ceptaz Fortaz Pentacef Tazicef Tazidime caftazidime ceftazidima ceftazidimum antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000060 ceftazidime Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. PMID:6805421 Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. pubchem.compound:135413542 Ceftobiprole medocaril Zeftera Zevtera antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000061 ceftobiprole Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. PMID:22064544 Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. pubchem.compound:5479530 Biotrakson CRO Cefatriaxone Ceftriaxon Ceftriaxona Ceftriaxonum Ceftriazone Longacef Longaceph Rocephin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000062 ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. PMID:6810737 Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. pubchem.compound:5479529 Biofuroksym CXM Cefuril Cefuroxim Cefuroximo Cefuroximum Cephuroxime Sharox Zinacef antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000063 cefuroxime Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. PMID:1259408 Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. pubchem.compound:33613 AMX Amolin Amopenixin Amoxicilina Amoxicilline Amoxicillinum Amoxycillin Clamoxyl D-Amoxicillin Moxal antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000064 amoxicillin Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. PMID:19236222 Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. pubchem.compound:84029 Biaxin CLR Clambiotic Clarith Clathromycin Klacid Klaricid Macladin Naxy Veclam antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000065 clarithromycin Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. PMID:7683018 Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. pubchem.compound:446598 CLI Chlolincocin Chlorlincocin Cleocin Clindamicina Clindamycine Clindamycinum Clinimycin Sobelin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000066 clindamycin Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. PMID:20876128 Colistins are polymyxin antibiotics produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. Colistin, also referred to as polymyxin E, is a mixture of cyclic polypeptides colistin A and B which disrupt the bacterial cell membrane and is effective against Gram-negative bacteria. CST Colomycin polymyxin E antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000067 colistin Colistins are polymyxin antibiotics produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. Colistin, also referred to as polymyxin E, is a mixture of cyclic polypeptides colistin A and B which disrupt the bacterial cell membrane and is effective against Gram-negative bacteria. PMID:17958555 PMID:20818945 Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. pubchem.compound:16134395 Cidecin Cubicin Daptomicina Daptomycine Daptomycinum Deptomycin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000068 daptomycin Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. PMID:11353654 PMID:12615866 PMID:14985278 PMID:15870461 PMID:16311632 PMID:20522545 PMID:22083474 Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. pubchem.compound:54671203 Azudoxat Deoxymykoin Doxiciclina Doxitard Doxycyclinum Doxytetracycline Vibramycin Vibramycine Vibravenos antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000069 doxycycline Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. pubchem.compound:150610 Invanz antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000070 ertapenem Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. PMID:12951340 PMID:27572414 Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. pubchem.compound:149096 Levaquin Tavanic antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000071 levofloxacin Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. PMID:15700957 Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. pubchem.compound:441401 Zyvox Zyvoxa Zyvoxam Zyvoxid antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000072 linezolid Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. PMID:15700955 PMID:18757750 Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. pubchem.compound:441130 Meronem Meropen Meropenem anhydrous Meropenemum Merrem antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000073 meropenem Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. PMID:18416587 Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. pubchem.compound:152946 Actira (hydrochloride) Avelox Avelox (hydrochloride) MXFX Moxifloxacin hydrochloride Vigamox antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000074 moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. PMID:10193688 PMID:11858629 Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It inhibits enzyme synthesis by inhibiting essential enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, as well as those involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It is marketed under the following brand names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro and Urantoin. pubchem.compound:6604200 Chemiofuran Cistofuran Furadantin Furadantine Furalan Macrobid Macrodantin Macrodantina Nitrofuradantin antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000075 nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It inhibits enzyme synthesis by inhibiting essential enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, as well as those involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It is marketed under the following brand names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro and Urantoin. PMID:1100114 PMID:7928834 Resistance-modifying agents (RMA) include antibiotic adjuvants and other inhibitors of antibiotic resistance, as well as antibiotic potentiators. These are non-antibiotic compounds which act to block resistance mechanisms or enhance antibiotic action. These are often delivered in combination with an antibiotic (e.g. amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) and may either affect the host organism or the pathogen. Adjuvants and potentiators are therefore used to rescue the activity of existing antibiotic drugs, and are researched as an alternative solution to the antibiotic resistance crisis. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000076 resistance-modifying agents Tazobactam is a compound which inhibits the action of bacterial beta-lactamases. pubchem.compound:123630 Zosyn antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000077 tazobactam Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. pubchem.compound:43672 Piperacillin anhydrous Piperacillin sodium Pipercillin Pipracil Pipril antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000078 piperacillin Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. PMID:11735679 Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. pubchem.compound:5280980 Acide clavulanique Acido clavulanico Clavulansaeure Clavulox Isoclavulanic acid Sodium Clavulanate acidum clavulanicum clavulanate antibiotic_resistance ARO:0000079 clavulanic acid Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0001001 antibiotic target alteration Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. antibiotic target substitution antibiotic_resistance ARO:0001002 antibiotic target replacement Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0001003 antibiotic target protection Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. PMID:32587401 Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. drug enzymatic inactivation drug enzymatic modification antibiotic_resistance ARO:0001004 antibiotic inactivation Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. PMID:20564281 Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. antibiotic_resistance ARO:0010000 antibiotic efflux Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. PMID:19678712 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. ABC type drug efflux antibiotic_resistance ARO:0010001 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. PMID:8302219 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. MFS type drug efflux antibiotic_resistance ARO:0010002 major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. PMID:10943556 PMID:19678712 PMID:9529885 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. SMR type drug efflux antibiotic_resistance ARO:0010003 small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. PMID:17942072 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. RND type drug efflux antibiotic_resistance ARO:0010004 resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. PMID:15582398 PMID:16915237 PMID:19664953 Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:1000001 process or component of antibiotic biology or chemistry Antibiotic resistance mechanisms evolve naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population. antibiotic_resistance ARO:1000002 mechanism of antibiotic resistance Antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure or spectrum of activity. antibiotic_resistance ARO:1000003 antibiotic molecule A mutation, single nucleotide polymorphism, gene, or gene product that confers antibiotic resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000000 determinant of antibiotic resistance A mutation, single nucleotide polymorphism, gene, or gene product that confers antibiotic resistance. PMID:15700955 Beta-lactamases are enzymes (EC 3.5.2.6) produced by some bacteria and are responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins (are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase), cephamycins, and carbapenems (ertapenem). These antibiotics have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam. The lactamase enzyme breaks that ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties. Beta-lactam antibiotics are typically used to treat a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative organisms are usually secreted. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000001 beta-lactamase Beta-lactamases are enzymes (EC 3.5.2.6) produced by some bacteria and are responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins (are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase), cephamycins, and carbapenems (ertapenem). These antibiotics have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam. The lactamase enzyme breaks that ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties. Beta-lactam antibiotics are typically used to treat a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative organisms are usually secreted. PMID:19995920 PMID:21220461 PMID:6109327 PMID:7574506 vanW is an accessory gene, with unknown function, found on vancomycin resistance operons. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000002 vanW vanW is an accessory gene, with unknown function, found on vancomycin resistance operons. PMID:11036060 These compounds are antibiotics of unique structure or origin, without a defined classification. miscellaneous antibiotic antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000003 antibiotic without defined classification Ambler Class B beta-lactamases are the metallo-beta-lactamases. These enzymes possess one or two zinc ions in the active site, which are used to orient a hydroxide nucleophile to attack the carbonyl on a beta-lactam ring. There are currently no inhibitors in late-stage development for these relatively new beta-lactamases. Molecular Class B beta-lactamase antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000004 class B (metallo-) beta-lactamase Ambler Class B beta-lactamases are the metallo-beta-lactamases. These enzymes possess one or two zinc ions in the active site, which are used to orient a hydroxide nucleophile to attack the carbonyl on a beta-lactam ring. There are currently no inhibitors in late-stage development for these relatively new beta-lactamases. PMID:14629034 PMID:15215079 VanD is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog similar to VanA, and can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance. vanD antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000005 vanD VanD is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog similar to VanA, and can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance. PMID:10368136 vanD VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000006 vanH VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. PMID:1931965 PMID:9177243 Beta-lactam antibiotics are a broad class of antibiotics that include penams (penicillin derivatives), cephems (cephalosporins), monobactams, and carbapenems. These antibiotic agents contain a beta-lactam nucleus in its molecular structure. They are the most widely-used group of antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000007 beta-lactam antibiotic Beta-lactam antibiotics are a broad class of antibiotics that include penams (penicillin derivatives), cephems (cephalosporins), monobactams, and carbapenems. These antibiotic agents contain a beta-lactam nucleus in its molecular structure. They are the most widely-used group of antibiotics. PMID:3889939 Penams are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. This is the most defining feature of penicillins. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000008 penam Penams are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. This is the most defining feature of penicillins. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. PMID:3889939 VanA is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It has been isolated from VREs. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance. PDB:1E4E vanA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000010 vanA VanA is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It has been isolated from VREs. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance. PMID:9177243 vanA VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000011 vanX VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. PMID:7854121 Proteins involved in restructuring of the cell wall, causing antibiotic resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000012 protein(s) conferring antibiotic resistance via molecular bypass VanB is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog similar to VanA, and can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It has been isolated from VREs. It is associated with vancomycin resistance, but not teicoplanin resistance. vanB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000013 vanB VanB is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog similar to VanA, and can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It has been isolated from VREs. It is associated with vancomycin resistance, but not teicoplanin resistance. PMID:9177243 vanB TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000014 TEM beta-lactamase TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. PMID:11585791 PMID:8432315 SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000015 SHV beta-lactamase SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. PMID:11585791 These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000016 CTX-M beta-lactamase These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. PMID:20705517 OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000017 OXA beta-lactamase OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. PMID:16891520 PMID:24696435 IMI beta-lactamases are a group of TEM-1-like beta-lactamase that are known to hydrolyze imipenem. IMI beta-lactamases are inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000018 IMI beta-lactamase IMI beta-lactamases are a group of TEM-1-like beta-lactamase that are known to hydrolyze imipenem. IMI beta-lactamases are inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam. PMID:8878585 Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000020 IMP beta-lactamase Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. PMID:20121112 PMID:8141584 The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000021 VIM beta-lactamase The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. PMID:12562689 PMID:18061205 PMID:20121112 Ristocetin is a glycopeptide antibiotic similar to vancomycin but positively charged. It is not used clinically because it induces platelet agglutination. pubchem.compound:16204749 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000022 ristocetin Ristocetin is a glycopeptide antibiotic similar to vancomycin but positively charged. It is not used clinically because it induces platelet agglutination. PMID:17620 PMID:2532132 Subunit of the topoisomerase IV sensitive to aminocoumarins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000023 aminocoumarin sensitive parE Subunit of the topoisomerase IV sensitive to aminocoumarins. PMID:12604514 PMID:16127057 PatA is an ABC transporter of Streptococcus pneumoniae that interacts with PatB to confer fluoroquinolone resistance. patA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000024 patA PatA is an ABC transporter of Streptococcus pneumoniae that interacts with PatB to confer fluoroquinolone resistance. PMID:20709735 PMID:20937787 patA PatB is an ABC transporter of Streptococcus pneumoniae that interacts with PatA to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.. patB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000025 patB PatB is an ABC transporter of Streptococcus pneumoniae that interacts with PatA to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.. PMID:20709735 PMID:20937787 patB MepA is an efflux protein regulated by MepR and part of the MepRAB cluster. Its presence in Staphylococcus aureus led to multidrug resistance, while it has also been shown to decrease tigecycline susceptibility. mepA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000026 mepA MepA is an efflux protein regulated by MepR and part of the MepRAB cluster. Its presence in Staphylococcus aureus led to multidrug resistance, while it has also been shown to decrease tigecycline susceptibility. PMID:15855507 PMID:15855508 PMID:16569840 mepA EmrA is a membrane fusion protein, providing an efflux pathway with EmrB and TolC between the inner and outer membranes of E. coli, a Gram-negative bacterium. emrA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000027 emrA EmrA is a membrane fusion protein, providing an efflux pathway with EmrB and TolC between the inner and outer membranes of E. coli, a Gram-negative bacterium. PMID:7730261 emrA Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000034 nucleoside antibiotic Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. PMID:18679046 PMID:3061990 Lipopeptide antibiotics are aliphatic, with their hydrophobic components interacting with the bacterial cell membrane. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000035 lipopeptide antibiotic Lipopeptide antibiotics are aliphatic, with their hydrophobic components interacting with the bacterial cell membrane. PMID:19156787 Enzymes or other gene products which hydroxylate tetracycline and other tetracycline derivatives. Hydroxylation inactivates tetracycline-like antibiotics, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000036 tetracycline inactivation enzyme Enzymes or other gene products which hydroxylate tetracycline and other tetracycline derivatives. Hydroxylation inactivates tetracycline-like antibiotics, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. PMID:24497223 Hydrolysis of an antibiotic molecule to confer resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000040 hydrolysis of antibiotic conferring resistance Antibiotic adjuvants shown to inhibit the action of a beta-lactamase enzyme or enhance the ability of a beta-lactam antibiotic. These compounds are used along with antibiotics to treat beta-lactam-resistant infectious pathogens. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000042 beta-lactamase inhibitor VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000043 VEB beta-lactamase VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam. PMID:10049269 A collection of curated phenotypic terms relating to antibiotic resistance and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000045 component of AMR genotypic or phenotypic terminology These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000050 tetracycline antibiotic These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. PMID:11381101 Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000053 peptide antibiotic Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. PMID:10348745 PMID:18065456 SME beta-lactamases are chromosome-mediated class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems in Serratia marcescens. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000055 SME beta-lactamase SME beta-lactamases are chromosome-mediated class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems in Serratia marcescens. PMID:8092824 PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000056 PER beta-lactamase NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000057 NDM beta-lactamase NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. PMID:19770275 PMID:20705517 PMID:21393184 PMID:21507902 PMID:21624908 PMID:21930874 PMID:22078325 PMID:24165671 MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000058 MIR beta-lactamase MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams. PMID:1963529 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000059 KPC beta-lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. PMID:17441734 PMID:19493866 IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000060 IND beta-lactamase IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases. PMID:10077836 GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000066 GES beta-lactamase FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000067 FOX beta-lactamase FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins. PMID:7811034 DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000068 DHA beta-lactamase DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. PMID:9736562 CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000069 CMY beta-lactamase VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000071 vanS VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. PMID:1556077 ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000072 ACT beta-lactamase ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. PMID:9055993 ACC beta-lactamases or Ambler class C beta-lactamases are AmpC beta-lactamases. They possess an interesting resistance phenotype due to their low activity against cephamycins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000073 ACC beta-lactamase ACC beta-lactamases or Ambler class C beta-lactamases are AmpC beta-lactamases. They possess an interesting resistance phenotype due to their low activity against cephamycins. PMID:10428914 emrB is a translocase in the emrB -TolC efflux protein in E. coli. It recognizes substrates including carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), nalidixic acid, and thioloactomycin. emrB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000074 emrB emrB is a translocase in the emrB -TolC efflux protein in E. coli. It recognizes substrates including carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), nalidixic acid, and thioloactomycin. PMID:1409590 emrB Class D beta-lactamases are one of the subgroups of beta-lactamases that are classified as serine enzymes. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000075 class D beta-lactamase AmpC type beta-lactamases are commonly isolated from extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. AmpC beta-lactamases (also termed class C or group 1) are typically encoded on the chromosome of many Gram-negative bacteria including Citrobacter, Serratia, Enterobacter species, and P. aeruginosa where its expression is usually inducible; it may also occur on Escherichia coli but is not usually inducible, although it can be hyperexpressed. AmpC type beta-lactamases may also be carried on plasmids. AmpC beta-lactamases, in contrast to ESBLs, hydrolyse broad and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (cephamycins as well as to oxyimino-beta-lactams) but are not inhibited by beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. AmpC beta-lactamase antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000076 class C beta-lactamase AmpC type beta-lactamases are commonly isolated from extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. AmpC beta-lactamases (also termed class C or group 1) are typically encoded on the chromosome of many Gram-negative bacteria including Citrobacter, Serratia, Enterobacter species, and P. aeruginosa where its expression is usually inducible; it may also occur on Escherichia coli but is not usually inducible, although it can be hyperexpressed. AmpC type beta-lactamases may also be carried on plasmids. AmpC beta-lactamases, in contrast to ESBLs, hydrolyse broad and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (cephamycins as well as to oxyimino-beta-lactams) but are not inhibited by beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. PMID:19822890 VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000077 vanY VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. PMID:16323116 PMID:24711382 The Class A beta-lactamases are one of the subgroups of beta-lactamases that are classified as serine enzymes. Class A beta-lactamases exhibit a large degree of variability and are known to hydrolyze penicillins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000078 class A beta-lactamase The Class A beta-lactamases are one of the subgroups of beta-lactamases that are classified as serine enzymes. Class A beta-lactamases exhibit a large degree of variability and are known to hydrolyze penicillins. PMID:17407578 Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000079 oxazolidinone antibiotic Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. PMID:18757750 Aminonucleoside antibiotics are nucleoside antibiotics that contain an amino group. This amino group is often acylated, e.g. puromycin. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000080 aminonucleoside antibiotic Aminonucleoside antibiotics are nucleoside antibiotics that contain an amino group. This amino group is often acylated, e.g. puromycin. PMID:8576156 Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000081 glycopeptide antibiotic Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. PMID:10232990 PMID:16007453 PMID:3276316 PMID:4369274 The biological synthesis of antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000082 antibiotic biosynthesis MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000083 MOX beta-lactamase A grouping of the related CMY, LAT, and MOX beta-lactamases. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000085 CMY-LAT-MOX beta-lactamase A grouping of the related CMY and LAT beta-lactamases. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000086 CMY-LAT beta-lactamase A grouping of the related CMY and MOX beta-lactamases. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000087 CMY-MOX beta-lactamase AER beta-lactamases are capable of hydrolyzing arbenicillin. AsbB1 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000089 AER beta-lactamase AER beta-lactamases are capable of hydrolyzing arbenicillin. PMID:9687391 Bla1 is a chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamase, found in Bacillus anthracis, which hydrolyzes penicillins. Bla1 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000090 Bla1 Bla1 is a chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamase, found in Bacillus anthracis, which hydrolyzes penicillins. PMID:12760895 PMID:27557855 Bla1 CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000091 CARB beta-lactamase CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. PMID:6782068 PMID:9687391 OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000094 OCH beta-lactamase OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi. PMID:11451692 SRT beta-lactamases. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000095 SRT beta-lactamase A grouping of the related SHV and LEN beta-lactamases. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000096 SHV-LEN beta-lactamase LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000097 LEN beta-lactamase LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. PMID:15215087 PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000098 PDC beta-lactamase PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID:19258272 Genes that directly or indirectly modulate beta-lactam resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000100 gene modulating beta-lactam resistance Genes that directly or indirectly modulate beta-lactam resistance. PMID:16143832 Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000103 aminocoumarin antibiotic Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. PMID:8231802 Phosphorylation of antibiotic usually by ATP, sometimes GTP. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000105 phosphorylation of antibiotic conferring resistance Addition of an acyl group to an antibiotic, often via acetylation by acetylCoA. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000106 acylation of antibiotic conferring resistance Modification by NMP, usually AMP. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000107 nucleotidylation of antibiotic conferring resistance Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. pubchem.compound:54675769 cathomycin streptonivicin antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000111 novobiocin Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. PMID:10770754 PMID:4680802 PMID:8231802 Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000112 multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. PMID:16330770 PMID:19100867 Vga-type plasmid-borne ABC-F proteins, expressed in staphylococci that confer resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics through ribosomal protection. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000113 vga-type ABC-F protein Vga-type plasmid-borne ABC-F proteins, expressed in staphylococci that confer resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics through ribosomal protection. PMID:15728891 PMID:20876620 PMID:21768510 Kinases that modify aminoglycoside antibiotics by phosphorylation using NTPs as cofactor. aminoglycoside kinase antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000114 aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH) Kinases that modify aminoglycoside antibiotics by phosphorylation using NTPs as cofactor. PMID:20833577 PMID:9872733 ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Mutations in ParE prevents antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000115 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit parE VanZ is a teicoplanin resistance gene that is an accessory protein. VanZ prevents the incorporation of the terminal D-Ala into peptidoglycan subunits. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000116 vanZ VanZ is a teicoplanin resistance gene that is an accessory protein. VanZ prevents the incorporation of the terminal D-Ala into peptidoglycan subunits. PMID:16323116 A47934 is an 'aglycone' glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces toyocaensis. It is a teicoplanin-like glycopeptide. pubchem.compound:16131155 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000117 antibiotic A47934 A47934 is an 'aglycone' glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces toyocaensis. It is a teicoplanin-like glycopeptide. PMID:12060705 PMID:16492565 PMID:17884639 PMID:9435111 Vga(B) is an ABC-F protein expressed in staphylococci that confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics and related compounds. It is associated with plasmid DNA. vgaB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000118 vgaB Vga(B) is an ABC-F protein expressed in staphylococci that confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics and related compounds. It is associated with plasmid DNA. PMID:15728891 PMID:9427556 vgaB Edeines are basic linear peptides produced by Bacillus brevis Vm4. They have antibacterial as well as antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Edeines are bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal at low and high concentrations, respectively. They are able to inhibit DNA synthesis and protein translation. These compounds are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases and contain numerous unusual amino acids. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000119 edeine Edeines are basic linear peptides produced by Bacillus brevis Vm4. They have antibacterial as well as antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Edeines are bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal at low and high concentrations, respectively. They are able to inhibit DNA synthesis and protein translation. These compounds are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases and contain numerous unusual amino acids. PMID:70202 Balhimycin is a vancomycin-like glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Amycolatopsis balhimycina. It binds to the terminal Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala of peptidoglycan precursors. pubchem.compound:16134543 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000120 balhimycin Balhimycin is a vancomycin-like glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Amycolatopsis balhimycina. It binds to the terminal Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala of peptidoglycan precursors. PMID:10390204 PMID:11495926 PMID:11932455 PMID:16730832 PMID:9761883 Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase enzymes modify aminoglycoside antibiotics by catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group to one of the amino groups present in aminoglycosides, using acetyl coenzyme A as a donor substrate. aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000121 aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC) Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase enzymes modify aminoglycoside antibiotics by catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group to one of the amino groups present in aminoglycosides, using acetyl coenzyme A as a donor substrate. PMID:20833577 Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. CAT is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alkalihalobacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum, Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000122 chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. CAT is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alkalihalobacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum, Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini. PMID:11553538 PMID:11677608 PMID:11735367 PMID:11743194 PMID:12603745 PMID:12650243 PMID:12726767 PMID:12732947 PMID:1406372 PMID:1461942 PMID:1517170 PMID:15539072 PMID:1650008 PMID:1713259 PMID:1929282 PMID:1929326 PMID:19459958 PMID:2013403 PMID:2227449 PMID:2697637 PMID:2993795 PMID:3110008 PMID:3860383 PMID:3865770 PMID:3900035 PMID:6950931 PMID:9349809 Gramicidins are a family of antibiotics synthesized by Bacillus brevis. It includes the linear pentadecapeptides gramicidin A, B and C that make up the mixture gramicidin D. Gramicidin S is a cyclic peptide chain. Gramicidins are also components of tyrothricins, another mixture of antibiotics produced by Bacillus brevis. pubchem.compound:16130140 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000123 gramicidin mecI acts as a repressor of transcription of the mecA/mecR1/mecI operon. mecI antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000124 mecI mecI acts as a repressor of transcription of the mecA/mecR1/mecI operon. PMID:24564530 mecI The use of different nucleophilic molecules by enzymes can break up the epoxide ring of fosfomycin and render the molecule ineffective. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000125 hydrolysis of fosfomycin epoxide ring A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3'-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin and neomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000126 APH(3') A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3'-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin and neomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound. PMID:8385262 PMID:9200607 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of streptomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3''-hydroxyl group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000127 APH(3'') A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin, tobramycin and amikacin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000128 APH(2'') Edeine A is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and spermidine. Edeine A is a mixture of edeine A1 and its inactive isomer, edeine A2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. pubchem.compound:379085 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000130 edeine A Edeine A is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and spermidine. Edeine A is a mixture of edeine A1 and its inactive isomer, edeine A2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. PMID:14731399 PMID:4984939 PMID:70202 Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. pubchem.compound:54706138 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000132 clorobiocin Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. PMID:12044152 PMID:6154685 PMID:8231802 Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000133 fosfomycin thiol transferase Edeine B is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and guanylspermidine. Edeine B is a mixture of edeine B1 and its inactive isomer, edeine B2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. Edeine B has also been shown to inhibit septation and cause filamentous morphology, also leading to cell death. pubchem.compound:446232 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000134 edeine B Edeine B is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and guanylspermidine. Edeine B is a mixture of edeine B1 and its inactive isomer, edeine B2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. Edeine B has also been shown to inhibit septation and cause filamentous morphology, also leading to cell death. PMID:20410587 PMID:4984939 PMID:70202 Edeine D is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine A with the beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. pubchem.compound:170400 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000135 edeine D Edeine D is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine A with the beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. PMID:70202 Edeine F is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine B with beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. pubchem.compound:194407 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000136 edeine F Edeine F is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine B with beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. PMID:6615592 Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. pubchem.compound:5280440 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000145 tylosin Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. PMID:19793461 An enzyme that confers resistance to fosfomycin in Serratia marcescens by breaking the epoxide ring of the molecule. It depends on the cofactors Manganese (II) and Potassium and uses Glutathione (GSH) as the nucleophilic molecule. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, FosA catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione to carbon-1 of fosfomycin, rendering it ineffective as an antibacterial drug. PDB:1NPB FosA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000149 FosA An enzyme that confers resistance to fosfomycin in Serratia marcescens by breaking the epoxide ring of the molecule. It depends on the cofactors Manganese (II) and Potassium and uses Glutathione (GSH) as the nucleophilic molecule. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, FosA catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione to carbon-1 of fosfomycin, rendering it ineffective as an antibacterial drug. PMID:15075406 PMID:15741169 FosA Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. pubchem.compound:54675768 Notomycin A1 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000150 coumermycin A1 Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. PMID:11036020 PMID:14285468 PMID:14285469 PMID:8231802 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of streptomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 6-hydroxyl group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000151 APH(6) Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. pubchem.compound:54675783 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000152 minocycline Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 9-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of spectinomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 9-hydroxyl group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000153 APH(9) A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 9-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of spectinomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 9-hydroxyl group of the compound. PMID:20089863 PMID:9614079 A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 7''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of hygromycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 7''-hydroxyl group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000154 APH(7'') A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 4-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of hygromycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 4-hydroxyl group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000155 APH(4) A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 4-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of hygromycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 4-hydroxyl group of the compound. PMID:21084294 Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. pubchem.compound:6419898 rovamycin antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000156 spiramycin Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. PMID:7683018 Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000157 rifamycin antibiotic Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. PMID:15700959 Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. pubchem.compound:447043 AZM antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000158 azithromycin Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. PMID:1662624 Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000159 efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance blaI acts as a repressor of transcription of the blaZ/blaR1/blaI operon. blaI antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000160 blaI blaI acts as a repressor of transcription of the blaZ/blaR1/blaI operon. PMID:12654668 blaI Catalyzes methylation of rRNA. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000164 rRNA methyltransferase conferring antibiotic resistance Catalyzes methylation of rRNA. PMID:1929280 TetA is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many species of Gram-negative bacteria. tet(A) tetA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000165 tet(A) TetA is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many species of Gram-negative bacteria. PMID:15837373 PMID:8821947 tet(A) Tet(B) is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in many Gram-negative bacteria. It confers resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, but not tigecycline. tet(B) tetB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000166 tet(B) Tet(B) is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in many Gram-negative bacteria. It confers resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, but not tigecycline. PMID:15837373 tet(B) Tet(C) is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many species of Gram-negative bacteria. It is typically found in plasmid DNA. tet(C) tetC antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000167 tet(C) Tet(C) is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many species of Gram-negative bacteria. It is typically found in plasmid DNA. PMID:6307828 tet(C) TetD is a tetracycline efflux pump found exclusively in Gram-negative bacteria. tet(D) tetD antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000168 tet(D) TetD is a tetracycline efflux pump found exclusively in Gram-negative bacteria. PMID:15837373 tet(D) Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. pubchem.compound:135398735 rifampicin antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000169 rifampin Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. PMID:15667909 PMID:6356275 Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. pubchem.compound:104838 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000170 imipenem Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. PMID:10629005 PMID:12084099 Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. diaminopyrimidine antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000171 diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. PMID:8195830 A thiol transferase that leads to the resistance of fosfomycin. Contrasting FosA, FosB is dependent on the cofactor Magnesium (II) and uses either bacillithiol or L-cysteine to open up the epoxide ring of fosfomycin. PDB:4JH1 FosB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000172 FosB A thiol transferase that leads to the resistance of fosfomycin. Contrasting FosA, FosB is dependent on the cofactor Magnesium (II) and uses either bacillithiol or L-cysteine to open up the epoxide ring of fosfomycin. PMID:24004181 PMID:24447055 FosB TetE is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many Gram-negative bacteria, especially those in water environments. The gene is found on large plasmids. tet(E) tetE antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000173 tet(E) TetE is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many Gram-negative bacteria, especially those in water environments. The gene is found on large plasmids. PMID:15837373 tet(E) TetG is a tetracycline efflux protein found in Gram-negative bacteria. The encoding gene is found in both chromosomal and plasmid DNA where it is frequently linked to the floR, sul1, and cmlA9 genes which encode proteins that can confer florfenicol/chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol resistance, respectively. tet(G) tetG antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000174 tet(G) TetG is a tetracycline efflux protein found in Gram-negative bacteria. The encoding gene is found in both chromosomal and plasmid DNA where it is frequently linked to the floR, sul1, and cmlA9 genes which encode proteins that can confer florfenicol/chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol resistance, respectively. PMID:15837373 tet(G) TetH is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in Gram-negative bacteria (Actinobacillus, Acinetobacter, Gallibacterium, Histophilus, Mannheimia, Moraxella, Pasteurella, and Psychrobacter). Its gene is linked to the resistance genes sul2, and strAB, which confer resistance to sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin, respectively. tet(H) tetH antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000175 tet(H) TetH is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in Gram-negative bacteria (Actinobacillus, Acinetobacter, Gallibacterium, Histophilus, Mannheimia, Moraxella, Pasteurella, and Psychrobacter). Its gene is linked to the resistance genes sul2, and strAB, which confer resistance to sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin, respectively. PMID:15837373 tet(H) Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. pubchem.compound:6473883 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000176 dirithromycin Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. PMID:7683018 TetJ is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Morganella, and Proteus). tet(J) tetJ antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000177 tet(J) TetJ is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Morganella, and Proteus). PMID:15837373 tet(J) TetK is a tetracycline efflux protein found in both Gram-negative (Haemophilus and Gallibacterium) and Gram-positive (many species, including mycobacteria) bacteria. tet(K) tetK antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000178 tet(K) TetK is a tetracycline efflux protein found in both Gram-negative (Haemophilus and Gallibacterium) and Gram-positive (many species, including mycobacteria) bacteria. PMID:15837373 PMID:7781778 PMID:8234490 tet(K) TetL is a tetracycline efflux protein found in many species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. tet(L) tetL antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000179 tet(L) TetL is a tetracycline efflux protein found in many species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. PMID:15837373 PMID:3324958 tet(L) TetA(P) is a inner membrane tetracycline efflux protein found on the same operon as the ribosomal protection protein TetB(P). It is found in Clostridium, a Gram-positive bacterium. tetA(P) tetP antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000180 tetA(P) TetA(P) is a inner membrane tetracycline efflux protein found on the same operon as the ribosomal protection protein TetB(P). It is found in Clostridium, a Gram-positive bacterium. PMID:14702405 PMID:15837373 tetA(P) TetV is a tetracycline efflux protein that has been found in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis and Mycolicibacterium fortuitum. tet(V) tetV antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000181 tet(V) TetV is a tetracycline efflux protein that has been found in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis and Mycolicibacterium fortuitum. PMID:15837373 PMID:22673307 PMID:9687386 tet(V) TetY is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-negative bacteria (Aeromonas and Escherichia). It is associated with plasmid DNA. tet(Y) tetY antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000182 tet(Y) TetY is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-negative bacteria (Aeromonas and Escherichia). It is associated with plasmid DNA. PMID:15837373 tet(Y) TetZ is a tetracycline efflux protein found in Gram-positive bacteria (Corynebacterium and Lactobacillus). It is associated with plasmid DNA. tet(Z) tetZ antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000183 tet(Z) TetZ is a tetracycline efflux protein found in Gram-positive bacteria (Corynebacterium and Lactobacillus). It is associated with plasmid DNA. PMID:15837373 tet(Z) Chloroeremomycin is a vancomycin-like glycopeptide, with three sugars instead of two in vancomycin and balhimycin. Chloroeremomycin dimerizes and binds to the terminus of peptidoglycan precursors. pubchem.compound:445806 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000184 chloroeremomycin Chloroeremomycin is a vancomycin-like glycopeptide, with three sugars instead of two in vancomycin and balhimycin. Chloroeremomycin dimerizes and binds to the terminus of peptidoglycan precursors. PMID:11035791 PMID:11942828 PMID:9545426 These proteins confer antibiotic resistance by bind the antibiotic target to prevent antibiotic binding. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000185 antibiotic target protection protein Tet(M) is a ribosomal protection protein that confers tetracycline resistance. It is found on transposable DNA elements and its horizontal transfer between bacterial species has been documented. tet(M) tetM antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000186 tet(M) Tet(M) is a ribosomal protection protein that confers tetracycline resistance. It is found on transposable DNA elements and its horizontal transfer between bacterial species has been documented. PMID:19475445 tet(M) Mechanism of enzymatic degradation common to Ambler Class A, C and D beta-lactamases. A serine residue located in the active site is used to form an acyl-enzyme intermediate and subsequent hydrolysis renders the beta-lactam inactive. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000187 hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotic by serine beta-lactamase Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. pubchem.compound:5578 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000188 trimethoprim Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. PMID:11432417 PMID:18024520 Oritavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of chloroeremomycin, a vancomycin-like glycopeptide. Oritavancin inhibits both transglycosylation and transpeptidation, by binding both the D-Ala-D-Ala and pentaglycine bridge segments of peptidoglycan to inhibit cell wall formation. pubchem.compound:16136912 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000189 oritavancin Oritavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of chloroeremomycin, a vancomycin-like glycopeptide. Oritavancin inhibits both transglycosylation and transpeptidation, by binding both the D-Ala-D-Ala and pentaglycine bridge segments of peptidoglycan to inhibit cell wall formation. PMID:15954849 PMID:18258256 PMID:27904526 Tet(O) is a ribosomal protection protein. It is associated with conjugative plasmids. tet(O) tetO antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000190 tet(O) Tet(O) is a ribosomal protection protein. It is associated with conjugative plasmids. PMID:2841293 PMID:9848445 tet(O) Tet(Q) is a ribosomal protection protein. Its gene is associated with a conjugative transposon and has been found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. tet(Q) tetA(Q) tetQ antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000191 tet(Q) Tet(Q) is a ribosomal protection protein. Its gene is associated with a conjugative transposon and has been found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. PMID:20826220 PMID:9372425 tet(Q) Tet(S) is a ribosomal protection protein found in Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. It is similar to tet(M) and tet(O). tet(S) tetS antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000192 tet(S) Tet(S) is a ribosomal protection protein found in Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. It is similar to tet(M) and tet(O). PMID:7840565 PMID:8370538 tet(S) Tet(T) is a ribosomal protection protein of streptococci. It is similar to Tet(Q). tet(T) tetT antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000193 tet(T) Tet(T) is a ribosomal protection protein of streptococci. It is similar to Tet(Q). PMID:8980765 tet(T) Tet(W) is a ribosomal protection protein. It is associated with both conjugative and non conjugative DNA and has been found strains of Clostridioides difficile. tet(W) tetW antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000194 tet(W) Tet(W) is a ribosomal protection protein. It is associated with both conjugative and non conjugative DNA and has been found strains of Clostridioides difficile. PMID:10681357 tet(W) TetB(P) is a tetracycline ribosomal protection protein found on the same operon as tetA(P), a tetracycline efflux protein. tetB(P) tetP antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000195 tetB(P) TetB(P) is a tetracycline ribosomal protection protein found on the same operon as tetA(P), a tetracycline efflux protein. PMID:15837373 tetB(P) Tet(32) is a tetracycline resistance gene similar to Tet(O), and binds to the ribosome to confer tetracycline resistance as a ribosomal protection protein. tet(32) tet32 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000196 tet(32) Tet(32) is a tetracycline resistance gene similar to Tet(O), and binds to the ribosome to confer tetracycline resistance as a ribosomal protection protein. PMID:11600392 PMID:18955517 tet(32) Tet(36) is a tetracycline resistance gene found in Bacteroides similar to Tet(Q), and binds to the ribosome to confer antibiotic resistance as a ribosomal protection protein. tet(36) tet36 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000197 tet(36) Tet(36) is a tetracycline resistance gene found in Bacteroides similar to Tet(Q), and binds to the ribosome to confer antibiotic resistance as a ribosomal protection protein. PMID:12839793 tet(36) FosX is an enzyme used to confer resistance to fosfomycin. It's dependent on the cofactor, manganese (II), and uses water to generate a vicinal diol. PDB:2P7K FosX antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000198 FosX FosX is an enzyme used to confer resistance to fosfomycin. It's dependent on the cofactor, manganese (II), and uses water to generate a vicinal diol. PMID:17567049 FosX Gramicidin D is a mixture of the linear peptides gramicidin A, B, and C, each with 15 alternating L- and D-amino acids. They are active against most gram-positive bacteria and select gram-negative bacteria. These compounds create channels in the bacterial membrane and increase the permeability to cations. pubchem.compound:45267103 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000199 gramicidin D Gramicidin D is a mixture of the linear peptides gramicidin A, B, and C, each with 15 alternating L- and D-amino acids. They are active against most gram-positive bacteria and select gram-negative bacteria. These compounds create channels in the bacterial membrane and increase the permeability to cations. PMID:17572379 PMID:9672588 Gramicidin S is a cyclical decapeptide with two pentapeptides (Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro) joined head to tail. Like other gramicidins, Gramicidin S disrupts membrane permeability of cations while also destabilizing the membrane at higher concentrations. pubchem.compound:73357 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000200 gramicidin S Gramicidin S is a cyclical decapeptide with two pentapeptides (Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro) joined head to tail. Like other gramicidins, Gramicidin S disrupts membrane permeability of cations while also destabilizing the membrane at higher concentrations. PMID:10590309 PMID:8836773 Enzymes shown to inactivate macrolide antibiotics by chemical modification, thereby conferring resistance to macrolides. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000201 macrolide inactivation enzyme Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000202 Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin. PMID:11476839 PMID:17555436 PMID:20144045 PMID:20598637 PMID:22547628 PMID:23752511 PMID:28663118 Mechanism of enzymatic degradation common to Ambler Class B beta-lactamases. One or two zinc atoms are used to orient a hydroxide nucleophile for attack of the beta-lactam ring. In contrast to serine beta-lactamases, no acyl-enzyme intermediate is formed. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000203 hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotic by metallo-beta-lactamase Mechanism of enzymatic degradation common to Ambler Class B beta-lactamases. One or two zinc atoms are used to orient a hydroxide nucleophile for attack of the beta-lactam ring. In contrast to serine beta-lactamases, no acyl-enzyme intermediate is formed. PMID:20564281 Tet(X) is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase conferring resistance to tetracycline antibiotics. Tet(X) hydroxylates position 11a of the tetraketide group thus inactivating the antibiotic. PDB:2XYO tet(X) tetX antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000205 tet(X) Tet(X) is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase conferring resistance to tetracycline antibiotics. Tet(X) hydroxylates position 11a of the tetraketide group thus inactivating the antibiotic. PMID:15452119 PMID:16128584 PMID:1846135 PMID:21402075 tet(X) emrK is a membrane fusion protein that is a homolog of EmrA. Together with the inner membrane transporter EmrY and the outer membrane channel TolC, it mediates multidrug efflux. emrK antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000206 emrK emrK is a membrane fusion protein that is a homolog of EmrA. Together with the inner membrane transporter EmrY and the outer membrane channel TolC, it mediates multidrug efflux. PMID:12501312 emrK Protein subunit of AcrA-AcrB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrA represents the periplasmic portion of the transport protein. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000207 acrA Protein subunit of AcrA-AcrB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrA represents the periplasmic portion of the transport protein. PMID:10931319 PMID:14706082 PMID:15226509 PMID:16531241 Addition of glycosyl moiety to antibiotics thereby inactivating them. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000208 glycosylation of antibiotic conferring resistance ParY is part of a topoisomerase IV that is resistant to antibiotics that affect other topoisomerases. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000209 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit parY Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000210 rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. PMID:10543773 PMID:11136757 PMID:12821473 PMID:15047531 PMID:21300839 PMID:22361457 PMID:3050121 Chemical alteration of the ribosome results in modification of an antibiotic's target leading to resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000211 ribosomal alteration conferring antibiotic resistance Point mutations in the DNA may lead to an altered gene product that may result in antibiotic resistance. Examples included modified antibiotic targets with lower binding affinities and the deactivation of repressors that result in increased expression of genes that inactivate or pump out antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000212 mutation conferring antibiotic resistance Peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-Ala-D-Lac or D-Ala-D-Ser instead of D-Ala-D-Ala conferring high level glycopeptide resistance. molecular bypass conferring antibiotic resistance antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000213 restructuring of bacterial cell wall conferring antibiotic resistance Peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-Ala-D-Lac or D-Ala-D-Ser instead of D-Ala-D-Ala conferring high level glycopeptide resistance. PMID:1931965 PMID:9177243 Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. pubchem.compound:35766 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000214 hygromycin B Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. PMID:10103173 PMID:11163189 mecR1 is a transmembrane spanning and signal transducing protein which in response to interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics results in upregulation of the mecA/mecR1/mecI operon. mecR1 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000215 mecR1 mecR1 is a transmembrane spanning and signal transducing protein which in response to interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics results in upregulation of the mecA/mecR1/mecI operon. PMID:1544435 mecR1 Protein subunit of AcrA-AcrB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrB functions as a herterotrimer which forms the inner membrane component and is primarily responsible for substrate recognition and energy transduction by acting as a drug/proton antiporter. PDB:1IWG ECK0456 JW0451 acrB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000216 acrB Protein subunit of AcrA-AcrB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrB functions as a herterotrimer which forms the inner membrane component and is primarily responsible for substrate recognition and energy transduction by acting as a drug/proton antiporter. PMID:12374972 PMID:17275331 PMID:18073115 PMID:19166984 PMID:19453279 acrB blaR1 is a transmembrane spanning and signal transducing protein which in response to interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics results in upregulation of the blaZ/blaR1/blaI operon. blaR1 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000217 blaR1 blaR1 Covalent modification of aminoglycoside antibiotic hydroxyl group by ATP-dependent transfer of AMP. aminoglycoside adenyltransferase antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000218 aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (ANT) Covalent modification of aminoglycoside antibiotic hydroxyl group by ATP-dependent transfer of AMP. PMID:20833577 Efflux regulatory proteins with mutations that result in increased expression of efflux proteins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000219 mutant efflux regulatory protein conferring antibiotic resistance Point mutations in gyrB confer antibiotic resistance by preventing drugs from binding the beta-subunit of gyrase, essential for DNA supercoiling. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000220 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit gyrB Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000221 lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. PMID:11797175 Gramicidin A is the most abundant (more than 80%) of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a tryptophan in position 11. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations. pubchem.compound:16132269 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000222 gramicidin A Gramicidin A is the most abundant (more than 80%) of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a tryptophan in position 11. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations. PMID:17572379 Gramicidin B is one of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a phenylalanine in position 11. It is structurally similar to gramicidin A, but its ability to induce the assembly of bilayers is reduced. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations. pubchem.compound:25244501 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000223 gramicidin B Gramicidin B is one of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a phenylalanine in position 11. It is structurally similar to gramicidin A, but its ability to induce the assembly of bilayers is reduced. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations. PMID:17572379 Gramicidin C is one of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a tyrosine in position 11. It is structurally similar to gramicidin A, but its ability to induce the assembly of bilayers is reduced. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations. pubchem.compound:73357 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000224 gramicidin C Gramicidin C is one of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a tyrosine in position 11. It is structurally similar to gramicidin A, but its ability to induce the assembly of bilayers is reduced. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations. PMID:17572379 A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically streptomycin, by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 6-hydroxyl group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000225 ANT(6) Point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance. dihydropteroate synthase antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000226 antibiotic resistant folP Point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance. PMID:1522070 PMID:21115799 PMID:9006040 PMID:9449266 PMID:9593127 Tyrothricin is a mixture of antibiotics including tyrocidines and gramicidins, isolated from Bacillus brevis. pubchem.compound:452550 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000227 tyrothricin Tyrothricin is a mixture of antibiotics including tyrocidines and gramicidins, isolated from Bacillus brevis. PMID:16560680 A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 9-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically streptomycin, by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 9-hydroxyl group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000228 ANT(9) A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 4'-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 4-hydroxyl group of the compound. aadD ant(4',4'') antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000229 ANT(4') Plasmid or integron-encoded nucleotidylylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides at the hydroxyl group at position 2'' in P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, E. coli, S. typhimurium, C. freundii and A. baumannii. ANT(2'')-Ia aadB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000230 ANT(2'')-Ia Plasmid or integron-encoded nucleotidylylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides at the hydroxyl group at position 2'' in P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, E. coli, S. typhimurium, C. freundii and A. baumannii. PMID:25564464 PMID:3024112 ANT(2'')-Ia An operon conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000231 beta-lactam resistance operon Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3''. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000232 ANT(3'')-Ia Resistance to streptogramin antibiotics may be conferred through enzymatic inactivation. There are two known mechanisms of streptogramin inactivation shown clinically to confer resistance: 1) vgB lyase enzymes linearize type B streptogramin antibiotics by breaking the ester linkage; 2) vat acetyltransferase enzymes modify type A streptogramin antibiotics by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary streptogramin hydroxyl. Both mechanisms result in antibiotic inactivation thus conferring resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000233 streptogramin inactivation enzyme Resistance to streptogramin antibiotics may be conferred through enzymatic inactivation. There are two known mechanisms of streptogramin inactivation shown clinically to confer resistance: 1) vgB lyase enzymes linearize type B streptogramin antibiotics by breaking the ester linkage; 2) vat acetyltransferase enzymes modify type A streptogramin antibiotics by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary streptogramin hydroxyl. Both mechanisms result in antibiotic inactivation thus conferring resistance. PMID:11467949 PMID:12771141 Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000234 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. PMID:16323116 embB gene encodes for an arabinosyl transferase in the arabinogalactan synthesis pathway. It is inhibited by ethambutol. Mutations within the ERDR region of embB confers resistance to ethambutol. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000235 ethambutol resistant embB embB gene encodes for an arabinosyl transferase in the arabinogalactan synthesis pathway. It is inhibited by ethambutol. Mutations within the ERDR region of embB confers resistance to ethambutol. PMID:21300839 PMID:21444710 PMID:9142129 This inducible cluster confers high resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin by allowing restructuring of peptidoglycan precursors to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. The vanA gene cluster can be located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Gene orientation: vanRSHAXYZ. vanA_cluster antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000236 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanA This inducible cluster confers high resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin by allowing restructuring of peptidoglycan precursors to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. The vanA gene cluster can be located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Gene orientation: vanRSHAXYZ. PMID:16323116 PMID:8380148 PMID:8843432 vanA_cluster TolC is a protein subunit of many multidrug efflux complexes in Gram negative bacteria. It is an outer membrane efflux protein and is constitutively open. Regulation of efflux activity is often at its periplasmic entrance by other components of the efflux complex. PDB:1EK9 TolC antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000237 TolC TolC is a protein subunit of many multidrug efflux complexes in Gram negative bacteria. It is an outer membrane efflux protein and is constitutively open. Regulation of efflux activity is often at its periplasmic entrance by other components of the efflux complex. PMID:10879525 PMID:11589692 PMID:12163644 PMID:14630321 PMID:16359323 TolC This inducible cluster confers resistance to vancomycin but organisms remain sensitive to teicoplanin by allowing restructuring of peptidoglycan precursors to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. Sensitivity to teicoplanin is due to lack of binding to the sensor kinase VanS. The vanB gene cluster can be located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Gene orientation: vanRSYWHBX. vanB_cluster antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000238 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanB This inducible cluster confers resistance to vancomycin but organisms remain sensitive to teicoplanin by allowing restructuring of peptidoglycan precursors to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. Sensitivity to teicoplanin is due to lack of binding to the sensor kinase VanS. The vanB gene cluster can be located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Gene orientation: vanRSYWHBX. PMID:16323116 PMID:8654967 vanB_cluster Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000244 reduced permeability to antibiotic Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. PMID:19100346 PMID:2848006 RNA-polymerase binding protein which confers resistance to rifampin. RbpA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000245 RbpA RNA-polymerase binding protein which confers resistance to rifampin. PMID:16629670 PMID:21415119 RbpA Confers low vancomycin resistance by engineering peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-Ala-D-Ser in an inducible or constitutive manner. The vanC cluster is intrinsic to the Enterococcus gallinarum chromosome. vanC organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: vanC(XY)TRS. vanC_cluster antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000246 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanC Confers low vancomycin resistance by engineering peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-Ala-D-Ser in an inducible or constitutive manner. The vanC cluster is intrinsic to the Enterococcus gallinarum chromosome. vanC organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: vanC(XY)TRS. PMID:10817725 PMID:12615855 PMID:1551598 PMID:16323116 PMID:7986009 vanC_cluster A tetrameric protein that converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to phosponopyruvate (Ppyr). PDB:1S2T Fom1 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000247 phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) mutase A tetrameric protein that converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to phosponopyruvate (Ppyr). PMID:15078090 DnaA is a chromosomal replication initiation protein which binds and interacts with RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. A surplus of DnaA present in a cell has been shown to confer resistance to the antibiotic Rifampicin. Normally, rifampicin inhibits initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase, but a surplus of DnaA available at the origin has been shown to disrupt Rifampicin activity and confer resistance. DnaA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000248 DnaA DnaA is a chromosomal replication initiation protein which binds and interacts with RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. A surplus of DnaA present in a cell has been shown to confer resistance to the antibiotic Rifampicin. Normally, rifampicin inhibits initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase, but a surplus of DnaA available at the origin has been shown to disrupt Rifampicin activity and confer resistance. PMID:19170875 DnaA ATP-dependent kinase modifies the C-3 hydroxyl group of chloramphenicol. Source is the chloramphenicol producer Streptomyces venezuelae. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000249 chloramphenicol phosphotransferase ATP-dependent kinase modifies the C-3 hydroxyl group of chloramphenicol. Source is the chloramphenicol producer Streptomyces venezuelae. PMID:10835366 PMID:7592948 ErmC is a methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA in two steps. Expression of ErmC is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmC. ErmC ErmC' ermIM ermM antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000250 ErmC ErmC is a methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA in two steps. Expression of ErmC is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmC. PMID:18439898 PMID:2113911 PMID:2492520 PMID:6792593 ErmC MsrA is an ABC-F subfamily ribosomal protection protein expressed in Staphylococcus species which confers resistance to erythromycin and streptogramin B antibiotics through antibiotic target protection mechanisms. It is associated with plasmid DNA. msr(A) msrA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000251 msrA MsrA is an ABC-F subfamily ribosomal protection protein expressed in Staphylococcus species which confers resistance to erythromycin and streptogramin B antibiotics through antibiotic target protection mechanisms. It is associated with plasmid DNA. PMID:15914491 msrA Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. This cluster is constitutively expressed in the chromosome due to a dysfunctional D-ala-D-ala ligase and confers moderate resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin. Gene orientation: vanRSYHDX. vanD_cluster antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000253 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanD Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. This cluster is constitutively expressed in the chromosome due to a dysfunctional D-ala-D-ala ligase and confers moderate resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin. Gene orientation: vanRSYHDX. PMID:11344152 PMID:12499162 PMID:16323116 PMID:9303405 vanD_cluster emrY is a multidrug transport that moves substrates across the inner membrane of the Gram-negative E. coli. It is a homolog of emrB. emrY antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000254 emrY emrY is a multidrug transport that moves substrates across the inner membrane of the Gram-negative E. coli. It is a homolog of emrB. PMID:12501312 emrY Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. The vanF gene cluster is inducible and confers high resistance to vancomycin in Paenibacillus popilliae. vanF organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: RSYZHFX. vanF_cluster antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000255 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanF Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. The vanF gene cluster is inducible and confers high resistance to vancomycin in Paenibacillus popilliae. vanF organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: RSYZHFX. PMID:10681342 PMID:15980329 vanF_cluster Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. The plasmid-located vanM gene cluster is inducible and confers high resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Gene orientation: RSYHMX. vanM_cluster antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000256 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanM Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. The plasmid-located vanM gene cluster is inducible and confers high resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Gene orientation: RSYHMX. PMID:20733041 vanM_cluster Contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The vanG gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanG organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. It is the only van gene cluster that contains two vanY genes. Gene orientation: vanRSYWGYT. vanG_cluster antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000257 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanG Contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The vanG gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanG organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. It is the only van gene cluster that contains two vanY genes. Gene orientation: vanRSYWGYT. PMID:11036060 PMID:16323116 PMID:19851013 vanG_cluster Homologous to VanC, contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The chromosome-located vanE gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanE organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: E(XY)TRS. vanE_cluster antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000259 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanE Homologous to VanC, contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The chromosome-located vanE gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanE organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: E(XY)TRS. PMID:10471558 PMID:12019119 PMID:12426332 PMID:16323116 vanE_cluster Homologous to VanC, contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The chromosome-located vanL gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanL organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. It is the only van gene cluster with two vanT genes. Gene orientation: vanL(XY)TmTrRS. vanL_cluster antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000260 glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanL Homologous to VanC, contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The chromosome-located vanL gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanL organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. It is the only van gene cluster with two vanT genes. Gene orientation: vanL(XY)TmTrRS. PMID:18458129 vanL_cluster When bound to different sigma factors, RNA-polymerase may possess an altered sensitivity to rifampin-mediated inhibition. Sequence data unavailable. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000261 sigma factor conferring resistance to rifampin When bound to different sigma factors, RNA-polymerase may possess an altered sensitivity to rifampin-mediated inhibition. Sequence data unavailable. PMID:9862449 The bla operon is composed of blaZ/blaR1/blaI. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000262 bla operon In the presence of antibiotic stress, E. coli overexpresses the global activator protein MarA, which besides inducing MDR efflux pump AcrAB, also down- regulates synthesis of the porin OmpF. marA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000263 marA In the presence of antibiotic stress, E. coli overexpresses the global activator protein MarA, which besides inducing MDR efflux pump AcrAB, also down- regulates synthesis of the porin OmpF. PMID:12027588 PMID:2848006 PMID:9333027 marA EmrE is a small multidrug transporter that functions as a homodimer and that couples the efflux of small polyaromatic cations from the cell with the import of protons down an electrochemical gradient. EmrE is found in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000264 emrE EmrE is a small multidrug transporter that functions as a homodimer and that couples the efflux of small polyaromatic cations from the cell with the import of protons down an electrochemical gradient. EmrE is found in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. PMID:12499164 PMID:17360700 PMID:17942072 PMID:17976529 PMID:18006522 PMID:19167526 PMID:19171974 In the presence of antibiotic stress, E. coli overexpresses the global activator protein MarA, which besides inducing MDR efflux pump AcrAB, also down- regulates synthesis of the porin OmpF. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000265 porin OmpF In the presence of antibiotic stress, E. coli overexpresses the global activator protein MarA, which besides inducing MDR efflux pump AcrAB, also down- regulates synthesis of the porin OmpF. PMID:19100346 PMID:2848006 The inactivation of antibiotics by the enzymatic addition of ADP-ribose from NAD+. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000266 ADP-ribosylation of antibiotic conferring resistance The mec operon is composed of mecA/mecR1/mecI. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000268 mec operon Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. pubchem.compound:68760 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000269 brodimoprim Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. PMID:10026296 PMID:7562018 PMID:8195838 Enzymes or other proteins either directly or indirectly reducing overall permeability to antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000270 protein modulating permeability to antibiotic Enzymes or other proteins either directly or indirectly reducing overall permeability to antibiotics. PMID:19100346 PMID:2848006 Point mutations in gyrA confer antibiotic resistance by preventing drugs from binding the alpha-subunit of gyrase, essential for DNA supercoiling. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000273 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit gyrA Point mutations in parC confer antibiotic resistance by preventing drugs from binding the parC subunit of topoisomerase IV, essential for DNA decatanation and relaxation. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000274 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit parC Cephems have a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring with a sulfur atom and double bond fused with its beta-lactam ring. This group includes the cephalosporins and cephamycins, the latter containing an additional alpha-methoxy group. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000276 cephem Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000282 sulfonamide antibiotic Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. PMID:15673783 Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. pubchem.compound:65450 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000284 tetroxoprim Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. PMID:3043259 PMID:7036848 Stabilizes the C-P bond in phosphonopyruvate formed by phophoenolpyruvate mutase by catalyzing the self-removal of the carboxyl group. Fom2 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000299 phosphonopyruvate decarboxylase Stabilizes the C-P bond in phosphonopyruvate formed by phophoenolpyruvate mutase by catalyzing the self-removal of the carboxyl group. PMID:10786631 LsaA is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in Enterococcus faecalis. It confers resistance to clindamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and dalfopristin. lsaA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000300 lsaA LsaA is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in Enterococcus faecalis. It confers resistance to clindamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and dalfopristin. PMID:12019099 PMID:15914491 PMID:21245447 lsaA EmrD is a multidrug transporter from the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) primarily found in Escherichia coli. EmrD couples efflux of amphipathic compounds with proton import across the plasma membrane. PDB:2GFP emrD antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000309 emrD EmrD is a multidrug transporter from the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) primarily found in Escherichia coli. EmrD couples efflux of amphipathic compounds with proton import across the plasma membrane. PMID:16675700 PMID:16842212 PMID:8240355 PMID:8987357 emrD The mphA gene encodes for resistance enzyme MPH(2')-I which preferentially inactivate 14-membered macrolides (e.g.erythromycin, telithromycin, roxithromycin) over 16-membered macrolides (e.g.tylosin, spiramycin). It phosphorylates macrolides at 2'-OH hydroxyl of desosamine sugar of macrolides in a GTP-dependent manner. macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase I mphA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000316 mphA The mphA gene encodes for resistance enzyme MPH(2')-I which preferentially inactivate 14-membered macrolides (e.g.erythromycin, telithromycin, roxithromycin) over 16-membered macrolides (e.g.tylosin, spiramycin). It phosphorylates macrolides at 2'-OH hydroxyl of desosamine sugar of macrolides in a GTP-dependent manner. PMID:17302923 PMID:20231391 PMID:29317655 PMID:8619599 mphA The mphB gene encodes for MPH(2')-II. This enzymes phosphorylates 14-membered and 16-membered macrolides. It phosphorylates macrolides in GTP- dependent manner at 2'-OH hydroxyl of desosamine sugar of macrolides. macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase II mphB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000318 mphB The mphB gene encodes for MPH(2')-II. This enzymes phosphorylates 14-membered and 16-membered macrolides. It phosphorylates macrolides in GTP- dependent manner at 2'-OH hydroxyl of desosamine sugar of macrolides. PMID:1330822 PMID:17302923 PMID:29317655 PMID:8900063 PMID:9503630 mphB The mphC gene was identified from Staphylococcus aureus. This gene shows similarity to mphB gene from Escherchia coli. mphC antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000319 mphC The mphC gene was identified from Staphylococcus aureus. This gene shows similarity to mphB gene from Escherchia coli. PMID:12670694 PMID:17302923 PMID:29317655 mphC Hydrolytic enzymes that cleave the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000320 macrolide esterase Hydrolytic enzymes that cleave the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics. PMID:22303981 Hydrolysis of the the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000321 hydrolysis of macrolide macrocycle lactone ring A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 3-amino group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000322 AAC(3) A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 3-amino group of the compound. PMID:10639379 PMID:12709352 PMID:15388438 PMID:15728939 PMID:1577689 PMID:1649572 PMID:18467306 PMID:18476779 PMID:19709289 PMID:19949054 PMID:2060791 PMID:2549372 PMID:2914849 PMID:3892230 PMID:6318050 PMID:7486920 PMID:8257126 Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. pubchem.compound:5215 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000324 sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. PMID:4597736 Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. pubchem.compound:5327 sulfamethazine antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000325 sulfadimidine Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. PMID:15673783 ErmE is a methyltransferase found in the erythromycin producer Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. The gene is found within the erythromycin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance. ErmE ermE2 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000326 ErmE ErmE is a methyltransferase found in the erythromycin producer Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. The gene is found within the erythromycin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance. PMID:12019067 PMID:3117622 PMID:7961464 PMID:9735285 PMID:9973557 ErmE Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. pubchem.compound:17134 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000327 sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. PMID:21029476 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in rRNA can confer antibiotic resistance to drugs that target the bacterial ribosome. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000328 rRNA with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. pubchem.compound:5329 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000329 sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. PMID:1093654 Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. pubchem.compound:5344 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000330 sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. PMID:978409 Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000333 macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) Point mutations in bacterial 23S rRNA from the large ribosomal subunit that confer resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotics such as linezolid block peptide synthesis through peptidyl transferase activity. Mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit reduce antibiotic binding affinity at specific sites, conferring resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000336 23S rRNA with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance Point mutations in bacterial 23S rRNA from the large ribosomal subunit that confer resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotics such as linezolid block peptide synthesis through peptidyl transferase activity. Mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit reduce antibiotic binding affinity at specific sites, conferring resistance. PMID:15700955 PMID:18174304 Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. pubchem.compound:213043 AR-100 RO-48-2622 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000337 iclaprim Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. PMID:19289528 PMID:19622858 Genes that confer antibiotic resistance by hydrolyzing bonds to linearize and deactivate antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000338 linearization of antibiotic conferring resistance A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 2-amino group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000341 AAC(2') A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 2-amino group of the compound. PMID:18931120 PMID:8407825 PMID:9159528 Enzymes that inactivate fosfomycin by chemical modification. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000342 fosfomycin inactivation enzyme Efflux pump proteins contained within Mycobacterial genomes which confer resistance to a number of different antibiotics including aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. tap antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000343 tap Efflux pump proteins contained within Mycobacterial genomes which confer resistance to a number of different antibiotics including aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. PMID:15057575 PMID:9811639 tap EmrAB-TolC is a multidrug efflux system found in E. coli. EmrB is the electrochemical-gradient powered transporter; EmrA is the linker; and TolC is the outer membrane channel. It confers resistance to nalidixic acid and thiolactomycin. EmrAB-TolC antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000344 EmrAB-TolC EmrAB-TolC is a multidrug efflux system found in E. coli. EmrB is the electrochemical-gradient powered transporter; EmrA is the linker; and TolC is the outer membrane channel. It confers resistance to nalidixic acid and thiolactomycin. PMID:7730261 EmrAB-TolC A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000345 AAC(6') A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound. PMID:15673721 ErmA confers the MLSb phenotype. Similar to ErmC, Expression of ErmA is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmA. ErmA ermTR antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000347 ErmA ErmA confers the MLSb phenotype. Similar to ErmC, Expression of ErmA is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmA. PMID:18952616 ErmA In the presence of ATP and magnesium (II), fosfomycin gets phosphorylated at the phosphate group resulting in a diphosphate group which inactivates the antibiotic. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000359 fosfomycin phosphotransferase In the presence of ATP and magnesium (II), fosfomycin gets phosphorylated at the phosphate group resulting in a diphosphate group which inactivates the antibiotic. PMID:10681332 PMID:18701452 EreA is an erythromycin esterase that hydrolyses the drug's lactone ring. Ere(A) EreA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000361 EreA EreA is an erythromycin esterase that hydrolyses the drug's lactone ring. PMID:22303981 EreA EreB is an erythromycin esterase-like protein that hydrolyses the drug's lactone ring. Ere(B) EreB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000363 EreB EreB is an erythromycin esterase-like protein that hydrolyses the drug's lactone ring. PMID:10908116 EreB VanC is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Ser, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum and E. casseliflavus, providing intrinsic resistance. vanC antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000368 vanC VanC is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Ser, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum and E. casseliflavus, providing intrinsic resistance. PMID:1551598 PMID:16323116 PMID:9666008 vanC The mtr (multiple transferable resistance) system of Neisseria gonorrhoeae confers resistance to many hydrophobic agents including antibiotics, fatty-acids and detergents. MtrCDE is homologous to AcrAB-TolC, where MtrC is the membrane fusion protein, MtrD is the inner membrane transporter, and MtrE is the outer membrane channel protein. MtrCDE antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000369 MtrCDE The mtr (multiple transferable resistance) system of Neisseria gonorrhoeae confers resistance to many hydrophobic agents including antibiotics, fatty-acids and detergents. MtrCDE is homologous to AcrAB-TolC, where MtrC is the membrane fusion protein, MtrD is the inner membrane transporter, and MtrE is the outer membrane channel protein. PMID:14500476 PMID:7711899 MtrCDE Many drugs target topoisomerases to inhibit DNA synthesis. Resistant DNA topoisomerase subunits prevent antibiotic binding and thus confer resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000370 antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000372 vanT VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum. PMID:10817725 PMID:10878136 EmrKY is a homolog of EmrAB found in E. coli. Together with TolC, it is a tripartite multidrug transporter. EmrKY-TolC antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000373 EmrKY-TolC EmrKY is a homolog of EmrAB found in E. coli. Together with TolC, it is a tripartite multidrug transporter. PMID:12501312 PMID:21954395 EmrKY-TolC ErmB confers the MLSb phenotype. Similar to ErmC, expression of ErmB is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmB. PDB:1YUB ErmB erm erm2 ermAM ermAMR ermBC ermBP ermBZ1 ermBZ2 ermIP ermP antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000375 ErmB ErmB confers the MLSb phenotype. Similar to ErmC, expression of ErmB is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmB. PMID:10508434 PMID:18299414 PMID:9187657 ErmB vgb (Virginiamycin B) lyase inactivates type B streptogramin antibiotics by linearizing the streptogramin lactone ring at the ester linkage through an elimination mechanism, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000376 streptogramin vgb lyase vgb (Virginiamycin B) lyase inactivates type B streptogramin antibiotics by linearizing the streptogramin lactone ring at the ester linkage through an elimination mechanism, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. PMID:11467949 MexA is the membrane fusion protein of the MexAB-OprM multidrug efflux complex. PDB:1T5E MexA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000377 MexA MexA is the membrane fusion protein of the MexAB-OprM multidrug efflux complex. PMID:15117957 MexA MexB is the inner membrane multidrug exporter of the efflux complex MexAB-OprM. PDB:2V50 MexB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000378 MexB MexB is the inner membrane multidrug exporter of the efflux complex MexAB-OprM. PMID:14973037 PMID:19361527 PMID:20583998 PMID:21178960 MexB OprM is an outer membrane factor protein found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia vietnamiensis. It is part of the MexAB-OprM, MexVW-OprM, MexXY-OprM and the AmrAB-OprM complex. PDB:1WP1 OprM antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000379 OprM OprM is an outer membrane factor protein found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia vietnamiensis. It is part of the MexAB-OprM, MexVW-OprM, MexXY-OprM and the AmrAB-OprM complex. PMID:15797729 PMID:16508113 PMID:16511029 OprM FosC is an enzyme that phosphorylates fosfomycin to confer resistance. FosC antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000380 FosC FosC is an enzyme that phosphorylates fosfomycin to confer resistance. PMID:7492106 FosC Alternate proteins that have the same functions as other antibiotic target proteins, but are structurally different and thus resistant to antibiotics. These can replace the activity of other antibiotic-sensitive proteins in the presence of antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000381 antibiotic target replacement protein Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. pubchem.compound:62858 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000382 azidamfenicol Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. PMID:15539072 AcrAB-TolC is a tripartite RND efflux system that confers resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and rifampin in Gram-negative bacteria. The system spans the cell membrane (AcrB) and the outer-membrane (TolC), and is linked together in the periplasm by AcrA. AcrAB-TolC antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000384 AcrAB-TolC AcrAB-TolC is a tripartite RND efflux system that confers resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and rifampin in Gram-negative bacteria. The system spans the cell membrane (AcrB) and the outer-membrane (TolC), and is linked together in the periplasm by AcrA. PMID:21513882 PMID:8550435 AcrAB-TolC Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. pubchem.compound:5959 CHL antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000385 chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. PMID:17737966 MexAB-OprM is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexA is the membrane fusion protein; MexB is the inner membrane transporter; and OprM is the outer membrane channel. MexAB-OprM is associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, azithromycin, novobiocin, and certain β-lactams and lastly over-expression is linked to colistin resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000386 MexAB-OprM MexAB-OprM is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexA is the membrane fusion protein; MexB is the inner membrane transporter; and OprM is the outer membrane channel. MexAB-OprM is associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, azithromycin, novobiocin, and certain β-lactams and lastly over-expression is linked to colistin resistance. PMID:16189126 PMID:17586626 PMID:18312276 PMID:18676884 PMID:9449262 Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. phenicol antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000387 phenicol antibiotic Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. PMID:12860128 Biosynthesis of streptoramin antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000388 streptogramin biosynthesis Type B streptogramins are cyclic hexa- or hepta-depsipeptides produced by NRPSs in Streptomyces. The NRPS contains 6 or 7 modules arranged on one or more genes. SnbA catalyzes the activation of the first residue, 3-hydroxypicolynic acid. SnbC then activates and incorporates threonine and aminobutyric acid. Lastly, SnbDE activates and incoporates the last four amino acids. The thioesterase domain is responsible for peptide cyclization, and it is located at the end of the assembly line. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000389 streptogramin B biosynthesis Type B streptogramins are cyclic hexa- or hepta-depsipeptides produced by NRPSs in Streptomyces. The NRPS contains 6 or 7 modules arranged on one or more genes. SnbA catalyzes the activation of the first residue, 3-hydroxypicolynic acid. SnbC then activates and incorporates threonine and aminobutyric acid. Lastly, SnbDE activates and incoporates the last four amino acids. The thioesterase domain is responsible for peptide cyclization, and it is located at the end of the assembly line. PMID:900602 PMID:9006023 PMID:9303382 Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000390 rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. PMID:18349144 PMID:9869590 NorA is a multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones and other structurally unrelated antibiotics like acriflavine. It shares 30% similarity with NorA, and is a structural homolog of Bmr of Bacillus subtilis. It is regulated by arlRS and mgrA, the latter also known as NorR. norA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000391 norA NorA is a multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones and other structurally unrelated antibiotics like acriflavine. It shares 30% similarity with NorA, and is a structural homolog of Bmr of Bacillus subtilis. It is regulated by arlRS and mgrA, the latter also known as NorR. PMID:12730173 PMID:15774883 PMID:8431010 norA Erm(37) is found in Mycobacterium species and confers the MLSb phenotype. In addition to methylation of A2058 this Erm methylates adjacent adenosines (A2057 and A2059) as well. Erm(37) Erm37 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000392 Erm(37) Erm(37) is found in Mycobacterium species and confers the MLSb phenotype. In addition to methylation of A2058 this Erm methylates adjacent adenosines (A2057 and A2059) as well. PMID:14693532 PMID:16174779 Erm(37) Synthesis of glycopeptide antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000393 glycopeptide biosynthesis Biosynthesis of teicoplanin by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000394 Actinoplanes teichomyceticus teicoplanin gene cluster Biosynthesis of teicoplanin by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. PMID:15113000 Sul1 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase of Gram-negative bacteria. It is linked to other resistance genes of class 1 integrons. sul1 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000410 sul1 Sul1 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase of Gram-negative bacteria. It is linked to other resistance genes of class 1 integrons. PMID:11432417 PMID:17158944 PMID:17827139 PMID:18753343 PMID:19075060 PMID:21537009 sul1 Sul2 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase of Gram-negative bacteria, usually found on small plasmids. sul2 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000412 sul2 Sul2 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase of Gram-negative bacteria, usually found on small plasmids. PMID:11432417 PMID:15722395 sul2 Sul3 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase similar to Sul1 and Sul2. Its resistance gene was found encoded in E. coli plasmid DNA of sulfonamide resistant isolates. sul3 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000413 sul3 Sul3 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase similar to Sul1 and Sul2. Its resistance gene was found encoded in E. coli plasmid DNA of sulfonamide resistant isolates. PMID:12604565 sul3 Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Qnr antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000419 quinolone resistance protein (qnr) Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. PMID:15933203 PMID:19258263 PMID:19822894 NorB is a multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones and other structurally unrelated antibiotics like tetracycline. It shares 30% similarity with NorB, and is a structural homolog of Blt of Bacillus subtilis. It is regulated by mgrA, also known as NorR. norB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000421 norB NorB is a multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones and other structurally unrelated antibiotics like tetracycline. It shares 30% similarity with NorB, and is a structural homolog of Blt of Bacillus subtilis. It is regulated by mgrA, also known as NorR. PMID:15774883 norB In the presence of ATP and magnesium (II), fosfomycin gets phosphorylated at the phosphate group resulting in a diphosphate group which inactivates the antibiotic. PDB:3D40 FomA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000423 FomA In the presence of ATP and magnesium (II), fosfomycin gets phosphorylated at the phosphate group resulting in a diphosphate group which inactivates the antibiotic. PMID:10681332 PMID:18701452 FomA The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by glycosylation at the 23-OH position. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000443 rifampin glycosyltransferase The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by glycosylation at the 23-OH position. PMID:22802246 PMID:8328779 The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by phosphorylation at the 21-OH position. rphA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000444 rphA rphA The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by phosphorylation at the 21-OH position. PMID:24778229 PMID:27103605 PMID:7928806 Enzyme responsible for the decolorization of rifampin by monoxygenation. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000445 rifampin monooxygenase Enzyme responsible for the decolorization of rifampin by monoxygenation. PMID:19942945 PMID:8980786 Mupirocin inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS). Mutations in ileS can confer low-level mupirocin resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000446 antibiotic-resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS) Mupirocin inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS). Mutations in ileS can confer low-level mupirocin resistance. PMID:11599741 PMID:11796355 PMID:21421794 PMID:22252810 PMID:8067768 QepA1 is a plasmid-mediated efflux pump in E. coli, shown to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance. It is regulated by sox genes, also known as global stress regulators. QepA QepA1 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000448 QepA1 QepA1 is a plasmid-mediated efflux pump in E. coli, shown to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance. It is regulated by sox genes, also known as global stress regulators. PMID:17548499 QepA1 An enzyme which on its own cannot provide fosfomycin resistance, however in conjunction with FomA, it leads to the formation of fosfomycin with three phosphates total, which makes it inactive. FomB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000449 FomB An enzyme which on its own cannot provide fosfomycin resistance, however in conjunction with FomA, it leads to the formation of fosfomycin with three phosphates total, which makes it inactive. PMID:18701452 FomB Inactivation of an antibiotic via introduction a hydroxyl group (-OH). antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000450 hydroxylation of antibiotic conferring resistance Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000451 protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux. PMID:14572535 PMID:24878531 Fluoroquinolones inhibit type II and type IV topoisomerases (2 strand breaking enzymes) such as GyrA/GyrB and ParC/ParE. Point mutations in the associated gyrA and parC genes, in particular in the 'quinolone resistance determining region' (QRDR), give rise to resistance to the class. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000452 fluoroquinolone resistant DNA topoisomerase Fluoroquinolones inhibit type II and type IV topoisomerases (2 strand breaking enzymes) such as GyrA/GyrB and ParC/ParE. Point mutations in the associated gyrA and parC genes, in particular in the 'quinolone resistance determining region' (QRDR), give rise to resistance to the class. PMID:11504468 PMID:20802486 PMID:22279180 vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. Streptogramin A acetyltransferase (SAT) antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000453 streptogramin vat acetyltransferase vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. PMID:11841212 PMID:12771141 PMID:20713681 Polymyxin B is mixture of mostly polymyxins B1 and B2, mainly used for resistant gram-negative infections. They are polypeptides with cationic detergent action on cell membranes. pubchem.compound:49800004 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000454 polymyxin B Polymyxin B is mixture of mostly polymyxins B1 and B2, mainly used for resistant gram-negative infections. They are polypeptides with cationic detergent action on cell membranes. PMID:17201926 Type A streptogramins are produced by a hybrid NRPS/PKS composed of 8 NRPS modules and 2 PKS modules. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000455 streptogramin A biosynthesis Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). pubchem.compound:27200 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000456 thiamphenicol Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). PMID:15539072 ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParE prevent anticoumarin antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000457 aminocoumarin resistant parE ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParE prevent anticoumarin antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. PMID:16127057 Macrolide glycosyltransferases are enzymes encoded by macrolide glycosyltransferase genes and inactivate macrolides by glycosylating them at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar moiety. They are predominantly found in macrolide producers and are also found in non-producers and are used as a resistance mechanism. Different variants of this enzyme has been reported. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000458 macrolide glycosyltransferase Macrolide glycosyltransferases are enzymes encoded by macrolide glycosyltransferase genes and inactivate macrolides by glycosylating them at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar moiety. They are predominantly found in macrolide producers and are also found in non-producers and are used as a resistance mechanism. Different variants of this enzyme has been reported. PMID:17376874 Biosynthesis of fosfomycin. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000459 fosfomycin biosynthesis Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. pubchem.compound:114811 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000461 florfenicol Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. PMID:15539072 A macrolide glycosyltransferase encoded by the mgtA gene in Streptomyces lividans. This enzyme inactivates macrolides using UDP-glucose as a cofactor. Its optimal substrates are lankamycin, calcomycin, rosaramicin, methymycin, and pikromycin, while interactions with erythomycin, oldeandomycin, azithromycin, and tylosin were weaker. It is inactive against spiramycin and carbomycin. Mechanism first described by Cundliffe, 1992. mgt mgtA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000462 mgtA A macrolide glycosyltransferase encoded by the mgtA gene in Streptomyces lividans. This enzyme inactivates macrolides using UDP-glucose as a cofactor. Its optimal substrates are lankamycin, calcomycin, rosaramicin, methymycin, and pikromycin, while interactions with erythomycin, oldeandomycin, azithromycin, and tylosin were weaker. It is inactive against spiramycin and carbomycin. Mechanism first described by Cundliffe, 1992. PMID:1605601 PMID:1612452 mgtA A macrolide glycosyltransferase encoded by the gimA gene in Streptomyces ambofaciens, a natural producer of the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin. Chalcomycin, methymycin, tylosin, pikromycin, rosaramicin, oleandomycin, josamycin, and carbomycin are preferred substrates of gimA glycosyltransferase, while erythromycin and spiramycin have notably low binding affinities. GimA may be able to inactivate spiramycin precursors. Described by Gourmelen et al. 1998. gimA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000463 gimA A macrolide glycosyltransferase encoded by the gimA gene in Streptomyces ambofaciens, a natural producer of the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin. Chalcomycin, methymycin, tylosin, pikromycin, rosaramicin, oleandomycin, josamycin, and carbomycin are preferred substrates of gimA glycosyltransferase, while erythromycin and spiramycin have notably low binding affinities. GimA may be able to inactivate spiramycin precursors. Described by Gourmelen et al. 1998. PMID:9756764 gimA Mutant forms of the porin Por result in reduced permeability to antibiotics, particularly tetracyclines and beta-lactams. Ngon_porin antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000464 Neisseria gonorrhoeae porin PIB (por) Mutant forms of the porin Por result in reduced permeability to antibiotics, particularly tetracyclines and beta-lactams. PMID:12183233 PMID:16547016 PMID:9797206 Ngon_porin OleI and OleD are glycosyltransferases found in Streptomyces antibioticus which is a natural producer of antibiotic oleandomycin. OleI glycosylates antibiotic oleandomycin whereas OleD can glycosylate a wide variety of macrolides. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000465 ole glycosyltransferase OleI and OleD are glycosyltransferases found in Streptomyces antibioticus which is a natural producer of antibiotic oleandomycin. OleI glycosylates antibiotic oleandomycin whereas OleD can glycosylate a wide variety of macrolides. PMID:15984838 PMID:17376874 PMID:9680207 Dalbavancin is a semisynthetic second-generation lipoglycopeptide derived from teicoplanin. It binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors. It is used to treat Gram-positive bacteria and can be used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. pubchem.compound:23724878 Zeven antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000466 dalbavancin Dalbavancin is a semisynthetic second-generation lipoglycopeptide derived from teicoplanin. It binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors. It is used to treat Gram-positive bacteria and can be used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. PMID:15566329 PMID:17461743 PMID:27904526 New Delhi beta-lactamase NDM-5. NDM-5 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000467 NDM-5 New Delhi beta-lactamase NDM-5. PMID:21930874 NDM-5 The enzyme responsible for the final step of fosfomycin biosynthesis. It converts S-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid (S-HPP) into fosfomycin via an oxidative cyclalization reaction. It uses Iron (II) or Zinc (II) as cofactors. PDB:1ZZ6 Fom4 HppE antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000469 hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase The enzyme responsible for the final step of fosfomycin biosynthesis. It converts S-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid (S-HPP) into fosfomycin via an oxidative cyclalization reaction. It uses Iron (II) or Zinc (II) as cofactors. PMID:16015285 PMID:16186494 Tet31 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Aeromonas salmonicida, a Gram-negative bacteria. It has also been shown to be expressed in Gallibacterium anatis. tet(31) tet31 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000476 tet(31) Tet31 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Aeromonas salmonicida, a Gram-negative bacteria. It has also been shown to be expressed in Gallibacterium anatis. PMID:11381101 PMID:12383729 PMID:21145184 tet(31) Tet33 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-positive bacteria, including Arthrobacter and Corynebacterium. tet(33) tet33 tetA(33) antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000478 tet(33) Tet33 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-positive bacteria, including Arthrobacter and Corynebacterium. PMID:12383729 tet(33) Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) can result in resistance to aminocoumarins. These mutations usually involve arginine residues in organisms. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000479 aminocoumarin resistant gyrB Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) can result in resistance to aminocoumarins. These mutations usually involve arginine residues in organisms. PMID:12604514 PMID:14993313 PMID:16868863 PMID:21693461 PMID:21996946 PMID:9797224 Expression of parY(R), which encodes an aminocoumarin resistant topoisomerase IV, can confer aminocoumarin resistance. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000480 aminocoumarin resistant parY Expression of parY(R), which encodes an aminocoumarin resistant topoisomerase IV, can confer aminocoumarin resistance. PMID:12604514 PMID:14993313 PMID:16868863 Tet35 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-negative Vibrio and Stenotrophomonas. It is unrelated to other tet resistance genes. effJ tet(35) tet35 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000481 tet(35) Tet35 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-negative Vibrio and Stenotrophomonas. It is unrelated to other tet resistance genes. PMID:11897587 tet(35) Telavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin and is a second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic. Telavancin inhibits cell wall synthesis by forming a complex with the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors and preventing transglycosylation. pubchem.compound:3081362 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000488 telavancin Telavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin and is a second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic. Telavancin inhibits cell wall synthesis by forming a complex with the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors and preventing transglycosylation. PMID:18671473 PMID:19401479 PMID:19436839 Sav1866 is a multidrug efflux pump in the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. It is a homolog of the human ABC transporter Mdr1 and pumps out toxic compounds including verapamil, tetraphenylphosphorchloride, and Hoechst 33342. PDB:2HYD sav1866 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000489 sav1866 Sav1866 is a multidrug efflux pump in the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. It is a homolog of the human ABC transporter Mdr1 and pumps out toxic compounds including verapamil, tetraphenylphosphorchloride, and Hoechst 33342. PMID:16943773 PMID:17303126 sav1866 Tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide antibiotics that are important in the treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberactinomycins contain nonproteinogenic amino acids and inhibit group I self-splicing RNA to disrupt prokaryotic protein synthesis. pubchem.compound:24847446 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000490 tuberactinomycin Tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide antibiotics that are important in the treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberactinomycins contain nonproteinogenic amino acids and inhibit group I self-splicing RNA to disrupt prokaryotic protein synthesis. PMID:12936980 PMID:7509881 AcrD is an aminoglycoside efflux pump expressed in E. coli. Its expression can be induced by indole, and is regulated by baeRS and cpxAR. acrD antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000491 acrD AcrD is an aminoglycoside efflux pump expressed in E. coli. Its expression can be induced by indole, and is regulated by baeRS and cpxAR. PMID:10692383 acrD Genes that are involved in conferring self resistance to antibiotic. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000492 gene involved in self-resistance to antibiotic Genes that are involved in conferring self resistance to antibiotic. PMID:16186494 ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. ErmD ermJ ermK antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000495 ErmD ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. PMID:26650381 ErmD VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000496 vanXY VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. PMID:10564477 Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. pubchem.compound:14052 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000497 ethambutol Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. PMID:18242089 ErmF confers the MLSb phenotype. ErmF ermFS ermFU antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000498 ErmF ErmF confers the MLSb phenotype. PMID:26219215 ErmF AcrE is a membrane fusion protein, similar to AcrA. AcrE antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000499 AcrE AcrE is a membrane fusion protein, similar to AcrA. PMID:16267305 PMID:8407802 AcrE The enzyme responsible for converting phosphonoacetaldehyde to (S)-2-/nhydroxypropylphosphonic acid (S-HPP) via an anionic methyl attack, which also reduces the aldehyde to an alcohol. Fom3 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000500 phosphonoacetaldehyde methyltransfererase The enzyme responsible for converting phosphonoacetaldehyde to (S)-2-/nhydroxypropylphosphonic acid (S-HPP) via an anionic methyl attack, which also reduces the aldehyde to an alcohol. PMID:1468993 PMID:16015285 Due to gene duplication, the genomes of Nocardia species include both rifampin-sensitive beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) and rifampin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB2) genes, with ~88% similarity between the two gene products. Expression of the rpoB2 variant results in replacement of rifampin sensitivity with rifampin resistance. rpoB2 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000501 rpoB2 Due to gene duplication, the genomes of Nocardia species include both rifampin-sensitive beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) and rifampin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB2) genes, with ~88% similarity between the two gene products. Expression of the rpoB2 variant results in replacement of rifampin sensitivity with rifampin resistance. PMID:16569850 rpoB2 AcrF is a inner membrane transporter, similar to AcrB. AcrF antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000502 AcrF AcrF is a inner membrane transporter, similar to AcrB. PMID:16267305 AcrF AcrEF-TolC is a tripartite multidrug efflux system similar to AcrAB-TolC and found in Gram-negative bacteria. AcrE is the membrane fusion protein, AcrF is the inner membrane transporter, and TolC is the outer membrane channel protein. EnvCD-TolC antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000503 AcrEF-TolC AcrEF-TolC is a tripartite multidrug efflux system similar to AcrAB-TolC and found in Gram-negative bacteria. AcrE is the membrane fusion protein, AcrF is the inner membrane transporter, and TolC is the outer membrane channel protein. PMID:12937021 PMID:16267305 PMID:1720861 PMID:18984645 PMID:8647368 GolS is a regulator activated by the presence of golD, and promotes the expression of the MdsABC efflux pump. golS antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000504 golS GolS is a regulator activated by the presence of golD, and promotes the expression of the MdsABC efflux pump. PMID:17919284 PMID:20807206 golS MexR is the repressor of the MexRAB-OprM operon. Mutant forms of mexR result in up-regulation of efflux pump system MexAB-OprM. PDB:1LNW MexR nalB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000506 MexR MexR is the repressor of the MexRAB-OprM operon. Mutant forms of mexR result in up-regulation of efflux pump system MexAB-OprM. PMID:12727072 PMID:14526032 PMID:18812515 PMID:20616806 MexR Proteins which have been experimentally shown to protect RNA-polymerase from rifampin inhibition. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000507 rifampin-resistant RNA polymerase-binding protein GadX is an AraC-family regulator that promotes mdtEF expression to confer multidrug resistance. gadX antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000508 gadX GadX is an AraC-family regulator that promotes mdtEF expression to confer multidrug resistance. PMID:18297445 gadX An alternative isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase conferring resistance to mupirocin. Saur_mupB_MUP antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000510 Staphylococcus aureus mupB conferring resistance to mupirocin An alternative isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase conferring resistance to mupirocin. PMID:22252810 Saur_mupB_MUP EvgSA is a two-component regulatory system that regulates MdtEF and EmrKY expression for multidrug resistance. EvgS is a sensor protein that phosphorylates the regulatory protein EvgA, though EvgA can be phosphorylated by other methods when it is overexpressed. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000515 evgSA EvgSA is a two-component regulatory system that regulates MdtEF and EmrKY expression for multidrug resistance. EvgS is a sensor protein that phosphorylates the regulatory protein EvgA, though EvgA can be phosphorylated by other methods when it is overexpressed. PMID:11914367 EmrR is a negative regulator for the EmrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump in E. coli. Mutations lead to EmrAB-TolC overexpression. emrR mprA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000516 emrR EmrR is a negative regulator for the EmrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump in E. coli. Mutations lead to EmrAB-TolC overexpression. PMID:7730261 emrR Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. pubchem.compound:6436173 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000517 rifaximin Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. PMID:15667909 CRP is a global regulator that represses MdtEF multidrug efflux pump expression. CRP antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000518 CRP CRP is a global regulator that represses MdtEF multidrug efflux pump expression. PMID:18503189 CRP Enzymes that confer resistance by modifying antibiotic targets. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000519 antibiotic target modifying enzyme Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. pubchem.compound:3767 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000520 isoniazid Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. PMID:19139099 PMID:8143118 An alternative isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase conferring resistance to mupirocin. Saur_mupA_MUP ileS2 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000521 Staphylococcus aureus mupA conferring resistance to mupirocin An alternative isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase conferring resistance to mupirocin. PMID:11599741 PMID:21421794 PMID:8067768 Saur_mupA_MUP ErmG is a rRNA adenine N-6-methyltransferase that protects the ribosome from inactivation due to antibiotic binding. ErmG antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000522 ErmG ErmG is a rRNA adenine N-6-methyltransferase that protects the ribosome from inactivation due to antibiotic binding. PMID:3025178 ErmG CpxAR is a two-component regulatory system that involves a sensor kinase, CpxA, and the regulator CpxR. When the membrane envelope is stressed, CpxAR promotes acrD and mdtABC expression to confer multidrug resistance through efflux. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000524 cpxAR CpxAR is a two-component regulatory system that involves a sensor kinase, CpxA, and the regulator CpxR. When the membrane envelope is stressed, CpxAR promotes acrD and mdtABC expression to confer multidrug resistance through efflux. PMID:12618449 PMID:22496764 A40926 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. It is precusor of the second-generation glycopeptide antibiotic dalbavancin. pubchem.compound:16133962 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000525 antibiotic A40926 A40926 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. It is precusor of the second-generation glycopeptide antibiotic dalbavancin. PMID:12837387 PMID:15664522 CmeR is a repressor for the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump, binding to the cmeABC promoter region. cmeR antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000526 cmeR CmeR is a repressor for the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump, binding to the cmeABC promoter region. PMID:15728904 cmeR Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000527 polyamine antibiotic Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. pubchem.compound:54675777 Aureomycin Eremomycine antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000528 chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. PMID:11381101 PMID:19862477 Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. pubchem.compound:135398743 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000530 rifabutin Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. PMID:15700959 BaeSR is a two component regulatory system for efflux proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. BaeR is a response regulator, while BaeS is a sensor kinase. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000531 baeSR BaeSR is a two component regulatory system for efflux proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. BaeR is a response regulator, while BaeS is a sensor kinase. PMID:12107134 PMID:15716448 Biosynthesis of aminocoumarin antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000532 aminocoumarin biosynthesis Biosynthesis of aminocoumarin antibiotics. PMID:16868863 MacA is a membrane fusion protein that forms an antibiotic efflux complex with MacB and TolC. macA corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58. PDB:3FPP macA pvdR antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000533 macA MacA is a membrane fusion protein that forms an antibiotic efflux complex with MacB and TolC. macA corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58. PMID:19254725 PMID:20307498 macA Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. pubchem.compound:135403821 priftin antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000534 rifapentine Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. PMID:15700959 MacB is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that exports macrolides with 14- or 15- membered lactones. It forms an antibiotic efflux complex with MacA and TolC. macB corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58. PDB:3FTJ macB pvdT antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000535 macB MacB is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that exports macrolides with 14- or 15- membered lactones. It forms an antibiotic efflux complex with MacA and TolC. macB corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58. PMID:12832048 PMID:16359323 PMID:19432486 macB Novobiocin is produced from biosynthetic clusters in Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000536 Streptomyces spheroides novobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster Novobiocin is produced from biosynthetic clusters in Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus. PMID:10770754 PMID:10801869 MacAB-TolC is an ABC efflux pump complex expressed in E. coli and Salmonella enterica. It confers resistance to macrolides, including erythromycin. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000545 MacAB-TolC MacAB-TolC is an ABC efflux pump complex expressed in E. coli and Salmonella enterica. It confers resistance to macrolides, including erythromycin. PMID:16359323 Clorobiocin is produced by a biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces roseochromogenus subsp. oscitans. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000546 Streptomyces roseochromogenus subsp. oscitans clorobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster Clorobiocin is produced by a biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces roseochromogenus subsp. oscitans. PMID:12480894 PMID:16868863 ArlRS is a two-component regulatory system for NorA. ArlS phosphorylates ArlR to promote NorA expression. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000547 arlRS ArlRS is a two-component regulatory system for NorA. ArlS phosphorylates ArlR to promote NorA expression. PMID:10633099 Coumermycin A1 is produced by a biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces rishiriensis. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000548 Streptomyces rishiriensis strain DSM 40489 coumermycin A1 biosynthetic gene cluster Coumermycin A1 is produced by a biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces rishiriensis. PMID:11036020 PMID:16868863 AdeS is a sensor kinase in the AdeRS regulatory system of AdeABC. It is essential for AdeABC expression. adeS antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000549 adeS AdeS is a sensor kinase in the AdeRS regulatory system of AdeABC. It is essential for AdeABC expression. PMID:22371895 adeS Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. pubchem.compound:5742832 ATM Primbactam antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000550 aztreonam Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. PMID:3871589 Organoarsenic antibiotics are arsenic-containing compounds with antibacterial effects. The organoarsenic antibiotic arsphenamine and its derivatives were developed in the 1910s as the first modern chemotherapeutic agents. Salvarsan arsenical antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000551 organoarsenic antibiotic Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and 606, is a drug that was used beginning in the 1910s to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis. It is an organoarsenic compound and was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent. pubchem.compound:8774 Salvarsan antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000552 arsphenamine Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and 606, is a drug that was used beginning in the 1910s to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis. It is an organoarsenic compound and was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent. PMID:18679046 AdeR is a positive regulator of AdeABC efflux system. AdeR inactivation leads to susceptibility to aminoglycoside antibiotics. adeR antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000553 adeR AdeR is a positive regulator of AdeABC efflux system. AdeR inactivation leads to susceptibility to aminoglycoside antibiotics. PMID:22371895 adeR Mupirocin, also known as pseudomonic acid, is a bacteriostatic polyketide antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens used to treat S. aureus and MRSA. It inhibits Ile tRNA synthetase. pubchem.compound:446596 pseudomonic acid antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000554 mupirocin Mupirocin, also known as pseudomonic acid, is a bacteriostatic polyketide antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens used to treat S. aureus and MRSA. It inhibits Ile tRNA synthetase. PMID:21336932 Biosynthesis of macrolide antibiotics. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000555 macrolide biosynthesis Tet44 is a tetracycline resistance gene found in Campylobacter fetus, and binds to the ribosome to confer antibiotic resistance as a ribosomal protection protein. tet(44) antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000556 tet(44) Tet44 is a tetracycline resistance gene found in Campylobacter fetus, and binds to the ribosome to confer antibiotic resistance as a ribosomal protection protein. PMID:20479200 tet(44) Enzyme that catalyzes the inactivation of an antibiotic resulting in resistance. Inactivation includes chemical modification, destruction, etc. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000557 antibiotic inactivation enzyme AdeN is a repressor of AdeIJK, a RND-type efflux pump in Acinetobacter baumannii. Its inactivation increases expression of AdeJ. adeN antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000559 adeN AdeN is a repressor of AdeIJK, a RND-type efflux pump in Acinetobacter baumannii. Its inactivation increases expression of AdeJ. PMID:22371895 adeN Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000560 Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. PMID:10582867 PMID:20618865 Tet30 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in agrobacterium, a Gram-negative bacterium. tet(30) tet30 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000561 tet(30) Tet30 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in agrobacterium, a Gram-negative bacterium. PMID:11381101 PMID:9882678 tet(30) Tet38 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. It is regulated by mgrA, which also regulates NorB. tet(38) tet38 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000565 tet(38) Tet38 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. It is regulated by mgrA, which also regulates NorB. PMID:15774883 tet(38) Tet39 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-negative bacteria, including Brevundimonas, Stenotrophomonas, Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, and Providencia. tet(39) tet39 tetA(39) antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000566 tet(39) Tet39 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-negative bacteria, including Brevundimonas, Stenotrophomonas, Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, and Providencia. PMID:15761075 tet(39) Tet40 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-positive Clostridium. It is similar to tetA(P). tet(40) tet40 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000567 tet(40) Tet40 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-positive Clostridium. It is similar to tetA(P). PMID:18779355 tet(40) Subclass B1 possess a binuclear active site. Within this active site can be either one or two Zn(II) ions. This subclass is able to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. This is the most clinically relevant subclass of MBLs. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000568 subclass B1 (metallo-) beta-lactamase Subclass B1 possess a binuclear active site. Within this active site can be either one or two Zn(II) ions. This subclass is able to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. This is the most clinically relevant subclass of MBLs. PMID:18563261 Tet41 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Serratia, a Gram-negative bacterium. It is related to Acinetobacter Tet(39). tet(41) tet41 tetA(41) antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000569 tet(41) Tet41 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Serratia, a Gram-negative bacterium. It is related to Acinetobacter Tet(39). PMID:17308196 tet(41) Metallo-beta-lactmases of subclass B2 contain only one Zn ion in their active site and selectively hydrolyze carbapenems. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000570 subclass B2 (metallo-) beta-lactamase Metallo-beta-lactamases of subclass B3 are similar to B1 in that they have activity against penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, the are only active with two Zn(II) ions in the active site. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000571 subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamase Metallo-beta-lactamases of subclass B3 are similar to B1 in that they have activity against penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, the are only active with two Zn(II) ions in the active site. PMID:18563261 Tet42 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in both Gram-negative (Pseudomonas) and Gram-positive (Microbacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Paenibacillus) bacteria. tet(42) tet42 tetA(42) antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000572 tet(42) Tet42 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in both Gram-negative (Pseudomonas) and Gram-positive (Microbacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Paenibacillus) bacteria. PMID:18809935 tet(42) Tet(43) is a tetracycline resistance gene with unknown origins, isolated from metagenomic DNA. tet(43) tet43 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000573 tet(43) Tet(43) is a tetracycline resistance gene with unknown origins, isolated from metagenomic DNA. PMID:11381101 tet(43) VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000574 vanR VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. PMID:1556077 VanU is a transcriptional activator of vancomycin resistance genes. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000575 vanU VanU is a transcriptional activator of vancomycin resistance genes. PMID:11036060 PMID:14617152 Enzymes that inactivate rifampin antibiotics by chemical modification. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000576 rifampin inactivation enzyme Subclass B1 Bacillus cereus Bc beta-lactamases are zinc metallo-beta-lactamases that hydrolyze a large number of penicillins and cephalosporins. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000577 subclass B1 Bacillus cereus Bc beta-lactamase Subclass B1 Bacillus cereus Bc beta-lactamases are zinc metallo-beta-lactamases that hydrolyze a large number of penicillins and cephalosporins. PMID:7588620 CcrA is a CfiA beta-lactamase. CciA CcrA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000578 CcrA CcrA is a CfiA beta-lactamase. PMID:1510410 CcrA This BlaB specific to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum mediates resistance against many beta-lactam antibiotics, notably penams and carbapenems. Cmen_BlaB antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000579 Chryseobacterium meningosepticum BlaB This BlaB specific to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum mediates resistance against many beta-lactam antibiotics, notably penams and carbapenems. PMID:12019109 Cmen_BlaB Sao Paulo metallo-beta-lactamase (SPM-1) confers resistance to carbapenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000580 SPM beta-lactamase Sao Paulo metallo-beta-lactamase (SPM-1) confers resistance to carbapenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID:12407123 PMID:12951331 PMID:16239284 CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000581 CphA beta-lactamase CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. PMID:18563261 L1 is an Ambler class B MBL; subclass B3 originally isolated from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. It has activity against a broad range of beta-lactams and is only active with two Zn(II) ions in the active site. PDB:2QDT L1_BLA antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000582 L1 beta-lactamase L1 is an Ambler class B MBL; subclass B3 originally isolated from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. It has activity against a broad range of beta-lactams and is only active with two Zn(II) ions in the active site. PMID:18563261 L1_BLA Pristinamycin IA is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. pubchem.compound:11136668 Virginiamycin B antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000583 pristinamycin IA Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. pubchem.compound:5388937 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000584 quinupristin Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. PMID:15700955 PMID:9746015 Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. pubchem.compound:5282056 Labilomycin antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000586 pulvomycin Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. PMID:15581367 PMID:16734421 PMID:364475 PMID:7957075 Sulbactam is an inhibitor of non-AmpC serine beta-lactamases. pubchem.compound:130313 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000587 sulbactam Serine beta-lactamase inhibitor targeting class A, class C, and some class D enzymes. pubchem.compound:24944097 NXL-104 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000588 avibactam Serine beta-lactamase inhibitor targeting class A, class C, and some class D enzymes. PMID:20921316 PMID:27480848 PMID:27528799 NDM-1 is a metallo-beta-lactamase isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae with nearly complete resistance to all beta-lactam antibiotics. PDB:5ZGE NDM-1 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000589 NDM-1 NDM-1 is a metallo-beta-lactamase isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae with nearly complete resistance to all beta-lactam antibiotics. PMID:19770275 PMID:21507902 PMID:21774017 PMID:24790993 PMID:27575913 PMID:29454953 NDM-1 NDM-2 was isolated from a strain of Acinetobacter baumannii in Germany from a patient hospitalized in Cairo. A single amino acid substitution (P28R) differentiates this gene from NDM-1 and the two enzymes appear to have an identical spectrum of hydrolysis. NDM-2 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000590 NDM-2 NDM-2 was isolated from a strain of Acinetobacter baumannii in Germany from a patient hospitalized in Cairo. A single amino acid substitution (P28R) differentiates this gene from NDM-1 and the two enzymes appear to have an identical spectrum of hydrolysis. PMID:21427107 NDM-2 ErmN is a methyltransferase found in the tylosin producer Streptomyces fradiae. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. Specifically, this enzyme transfers only one methyl group. The gene is found in the tylosin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance to tylosin. ErmN tlrD antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000592 ErmN ErmN is a methyltransferase found in the tylosin producer Streptomyces fradiae. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. Specifically, this enzyme transfers only one methyl group. The gene is found in the tylosin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance to tylosin. PMID:12019067 PMID:12417742 PMID:8973363 ErmN ErmQ confers MLSb phenotype. ErmQ antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000593 ErmQ ErmQ confers MLSb phenotype. PMID:8067735 ErmQ ErmR is a methyltransferase found in the erythromycin producer Aeromicrobium erythreum. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. The gene is found within the erythromycin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance. ErmR antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000594 ErmR ErmR is a methyltransferase found in the erythromycin producer Aeromicrobium erythreum. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. The gene is found within the erythromycin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance. PMID:1768148 ErmR ErmT confers MLSb phenotype. ErmT ermGT antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000595 ErmT ErmT confers MLSb phenotype. PMID:8171126 ErmT ErmX is a rRNA methyltransferase that protects the ribosome from inactivation due to antibiotic binding. ErmX ermCD ermCX antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000596 ErmX ErmX is a rRNA methyltransferase that protects the ribosome from inactivation due to antibiotic binding. PMID:11408212 ErmX Erm(31) confers a MLSb resistant phenotype. Along with erm(30), these genes are responsible for self-resistance in the pikromycin/narbomycin/methymycin/neomethymycin producer, Streptomyces venezuelae. Erm(31) Erm31 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000598 Erm(31) Erm(31) confers a MLSb resistant phenotype. Along with erm(30), these genes are responsible for self-resistance in the pikromycin/narbomycin/methymycin/neomethymycin producer, Streptomyces venezuelae. PMID:14674753 PMID:9770448 Erm(31) ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. Erm(33) Erm33 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000599 Erm(33) ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. PMID:12384375 Erm(33) ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. Erm(34) Erm34 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000600 Erm(34) ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. PMID:14711653 Erm(34) ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. Erm(38) Erm38 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000601 Erm(38) ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. PMID:16127056 Erm(38) ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. Erm(39) Erm39 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000602 Erm(39) ErmD confers MLSb phenotype. PMID:15590712 Erm(39) Erm41 confers MLSb phenotype. Erm(41) Erm41 antibiotic_resistance ARO:3000603 Erm(41) Erm41 confers MLSb phenotype. PMID:27244062 Erm(41)