Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins.
The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death.
A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein.
tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein
Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases.
Tunicamycin is mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotics that block the reaction of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and dolichyl phosphate in the first step of glycoprotein synthesis.
Clusters of antibiotic resistance genes. May be regulated by a shared promoter or repressor.
antibiotic resistance gene cluster, cassette, or operon
Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes.
Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides.
Viomycin sulfate (Viocin) is an polypeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus and binds to the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting prokaryotic protein synthesis and certain forms of RNA splicing.
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Polymyxins are cationic detergent antibiotics, with a general structure of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail. They disrupt the structure of the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with its phospholipids. Polymyxins have a bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacilli, especially on Pseudomonas and coliform organisms.
Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction.
Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30.
Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited.
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme.
Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation.
Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Resistance to antibiotics is often conferred by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other mutations in target genes.
antibiotic resistant gene variant or mutant
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Streptogramin A antibiotics are cyclic polyketide peptide hybrids that bind to the ribosomal peptidyl transfer centre. Structural variation arises from substituting a proline for its desaturated derivative and by its substitution for Ala or Cys. Used alone, streptogramin A antibiotics are bacteriostatic, but is bactericidal when used with streptogramin B antibiotics.
Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin.
Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation.
Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule which carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane.
Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA.
Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms.
Acriflavine is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish.
Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction.
Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation.
Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Streptogramin B antibiotics are are cyclic hepta- or hexa-depsipeptides. Type B streptogramins block the peptide exit tunnel of the 50S bacterial ribosome. The general composition of group B streptogramins is 3-hydroxypicolinic acid-L-Thr-D-aminobutyric acid (or D-Ala)-L-Pro-L-Phe (or 4-N-,N-(dimethylamino)-L-Phe)-X-L-phenylglycine. Used alone, streptogramin B antibiotics are bacteriostatic, but is bactericidal when used with streptogramin A antibiotics.
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome.
Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Bleomycin is a family of glycopeptide antibiotics produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycins, taken as a mixture, act by the induction of DNA and RNA strand breaks. In addition to its antibacterial activity, bleomycin is also used as an anticancer agent.
Bicyclomycin represents a unique class of antibiotics, discovered in 1972. It is obtained by the fermentation of Streptomyces sapporonensis. In the crystalline form bicyclomycin is observed to be rhombic or monoclinic, depending on the solvent used. This antibiotic kills bacteria by inhibiting the Rho transcription terminator factor, halting ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis.
Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis.
Cefazolin, also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria.
Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents.
Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections.
Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases.
Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains.
Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections.
Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria.
Colistins are polymyxin antibiotics produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. Colistin, also referred to as polymyxin E, is a mixture of cyclic polypeptides colistin A and B which disrupt the bacterial cell membrane and is effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome.
Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication.
Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem.
Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases.
Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It inhibits enzyme synthesis by inhibiting essential enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, as well as those involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It is marketed under the following brand names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro and Urantoin.
Resistance-modifying agents (RMA) include antibiotic adjuvants and other inhibitors of antibiotic resistance, as well as antibiotic potentiators. These are non-antibiotic compounds which act to block resistance mechanisms or enhance antibiotic action. These are often delivered in combination with an antibiotic (e.g. amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) and may either affect the host organism or the pathogen. Adjuvants and potentiators are therefore used to rescue the activity of existing antibiotic drugs, and are researched as an alternative solution to the antibiotic resistance crisis.
Tazobactam is a compound which inhibits the action of bacterial beta-lactamases.
Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria.
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance.
Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance.
Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance.
Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell.
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient.
major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain.
small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance.
process or component of antibiotic biology or chemistry
Antibiotic resistance mechanisms evolve naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population.
Antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure or spectrum of activity.
A relationship ontology term in which the subject (usually an enzyme, protein or other gene product) confers or contributes to clinically relevant resistance to a specific antibiotic drug. An entity is resistant to a chemical compound if and only if x is a pathogen and y is an antibiotic, and the fitness of that pathogen is not decreased when exposed to that antibiotic.
A relationship ontology term in which the subject (e.g., a gene family) confers or contributes to antibiotic resistance to some or all of the object (e.g. a drug class). It is a qualitative measure of antibiotic resistance, based on an experiment illustrating elevated MIC even outside of a clinical setting. A family of AMR genes confers resistance to a class of antibiotics if and only if all instances of that family confer resistance to some instances of that class in an organism.
A component of tripartite efflux systems that resides in the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that actively transports substrates out of the cell.
A component of tripartite efflux systems that resides in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane protein forms a channel or pore that spans the outer membrane, enabling the export of substrates directly into the extracellular environment.
A bridging component of tripartite efflux systems in Gram-negative bacteria, located in the periplasmic space. The periplasmiic adaptor protein links the inner membrane transporter and the outer membrane protein, stabilizing the efflux complex and facilitating substrate transport.
Homology that is defined by similarity with regard to selected stoichiometrical parameters.
Homology that is defined by similarity with regard to selected structural parameters.
A relationship ontology term in which the subject is targeted by the object (usually a class of antibiotics).
A relationship ontology term in which the subject is targeted by a specific antibiotic.
A mutation, single nucleotide polymorphism, gene, or gene product that confers antibiotic resistance.
Beta-lactamases are enzymes (EC 3.5.2.6) produced by some bacteria and are responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins (are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase), cephamycins, and carbapenems (ertapenem). These antibiotics have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam. The lactamase enzyme breaks that ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties. Beta-lactam antibiotics are typically used to treat a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative organisms are usually secreted.
vanW is an accessory gene, with unknown function, found on vancomycin resistance operons.
These compounds are antibiotics of unique structure or origin, without a defined classification.
antibiotic without defined classification
Ambler Class B beta-lactamases are the metallo-beta-lactamases. These enzymes possess one or two zinc ions in the active site, which are used to orient a hydroxide nucleophile to attack the carbonyl on a beta-lactam ring. There are currently no inhibitors in late-stage development for these relatively new beta-lactamases.
VanD is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog similar to VanA, and can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance.
VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity.
Beta-lactam antibiotics are a broad class of antibiotics that include penams (penicillin derivatives), cephems (cephalosporins), monobactams, and carbapenems. These antibiotic agents contain a beta-lactam nucleus in its molecular structure. They are the most widely-used group of antibiotics.
Penicilins (Penams) are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi that share a skeleton beta-lactam moiety fused with a thiazolidine ring. Penicillin-like antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
VanA is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It has been isolated from VREs. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance.
VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate.
Proteins involved in restructuring of the cell wall, causing antibiotic resistance.
protein(s) conferring antibiotic resistance via molecular bypass
VanB is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog similar to VanA, and can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It has been isolated from VREs. It is associated with vancomycin resistance, but not teicoplanin resistance.
TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described.
SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known.
These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam.
OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime.
IMI beta-lactamases are a group of TEM-1-like beta-lactamase that are known to hydrolyze imipenem. IMI beta-lactamases are inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam.
Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors.
The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia.
Ristocetin is a glycopeptide antibiotic similar to vancomycin but positively charged. It is not used clinically because it induces platelet agglutination.
Subunit of the topoisomerase IV sensitive to aminocoumarins.
PatA is an ABC transporter of Streptococcus pneumoniae that interacts with PatB to confer fluoroquinolone resistance.
PatB is an ABC transporter of Streptococcus pneumoniae that interacts with PatA to confer fluoroquinolone resistance..
MepA is an efflux protein regulated by MepR and part of the MepRAB cluster. Its presence in Staphylococcus aureus led to multidrug resistance, while it has also been shown to decrease tigecycline susceptibility.
EmrA is a membrane fusion protein, providing an efflux pathway with EmrB and TolC between the inner and outer membranes of E. coli, a Gram-negative bacterium.
Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group.
Lipopeptide antibiotics are aliphatic, with their hydrophobic components interacting with the bacterial cell membrane.
Enzymes or other gene products which hydroxylate tetracycline and other tetracycline derivatives. Hydroxylation inactivates tetracycline-like antibiotics, thus conferring resistance to these compounds.
Hydrolysis of an antibiotic molecule to confer resistance.
hydrolysis of antibiotic conferring resistance
Antibiotic adjuvants shown to inhibit the action of a beta-lactamase enzyme or enhance the ability of a beta-lactam antibiotic. These compounds are used along with antibiotics to treat beta-lactam-resistant infectious pathogens.
VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam.
A collection of curated phenotypic terms relating to antibiotic resistance and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database.
component of AMR genotypic or phenotypic terminology
These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.
Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics.
SME beta-lactamases are chromosome-mediated class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems in Serratia marcescens.
PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins.
MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams.
Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2.
IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases.
GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases.
FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins.
DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins.
CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins.
VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes.
ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
ACC beta-lactamases or Ambler class C beta-lactamases are AmpC beta-lactamases. They possess an interesting resistance phenotype due to their low activity against cephamycins.
emrB is a translocase in the emrB -TolC efflux protein in E. coli. It recognizes substrates including carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), nalidixic acid, and thioloactomycin.
Class D beta-lactamases are one of the subgroups of beta-lactamases that are classified as serine enzymes.
AmpC type beta-lactamases are commonly isolated from extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. AmpC beta-lactamases (also termed class C or group 1) are typically encoded on the chromosome of many Gram-negative bacteria including Citrobacter, Serratia, Enterobacter species, and P. aeruginosa where its expression is usually inducible; it may also occur on Escherichia coli but is not usually inducible, although it can be hyperexpressed. AmpC type beta-lactamases may also be carried on plasmids. AmpC beta-lactamases, in contrast to ESBLs, hydrolyse broad and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (cephamycins as well as to oxyimino-beta-lactams) but are not inhibited by beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid.
VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala.
The Class A beta-lactamases are one of the subgroups of beta-lactamases that are classified as serine enzymes. Class A beta-lactamases exhibit a large degree of variability and are known to hydrolyze penicillins.
Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use.
Aminonucleoside antibiotics are nucleoside antibiotics that contain an amino group. This amino group is often acylated, e.g. puromycin.
Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress.
The biological synthesis of antibiotics.
MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases.
A grouping of the related CMY, LAT, and MOX beta-lactamases.
A grouping of the related CMY and LAT beta-lactamases.
A grouping of the related CMY and MOX beta-lactamases.
AER beta-lactamases are capable of hydrolyzing arbenicillin.
Bla1 is a chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamase, found in Bacillus anthracis, which hydrolyzes penicillins.
CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10.
OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi.
A grouping of the related SHV and LEN beta-lactamases.
LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams.
PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Genes that directly or indirectly modulate beta-lactam resistance.
Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Phosphorylation of antibiotic usually by ATP, sometimes GTP.
phosphorylation of antibiotic conferring resistance
Addition of an acyl group to an antibiotic, often via acetylation by acetylCoA.
acylation of antibiotic conferring resistance
nucleotidylation of antibiotic conferring resistance
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates.
multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter
Vga-type plasmid-borne ABC-F proteins, expressed in staphylococci that confer resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics through ribosomal protection.
Kinases that modify aminoglycoside antibiotics by phosphorylation using NTPs as cofactor.
ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Mutations in ParE prevents antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance.
antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit parE
VanZ is a teicoplanin resistance gene that is an accessory protein. VanZ prevents the incorporation of the terminal D-Ala into peptidoglycan subunits.
A47934 is an 'aglycone' glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces toyocaensis. It is a teicoplanin-like glycopeptide.
Vga(B) is an ABC-F protein expressed in staphylococci that confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics and related compounds. It is associated with plasmid DNA.
Edeines are basic linear peptides produced by Bacillus brevis Vm4. They have antibacterial as well as antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Edeines are bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal at low and high concentrations, respectively. They are able to inhibit DNA synthesis and protein translation. These compounds are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases and contain numerous unusual amino acids.
Balhimycin is a vancomycin-like glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Amycolatopsis balhimycina. It binds to the terminal Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala of peptidoglycan precursors.
Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase enzymes modify aminoglycoside antibiotics by catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group to one of the amino groups present in aminoglycosides, using acetyl coenzyme A as a donor substrate.
Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. CAT is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alkalihalobacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum, Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini.
Gramicidins are a family of antibiotics synthesized by Bacillus brevis. It includes the linear pentadecapeptides gramicidin A, B and C that make up the mixture gramicidin D. Gramicidin S is a cyclic peptide chain. Gramicidins are also components of tyrothricins, another mixture of antibiotics produced by Bacillus brevis.
mecI acts as a repressor of transcription of the mecA/mecR1/mecI operon.
The use of different nucleophilic molecules by enzymes can break up the epoxide ring of fosfomycin and render the molecule ineffective.
A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3'-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin and neomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound.
A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of streptomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3''-hydroxyl group of the compound.
A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically kanamycin, tobramycin and amikacin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of the compound.
Edeine A is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and spermidine. Edeine A is a mixture of edeine A1 and its inactive isomer, edeine A2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication.
Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin.
Edeine B is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and guanylspermidine. Edeine B is a mixture of edeine B1 and its inactive isomer, edeine B2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. Edeine B has also been shown to inhibit septation and cause filamentous morphology, also leading to cell death.
Edeine D is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine A with the beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication.
Edeine F is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine B with beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication.
Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis.
An enzyme that confers resistance to fosfomycin in Serratia marcescens by breaking the epoxide ring of the molecule. It depends on the cofactors Manganese (II) and Potassium and uses Glutathione (GSH) as the nucleophilic molecule. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, FosA catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione to carbon-1 of fosfomycin, rendering it ineffective as an antibacterial drug.
Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling.
A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of streptomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 6-hydroxyl group of the compound.
Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome.
A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 9-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of spectinomycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 9-hydroxyl group of the compound.
A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 7''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of hygromycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 7''-hydroxyl group of the compound.
A category of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 4-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes are characterized by enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, specifically of hygromycin, by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 4-hydroxyl group of the compound.
Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis.
Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs.
Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation.
Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance
blaI acts as a repressor of transcription of the blaZ/blaR1/blaI operon.
rRNA methyltransferase conferring antibiotic resistance
TetA is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many species of Gram-negative bacteria.
Tet(B) is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in many Gram-negative bacteria. It confers resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, but not tigecycline.
Tet(C) is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many species of Gram-negative bacteria. It is typically found in plasmid DNA.
TetD is a tetracycline efflux pump found exclusively in Gram-negative bacteria.
Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections.
Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes.
Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis.
A thiol transferase that leads to the resistance of fosfomycin. Contrasting FosA, FosB is dependent on the cofactor Magnesium (II) and uses either bacillithiol or L-cysteine to open up the epoxide ring of fosfomycin.
TetE is a tetracycline efflux pump found in many Gram-negative bacteria, especially those in water environments. The gene is found on large plasmids.
TetG is a tetracycline efflux protein found in Gram-negative bacteria. The encoding gene is found in both chromosomal and plasmid DNA where it is frequently linked to the floR, sul1, and cmlA9 genes which encode proteins that can confer florfenicol/chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol resistance, respectively.
TetH is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in Gram-negative bacteria (Actinobacillus, Acinetobacter, Gallibacterium, Histophilus, Mannheimia, Moraxella, Pasteurella, and Psychrobacter). Its gene is linked to the resistance genes sul2, and strA, which confer resistance to sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin, respectively.
Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
TetJ is a tetracycline efflux protein expressed in Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Morganella, and Proteus).
TetK is a tetracycline efflux protein found in both Gram-negative (Haemophilus and Gallibacterium) and Gram-positive (many species, including mycobacteria) bacteria.
TetL is a tetracycline efflux protein found in many species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
TetA(P) is a inner membrane tetracycline efflux protein found on the same operon as the ribosomal protection protein TetB(P). It is found in Clostridium, a Gram-positive bacterium.
TetV is a tetracycline efflux protein that has been found in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis and Mycolicibacterium fortuitum.
TetY is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-negative bacteria (Aeromonas and Escherichia). It is associated with plasmid DNA.
TetZ is a tetracycline efflux protein found in Gram-positive bacteria (Corynebacterium and Lactobacillus). It is associated with plasmid DNA.
Chloroeremomycin is a vancomycin-like glycopeptide, with three sugars instead of two in vancomycin and balhimycin. Chloroeremomycin dimerizes and binds to the terminus of peptidoglycan precursors.
These proteins confer antibiotic resistance by bind the antibiotic target to prevent antibiotic binding.
Tet(M) is a ribosomal protection protein that confers tetracycline resistance. It is found on transposable DNA elements and its horizontal transfer between bacterial species has been documented.
Mechanism of enzymatic degradation common to Ambler Class A, C and D beta-lactamases. A serine residue located in the active site is used to form an acyl-enzyme intermediate and subsequent hydrolysis renders the beta-lactam inactive.
hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotic by serine beta-lactamase
Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.
Oritavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of chloroeremomycin, a vancomycin-like glycopeptide. Oritavancin inhibits both transglycosylation and transpeptidation, by binding both the D-Ala-D-Ala and pentaglycine bridge segments of peptidoglycan to inhibit cell wall formation.
Tet(O) is a ribosomal protection protein. It is associated with conjugative plasmids.
Tet(Q) is a ribosomal protection protein. Its gene is associated with a conjugative transposon and has been found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Tet(S) is a ribosomal protection protein found in Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. It is similar to tet(M) and tet(O).
Tet(T) is a ribosomal protection protein of streptococci. It is similar to Tet(Q).
Tet(W) is a ribosomal protection protein. It is associated with both conjugative and non conjugative DNA and has been found strains of Clostridioides difficile.
TetB(P) is a tetracycline ribosomal protection protein found on the same operon as tetA(P), a tetracycline efflux protein.
Tet(32) is a tetracycline resistance gene similar to Tet(O), and binds to the ribosome to confer tetracycline resistance as a ribosomal protection protein.
Tet(36) is a tetracycline resistance gene found in Bacteroides similar to Tet(Q), and binds to the ribosome to confer antibiotic resistance as a ribosomal protection protein.
FosX is an enzyme used to confer resistance to fosfomycin. It's dependent on the cofactor, manganese (II), and uses water to generate a vicinal diol.
Gramicidin D is a mixture of the linear peptides gramicidin A, B, and C, each with 15 alternating L- and D-amino acids. They are active against most gram-positive bacteria and select gram-negative bacteria. These compounds create channels in the bacterial membrane and increase the permeability to cations.
Gramicidin S is a cyclical decapeptide with two pentapeptides (Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro) joined head to tail. Like other gramicidins, Gramicidin S disrupts membrane permeability of cations while also destabilizing the membrane at higher concentrations.
Enzymes shown to inactivate macrolide antibiotics by chemical modification, thereby conferring resistance to macrolides.
Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin.
Mechanism of enzymatic degradation common to Ambler Class B beta-lactamases. One or two zinc atoms are used to orient a hydroxide nucleophile for attack of the beta-lactam ring. In contrast to serine beta-lactamases, no acyl-enzyme intermediate is formed.
hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotic by metallo-beta-lactamase
Tet(X) is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase conferring resistance to tetracycline antibiotics. Tet(X) hydroxylates position 11a of the tetraketide group thus inactivating the antibiotic.
emrK is a membrane fusion protein that is a homolog of EmrA. Together with the inner membrane transporter EmrY and the outer membrane channel TolC, it mediates multidrug efflux.
Protein subunit of AcrA-AcrB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrA represents the periplasmic portion of the transport protein.
Addition of glycosyl moiety to antibiotics thereby inactivating them.
glycosylation of antibiotic conferring resistance
ParY is part of a topoisomerase IV that is resistant to antibiotics that affect other topoisomerases.
antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit parY
Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin.
rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB)
Chemical alteration of the ribosome results in modification of an antibiotic's target leading to resistance.
ribosomal alteration conferring antibiotic resistance
Point mutations in the DNA may lead to an altered gene product that may result in antibiotic resistance. Examples included modified antibiotic targets with lower binding affinities and the deactivation of repressors that result in increased expression of genes that inactivate or pump out antibiotics.
mutation conferring antibiotic resistance
Peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-Ala-D-Lac or D-Ala-D-Ser instead of D-Ala-D-Ala conferring high level glycopeptide resistance.
molecular bypass conferring antibiotic resistance
restructuring of bacterial cell wall conferring antibiotic resistance
Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells.
mecR1 is a transmembrane spanning and signal transducing protein which in response to interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics results in upregulation of the mecA/mecR1/mecI operon.
Protein subunit of AcrA-AcrB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrB functions as a herterotrimer which forms the inner membrane component and is primarily responsible for substrate recognition and energy transduction by acting as a drug/proton antiporter.
blaR1 is a transmembrane spanning and signal transducing protein which in response to interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics results in upregulation of the blaZ/blaR1/blaI operon.
Covalent modification of aminoglycoside antibiotic hydroxyl group by ATP-dependent transfer of AMP.
aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (ANT)
Efflux regulatory proteins with mutations that result in increased expression of efflux proteins.
mutant efflux regulatory protein conferring antibiotic resistance
Point mutations in gyrB confer antibiotic resistance by preventing drugs from binding the beta-subunit of gyrase, essential for DNA supercoiling.
antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit gyrB
Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar.
lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU)
Gramicidin A is the most abundant (more than 80%) of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a tryptophan in position 11. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations.
Gramicidin B is one of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a phenylalanine in position 11. It is structurally similar to gramicidin A, but its ability to induce the assembly of bilayers is reduced. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations.
Gramicidin C is one of the three gramicidins in gramicidin D, with a tyrosine in position 11. It is structurally similar to gramicidin A, but its ability to induce the assembly of bilayers is reduced. Gramicidins form dimers in the bacterial membrane that increase the permeability of cations.
A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically streptomycin, by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 6-hydroxyl group of the compound.
Point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance.
Tyrothricin is a mixture of antibiotics including tyrocidines and gramicidins, isolated from Bacillus brevis.
A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 9-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics, specifically streptomycin, by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 9-hydroxyl group of the compound.
A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 4'-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 4-hydroxyl group of the compound.
Plasmid or integron-encoded nucleotidylylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides at the hydroxyl group at position 2'' in P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, E. coli, S. typhimurium, C. freundii and A. baumannii.
An operon conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3''.
Resistance to streptogramin antibiotics may be conferred through enzymatic inactivation. There are two known mechanisms of streptogramin inactivation shown clinically to confer resistance: 1) vgB lyase enzymes linearize type B streptogramin antibiotics by breaking the ester linkage; 2) vat acetyltransferase enzymes modify type A streptogramin antibiotics by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary streptogramin hydroxyl. Both mechanisms result in antibiotic inactivation thus conferring resistance.
Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics.
embB gene encodes for an arabinosyl transferase in the arabinogalactan synthesis pathway. It is inhibited by ethambutol. Mutations within the ERDR region of embB confers resistance to ethambutol.
This inducible cluster confers high resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin by allowing restructuring of peptidoglycan precursors to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. The vanA gene cluster can be located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Gene orientation: vanRSHAXYZ.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanA
TolC is a protein subunit of many multidrug efflux complexes in Gram negative bacteria. It is an outer membrane efflux protein and is constitutively open. Regulation of efflux activity is often at its periplasmic entrance by other components of the efflux complex.
This inducible cluster confers resistance to vancomycin but organisms remain sensitive to teicoplanin by allowing restructuring of peptidoglycan precursors to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. Sensitivity to teicoplanin is due to lack of binding to the sensor kinase VanS. The vanB gene cluster can be located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Gene orientation: vanRSYWHBX.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanB
Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance.
RNA-polymerase binding protein which confers resistance to rifampin.
Confers low vancomycin resistance by engineering peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-Ala-D-Ser in an inducible or constitutive manner. The vanC cluster is intrinsic to the Enterococcus gallinarum chromosome. vanC organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: vanC(XY)TRS.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanC
A tetrameric protein that converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to phosponopyruvate (Ppyr).
DnaA is a chromosomal replication initiation protein which binds and interacts with RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. A surplus of DnaA present in a cell has been shown to confer resistance to the antibiotic Rifampicin. Normally, rifampicin inhibits initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase, but a surplus of DnaA available at the origin has been shown to disrupt Rifampicin activity and confer resistance.
ATP-dependent kinase modifies the C-3 hydroxyl group of chloramphenicol. Source is the chloramphenicol producer Streptomyces venezuelae.
ErmC is a methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA in two steps. Expression of ErmC is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmC.
MsrA is an ABC-F subfamily ribosomal protection protein expressed in Staphylococcus species which confers resistance to erythromycin and streptogramin B antibiotics through antibiotic target protection mechanisms. It is associated with plasmid DNA.
Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. This cluster is constitutively expressed in the chromosome due to a dysfunctional D-ala-D-ala ligase and confers moderate resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin. Gene orientation: vanRSYHDX.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanD
emrY is a multidrug transport that moves substrates across the inner membrane of the Gram-negative E. coli. It is a homolog of emrB.
Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. The vanF gene cluster is inducible and confers high resistance to vancomycin in Paenibacillus popilliae. vanF organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: RSYZHFX.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanF
Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. The plasmid-located vanM gene cluster is inducible and confers high resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Gene orientation: RSYHMX.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanM
Contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The vanG gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanG organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. It is the only van gene cluster that contains two vanY genes. Gene orientation: vanRSYWGYT.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanG
Homologous to VanC, contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The chromosome-located vanE gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanE organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: E(XY)TRS.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanE
Homologous to VanC, contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The chromosome-located vanL gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanL organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. It is the only van gene cluster with two vanT genes. Gene orientation: vanL(XY)TmTrRS.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanL
When bound to different sigma factors, RNA-polymerase may possess an altered sensitivity to rifampin-mediated inhibition. Sequence data unavailable.
sigma factor conferring resistance to rifampin
The bla operon is composed of blaZ/blaR1/blaI.
In the presence of antibiotic stress, E. coli overexpresses the global activator protein MarA, which besides inducing MDR efflux pump AcrAB, also down- regulates synthesis of the porin OmpF.
EmrE is a small multidrug transporter that functions as a homodimer and that couples the efflux of small polyaromatic cations from the cell with the import of protons down an electrochemical gradient. EmrE is found in E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
The inactivation of antibiotics by the enzymatic addition of ADP-ribose from NAD+.
ADP-ribosylation of antibiotic conferring resistance
The mec operon is composed of mecA/mecR1/mecI.
Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom.
Enzymes or other proteins either directly or indirectly reducing overall permeability to antibiotics.
protein modulating permeability to antibiotic
Point mutations in gyrA confer antibiotic resistance by preventing drugs from binding the alpha-subunit of gyrase, essential for DNA supercoiling.
antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit gyrA
Point mutations in parC confer antibiotic resistance by preventing drugs from binding the parC subunit of topoisomerase IV, essential for DNA decatanation and relaxation.
antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit parC
Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway.
Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase.
Stabilizes the C-P bond in phosphonopyruvate formed by phophoenolpyruvate mutase by catalyzing the self-removal of the carboxyl group.
LsaA is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in Enterococcus faecalis. It confers resistance to clindamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and dalfopristin.
EmrD is a multidrug transporter from the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) primarily found in Escherichia coli. EmrD couples efflux of amphipathic compounds with proton import across the plasma membrane.
The mphA gene encodes for resistance enzyme MPH(2')-I which preferentially inactivate 14-membered macrolides (e.g.erythromycin, telithromycin, roxithromycin) over 16-membered macrolides (e.g.tylosin, spiramycin). It phosphorylates macrolides at 2'-OH hydroxyl of desosamine sugar of macrolides in a GTP-dependent manner.
The mphB gene encodes for MPH(2')-II. This enzymes phosphorylates 14-membered and 16-membered macrolides. It phosphorylates macrolides in GTP- dependent manner at 2'-OH hydroxyl of desosamine sugar of macrolides.
The mphC gene was identified from Staphylococcus aureus. This gene shows similarity to mphB gene from Escherchia coli.
Hydrolytic enzymes that cleave the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics.
Hydrolysis of the the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics.
hydrolysis of macrolide macrocycle lactone ring
A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 3-amino group of the compound.
Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides.
ErmE is a methyltransferase found in the erythromycin producer Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. The gene is found within the erythromycin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance.
Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in rRNA can confer antibiotic resistance to drugs that target the bacterial ribosome.
rRNA with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance
Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides.
Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids.
Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity.
Point mutations in bacterial 23S rRNA from the large ribosomal subunit that confer resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotics such as linezolid block peptide synthesis through peptidyl transferase activity. Mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit reduce antibiotic binding affinity at specific sites, conferring resistance.
23S rRNA with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance
Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
Genes that confer antibiotic resistance by hydrolyzing bonds to linearize and deactivate antibiotics.
linearization of antibiotic conferring resistance
A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 2-amino group of the compound.
Enzymes that inactivate fosfomycin by chemical modification.
Efflux pump proteins contained within Mycobacterial genomes which confer resistance to a number of different antibiotics including aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines.
EmrAB-TolC is a multidrug efflux system found in E. coli. EmrB is the electrochemical-gradient powered transporter; EmrA is the linker; and TolC is the outer membrane channel. It confers resistance to nalidixic acid and thiolactomycin.
A category of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 6'-amino group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics through acetylation of the 6-amino group of the compound.
ErmA confers the MLSb phenotype. Similar to ErmC, Expression of ErmA is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmA.
In the presence of ATP and magnesium (II), fosfomycin gets phosphorylated at the phosphate group resulting in a diphosphate group which inactivates the antibiotic.
EreA is an erythromycin esterase that hydrolyses the drug's lactone ring.
EreB is an erythromycin esterase-like protein that hydrolyses the drug's lactone ring.
VanC is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Ser, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum and E. casseliflavus, providing intrinsic resistance.
The mtr (multiple transferable resistance) system of Neisseria gonorrhoeae confers resistance to many hydrophobic agents including antibiotics, fatty-acids and detergents. MtrCDE is homologous to AcrAB-TolC, where MtrC is the membrane fusion protein, MtrD is the inner membrane transporter, and MtrE is the outer membrane channel protein.
Many drugs target topoisomerases to inhibit DNA synthesis. Resistant DNA topoisomerase subunits prevent antibiotic binding and thus confer resistance.
antibiotic resistant DNA topoisomerase subunit
VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum.
EmrKY is a homolog of EmrAB found in E. coli. Together with TolC, it is a tripartite multidrug transporter.
ErmB confers the MLSb phenotype. Similar to ErmC, expression of ErmB is inducible by erythromycin. The leader peptide causes attenuation of the mRNA and stabilizes the structure preventing further translation. When erythromycin is present, it binds the leader peptide causing a change in conformation allowing for the expression of ErmB.
vgb (Virginiamycin B) lyase inactivates type B streptogramin antibiotics by linearizing the streptogramin lactone ring at the ester linkage through an elimination mechanism, thus conferring resistance to these compounds.
MexA is the membrane fusion protein of the MexAB-OprM multidrug efflux complex.
MexB is the inner membrane multidrug exporter of the efflux complex MexAB-OprM.
OprM is an outer membrane factor protein found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia vietnamiensis. It is part of the MexAB-OprM, MexVW-OprM, MexXY-OprM and the AmrAB-OprM complex.
FosC is an enzyme that phosphorylates fosfomycin to confer resistance.
Alternate proteins that have the same functions as other antibiotic target proteins, but are structurally different and thus resistant to antibiotics. These can replace the activity of other antibiotic-sensitive proteins in the presence of antibiotics.
Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit.
AcrAB-TolC is a tripartite RND efflux system that confers resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and rifampin in Gram-negative bacteria. The system spans the cell membrane (AcrB) and the outer-membrane (TolC), and is linked together in the periplasm by AcrA.
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
MexAB-OprM is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexA is the membrane fusion protein; MexB is the inner membrane transporter; and OprM is the outer membrane channel. MexAB-OprM is associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, azithromycin, novobiocin, and certain β-lactams and lastly over-expression is linked to colistin resistance.
Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome.
Biosynthesis of streptoramin antibiotics.
Type B streptogramins are cyclic hexa- or hepta-depsipeptides produced by NRPSs in Streptomyces. The NRPS contains 6 or 7 modules arranged on one or more genes. SnbA catalyzes the activation of the first residue, 3-hydroxypicolynic acid. SnbC then activates and incorporates threonine and aminobutyric acid. Lastly, SnbDE activates and incoporates the last four amino acids. The thioesterase domain is responsible for peptide cyclization, and it is located at the end of the assembly line.
Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+.
NorA is a multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones and other structurally unrelated antibiotics like acriflavine. It shares 30% similarity with NorA, and is a structural homolog of Bmr of Bacillus subtilis. It is regulated by arlRS and mgrA, the latter also known as NorR.
Erm(37) is found in Mycobacterium species and confers the MLSb phenotype. In addition to methylation of A2058 this Erm methylates adjacent adenosines (A2057 and A2059) as well.
Biosynthesis of teicoplanin by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus.
Actinoplanes teichomyceticus teicoplanin gene cluster
Sul1 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase of Gram-negative bacteria. It is linked to other resistance genes of class 1 integrons.
Sul2 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase of Gram-negative bacteria, usually found on small plasmids.
Sul3 is a sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase similar to Sul1 and Sul2. Its resistance gene was found encoded in E. coli plasmid DNA of sulfonamide resistant isolates.
Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
NorB is a multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones and other structurally unrelated antibiotics like tetracycline. It shares 30% similarity with NorB, and is a structural homolog of Blt of Bacillus subtilis. It is regulated by mgrA, also known as NorR.
The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by glycosylation at the 23-OH position.
The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by phosphorylation at the 21-OH position.
Enzyme responsible for the decolorization of rifampin by monoxygenation.
Mupirocin inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS). Mutations in ileS can confer low-level mupirocin resistance.
antibiotic-resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS)
QepA1 is a plasmid-mediated efflux pump in E. coli, shown to contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance. It is regulated by sox genes, also known as global stress regulators.
An enzyme which on its own cannot provide fosfomycin resistance, however in conjunction with FomA, it leads to the formation of fosfomycin with three phosphates total, which makes it inactive.
Inactivation of an antibiotic via introduction a hydroxyl group (-OH).
hydroxylation of antibiotic conferring resistance
Protein(s) and two component regulatory systems that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux
Fluoroquinolones inhibit type II and type IV topoisomerases (2 strand breaking enzymes) such as GyrA/GyrB and ParC/ParE. Point mutations in the associated gyrA and parC genes, in particular in the 'quinolone resistance determining region' (QRDR), give rise to resistance to the class.
fluoroquinolone resistant DNA topoisomerase
vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds.
Polymyxin B is mixture of mostly polymyxins B1 and B2, mainly used for resistant gram-negative infections. They are polypeptides with cationic detergent action on cell membranes.
Type A streptogramins are produced by a hybrid NRPS/PKS composed of 8 NRPS modules and 2 PKS modules.
Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3).
ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParE prevent anticoumarin antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance.
Macrolide glycosyltransferases are enzymes encoded by macrolide glycosyltransferase genes and inactivate macrolides by glycosylating them at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar moiety. They are predominantly found in macrolide producers and are also found in non-producers and are used as a resistance mechanism. Different variants of this enzyme has been reported.
Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis.
A macrolide glycosyltransferase encoded by the mgtA gene in Streptomyces lividans. This enzyme inactivates macrolides using UDP-glucose as a cofactor. Its optimal substrates are lankamycin, calcomycin, rosaramicin, methymycin, and pikromycin, while interactions with erythomycin, oldeandomycin, azithromycin, and tylosin were weaker. It is inactive against spiramycin and carbomycin. Mechanism first described by Cundliffe, 1992.
A macrolide glycosyltransferase encoded by the gimA gene in Streptomyces ambofaciens, a natural producer of the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin. Chalcomycin, methymycin, tylosin, pikromycin, rosaramicin, oleandomycin, josamycin, and carbomycin are preferred substrates of gimA glycosyltransferase, while erythromycin and spiramycin have notably low binding affinities. GimA may be able to inactivate spiramycin precursors. Described by Gourmelen et al. 1998.
Mutant forms of the porin Por result in reduced permeability to antibiotics, particularly tetracyclines and beta-lactams.
OleI and OleD are glycosyltransferases found in Streptomyces antibioticus which is a natural producer of antibiotic oleandomycin. OleI glycosylates antibiotic oleandomycin whereas OleD can glycosylate a wide variety of macrolides.
Dalbavancin is a semisynthetic second-generation lipoglycopeptide derived from teicoplanin. It binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors. It is used to treat Gram-positive bacteria and can be used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
The enzyme responsible for the final step of fosfomycin biosynthesis. It converts S-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid (S-HPP) into fosfomycin via an oxidative cyclalization reaction. It uses Iron (II) or Zinc (II) as cofactors.
Tet31 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Aeromonas salmonicida, a Gram-negative bacteria. It has also been shown to be expressed in Gallibacterium anatis.
Tet33 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-positive bacteria, including Arthrobacter and Corynebacterium.
Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) can result in resistance to aminocoumarins. These mutations usually involve arginine residues in organisms.
Expression of parY(R), which encodes an aminocoumarin resistant topoisomerase IV, can confer aminocoumarin resistance.
Tet35 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-negative Vibrio and Stenotrophomonas. It is unrelated to other tet resistance genes.
Telavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin and is a second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic. Telavancin inhibits cell wall synthesis by forming a complex with the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan precursors and preventing transglycosylation.
Sav1866 is a multidrug efflux pump in the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. It is a homolog of the human ABC transporter Mdr1 and pumps out toxic compounds including verapamil, tetraphenylphosphorchloride, and Hoechst 33342.
Tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide antibiotics that are important in the treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberactinomycins contain nonproteinogenic amino acids and inhibit group I self-splicing RNA to disrupt prokaryotic protein synthesis.
AcrD is an aminoglycoside efflux pump expressed in E. coli. Its expression can be induced by indole, and is regulated by baeRS and cpxAR.
Genes that are involved in conferring self resistance to antibiotic.
gene involved in self-resistance to antibiotic
VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin.
Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation.
AcrE is a membrane fusion protein, similar to AcrA.
The enzyme responsible for converting phosphonoacetaldehyde to (S)-2-/nhydroxypropylphosphonic acid (S-HPP) via an anionic methyl attack, which also reduces the aldehyde to an alcohol.
phosphonoacetaldehyde methyltransfererase
Due to gene duplication, the genomes of Nocardia species include both rifampin-sensitive beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) and rifampin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB2) genes, with ~88% similarity between the two gene products. Expression of the rpoB2 variant results in replacement of rifampin sensitivity with rifampin resistance.
AcrF is a inner membrane transporter, similar to AcrB.
AcrEF-TolC is a tripartite multidrug efflux system similar to AcrAB-TolC and found in Gram-negative bacteria. AcrE is the membrane fusion protein, AcrF is the inner membrane transporter, and TolC is the outer membrane channel protein.
GolS is a regulator activated by the presence of golD, and promotes the expression of the MdsABC efflux pump.
MexR is the repressor of the MexRAB-OprM operon. Mutant forms of mexR result in up-regulation of efflux pump system MexAB-OprM.
Proteins which have been experimentally shown to protect RNA-polymerase from rifampin inhibition.
rifampin-resistant RNA polymerase-binding protein
GadX is an AraC-family regulator that promotes mdtEF expression to confer multidrug resistance.
An alternative isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase conferring resistance to mupirocin.
Staphylococcus aureus mupB conferring resistance to mupirocin
EvgSA is a two-component regulatory system that regulates MdtEF and EmrKY expression for multidrug resistance. EvgS is a sensor protein that phosphorylates the regulatory protein EvgA, though EvgA can be phosphorylated by other methods when it is overexpressed.
EmrR is a negative regulator for the EmrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump in E. coli. Mutations lead to EmrAB-TolC overexpression.
Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase.
CRP is a global regulator that represses MdtEF multidrug efflux pump expression.
Enzymes that confer resistance by modifying antibiotic targets.
Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria.
Staphylococcus aureus mupA conferring resistance to mupirocin
ErmG is a rRNA adenine N-6-methyltransferase that protects the ribosome from inactivation due to antibiotic binding.
CpxAR is a two-component regulatory system that involves a sensor kinase, CpxA, and the regulator CpxR. When the membrane envelope is stressed, CpxAR promotes acrD and mdtABC expression to confer multidrug resistance through efflux.
A40926 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. It is precusor of the second-generation glycopeptide antibiotic dalbavancin.
CmeR is a repressor for the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump, binding to the cmeABC promoter region.
Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups.
Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome.
Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis.
BaeSR is a two component regulatory system for efflux proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. BaeR is a response regulator, while BaeS is a sensor kinase.
Biosynthesis of aminocoumarin antibiotics.
MacA is a membrane fusion protein that forms an antibiotic efflux complex with MacB and TolC. macA corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58.
Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy.
MacB is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that exports macrolides with 14- or 15- membered lactones. It forms an antibiotic efflux complex with MacA and TolC. macB corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58.
Novobiocin is produced from biosynthetic clusters in Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus.
Streptomyces spheroides novobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster
MacAB-TolC is an ABC efflux pump complex expressed in E. coli and Salmonella enterica. It confers resistance to macrolides, including erythromycin.
Clorobiocin is produced by a biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces roseochromogenus subsp. oscitans.
Streptomyces roseochromogenus subsp. oscitans clorobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster
ArlRS is a two-component regulatory system for NorA. ArlS phosphorylates ArlR to promote NorA expression.
Coumermycin A1 is produced by a biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces rishiriensis.
Streptomyces rishiriensis strain DSM 40489 coumermycin A1 biosynthetic gene cluster
AdeS is a sensor kinase in the AdeRS regulatory system of AdeABC. It is essential for AdeABC expression.
Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death.
Organoarsenic antibiotics are arsenic-containing compounds with antibacterial effects. The organoarsenic antibiotic arsphenamine and its derivatives were developed in the 1910s as the first modern chemotherapeutic agents.
Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and 606, is a drug that was used beginning in the 1910s to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis. It is an organoarsenic compound and was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent.
AdeR is a positive regulator of AdeABC efflux system. AdeR inactivation leads to susceptibility to aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Mupirocin, also known as pseudomonic acid, is a bacteriostatic polyketide antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens used to treat S. aureus and MRSA. It inhibits Ile tRNA synthetase.
Tet44 is a tetracycline resistance gene found in Campylobacter fetus, and binds to the ribosome to confer antibiotic resistance as a ribosomal protection protein.
Enzyme that catalyzes the inactivation of an antibiotic resulting in resistance. Inactivation includes chemical modification, destruction, etc.
AdeN is a repressor of AdeIJK, a RND-type efflux pump in Acinetobacter baumannii. Its inactivation increases expression of AdeJ.
Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype.
Tet30 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in agrobacterium, a Gram-negative bacterium.
Tet38 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. It is regulated by mgrA, which also regulates NorB.
Tet39 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Gram-negative bacteria, including Brevundimonas, Stenotrophomonas, Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, and Providencia.
Tet40 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in the Gram-positive Clostridium. It is similar to tetA(P).
Subclass B1 possess a binuclear active site. Within this active site can be either one or two Zn(II) ions. This subclass is able to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. This is the most clinically relevant subclass of MBLs.
Tet41 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Serratia, a Gram-negative bacterium. It is related to Acinetobacter Tet(39).
Metallo-beta-lactmases of subclass B2 contain only one Zn ion in their active site and selectively hydrolyze carbapenems.
Metallo-beta-lactamases of subclass B3 are similar to B1 in that they have activity against penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems; however, the are only active with two Zn(II) ions in the active site.
Tet42 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in both Gram-negative (Pseudomonas) and Gram-positive (Microbacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Paenibacillus) bacteria.
Tet(43) is a tetracycline resistance gene with unknown origins, isolated from metagenomic DNA.
VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX.
VanU is a transcriptional activator of vancomycin resistance genes.
Enzymes that inactivate rifampin antibiotics by chemical modification.
Subclass B1 Bacillus cereus Bc beta-lactamases are zinc metallo-beta-lactamases that hydrolyze a large number of penicillins and cephalosporins.
subclass B1 Bacillus cereus Bc beta-lactamase
This BlaB specific to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum mediates resistance against many beta-lactam antibiotics, notably penams and carbapenems.
Sao Paulo metallo-beta-lactamase (SPM-1) confers resistance to carbapenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein.
L1 is an Ambler class B MBL; subclass B3 originally isolated from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. It has activity against a broad range of beta-lactams and is only active with two Zn(II) ions in the active site.
Pristinamycin IA is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains.
Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis.
Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance.
Sulbactam is an inhibitor of non-AmpC serine beta-lactamases.
Serine beta-lactamase inhibitor targeting class A, class C, and some class D enzymes.
NDM-1 is a metallo-beta-lactamase isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae with nearly complete resistance to all beta-lactam antibiotics.
NDM-2 was isolated from a strain of Acinetobacter baumannii in Germany from a patient hospitalized in Cairo. A single amino acid substitution (P28R) differentiates this gene from NDM-1 and the two enzymes appear to have an identical spectrum of hydrolysis.
ErmN is a methyltransferase found in the tylosin producer Streptomyces fradiae. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. Specifically, this enzyme transfers only one methyl group. The gene is found in the tylosin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance to tylosin.
ErmR is a methyltransferase found in the erythromycin producer Aeromicrobium erythreum. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. The gene is found within the erythromycin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance.
ErmX is a rRNA methyltransferase that protects the ribosome from inactivation due to antibiotic binding.
Erm(31) confers a MLSb resistant phenotype. Along with erm(30), these genes are responsible for self-resistance in the pikromycin/narbomycin/methymycin/neomethymycin producer, Streptomyces venezuelae.
FEZ-1 is an Ambler class B MBL; subclass B3 first isolated from Legionella gormanii. It has activity against a broad range of beta-lactams and is only active with two Zn(II) ions in the active site.
Many genes involved in antibiotic resistance are mobile and microarray probes for these genes can thus provide positive results for any number of organisms. CARD stores the coding sequences of genes targeted by the probe sets of available antibiotic resistance microarrays.
gene detected by antibiotic resistance screening microarray
mef(E) is a proton motive efflux pump in Streptococcus pneumoniae that confers resistance to macrolides. It is found on the same operon as mefA and the ABC-efflux pump mel.
Mel, a homolog of MsrA, is an ABC-F subfamily protein associated with macrolide resistance. It is expressed on the same operon as mefA and mefE, both MFS-type efflux proteins that confer macrolide resistance.
A foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer that is able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams.
ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations.
AdeL is a regulator of AdeFGH in Acinetobacter baumannii. AdeL mutations are associated with AdeFGH overexpression and multidrug resistance.
The blaZ beta-lactamase is found in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Polymyxin B1 is in the family of polymyxin lipopeptides with a 6-methyloctanoic acid acyl group. These antibiotics disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Polymyxin B2 is in the family of polymyxin lipopeptides with a 6-methylheptanoic acid acyl group. These antibiotics disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Polymyxin B3 is in the family of polymyxin lipopeptides with an octanoic acid acyl group. These antibiotics disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Polymyxin B4 is in the family of polymyxin lipopeptides with a heptanoic acid acyl group. These antibiotics disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Bacitracin A is the primary component of bacitracin. It contains many uncommon amino acids and interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Bacitracin B is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It differs from Bacitracin A with a valine instead of an isoleucine in its peptide.
Bacitracin F is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It is formed when the thiazoline ring of bacitracin A is oxidatively deaminated.
Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G).
Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity.
Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro.
Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom.
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin.
Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria.
Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally.
Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases.
Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin.
Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil.
Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity.
Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups.
Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor.
Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil.
Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases.
Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil.
Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis.
Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil.
A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae.
A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3').
A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci.
Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial.
AcrS is a repressor of the AcrAB efflux complex and is associated with the expression of AcrEF. AcrS is believed to regulate a switch between AcrAB and AcrEF efflux.
An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes.
Lividomycins are aminoglycosidic antibiotics produced by Streptomyces lividus. They contain 2-amino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose.
Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations.
Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments.
Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes.
Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant.
Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively.
Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity.
Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes.
Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines.
Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines.
Virginiamycin M1 is a streptogramin A antibiotic.
Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes.
Tiamulin is a pleuromutilin derivative currently used in veterinary medicine. It binds to the 23 rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein translation.
Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic.
Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic.
Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria.
Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group).
H-NS is a histone-like protein involved in global gene regulation in Gram-negative bacteria. It is a repressor of the membrane fusion protein genes acrE, mdtE, and emrK as well as nearby genes of many RND-type multidrug exporters.
Virginiamycin S2 is a streptogramin B antibiotic.
Pristinamycin IC is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1.
Vernamycin C is a streptogramin B antibiotic.
Patricin A is a streptogramin B antibiotic.
Patricin B is a streptogramin B antibiotic.
Ostreogrycin B3 is a derivative of pristinamycin IA, with an additional 3-hydroxy group on its 4-oxopipecolic acid.
Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability.
Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns.
Arylomycins are lipopeptide antibiotics, sharing a lipohexapeptide with a C-terminal tripeptide macrolide and varying by the length of its alkyl chains.
Thiostrepton is a cyclic peptide active against Gram-positive bacteria. It is produced by streptomyces bacteria.
Moemomycin antibiotics are phosphoglycolipids that contain a 3-phosphoglyceric acid, often used as a mixture. They inhibit petidoglycan glycosyltransferases to prevent bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.
Furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibiotic that is a non-ionic synthetic compound. It is taken orally and is active against many enteric pathogens. Furazolidone also has antiprotozoal activity and acts by inhibiting monoamine oxidase.
Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole that is active against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is not effective against aerobic bacteria. Nitroimidazoles act by oxidizing DNA causing strand breaks and cell death.
Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids.
Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids.
Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids.
Defensins are natural cationic peptides that have antibiotic properties. It is part of the innate immune system of plants and animals.
Magainins are antimicrobial peptides produced by amphibians skil cells as part of their innate immune system. It is active against a broad range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
Actinomycins are peptide antibiotics that interact with DNA. This prevents RNA synthesis, thus preventing the production of proteins vital to the cell.
Dactinomycin, also known as Actinomycin D, is a cyclic peptide antibiotic that interacts with DNA to inhibit RNA synthesis.
Moenomycin A1 is a major component of moenomycin mixtures. It is produced by Streptomyces ghanaensis, S. bambergiensis, S. ederensis, and S. geysiriensis.
Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis.
Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase.
Lividomycin A is a pentasaccharide antibiotic which interferes with bacterial protein synthesis.
Lividomycin B is a derivative of lividomycin A with a removed mannose group (demannosyllividomycin A). Livodomycins interfere with bacterial protein synthesis.
AcrR is a repressor of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrR mutations result in high level antibiotic resistance.
Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases.
Mixtures of antibiotics are commonly used clinically. These mixtures link to antibiotic molecules that are also listed in their respective families under antibiotic molecules. i.e. 'Gramicidin A' is part of the mixture 'gramicidin D', while 'Gramicidin A' is also a 'gramicidin', which is a 'peptide antibiotic'.
Antibiotic targets are components of the bacterial or fungal cell. Bacterial targets are usually significantly different from their eukaryotic counterparts to allow for selective antibacterial activity. Exceptions include antibiotics that are converted to an active form inside the bacterium. Resistance mechanisms may modify these targets to protect bacteria or fungi from the effects of antibiotics.
Cell wall biosynthesis provides bacteria with a layer of peptidoglycan that provides rigidity and protects the cell from lysis due to osmotic pressure. Cell wall structures vary significantly between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while mycobacteria have a unique cell wall composition.
cell wall synthesis enzyme targeted by antibiotic
Interaction with the cell membrane phospholipids interferes with membrane permeability and integrity, leading to the leakage of cell contents. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is particularly sensitive.
cell membrane component targeted by antibiotic
Protein synthesis in bacteria is accomplished by cytosolic ribosomes that are structurally different from eukaryotic ribosomes, and thus a target for many antibiotics. By inhibiting ribosomal activity, either by directly binding to the ribosome or interacting with co-factors, antibiotics prevent protein synthesis.
protein synthesis machinery targeted by antibiotic
Bacterial DNA and RNA synthesis includes many enzymes unique to bacteria that are targeted by antibiotics.
nucleic acid synthesis machinery targeted by antibiotic
Nucleic acids can also be targeted by antibiotics. These drugs are usually converted to an active form by enzymes unique to bacteria to prevent toxicity to the host.
Enzymes in the folate synthesis pathway are targeted by two main classes of antibiotics: sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines. Inhibition of these enzymes block the production of key precursors for nucleotides and amino acids.
folate synthesis enzyme targeted by antibiotic
Enzymes in this pathway generate important precursors for macromolecules. While eukaryotes and prokaryotes both synthesize isoprenoids, many bacteria and notably mycobacteria use an alternative pathway that is targeted by antibiotics.
isoprenoid synthesis enzyme targeted by antibiotic
Mycolic acids are produced by mycobacteria. These fatty acids are required for the construction of cell walls. Enzymes that are targeted by antibiotics include synthases, elongases, and dehydrogenases.
mycolic acid synthesis enzyme targeted by antibiotic
Signal peptidase I is a bacterial signal peptidase that cleaves signal peptides from translated proteins. These signal peptides direct proteins to their destination, and then must be cleaved in order to function.
MarR is a repressor of the mar operon marRAB, thus regulating the expression of marA, the activator of multidrug efflux pump AcrAB.
Isoprepnyl pyrophosphate removes a phosphate group that is added from the peptidoglycan subunit to permit its transfer across the cell membrane. The phosphate group must be removed before its incorporation into peptidoglycan macromolecules.
bacitracin sensitive isoprenyl pyrophosphate
The acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine group is found at the terminal end of the pentapeptide chains of peptidoglycan subunits. Antibiotics that bind to this group block the addition of subunits, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. This group is most accessible in Gram-postive bacteria.
The cell wall is unique to bacteria and provides rigidity and protects the cell from lysis due to osmotic pressure. Its characteristic component is peptidoglycan, though cell wall structures vary significantly between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as mycobacteria.
cell wall component targeted by antibiotic
Alanine racemase (alr) converts the natural L-alanine to the D-alanine required in the pentapeptide chains in peptidoglycan. It is found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
D-Alanine synthetase (or ligase), also known as ddla, joins two D-alanines before their addition to the pentapeptide chains of peptidoglycan. It is found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
cycloserine sensitive D-alanine synthetase
Pyruvyl transferase is responsible for the conversion of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) to N-acetylmuramic acid (NAMA). NAMA is a part of the macromolecular backbone of peptidoglycans. Pyruvyl transferase is found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
fosfomycin sensitive pyruvyl transferase (murA)
Arabinofuranosyltransferases allow for the polymerization of arabinose to form arabinan. Arabanan is required for formation of mycobacterial cell walls.
The pentaglycyl bridge is part of Gram-positive peptidoglycan, allowing the formation of a thick and rigid cell wall.
The larger of two ribosomal subunits that make up the 70S bacterial ribosome.
The smaller of two ribosomal subunits that make up the 70S bacterial ribosome.
The ribosomal complex can be targeted by antibiotics that stabilize the entire complex and prevent further translation. These antibiotics target both subunits in the process of protein translation.
Elongation factor G (EF-G) provides energy for the translocation step in protein synthesis. Antibiotics that target EF-G allow one round of translocation but prevent EF-G from dissociating from the ribosome-RNA complex.
Elongation factor Tu is required for peptide elongation in bacterial protein synthesis.
Isoleucyl-tRNA transferase recognizes isoleucine codons and works with the ribosome to incorporate isoleucine amino acids into polypeptide chains. It can be targeted by antibiotics that have an analog of isoleucine through competitive inhibition.
antibiotic sensitive Isoleucyl-tRNA transferase
DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. Binding the alpha-subunit is sufficient to inhibit DNA supercoiling.
DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. Binding the beta-subunit is sufficient to inhibit DNA supercoiling.
antibiotic sensitive DNA topoisomerase subunit gyrB
parC is a subunit of the DNA topoisomerase IV and is sensitive to fluoroquinolone.
The rho transcription terminator factor moves along RNA as it is transcribed, unwinding the RNA from the DNA. It is also responsible for recognizing transcription termination pause sites, slowing down RNA polymerase and allowing mRNA to be released.
The beta-subunit of RNA polymerase is targeted as a complex. When blocked, RNA strand elongation cannot continue after the first few nucleotides.
rifamycin sensitive beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB)
Antibiotics can target DNA to cause strand breaks or prevent transcription. The activity of these antibiotics can be context dependent: some antibiotics are converted to an active form only in certain species, while others target DNA as it is being transcribed.
RNA intron self-splicing action can be inhibited by antibiotics that target a G-binding site to compete with the guanosine cofactor.
Many types of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are targeted by antibiotics, including mRNA templates and ribosomal RNA. Some antibiotics target all RNAs and cause strand breaks.
DNA in the transcriptional complex is partially unwound, allowing antibiotics to target exposed bases and prevent DNA transcription.
DNA in anaerobes are targeted by antibiotics that are converted to an active form in the anaerobe environment. For nitroimidazoles, the antibiotic is reduced to a highly oxidative intermediate that causes DNA oxidation and double-stranded breaks.
This reductoisomerase is found in an alternate isoprenoid synthase pathway that is mevalonate independent. Isoprenoids are important precursors to many other macromolecules. This non-mevalonate pathway is used by plants and most bacteria, including mycobacteria, but not eukaryotes, allowing for selectivea action. Staphylococcus aureus and some other Gram-positive bacteria use a mevalonate-dependent pathway, and are resistant against 1-deoxy-D-xylose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase inhibitors.
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase
Dihydropteroate synthase catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, and a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Inhibiting dihydropteroate leads to slow cell death, as bacteria can survive on existing folate storages for a few generations.
antibiotic sensitive dihydropteroate synthase
Dihydrofolate reductase synthesizes the co-enzyme tetrahydrofolic acid, which is also an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine.
antibiotic sensitive dihydrofolate reductase
MepR is an upstream repressor of MepA in Staphylococcus aureus. It is part of the mepRAB operon.
Mef efflux pumps are MFS-type transporters that confer macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Subunits of efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance.
subunit of efflux pump conferring antibiotic resistance
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are responsible for transpeptidation, joining subunits to form peptidoglycan. They are numbered according to descending molecular weight, and may vary between species. These numbers represent the PBPs of E. coli. Inhibition of the larger PBPs responsible for transpeptidation (1-3) are lethal. Smaller PBPs (4-6) are involed in carboxypeptidation; inhibition of these is non-lethal.
beta-lactam sensitive penicillin-binding protein
A protein, either a histidine kinase or a response regulator, that is part of a two-component regulatory system that directly or indirectly change rates of antibiotic efflux.
protein of two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux
AbeM is an multidrug efflux pump found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
The bacterial 23S rRNA, at the P site of the 50S subunit, has peptidyl transferase activity and is responsible for peptide synthesis and elongation.
antibiotic sensitive peptidyl transferase (23S rRNA)
The 16S rRNA of the 30S ribosomal subunit helps to stabilize the aminoacyl-tRNAs for pairing with the mRNA codons. Some antibiotics (aminoglycosides) that target the 16S rRNA lead to mRNA misreading as well as premature termination. Other antibiotics (tetracyclines) that target the 16S rRNA prevent incoming charged-tRNAs from binding to the ribosome's A-site, stopping elongation.
The P-site of the ribosome binds the peptidyl-tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain. Antibiotics that target the P-site block fMet-tRNA from entering, thus inhibiting peptide elongation.
The P-site of the ribosome binds the peptidyl-tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain, and is a common target for many antibiotics that inhibit the 50S ribosomal subunit. Some antibiotics (oxazolidinones) block the 50S subunit from interacting with the 30S subunit to prevent the formation of the ribosomal complex. Other antibiotics (thiostrepton) block the 50S subunit from interacting with elongation factors G and Tu (EF-G, Ef-Tu), preventing GTP-dependent reactions of peptidyl transferase, and translocation, respectively. Other antibiotics (macrolides) prevent protein translocation.
Fosmidomycin is an inhibitor of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, an enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid synthesis. It is active against enterobacteria, but not against Gram-positive bacteria or anaerobes.
Fusidic acid is the only commercially available fusidane, a group of steroid-like antibiotics. It is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, and acts by inhibiting elongation factor G to block protein synthesis.
Cycloserine is an anti-mycobacterial agent, and is active against enterobacteria, streptococci, M. tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It inhibits cell wall biosynthesis.
Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2).
Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant.
EmbC is an arabinosyltransferase involved in lipoarabinomannan synthesis.
EmbA is an arabinosyltransferase that works as a heterodimer with EmbB. It is involved in the synthesis of arabinogalactan, a component of the mycobacterial cell wall.
EmbB is an arabinosyltransferase that works as a heterodimer with EmbA. It is involved in the synthesis of arabinogalactan, a component of the mycobacterial cell wall.
Topoisomerases are responsible for winding and relaxing supercoiled DNA. The subunits of gyrase (gyrA, gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC, parE, parY) are targeted by antibiotics.
antibiotic sensitive topoisomerase subunit
Avoparcin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that is an analog of vancomycin. It was formally used to treat animals, but has since been banned because of its selection for vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
AbeS in an efflux pump of the SMR family of transporters found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
PatA-PatB is an efflux protein complex that is associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Experiments indicate that PatA and PatB form a heterodimeric transporter.
AdeABC is an RND multidrug efflux system in Acinetobacter species, notably A. baunmannii. AdeA is a membrane fusion protein, AdeB is the inner membrane transporter, and AdeC is the outer membrane factor. It confers resistance to tigecycline.
AdeFGH is a RND multidrug efflux pump expressed in Acinetobacter baumannii. It confers resistance to fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, tigecycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole.
AdeIJK is a RND multidrug efflux pump expressed in Acinetobacter baumannii. It contributes to resistance for beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, lincosamides, fluoroquinolone, fusidic acid, novobiocin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, acridine, pyronine, and safranin.
CmeABC is a multidrug efflux pump in Campylobacter jejuni. Its overexpression led to enhanced resistance to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, cefotaxime, fusidic acid, and erythromycin. CmeA acts as the periplasmic fusion protein, CmeB is the inner membrane transporter, and CmeC is an outer membrane protein.
AdeA is the membrane fusion protein of the multidrug efflux complex AdeABC.
AdeB is the multidrug transporter of the adeABC efflux system.
AdeF is the membrane fusion protein of the multidrug efflux complex AdeFGH.
AdeG is the inner membrane transporter of the AdeFGH multidrug efflux complex.
AdeH is the outer membrane channel protein of the AdeFGH multidrug efflux complex.
AdeI is the membrane fusion protein of the AdeIJK multidrug efflux complex.
AdeJ is a RND efflux protein that acts as the inner membrane transporter of the AdeIJK efflux complex. It has 57% identity with E. coli AcrB.
AdeK is the outer membrane factor protein in the adeIJK multidrug efflux complex.
CmeA is the membrane fusion protein of the CmeABC multidrug efflux complex.
CmeB is the inner membrane transporter the CmeABC multidrug efflux complex.
CmeC is the outer membrane channel protein of the CmeABC multidrug efflux complex.
MdsABC, or GesABC, is a RND-type efflux complex found in Salmonella. In addition to its metal-efflux system, GesABC is also capable of exporting beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, and thiamphenicol. GesB is the inner membrane transporter and is similar to MexF; GesA is the membrane-fusion protein, and GesC is the outer membrane factor.
MdtABC-TolC is a multidrug efflux system in Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli and Salmonella. MdtA is a membrane fusion protein; TolC is the outer membrane channel; MdtBC form a drug transporter. In the absence of MdtB, the MdtAC-TolC has narrower drug specificity, leading to the loss of novobiocin resistance, for example.
MdtEF-TolC is a multidrug efflux complex in Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli. MdtE is the membrane fusion protein, MdtF is the inner membrane transporter, while TolC is the outer membrane channel.
MdsA is the membrane fusion protein of the multidrug and metal efflux complex MdsABC.
MdsB is the inner membrane transporter of the multidrug and metal efflux complex MdsABC. mdsB corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (gene name: mexQ) and 2 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58.
MdsC is the outer membrane channel of the multidrug and metal efflux complex MdsABC.
MdtA is the membrane fusion protein of the multidrug efflux complex mdtABC.
MdtB is a transporter that forms a heteromultimer complex with MdtC to form a multidrug transporter. MdtBC is part of the MdtABC-TolC efflux complex.
MdtC is a transporter that forms a heteromultimer complex with MdtB to form a multidrug transporter. MdtBC is part of the MdtABC-TolC efflux complex. In the absence of MdtB, MdtC can form a homomultimer complex that results in a functioning efflux complex with a narrower drug specificity. mdtC corresponds to 3 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (gene name: muxC/muxB) and 3 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58.
MdtE is the membrane fusion protein of the MdtEF multidrug efflux complex. It shares 70% sequence similarity with AcrA.
MdtF is the multidrug inner membrane transporter for the MdtEF-TolC efflux complex.
MexCD-OprJ is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexC is the membrane fusion protein; MexD is the inner membrane transporter; and OprJ is the outer membrane channel. MexAB-OprM is associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and macrolides. MexCD-OprJ is typically quiescent in wild-type cells, with expression following mutation of the nfxB gene that is divergently transcribed from the mexCD-oprJ operon and encodes a repressor of mexCD-oprJ expression. Expression of mexCD–oprJ is controlled by a single known regulator, the NfxB repressor encoded by the nfxB gene, which is transcribed divergently from the efflux genes.
MexEF-OprN is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexE is the membrane fusion protein; MexF is the inner membrane transporter; and OprN is the outer membrane channel. MexEF-OprN is associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim. Regulation of mexEF-oprN operon expression is multifaceted with the MexT activator being one of the most prominent regulatory proteins. MexEF-OprN is the only positively regulated RND pump of P. aeruginosa.
MexGHI-OpmD is an efflux complex expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexG is a membrane protein required for drug export; MexH is the membrane fusion protein; MexI is the inner membrane transporter; and MexJ is the outer membrane channel protein. MexGHI-OpmD confers resistance to vanadium, norfloxacin, and acriflavin.
MexC is the membrane fusion protein of the MexCD-OprJ multidrug efflux complex.
MexD is the multidrug inner membrane transporter of the MexCD-OprJ complex.
OprJ is the outer membrane channel component of the MexCD-OprJ multidrug efflux complex.
MexE is the membrane fusion protein of the MexEF-OprN multidrug efflux complex.
MexF is the multidrug inner membrane transporter of the MexEF-OprN complex. mexF corresponds to 2 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (gene name: mexF/mexB) and 4 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58 (gene name: mexD/mexB).
OprN is the outer membrane channel component of the MexEF-OprN multidrug efflux complex.
MexG is a membrane protein required for MexGHI-OpmD efflux activity.
MexH is the membrane fusion protein of the efflux complex MexGHI-OpmD.
MexI is the inner membrane transporter of the efflux complex MexGHI-OpmD.
OpmD is the outer membrane channel protein of the efflux complex MexGHI-OpmD.
MtrC is the membrane fusion protein of the MtrCDE multidrug efflux complex.
MtrD is the inner membrane multidrug transporter of the MtrCDE efflux complex.
MtrE is an outer membrane exporter protein that is part of the MtrCDE multidrug efflux complex.
MexS is a suppressor of MexT, which is an activator of the multidrug pump MexEF-OprN. Mutations in MexS lead to multidrug resistance.
MexT is a LysR-type transcriptional activator that positively regulates the expression of MexEF-OprN, OprD, and MexS.
MgrA, also known as NorR, is a regulator for norA, norB, and tet38. It is a positive regulator for norA expression, but is a direct repressor for norB and an indirect repressor of tet38.
MtrA is a transcriptional activator of the MtrCDE multidrug efflux pump of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
MtrR is a repressor of mtrCDE expression. Mutations in mtrR increase multidrug resistance.
NalC is a repressor of PA3720-PA3719, which are positive regulators of MexAB-OprM. Thus, nalC mutants confer multidrug resistance.
NalD is a repressor of MexAB-OprM. Mutations lead to multidrug resistance and MexAB-OprM overexpression.
NfxB is a repressor of the efflux pump mexCD-oprJ and itself (NfxB binds upstream of the nfxB gene and negatively regulates its own expression). Increased expression of MexCD–OprJ brought about by mutations in NfxB.
PhoPQ is a two-component regulatory system. phoP is phosphorylated by phoQ at a low [mg2+], activating the repressor. Its part of a two component regulating system that activates the PmrA/B system which has downstream effects, leading to Antimicrobial resistance in many pathogens. In Salmonella, phoP bind to macAB ABC transporter and represses it. In Escherichia coli, phoPQ regulates arnA expression. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, phoPQ regulates OprH expression. phoPQ have other roles in other species.
PmrA is a MFS-type efflux pump expressed in Streptococcus pneumoniae that confers low-level resistance to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and acriflavine.
RamA (resistance antibiotic multiple) is a positive regulator of AcrAB-TolC and leads to high level multidrug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, and Enterobacter aerugenes, increasing the expression of both the mar operon as well as AcrAB. RamA also decreases OmpF expression.
RamR is a repressor that regulates RamA expression. Mutations lead to the upregulation of AcrAB, which is positively regulated by RamA.
The robA protein is a positive regulator for the acrAB efflux genes, and is structurally similar to SoxS and MarA.
SdiA is a cell division regulator that is also a positive regulator of AcrAB only when it's expressed from a plasmid. When the sdiA gene is on the chromosome, it has no effect on expression of acrAB.
SoxRS is a two-component regulator part of the superoxide stress response. It is a positive regulator for many multidrug efflux pumps.
BaeR is a response regulator that promotes the expression of MdtABC and AcrD efflux complexes.
BaeS is a sensor kinase in the BaeSR regulatory system. While it phosphorylates BaeR to increase its activity, BaeS is not necessary for overexpressed BaeR to confer resistance.
CpxA is a membrane-localized sensor kinase that is activated by envelope stress. It starts a kinase cascade that activates CpxR, which promotes efflux complex expression.
CpxR is a regulator that promotes acrD expression when phosphorylated by a cascade involving CpxA, a sensor kinase. CpxR is also directly involved in activation of expression of RND efflux pump MexAB-OprM in P. aeruginosa. CpxR is required to enhance mexAB-oprM expression and drug resistance, in the absence of repressor MexR.
EvgA, when phosphorylated, is a positive regulator for efflux protein complexes emrKY and mdtEF. While usually phosphorylated in a EvgS dependent manner, it can be phosphorylated in the absence of EvgS when overexpressed.
EvgS is a sensor protein that phosphorylates the regulatory protein EvgA. evgS corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58.
PhoP is a direct repressor of the macAB efflux genes.
PhoQ is a sensor protein that is induced by low Mg2+ concentrations. When activated, PhoQ donates a phosphate to activate PhoP.
SoxR is a sensory protein that upregulates soxS expression in the presence of redox-cycling drugs. This stress response leads to the expression many multidrug efflux pumps. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which lacks SoxS, SoxR is able to directly upregulate the expression of the MexGHI-OpmD efflux pump.
SoxS is a global regulator that up-regulates the expression of AcrAB efflux genes. It also reduces OmpF expression to decrease cell membrane permeability.
ArlR is a response regulator that binds to the norA promoter to activate expression. ArlR must first be phosphorylated by ArlS.
ArlS is a protein histidine kinase that phosphorylates ArlR, a promoter for norA expression.
JOHN-1 is an Ambler class B carbapenem-hydrolysing beta-lactamase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae.
CGB-1 is an Ambler class B beta-lactamase that mediates resistance for carbapenems in Chryseobacterium gleum.
EBR-1 is an Ambler class B beta-lactamase found in Empedobacter brevis and is known to mediate the hydrolysis of penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems efficiently but not aztreonam.
MUS-1 is a chromosome-encoded beta-lactamase from Myroides odoratus and Myroides odoratimimus.
TUS-1 is a chromosome-encoded beta-lactamase from Myroides odoratus and Myroides odoratimimus.
GIM-1 is an integron-encoded B1 beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
SIM-1 is an integron-encoded Ambler class B beta-lactamase isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii.
KHM-1 is a plasmid-mediated metallo-beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii that confers resistance to all broad-spectrum beta-lactams, execpt for monobactams.
Dutch imipenemase or DIM-1 is an integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase from Pseudomonas stutzeri.
SFH-1 confers resistance to carbapenems in Serratia fonticola.
GOB-1 confers resistance to cephalosporins in Elizabethkingia (Chryseobacterium) meningoseptica.
THIN-B, isolated from Janthinobacterium lividum, hydrolyzes a broad spectrum of beta-lactams including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
AIM-1 is an Ambler class B beta-lactamase that hydrolyzes most beta-lactams except aztreonam and ceftazidime. It was isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and was the first subclass B3 mobile-elements encoded beta-lactamase discovered.
SMB-1 can hydrolyze a variety of beta-lactams, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. It was identified in Serratia marcescens.
CAU-1 is a B3 metallo-beta-lactamase that is encoded by the Caulobacter crescentus chromosome.
BJP-1 is a subclass B3 ortholog found in Bradyrhizobium japonicum that hydrolyzes most beta-lactams except aztreonam, ticarcillin, and temocillin.
Methyltransferases that modify the 16S rRNA of the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, conferring resistance to drugs that target 16S rRNA.
ArmA is a 16S rRNA methyltransferase that targets mature or nearly mature 30S subunits. It transfers a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to N7-G1405 of the 16S rRNA, an aminoglycoside binding site.
RmtA is a 16S rRNA methyltransferase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa which methylates G1405 of the 16S rRNA. It confers high level resistance to many aminoglycosides.
RmtB is a 16S rRNA methyltransferase that targets mature or nearly mature 30S subunits. It transfers a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to N7-G1405 of the 16S rRNA, an aminoglycoside binding site.
RmtC is a rRNA methyltransferase found in Proteus mirabilis with high level resistance to similar to aminoglycosides, with the exception of non-4,6-disubstituted deoxystreptamines (streptomycin and neomycin). It has also been isolated in Salmonella enterica ser. Virchow. It is hypothesized to methylate G1405, like related methyltransferases RmtA, RmtB, and ArmA.
Sgm, or sisomicin-gentamicin methyltransferase, methylates G1405 of 16S rRNA to confer resistance to various aminoglycosides.
MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins.
Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis can result in resistance to fluoroquinolones.
OleD is a glycotransferase found in Streptomyces antibioticus, a natural producer of oleandomycin. OleD can glycosylate a wide range of macrolides. Unlike oleI, oleD is not found in the oleandomycin biosynthetic cluster.
OleI is a glycosyltransferase found in Streptomyces antibioticus, specifically the oleandomycin biosynthetic cluster. OleI glycosylates oleandomycin to confer self-resistance.
Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis.
AcetylCoA dependent acetyltransferase that acetylate streptothricins such as nourseothricin at position 16 (beta position of beta-lysine).
Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI).
Antibiotics can target bacteria-specific fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes.
fatty acid synthesis enzyme targeted by antibiotic
Enoyl-acyl carrier reductases catalyze the final enoyl reduction step in bacterial type II fatty acid elongation. Triclosan antibiotics block enoyl reduction and therefore fatty acid synthesis, functioning as a broad spectrum biocide and antibiotic.
antibiotic sensitive enoyl-acyl carrier reductase
TEM-1 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in many Gram-negative bacteria. Confers resistance to penicillins and first generation cephalosphorins.
TEM-2 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase.
TEM-3 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-4 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-5 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-6 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-7 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-8 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-9 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-10 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase round in Morganella morganii.
TEM-11 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
TEM-12 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
TEM-13 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-15 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in Haemophilus parainfluenzae.
TEM-16 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-17 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Capnocytophaga ochracea.
The beta-lactamase name TEM-18 has been depreciated.
TEM-19 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-20 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in several species of Gram-negative bacteria.
TEM-21 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in many species of Gram-negative bacteria.
TEM-22 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-24 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-25 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-26 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-27 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-28 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-29 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-30 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli. Confers resistance to amoxycilllin-clavulanic acid, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, kanamycin, neomycin, and intermediate resistance to mezlocillin and piperacillin.
TEM-31 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-32 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-33 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-34 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-35 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-36 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-37 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-38 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-39 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-40 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-42 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-43 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-44 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-45 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-46 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-47 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-48 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-49 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-50 is an inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-51 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-52 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica.
TEM-53 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-54 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-55 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-56 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-57 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-58 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-59 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-60 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-61 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-63 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-65 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-66 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-67 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
TEM-68 is an inhibitor resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-70 is a beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-71 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-72 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis and Morganella morganii.
TEM-73 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-74 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-75 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-76 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-78 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-79 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-80 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
TEM-81 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-82 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-83 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-84 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-85 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-86 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-87 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
TEM-88 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-89 is an inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-90 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-91 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-92 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
TEM-93 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-94 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-95 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-96 is a beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-101 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-102 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-103 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in E. coli.
TEM-104 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-105 is a beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-106 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-107 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-108 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-109 is an inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-110 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-111 is a beta-lactamase found in E. coli and P. mirabilis.
TEM-112 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-113 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
TEM-114 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella aerogenes.
TEM-115 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-116 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in many species of bacteria.
TEM-117 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-118 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
TEM-120 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
TEM-121 is an inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli and Klebsiella aerogenes.
TEM-122 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-123 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
TEM-124 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Morganella morganii.
TEM-125 is a CMT-type, inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-126 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-127 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-128 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-129 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
TEM-130 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-131 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
TEM-132 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-133 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-134 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter koseri.
TEM-135 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
TEM-136 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-137 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Shigella sonnei.
TEM-138 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
TEM-139 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-141 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
TEM-142 is an beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-143 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-144 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
TEM-145 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-146 is a beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-147 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
TEM-149 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella aerogenes.
TEM-150 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter spp., E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-151 is a CMT-type, inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-152 is a CMT-type, inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-154 is a CMT-type, inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
TEM-155 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
TEM-157 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
TEM-158 is an inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-159 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
TEM-160 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
The beta-lactamase name TEM-161 has been depreciated.
TEM-162 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter haemolyticus.
TEM-163 is an inhibitor resistant beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-164 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
TEM-165 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-166 is a beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-167 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-168 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
TEM-169 is an extended spectrum beta-lactamase.
TEM-170 is a beta-lactamase. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-172 is a beta-lactamase. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-173 is a beta-lactamase. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-174 is a beta-lactamase. Sequence data unavailable.
TEM-177 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
TEM-178 is an inhibitor-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
TEM-183 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase.
TEM-187 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in P. mirabilis.
TEM-188 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
TEM-197 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
SHV-1 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella spp., as well as Acinetobacter spp., E. coli., Raoultella terrigena, and Yersinia pestis.
SHV-2 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella flexneri.
SHV-2A is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica.
SHV-3 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-4 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-5 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica.
SHV-6 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-7 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
SHV-8 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
SHV-9 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-10 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
SHV-11 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Shigella dysenteriae.
SHV-12 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
SHV-13 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-14 is an broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-15 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
SHV-16 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. It differs from SHV-1 by a 163DRWET167 insertion.
SHV-18 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-19 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-20 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-21 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-22 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-23 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-24 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
SHV-25 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-26 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-27 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-28 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-29 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-30 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
SHV-31 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-32 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-33 is an broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-34 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
SHV-35 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-36 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-37 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-38 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-39 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-40 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-41 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-42 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-43 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-44 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-45 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-46 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
SHV-48 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-49 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-50 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-51 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-52 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-53 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-55 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-56 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-57 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
SHV-59 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-60 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-61 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-62 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-63 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-64 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-65 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-66 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-67 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-69 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-70 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
SHV-71 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella.
SHV-72 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-73 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-74 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-75 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase that is found in clinical isolates.
SHV-76 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-77 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli.
SHV-78 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-79 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-80 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-81 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-82 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-83 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-84 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-85 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-86 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-89 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-90 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
SHV-91 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Sequence data unavailable.
SHV-92 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-93 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-94 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-95 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii.
SHV-96 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
SHV-97 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterococcus faecalis.
SHV-101 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-102 is an extended spectrum beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
SHV-103 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-104 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-105 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-106 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-107 is an inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-108 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-109 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-110 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-111 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-112 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
The beta-lactamase name SHV-113 has been depreciated.
The beta-lactamase name SHV-114 has been depreciated.
SHV-115 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-116 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
The beta-lactamase name SHV-117 has been depreciated.
SHV-120 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-121 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates. Identical to SHV-136.
SHV-122 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-123 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-124 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-125 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-126 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-127 is a beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-128 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-129 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that has been found in clinical isolates.
SHV-134 is an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
SHV-140 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase.
SHV-141 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase.
A novel bleomycin resistance protein encoded by a metallo-beta-lactamase-associated ble gene. Expression of BRP(MBL) confers resistance to bleomycin and bleomycin-like antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter, where it is co-expressed with an MBL and controlled by the same promoter region.
Inactivation of an antibiotic by formation of a complex, preventing interaction of the antibiotic with its target.
antibiotic inactivation by sequestration
A gene whose product inactivates an antibiotic by formation of a complex, preventing interaction of the antibiotic with its target.
gene involved in antibiotic sequestration
In methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), beta-lactams bind to native penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and disrupt synthesis of the cell membrane's peptidoglycan layer. In methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer is able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams.
A foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer that able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams.
Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance.
trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr
Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP.
Factumycin is a kirromycin-like antibiotic produced by Kitasatospora setae and Streptomyces strains. Its biosynthetic cluster has been characterized which has interesting acetyl transferase domains in trans, or outside of the polyketide synthase domains. Factumycin has specific, rather than broad spectrum, antibacterial properties, especially targeting various Acinetobacter baumanii strains.
A macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces narbonensis subsp. josamyceticus. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
Produced by Micromonospora griseorubida.
Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
Produced by Streptomyces halstedii and Streptomyces thermotolerans.
Produced by Streptomyces caelestis, which also produces the macrolide niddamycin.
Produced by Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 15439.
Kirromycin, also known as mocimycin, is the representative molecule of its own class of elfamycins which is composed of more than 10 analogs. Kirromycin binds to the domain 1,2 interface of elongation factor Tu. This interaction maintains the EF-Tu*GTP conformation even after GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP. EF-Tu*GDP normally releases aa-tRNA and then exits the ribosome; however, kirromycin*EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA forms a strong complex and remains bound to the ribosome, prohibits translocation of the peptide chain and translation is halted.
Aurodox is an elongation factor Tu inhibiting antibiotic. It was first referred to as X-5108. It is produced by Streptomyces goldiniensis var. goldiniensis and is active primarily against gram-positive bacteria.
Efrotomycin is produced by Streptomyces lactamodurans NRRL 3802. This kirromycin-like antibiotic is used in animal agriculture, especially in the production of swine. Generally gram negative bacteria are susceptible to efrotomycin, while gram positive bacteria are resistant.
GE2270A is the model molecule of cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins. GE2270A is produced by Planobispora rosea. Biosynthesis of the molecule has been shown to originate as a ribosomally synthesized peptide that undergoes significant post-translational modification. Clinical use of cyclic thiazolyl peptides is hindered by their low water solubility and bioavailability.
Enacyloxin IIa is structurally distinct but acts in a similar mechanism to kirromycin-like elfamycins. It prohibits the transfer of the amino acid at the A site to the elongating peptide chain. It is most likely that the mechanism of action is that EF-Tu*GDP is locked in the EF-Tu*GTP form, and EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA is immobilized on the ribosome. It is an open question whether enacyloxin IIa actually belongs to the kirromycin-like group of elfamycins due to their high similarity.
Kirrothricin is produced by Streptomyces cinnamoneus and is structurally related to kirromycin, aurodox, heneicomycin and shares a similar spectrum of antibacterial activity.
Azimycin is produced by Streptomyces diastatochromogenes ATCC 31013.
Dihydromocimycin is produced by Streptomyces ramocissimus CBS190.69.
Phenelfamycin A was isolated from two environmental isolates called AB999F-80 and AB1047T-33. They were both identified as Streptomyces violaceoniger strains. Both these strains were found to produce phenelfamycins A-F and unphenelfamycin. Phenelfamycin A has a monosaccaride moeity and is isomeric with phenelfamycin B. All phenelfamycins were selected due to their activity against anaerobic bacteria, especially Clostridioides difficile.
Phenelfamycin B was isolated from two environmental isolates called AB999F-80 and AB1047T-33. They were both identified as Streptomyces violaceoniger strains. Both these strains were found to produce phenelfamycins A-F and unphenelfamycin. Phenelfamycin B has a monosaccaride moeity and is isomeric with phenelfamycin A. All phenelfamycins were selected due to their activity against anaerobic bacteria, especially Clostridioides difficile.
Phenelfamycin C was isolated from two environmental isolates called AB999F-80 and AB1047T-33. They were both identified as Streptomyces violaceoniger strains. Both these strains were found to produce phenelfamycins A-F and unphenelfamycin. Phenelfamycin C has a disaccaride moeity and is isomeric with phenelfamycin D. All phenelfamycins were selected due to their activity against anaerobic bacteria, especially Clostridioides difficile.
Phenelfamycin D was isolated from two environmental isolates called AB999F-80 and AB1047T-33. They were both identified as Streptomyces violaceoniger strains. Both these strains were found to produce phenelfamycins A-F and unphenelfamycin. Phenelfamycin D has a disaccaride moeity and is isomeric with phenelfamycin C. All phenelfamycins were selected due to their activity against anaerobic bacteria, especially Clostridioides difficile.
Phenelfamycin E was isolated from two environmental isolates called AB999F-80 and AB1047T-33. They were both identified as Streptomyces violaceoniger strains. Both these strains were found to produce phenelfamycins A-F and unphenelfamycin. Phenelfamycin E has a trisaccaride moeity and is isomeric with phenelfamycin F. All phenelfamycins were selected due to their activity against anaerobic bacteria, especially Clostridioides difficile. Phenelfamycin E and F are the most potent of the phenelfamycins.
Phenelfamycin F was isolated from two environmental isolates called AB999F-80 and AB1047T-33. They were both identified as Streptomyces violaceoniger strains. Both these strains were found to produce phenelfamycins A-F and unphenelfamycin. Phenelfamycin F has a trisaccaride moeity and is isomeric with phenelfamycin E. All phenelfamycins were selected due to their activity against anaerobic bacteria, especially Clostridioides difficile. Phenelfamycin E and F are the most potent of the phenelfamycins.
Unphenelfamycin was isolated from two environmental isolates called AB999F-80 and AB1047T-33. They were both identified as Streptomyces violaceoniger strains. Both these strains were found to produce phenelfamycins A-F and unphenelfamycin. Unphenelfamycin has a monosaccaride moeity and lacks the phenacetyl moeity present in the other phenelfamycins. All phenelfamycins were selected due to their activity against anaerobic bacteria, especially Clostridioides difficile.
L-681217 is a kirromycin-like antibiotic produced by Streptomyces cattleya. Its biosynthetic gene cluster is characterized.
GE37468 is a thiazolyl peptide produced by Streptomyces ATCC 55365. GE37468 is produced by post-transcription modification of a ribosomally synthesized preprotein, of which the biosynthetic gene cluster has been elucidated.
Amythiamicin A is a cyclic thiazolyl peptide antibiotic with a structure similar to GE2270A. Amythiamicin B, C, and D also exist, but are not discussed further here. Amythiamicin A was shown to have the highest activity in cell free protein synthesis assays.
Heneicomycin is a kirromycin-like antibiotic, isolated from Streptomyces filipinensis. It is structurally related to kirromycin, aurodox and efrotomycin.
Erm(30) confers a MLSb resistant phenotype. Along with erm(31), these genes are responsible for self-resistance in the pikromycin/narbomycin/methymycin/neomethymycin producer, Streptomyces venezuelae.
A gentamicin-group aminoglycoside isolated from Micromonospora.
A semisynthetic genamicin-group aminoglycoside, derived from verdamicin.
An unusual aminoglycoside because the cyclitol ring is not amino substituted; it was discovered as a fermentation product of Streptomyces kasugaensis.
Non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases modify guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering) to confer resistance to some macrolides and lincosamides.
non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748)
TlrB is a methyltransferase found in Streptomyces fradiae and confers resistance to mycinamicin, tylosin and lincosamides. Specifically, this enzyme adds a methyl group to guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering). TlrB is found in the tylosin biosynthetic cluster and is one mechanism by which S. fradiae protects itself from self-destruction when producing this macrolide.
myrA is a methyltransferase found in Micromonospora griseorubida and confers resistance to mycinamicin and tylosin. Specifically, this enzyme adds a methyl group to guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering) of 23S ribosomal RNA. MyrA is found in the mycinamicin biosynthetic cluster and is one mechanism by which M. griseorubida protects itself from self-destruction when producing this macrolide.
RlmA(II) is a methyltransferase found in Streptococcus pneumoniae and confers resistance to tylosin and mycinamicin. Specifically, this enzyme adds a methyl group to guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering) of 23S ribosomal RNA.
ChrB is a methyltransferase found in Streptomyces bikiniensis and confers resistance to chalcomycin, mycinamicin, and tylosin. Specifically, this enzyme adds a methyl group to guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering). chrB is found in the chalcomycin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance in S. bikiniensis.
ErmO (gene srmA) is a methyltransferase found in the spiramycin producer Streptomyces ambofaciens. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. Specifically, this enzyme transfers only one methyl group. The gene is responsible for self-resistance to spiramycin.
ErmS is a methyltransferase found in the tylosin producer Streptomyces fradiae. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. Specifically, this enzyme transfers two methyl groups. The gene is found within the tylosin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance.
ErmU is a methyltransferase found in the lincomycin producer Streptomyces lincolnensis. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. Specifically, this enzyme transfers only one methyl group. The gene is found in the lincomycin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance.
ErmW is a methyltransferase found in the mycinamicin producer Micromonospora griseorubida. Like other Erm enzymes, it catalyzes the methylation of A2058 of the 23S ribosomal RNA. The gene is found within the mycinamicin biosynthetic cluster and is responsible for self-resistance.
vgbA inactivates streptogramin B-type antibiotics by linearizing the lactone ring on the ester bond using an elimination mechanism, thus conferring resistance to these compounds.
VgbB inactivates streptogramin B-type antibiotics by linearizing the lactone ring on the ester bond through an elimination mechanism, thus conferring resistance.
Cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins inhibit protein synthesis by preventing the formation of the EF-Tu*GTP-aa-tRNA ternary complex, a mechanism similar to that of pulvomycin. There are non-elfamycin cyclic thiazolyl peptide antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis by by targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit and are not discussed here further.
Kirromycin-like antibiotics bind to the domain 1,2 interface of elongation factor Tu. This interaction maintains the EF-Tu*GTP conformation even after GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP. EF-Tu*GDP normally releases aa-tRNA and then exits the ribosome; however, kirromycin*EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA forms a strong complex and remains bound to the ribosome, prohibits translocation of the peptide chain and translation is halted.
Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics.
Efflux protein facT confers resistance to factumycin. The gene has been heterologously expressed in S. coelicolor and its function confirmed. It is possible that this gene can export other kirromycin-like elfamycins, but this has not been tested.
Retapamulin is a semi-synthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic approved for the treatment of skin infections.
Two semi-synthetic pleuromutilin derivatives, tiamulin and valnemulin, have been developed as antibiotics for veterinary use.
Azamulin is a semi-synthetic pleuromutilin derivative that failed Stage 1 clinical trials due to poor bioavailability.
Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound.
Narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotics, in the general sense, is a cyclic molecule containing more than 12 atoms in the macrocyclic lactone ring.
A narrow spectrum antibiotic effective against Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). It is active against gram positive and gram negative bacteria by inhibiting RNA polymerase's switch region leading to cell death.
SB22484 antibiotics are of the same chemical group as kirromycins. SB22484 antibiotics are produced by Streptomyces sp. NRRL 15496. There are two SB22484 isomers with the same UV absorption spectra, but differing molecular masses. These antibiotics are strongly active against Neisseria species, but also show activity against Streptococci, and Haemophilus influenzae.
UK-69,753 is a glycosylated form of factumycin. The disaccharide moiety of UK-69,753 is virtually identical to that of efrotomycin, another member of this class of antibiotics. UK-69,753 has been shown to have strong in vitro and in vivo activity toward a swine pathogen, Treponema hyodysenteriae.
Phenelfamycin G is produced by Streptomyces albospinus strain Acta 3619. Phenelfamycin G and H are isomeric and similar to phenelfamycin E and F only with the addition of a hydroxyl group at position C-30. Phenelfamycin G and H have a narrow antibacterial spectrum with potent activity against Cutibacterium acnes.
Phenelfamycin H is produced by Streptomyces albospinus strain Acta 3619. Phenelfamycin G and H are isomeric and similar to phenelfamycin E and F only with the addition of a hydroxyl group at position C-30. Phenelfamycin G and H have a narrow antibacterial spectrum with potent activity against Cutibacterium acnes.
One of a small group of kirromycin-like elfamycins which lack the pyridone moiety. Ganefromycin is produced by Streptomyces lydicus spp. tanzanius, and was considered for use as a growth promoting antibiotic in agriculture.
A multidrug and toxic compound extrusions (MATE) transporter conferring resistance to norfloxacin, doxorubicin and acriflavine.
Multidrug efflux pump in E. coli. This multidrug efflux system was originally identified as the Cmr/CmlA chloramphenicol exporter.
The MdtG protein, also named YceE, appears to be a member of the major facilitator superfamily of transporters, and it has been reported, when overexpressed, to increase fosfomycin and deoxycholate resistances. mdtG is a member of the marA-soxS-rob regulon.
SHV-54 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-58 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-68 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-87 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-88 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-98 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-99 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-100 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae. It differs from SHV-1 by a 35SESQLSGRVGMIE36 insertion.
SHV-118 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-119 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-132 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-138 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-139 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-143 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-144 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
SHV-146 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-164 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-166 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
The beta-lactamase name SHV-174 has been depreciated.
SHV-180 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-183 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-168 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-169 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-170 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-171 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-172 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-173 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-175 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-176 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-177 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-178 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-179 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-181 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-182 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-184 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-100 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-119 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-140 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-153 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
TEM-175 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-179 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-180 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-182 is a beta-lactamase found in clinical isolates of H. parainfluenzae.
TEM-185 is a beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
TEM-184 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-196 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-200 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-201 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
TEM-202 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-203 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-204 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-205 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-206 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-207 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-208 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-209 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-211 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-212 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-213 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-214 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-215 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-216 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-217 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-218 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-1 is a beta-lactamase found in E. coli.
OXA-2 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
OXA-3 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa.
OXA-5 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae.
The beta-lactamase name OXA-6 has been depreciated.
OXA-7 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae.
The beta-lactamase name OXA-8 has been depreciated.
OXA-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii and P. aeruginosa.
OXA-11 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Aeromonas jandaei.
OXA-13 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-14 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-15 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-16 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-17 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-18 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa and Rickettsia.
OXA-19 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-20 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-21 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-22 is a beta-lactamase found in Ralstonia pickettii.
OXA-23 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-24 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa.
OXA-25 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-26 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-27 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-28 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-29 is a beta-lactamase found in Legionella gormanii.
OXA-31 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-32 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-33 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-34 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-35 is a beta-lactamase found in P. aeruginosa.
OXA-36 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-37 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-38 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-39 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-41 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-44 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-52 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-67 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-100 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-101 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-115 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-116 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-117 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-121 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-122 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-123 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-124 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-125 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-126 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-127 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-139 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-140 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-148 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-149 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-150 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-151 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-152 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-153 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-154 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-155 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-156 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-157 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-158 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-159 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-165 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-166 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-167 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-168 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-169 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-170 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-171 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-178 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-179 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-180 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-183 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-184 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-185 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-193 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-194 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-195 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-196 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-197 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-205 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-206 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-207 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-208 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-210 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-216 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-217 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-220 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-221 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-222 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-225 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-227 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-233 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-234 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
OXA-238 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-239 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-240 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-251 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-252 is a beta-lactamase found in Shewanella spp.
OXA-256 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-258 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-309 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-310 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-311 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-318 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-319 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-321 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-322 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-323 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-324 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-325 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-326 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-327 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-328 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-329 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-330 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-331 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-332 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-333 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-334 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-335 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-336 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-337 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-338 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-339 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-340 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-341 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-342 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-343 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-344 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-345 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-346 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-348 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-349 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-350 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-351 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-352 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-353 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-354 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-355 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-356 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-357 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-358 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-359 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-360 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-361 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-362 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-363 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-364 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-365 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-366 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-367 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-368 is a beta-lactamase found in Aeromonas sobria. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-371 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-372 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-373 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-374 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-375 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-376 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-377 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-378 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-379 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-380 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-381 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-382 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-383 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-384 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-385 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-386 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-387 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-388 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-389 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-390 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-391 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-392 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-393 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-394 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-395 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-396 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-397 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-398 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-399 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-400 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-401 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-402 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-403 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-404 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-405 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-406 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-407 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-408 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-409 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-410 is an OXA-51-like beta-lactamase.
OXA-411 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-412 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-413 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-414 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-415 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-416 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-417 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-114a is a beta-lactamase found in Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
OXA-243 is a beta-lactamase found in Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
OXA-58 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-51 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-64 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-65 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-66 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-68 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-69 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-70 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-71 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-75 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-76 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-77 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-83 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-84 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-89 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-88 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-91 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-93 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-94 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-95 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-96 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-92 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-79 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-80 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-82 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-104 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-106 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-107 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-108 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-109 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-110 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-111 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-112 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-113 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-78 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-98 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-97 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-128 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-99 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-90 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-130 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-131 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-132 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-143 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-138 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-172 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-173 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-174 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-175 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-176 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-177 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-164 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-160 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-203 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-200 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-201 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-202 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-219 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-223 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-231 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-49 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-120 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-248 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-249 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-250 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-235 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-236 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-237 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-241 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-242 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-278 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-254 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-312 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-313 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-314 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-315 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-316 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-317 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-253 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-255 is a beta-lactamase found in A. baumannii.
OXA-228 is a beta-lactamase found in A. bereziniae.
OXA-229 is a beta-lactamase found in A. bereziniae.
OXA-230 is a beta-lactamase found in A. bereziniae.
OXA-257 is a beta-lactamase found in A. bereziniae.
OXA-134 is a beta-lactamase found in A. lwoffii.
The beta-lactamase name OXA-186 has been depreciated.
The beta-lactamase name OXA-187 has been depreciated.
The beta-lactamase name OXA-188 has been depreciated.
The beta-lactamase name OXA-189 has been depreciated.
The beta-lactamase name OXA-190 has been depreciated.
The beta-lactamase name OXA-191 has been depreciated.
OXA-133 is a beta-lactamase found in A. radioresistens.
OXA-86 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-87 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-72 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
The beta-lactamase name OXA-102 has been depreciated.
OXA-103 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-105 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-182 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-211 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-212 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-213 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-214 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-215 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-259 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-260 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-261 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-262 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-263 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-264 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-265 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-266 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-267 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-268 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-269 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-270 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-271 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-272 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-273 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-274 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-275 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-276 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-277 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-279 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-280 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-281 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-282 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-283 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-284 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-285 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-286 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-287 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-288 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-289 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-290 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-291 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-292 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-293 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-294 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-295 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-296 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-297 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-298 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-299 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-300 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-301 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-302 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-303 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-304 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-305 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-306 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-307 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-308 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp.
OXA-63 is a beta-lactamase found in Brachyspira spp.
OXA-136 is a beta-lactamase found in Brachyspira spp.
OXA-192 is a beta-lactamase found in Brachyspira spp.
OXA-137 is a beta-lactamase found in Brachyspira spp.
OXA-118 is a beta-lactamase found in Burkholderia cepacia.
OXA-42 is a beta-lactamase found in Burkholderia pseudomallei.
OXA-43 is a beta-lactamase found in Burkholderia pseudomallei.
OXA-57 is a beta-lactamase found in Burkholderia pseudomallei.
OXA-59 is a beta-lactamase found in Burkholderia pseudomallei.
OXA-61 is a beta-lactamase found in Campylobacter jejuni.
OXA-370 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter hormaechei.
OXA-119 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
OXA-162 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
OXA-347 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
OXA-232 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
OXA-146 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
OXA-85 is a beta-lactamase found in Fusobacterium nucleatum.
OXA-47 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-48 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-163 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-181 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-73 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumonia.
OXA-244 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-245 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-204 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-247 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OXA-62 is a beta-lactamase found in Pandoraea pnomenusa.
OXA-320 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
OXA-45 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-56 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-50 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It confers decreased susceptibility to ampicillin and ticarcillin and, interestingly, to moxalactam and meropenem in P. aeruginosa but not in E. coli. Also confers resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam and cephalotin.
OXA-46 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-74 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-161 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-226 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-147 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-141 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-142 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-145 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-198 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-224 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-246 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-60 is a beta-lactamase found in Ralstonia pickettii.
OXA-209 is a beta-lactamase found in Riemerella anatipestifer.
OXA-53 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
OXA-129 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
OXA-54 is a beta-lactamase found in Shewanella spp.
OXA-55 is a beta-lactamase found in Shewanella spp.
OXA-199 is a beta-lactamase found in Shewanella spp.
ACC-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
ACC-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Hafnia alvei.
ACC-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Hafnia alvei.
ACC-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
ACC-5 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
ACT-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
ACT-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
ACT-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
ACT-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
ACT-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Pantoea agglomerans. This sequence and nomenclature has been superseded by ACT-143.
ACT-16 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
ACT-23 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
ACT-4 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-7 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-8 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-10 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-11 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-12 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-13 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-14 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-15 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-17 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-18 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-19 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-20 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-21 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-22 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-24 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-25 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-27 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-28 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-29 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-30 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-31 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-32 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-33 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-34 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-35 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CFE-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
LAT-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
IMI-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
IMI-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
IMI-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacteriaceae.
IMI-4 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMI-5 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMI-6 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-1 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-2 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii.
CTX-M-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella typhimurium.
CTX-M-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella typhimurium.
CTX-M-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella typhimurium.
CTX-M-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella typhimurium.
CTX-M-8 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-9 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-11 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-13 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-14 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-15 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-16 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-17 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-19 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-20 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-21 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-22 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-23 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-24 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-25 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-26 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-27 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-28 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
CTX-M-29 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-30 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii.
CTX-M-31 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-32 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-33 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
CTX-M-34 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-35 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter koseri.
CTX-M-36 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-37 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
CTX-M-38 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-39 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-40 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-41 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CTX-M-42 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-43 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp.
CTX-M-44 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-45 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-46 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-47 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-48 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-49 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-50 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-51 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-52 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-53 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
CTX-M-54 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-55 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-56 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-58 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-59 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-60 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-61 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-62 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-63 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
CTX-M-64 is a beta-lactamase found in Shigella sonnei.
CTX-M-65 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-66 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CTX-M-67 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-68 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-69 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-70 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-71 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-72 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-73 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-74 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-75 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-76 is a beta-lactamase found in Kluyvera spp.
CTX-M-77 is a beta-lactamase found in Kluyvera spp.
CTX-M-78 is a beta-lactamase found in Kluyvera georgiana.
CTX-M-79 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-80 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-81 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-82 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-83 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
CTX-M-84 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
CTX-M-86 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
CTX-M-87 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-88 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-89 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CTX-M-90 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CTX-M-91 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-92 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-93 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-94 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-95 is a beta-lactamase found in Kluyvera spp.
CTX-M-96 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-98 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-99 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CTX-M-100 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-101 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-102 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-103 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-104 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-105 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-106 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-107 is a beta-lactamase found in Shigella spp.
CTX-M-108 is a beta-lactamase found in Shigella spp.
CTX-M-109 is a beta-lactamase found in Shigella spp.
CTX-M-110 is a beta-lactamase found in Shigella spp.
CTX-M-111 is a beta-lactamase found in Shigella spp.
CTX-M-112 is a beta-lactamase found in Shigella spp.
CTX-M-113 is a beta-lactamase found in Shigella spp.
CTX-M-114 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-115 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
CTX-M-116 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CTX-M-117 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-119 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-120 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-121 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-122 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-123 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-124 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-125 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-126 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-127 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-128 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-129 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-130 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-131 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-132 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-134 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
The beta-lactamase name CTX-M-135 has been depreciated.
CTX-M-137 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CTX-M-136 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-138 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-139 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-140 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-141 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-142 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-143 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-144 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-145 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-146 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-147 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-148 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-150 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-151 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-152 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-153 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-154 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-1 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CMY-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis. Sequence data unavailable.
CMY-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CMY-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
CMY-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella typhimurium.
CMY-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CMY-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella aerogenes.
CMY-11 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-12 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-13 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CMY-15 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CMY-16 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CMY-17 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-18 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-19 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CMY-20 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-21 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-22 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-23 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-24 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-25 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-26 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-27 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-28 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-29 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-30 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-31 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-32 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-33 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-34 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-35 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-36 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
CMY-37 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii.
CMY-38 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-39 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-40 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-41 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-42 is a plasmid-borne AmpC cephalosporinase gene found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-43 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-44 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-45 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CMY-46 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-47 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-48 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-49 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-50 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-51 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-52 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-53 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-54 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-55 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-56 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-57 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
CMY-59 is a beta-lactamase found in Shigella spp.
CMY-99 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
CMY-110 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
CMY-58 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-60 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-61 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-62 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-63 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-64 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-65 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-66 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-67 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-68 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-69 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-70 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-71 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-72 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-73 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-74 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-75 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-76 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-77 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-78 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-79 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-80 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-81 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-82 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-83 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-84 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-85 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-86 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-87 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-88 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-89 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-90 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-91 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-92 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-93 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-94 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-95 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-96 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-97 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-98 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-100 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-101 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-102 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-103 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-104 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-105 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-106 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-107 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-108 is a beta-lactamase present in plasmids of clinical Escherichia coli from humans and companion animals in the upper Midwestern USA . Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-109 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-111 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-112 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-113 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-114 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-115 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-116 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-117 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-118 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-119 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-120 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-1 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Morganella morganii and Salmonella enterica.
DHA-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
DHA-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
DHA-6 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
DHA-7 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
DHA-4 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-5 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-8 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-9 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-10 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-11 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-12 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-13 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-14 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-15 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-16 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-17 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-18 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-19 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-20 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-21 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-22 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
DHA-23 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
FOX-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
FOX-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
FOX-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
FOX-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
FOX-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
FOX-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
FOX-8 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
FOX-10 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
FOX-9 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
FOX-11 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
FOX-12 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
MIR-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
MIR-2 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-3 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-5 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-6 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-7 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-9 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-10 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-11 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-12 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-13 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-14 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-15 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-16 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MOX-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
MOX-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
MOX-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Aeromonas caviae.
MOX-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
MOX-3 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MOX-5 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MOX-7 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MOX-8 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MOX-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii.
IMP-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Serratia marcescens.
IMP-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
IMP-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
IMP-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
IMP-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
IMP-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Serratia marcescens.
IMP-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
IMP-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-11 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp.
IMP-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas putida.
IMP-13 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp.
IMP-15 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-16 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-17 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-18 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-19 is a beta-lactamase found in Aeromonas caviae.
IMP-20 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp.
IMP-21 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp.
IMP-22 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas spp.
IMP-23 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-24 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-25 is a beta-lactamase found in Serratia marcescens.
IMP-26 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-27 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-28 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
IMP-29 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-30 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-31 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-32 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-33 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-34 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella spp.
IMP-35 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-36 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-37 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-38 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-39 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-40 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp.
IMP-41 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp.
IMP-42 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp.
IMP-43 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-44 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-45 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
IMP-46 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-48 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CARB-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
CARB-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
CARB-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
CARB-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
CARB-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.
CARB-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Vibrio cholerae.
CARB-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Vibrio cholerae.
CARB-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Oligella urethralis.
CARB-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Vibrio cholerae.
CARB-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
CARB-12 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CARB-13 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CARB-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
CARB-15 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CARB-17 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CARB-16 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IND-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
IND-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
IND-2a is a beta-lactamase found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
IND-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
IND-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
IND-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
IND-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
IND-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
IND-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
IND-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
IND-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
IND-11 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
IND-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
IND-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
IND-15 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
VIM-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas spp.
VIM-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas spp.
VIM-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas spp.
VIM-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas spp.
VIM-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas spp.
VIM-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas spp.
VIM-11 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
VIM-13 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-15 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-16 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-17 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-18 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-19 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
VIM-20 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-21 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-22 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-23 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
VIM-24 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
VIM-25 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-26 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-27 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
VIM-28 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-29 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
VIM-30 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
VIM-31 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
VIM-32 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-33 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
VIM-34 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
VIM-35 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-36 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-37 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-38 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VIM-39 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-40 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-41 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
KPC-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
KPC-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
KPC-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
KPC-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
KPC-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
KPC-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
KPC-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
KPC-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
KPC-11 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
KPC-12 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-13 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-14 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-15 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-16 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-17 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-18 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-19 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
GES-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
GES-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
GES-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
GES-5 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
GES-6 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
GES-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
GES-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
GES-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
GES-10 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-11 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
GES-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
GES-13 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
GES-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
GES-15 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-16 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-17 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-18 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
GES-19 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
GES-20 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
GES-21 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-22 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-23 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-24 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
NDM-3 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
NDM-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
NDM-6 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
NDM-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
NDM-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
NDM-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
NDM-10 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
NDM-11 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
NDM-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
PER-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PER-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella typhimurium.
PER-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Aeromonas spp.
PER-4 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
PER-5 is a beta-lactamase found in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
PER-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Aeromonas allosaccharophila.
PER-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
VEB-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VEB-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VEB-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
VEB-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
VEB-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis.
VEB-5 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VEB-7 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VEB-8 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VEB-9 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SME-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Serratia marcescens.
SME-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Serratia marcescens.
SME-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Serratia marcescens.
SME-4 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SME-5 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
BEL beta-lactamases are class A expanded-spectrum beta-lactamases that are inhibited by clavulanic acid. They are chromosomally encoded and hydrolyze most cephalosporins and aztreonam.
BEL-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
BEL-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
BEL-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam.
OXY-1-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-1-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-1-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-1-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-1-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-2-10 is a beta-lactamase. From the Pasteur Institute (Genopole) list of OXY beta-lactamases.
OXY-2-11 is a beta-lactamase. From the Pasteur Institute (Genopole) list of OXY beta-lactamases.
OXY-2-12 is a beta-lactamase. From the Pasteur Institute (Genopole) list of OXY beta-lactamases.
OXY-2-13 is a beta-lactamase. From the Pasteur Institute (Genopole) list of OXY beta-lactamases.
OXY-3-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-4-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-5-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-5-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-6-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-6-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-6-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OXY-6-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2%.
OKP-A-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-11 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-13 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-15 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-A-16 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-11 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-13 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-17 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-18 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-19 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
OKP-B-20 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-7 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-9 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-11 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-13 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella variicola.
LEN-16 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-18 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-19 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-20 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-21 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-22 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-23 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-24 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
LEN-17 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
LEN-26 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
LEN-3 is a beta-lactamase. From the Pasteur Institute list of LEN beta-lactamases.
LEN-6 is a beta-lactamase. From the Pasteur Institute list of LEN beta-lactamases.
LEN-14 is a beta-lactamase. From the Pasteur Institute list of LEN beta-lactamases.
LEN-15 is a beta-lactamase. From the Pasteur Institute list of LEN beta-lactamases.
LEN-25 is a beta-lactamase. From the Pasteur Institute list of LEN beta-lactamases.
OXA-144 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AER-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Aeromonas hydrophila.
LRA-1 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-5 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-13 is a class D/class C fusion bifunctional beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-2 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-7 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-8 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-9 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-10 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-18 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
SRT-1, isolated from Serratia marcescens, confers resistance to cephalosporins but not carbapenems, penems and monobactams.
SRT-2, isolated from Serratia marcescens, is a chromosomal beta-lactamase that confers resistance to cefotaxime.
CTX-M-85 is a beta-lactamase found in Salmonella enterica.
OXA-418 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
PDC-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-2 is a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-3 is a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-4 is a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-5 is a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-7 is a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-8 is a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-9 is a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-10 is a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
LRA-3 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-12 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-17 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
LRA-19 is a beta-lactamase isolated from soil samples in Alaska.
OCH-1 beta-lactamase is an Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi.
OCH-2 beta-lactamase is an Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamase in Brucella anthropi.
OCH-3 beta-lactamase is an Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi.
OCH-4 beta-lactamase is an Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi.
OCH-5 beta-lactamase is an Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi.
OCH-6 beta-lactamase is an Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi.
OCH-7 beta-lactamase is an Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamase in Brucella anthropi.
OCH-8 beta-lactamase is an Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Brucella anthropi.
A type III ABC transporter, identified on the novobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster, involved in the transport and resistance of novobiocin.
AAC(2')-Ia is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. stuartii.
AAC(2')-Ib is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Mycolicibacterium fortuitum and A. baumannii.
AAC(2')-Ic is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis.
AAC(2')-Id is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis.
AAC(2')-Ie is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in M. leprae.
AAC(3)-Ia is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids, transposons, integrons in S. marcescens, E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Proteus mirabilis.
AAC(3)-Id is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by genomic islands and integrons in S. enterica, P. mirabilis and Vibrio fluvialis.
AAC(3)-Ib is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(3)-Ic is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(3)-IIa is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, S. typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii, and P. aeruginosa.
AAC(3)-IIb is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. coli, A. faecalis and S. marcescens.
AAC(3)-IIc is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
AAC(3)-IIIa is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(3)-IIIb is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(3)-IIIc is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(3)-IV is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. coli, C. jejuni and P. stutzeri.
AAC(3)-VIa is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. cloacae, S. enterica and E. coli.
AAC(3)-VIIa is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Streptomyces rimosus.
AAC(3)-VIIIa is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Streptomyces fradiae.
AAC(3)-IXa is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Micromonospora chalcea.
AAC(3)-Xa is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Streptomyces griseus.
AAC(6')-Ia is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids, transposons, integrons in Citrobacter diversus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei, and P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-Ib is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids, transposons, integrons in K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. enterica, K. oxytoca, S. maltophilia, E. cloacae and V. cholerae.
AAC(6')-Ib-cr is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids, transposons, integrons in Enterobacteriaceae. The aac(6')-Ib-cr variant gene can induce resistance against aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone simultaneously.
AAC(6')-Ic is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in S. marcescens.
AAC(6')-If is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. cloacae.
AAC(6')-Ig is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter haemolyticus.
AAC(6')-Ih is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in A. baumannii.
AAC(6')-Ii is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Enterococcus spp.
AAC(6')-Ij is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter genomosp. 13.
AAC(6')-Ik is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter sp.
AAC(6')-Ip is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids and integrons in C. freundii, E. coli, E. faecium and Klebsiella aerogenes.
AAC(6')-Iq is a aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids and integrons in K. pneumoniae.
AAC(6')-Ir is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter colistiniresistens.
AAC(6')-Is is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter variabilis.
AAC(6')-Isa is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Streptomyces albulus.
AAC(6')-It is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter genomosp. 16.
AAC(6')-Iu is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter genomosp. 17.
AAC(6')-Iv is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter sp.
AAC(6')-Iw is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter sp.
AAC(6')-Ix is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter sp.
AAC(6')-Iy is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in S. enteritidis and S. enterica. Regulatory mutation required to increase expression of this chromosomally-encoded gene for resistance. In the specific system, aminoglycoside resistance was due to a transcriptional fusion secondary to a chromosomal deletion in which the downstream aac(6')-Iy gene was placed under the control of the upstream nmpC promoter.
AAC(6')-Iz is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in S. maltophilia.
AAC(6')-Iaa is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in S. typhimurium.
AAC(6')-Iad is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Acinetobacter genomosp. 3.
AAC(6')-Iae is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa and S. enterica.
AAC(6')-Iaf is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids and integrons in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-Iai is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids and integrons in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-Ib3 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-Ib4 is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Serratia spp.
AAC(6')-Ib7 is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. cloacae and C. freundii.
AAC(6')-Ib8 is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. cloacae.
AAC(6')-Ib9 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-Ib10 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-Ib11 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in S. enterica.
AAC(6')-29a is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-29b is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-31 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Pseudomonas putida, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae.
AAC(6')-32 is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids and integrons in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-I33 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-I30 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in S. enterica.
AAC(6')-Iid is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Enterococcus durans.
AAC(6')-Iih is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Enterococcus hirae.
AAC(6')-Ib-Suzhou is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. cloacae and K. pneumoniae.
AAC(6')-Ib-Hangzhou is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in A. baumannii.
AAC(6')-Ib-SK is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in Streptomyces kanamyceticus.
AAC(6')-IIa is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids and integrons in P. aeruginosa and S. enterica.
AAC(6')-IIb is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. fluorescens.
AAC(6')-IIc is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids and integrons in E. cloacae.
AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids and transposons in S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. faecium and Staphylococcus warneri.
APH(2''), aph(2'')-bifunctional, AAC(6')-APH(2'')
AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia bifunctional protein
ANT(3'')-II-AAC(6')-IId is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in S. marcescens.
ANT(3'')-II-AAC(6')-IId bifunctional protein
AAC(6')-30/AAC(6')-Ib' is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-30/AAC(6')-Ib' bifunctional protein
AAC(3)-Ib/AAC(6')-Ib3 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
AAC(3)-Ib/AAC(6')-Ib3 bifunctional protein
ANT(3'')-Ia is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids, transposons, integrons in Enterobacteriaceae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae.
aadA2 is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids and integrons in K. pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Corynebacterium glutamicum, C. freundii and Aeromonas spp.
aadA3 is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids, transposons and integrons in E. coli.
aadA4 is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids and chromosomes in Bordetella parapertussis and E. coli.
aadA5 is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids, transposons and integrons in E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Kluyvera georgiana, P. aeruginosa and E. cloacae.
aadA6 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in P. aeruginosa.
aadA7 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in V. fluvialis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, V. cholerae and S. enterica.
aadA8 is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids and integrons in V. cholerae, K. pneumoniae and Bacillus endophyticus.
aadA9 is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in C. glutamicum.
aadA11 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
aadA12 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and S. enterica.
aadA13 is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids and integrons in Pseudomonas rettgeri, P. aeruginosa, Y. enterocolitica and E. coli.
aadA14 is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in Pasteurella multocida.
aadA15 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in P. aeruginosa.
aadA16 is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids and integrons in E. coli, V. cholerae and K. pneumoniae.
aadA17 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in Aeromonas media.
aadA21 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in Salmonella spp.
aadA22 is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids and integrons in S. enterica and E. coli.
aadA23 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in S. enterica.
aadA24 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in Salmonella spp.
aadA6/aadA10 is an integron-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene cassette in P. aeruginosa.
ANT(4')-Ia is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase in S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Enterococcus spp. and Bacillus spp.
ANT(4')-IIa is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase in P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae.
ANT(4')-IIb is a transposon-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase in P. aeruginosa.
ANT(6)-Ia is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids and chromosomes in Staphylococcus epidermidis, E. faecium, Streptococcus suis, S. aureus, E. faecalis and Streptococcus mitis.
aadK is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in B. subtilis and Bacillus spp. This enzyme confers low-level resistance to streptomycin.
ANT(6)-Ia/aad(6) is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in E. faecalis and Streptococcus oralis.
ANT(6)-Ib is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by transferable pathogenicity islands in C. fetus subsp. fetus and B. subtilis.
ANT(9)-Ia is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase encoded by plasmids and transposons in S. aureus, Enterococcus spp., Mammaliicoccus sciuri, and E. faecalis.
spd is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene in S. aureus.
APH(2'')-Ie is a plasmid or transposon-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in E. faecium and E. casseliflavus.
APH(2'')-IIa is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in E. faecium and E. coli.
APH(2'')-IIIa is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in Enterococcus gallinarum.
APH(2'')-IVa is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in E. casseliflavus.
APH(3'')-Ia is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in S. griseus.
APH(3'')-Ib is an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by plasmids, transposons, integrative conjugative elements and chromosomes in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp.
APH(3'')-Ic is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in Mycolicibacterium fortuitum.
APH(3')-Ia is a transposon-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in E. coli and S. enterica. It is identical at the protein sequence to APH(3')-Ic, an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by plasmids, transposons and genomic islands in K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, S. marcescens, Corynebacterium spp., Photobacterium spp. and Citrobacter spp.
APH(3')-Ib is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in E. coli.
APH(3')-IIa is a transposon-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in E. coli.
APH(3')-IIb is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in P. aeruginosa.
APH(3')-IIc is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in S. maltophilia.
APH(3')-IIIa is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in S. aureus and Enterococcus spp.
APH(3')-IVa is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in Niallia circulans.
APH(3')-Va is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in Streptomyces fradiae.
APH(3')-Vb is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in Streptomyces ribosidificus.
APH(3')-Vc is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in M. chalcea.
APH(3')-VIa is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in A. baumannii.
APH(3')-VIb is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in K. pneumoniae and S. marcescens.
APH(3')-VIIa is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in C. jejuni.
APH(4)-Ia is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in E. coli.
APH(4)-Ib is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in Pseudomonas pseudomallei.
APH(6)-Ia is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in S. griseus.
APH(6)-Ib is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in S. glaucescens.
APH(6)-Ic is a transposon-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in S. enterica, P. aeruginosa and E. coli.
APH(6)-Id is an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by plasmids, integrative conjugative elements and chromosomal genomic islands in K. pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., E. coli, Shigella flexneri, Providencia alcalifaciens, Pseudomonas spp., V. cholerae, Edwardsiella tarda, Pasteurella multocida and Aeromonas bestiarum.
APH(7'')-Ia is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in S. hygroscopicus.
APH(9)-Ia is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in L. pneumophila.
APH(9)-Ib is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in S. flavopersicus.
NpmA is a plasmid-mediated aminoglycoside-resistance 16S rRNA methyltransferase by interfering with aminoglycoside binding with the A site of 16S rRNA through N-1 methylation at position A1408.
RmtF is a 16S rRNA methyltransferase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa which methylates G1405 of the 16S rRNA. It confers high level resistance to many aminoglycosides.
RmtD is a 16S rRNA methyltransferase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa which methylates G1405 of the 16S rRNA. It confers high level resistance to many aminoglycosides.
RmtG is a 16S rRNA methyltransferase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa which methylates G1405 of the 16S rRNA. It confers high level resistance to many aminoglycosides.
APH('')-Ig is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in Campylobacter coli.
cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alkalihalobacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini.
cat-TC is a plasmid-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Limosilactobacillus reuteri.
cat86 is a chromosome-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Bacillus pumilus.
catB is a chromosome-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Clostridium butyricum.
catB2 is a plasmid-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Pasteurella multocida.
catB3 is a plasmid or chromosome-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Salmonella typhimurium, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli.
catB6 is a plasmid-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
catB7 is a chromosome-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
catB8 is a plasmid or integron-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
catB9 is a chromosome-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Vibrio cholerae.
catD is a chromosome and transposon-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Clostridioides difficile.
catA1 (formerly in CARD as catI) is a chromosome and transposon-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii.
catII is a plasmid-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Haemophilus influenzae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Escherichia coli.
catIII is a plasmid-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Shigella flexneri.
catP is a transposon and chromosome-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Clostridium perfringens and Neisseria meningitidis.
catQ is a chromosome-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Clostridium perfringens.
catS is a chromosome-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Streptococcus pyogenes.
Plasmid-encoded cat, or pp-cat, is a plasmid-encoded variant of the cat gene found in Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.
cmlR is a plasmid or chromosome-encoded chloramphenicol resistance determinant (putative transmembrane protein) that is found in Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans.
cmlA is a plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Salmonella typhimurium.
cmlA1 is a plasmid or transposon-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
cmlA4 is a plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
cmlA5 is a plasmid or transposon-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Escherichia coli.
cmlA6 is a plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
cmlB is a plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Klebsiella aerogenes.
cmlB1 is a plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Bordetella bronchiseptica.
cmlv is a chromosome-encoded chloramphenicol phoshotransferase that is found in Streptomyces venezuelae.
cmr is a plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Rhodococcus fascians and Corynebacterium glutamicum.
cmrA is a transposon-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Rhodococcus rhodochrous.
cmx is a plasmid or transposon-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Corynebacterium striatum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
fexA is a plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Mammaliicoccus lentus.
floR is a plasmid or chromosome-encoded chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Bordetella bronchiseptica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. DT104 and Vibrio cholerae.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis embC mutations at codon 270 confer resistance to ethambutol.
QnrA1 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
QnrA2 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
QnrA3 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Shewanella algae.
QnrA4 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Shewanella algae.
QnrA5 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Shewanella algae.
QnrA6 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Proteus mirabilis.
QnrA7 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Shewanella algae.
QnrB1 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
QnrB2 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter koseri.
QnrB3 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB4 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB5 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Salmonella enterica.
QnrB6 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Pantoea agglomerans.
QnrB7 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Enterobacter cloacae.
QnrB8 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB9 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB10 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB11 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB12 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter werkmanii.
QnrB13 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB14 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB15 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB16 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB17 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB18 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB19 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB20 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB21 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB22 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter werkmanii.
QnrB23 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB24 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB25 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB26 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Proteus vulgaris.
QnrB27 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter braakii.
QnrB28 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB29 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB30 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter braakii.
QnrB31 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
QnrB32 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB33 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter braakii.
QnrB34 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter werkmanii.
QnrB35 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB36 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB37 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB38 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB39 is a chromosome-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter youngae.
QnrB40 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter braakii.
QnrB41 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB42 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
QnrB43 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB44 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB45 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB46 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB47 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrB48 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB49 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB50 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB54 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB55 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Raoultella terrigena.
QnrB56 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB57 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB58 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB59 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB60 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB61 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter braakii.
QnrB62 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB64 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB65 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB66 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB67 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter braakii.
QnrB68 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter braakii.
QnrB69 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB70 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB71 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter braakii.
QnrB72 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter sp. TR21_24.
QnrB73 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Citrobacter freundii.
QnrB74 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrC is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Proteus mirabilis.
QnrD1 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Salmonella enterica.
QnrD2 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Salmonella enterica.
QnrS1 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Shigella flexneri.
QnrS2 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Salmonella enterica.
QnrS3 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrS4 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Salmonella enterica.
QnrS5 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Aeromonas sobria.
QnrS6 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Aeromonas hydrophila.
QnrS7 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Escherichia coli.
QnrS8 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
QnrS9 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
QnrVC1 is an integron-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Vibrio cholerae.
QnrVC3 is an integron-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Vibrio cholerae.
QnrVC4 is an integron-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Aeromonas punctata.
QnrVC5 is an integron-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Vibrio fluvialis.
QnrVC6 is an integron-mediated quinolone resistance protein found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
An enzyme that confers resistance to fosfomycin in Enterobacter cloacae by breaking the epoxide ring of the molecule. It depends on the cofactors Manganese (II) and Potassium and uses Glutathione (GSH) as the nucleophilic molecule.
murA or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase catalyses the initial step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and is inhibited by fosfomycin. Overexpression of murA through mutations confers fosfomycin resistance.
pp-flo is a plasmid chloramphenicol exporter that is found in Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.
lmrB is a chromosomally-encoded efflux pump that confers resistance to lincosamides in Bacillus subtilis.
clbA is a plasmid-encoded cfr gene found in Bacillus velezensis (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum).
clbB is a plasmid-encoded cfr gene found in Bacillus brevis.
clbC is a plasmid-encoded cfr gene found in Alkalihalobacillus clausii.
carA is an ABC-F subfamily protein involved in macrolide resistance. It is found in Streptomyces thermotolerans.
MsrB is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed to Staphylococcus species that confers resistance to erythromycin and streptogramin B antibiotics. It is associated with plasmid DNA.
msrC is a chromosomal-encoded ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in Enterococcus faecium that confers resistance to erythromycin and other macrolide and streptogramin B antibiotics.
ErmH is a plasmid-mediated methyltransferase found in Streptomyces thermotolerans.
ErmV is a plasmid-mediated methyltransferase found in Streptomyces viridochromogenes.
ErmY is a plasmid-mediated methyltransferase found in Staphylococcus aureus.
EreA2 is an integron-encoded erythromycin esterase that hydrolyses the drug's lactone ring. EreA2 is found in Providencia stuartii.
tlrC is an ABC-F subfamily protein found in Streptomyces fradiae and confers resistance to mycinamicin, tylosin and lincosamides. tlrC is found in the tylosin biosynthetic cluster and is one mechanism by which S. fradiae protects itself from self-destruction when producing this macrolide.
srmB is an ABC-F subfamily protein found in Streptomyces ambofaciens that confers resistance to spiramycin.
vgaA is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in staphylococci that confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics and related compounds. It is associated with plasmid DNA.
vgaALC is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in staphylococci that confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics and related compounds. It is associated with plasmid DNA.
vgaC is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in staphylococci that confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics and related compounds. It is associated with plasmid DNA.
vgaD is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in Enterococcus faecium that confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics and related compounds. It is associated with plasmid DNA.
vgaE is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in staphylococci that confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics and related compounds. It is associated with transposon DNA.
lnuA is a plasmid-mediated nucleotidyltransferase found in Staphylococcus chromogenes.
lnuB is a plasmid-mediated nucleotidyltransferase found in Streptococcus lutetiensis.
lnuC is a transposon-mediated nucleotidyltransferase found in Streptococcus agalactiae.
lnuD is a plasmid-mediated nucleotidyltransferase found in Streptococcus uberis.
lnuF is an integron-mediated nucleotidyltransferase found in Escherichia coli.
vatA is a plasmid-mediated acetyltransferase found in Staphylococcus aureus.
vatB is a plasmid-mediated acetyltransferase found in Staphylococcus aureus.
vatC is a plasmid-mediated acetyltransferase found in Staphylococcus cohnii.
vatD is a transposon-mediated acetyltransferase found in Enterococcus faecium.
vatE is a transposon-mediated acetyltransferase found in Enterococcus faecium.
vatH is a plasmid-mediated acetyltransferase found in Enterococcus faecium.
arr-1 is a chromosome-encoded ribosyltransferase found in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis.
arr-2 is an integron-encoded ribosyltransferase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
arr-3 is a plasmid-encoded ribosyltransferase found in Vibrio fluvialis.
arr-4 is an integron-encoded ribosyltransferase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
arr-5 is an integron-encoded ribosyltransferase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
arr-7 is an integron-encoded ribosyltransferase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
arr-8 is an integron-encoded ribosyltransferase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
dfrA1 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase.
dfrA24 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Escherichia coli.
dfrA26 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Escherichia coli.
dfrA12 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Vibrio cholerae.
dfrA14 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Escherichia coli.
dfrA17 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Escherichia coli.
dfrA5 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Vibrio cholerae.
dfrA7 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Escherichia coli.
dfrA8 is a transposon-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Salmonella enterica.
A plasmid-associated trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase detected in Bordetella bronchispetica on pKBB958.
dfrC is a chromosome-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Staphylococcus aureus.
dfrD is a plasmid-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Listeria monocytogenes.
dfrF is a chromosome-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Streptococcus pyogenes.
dfrG is a plasmid-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Staphylococcus aureus.
dfrK is a plasmid-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Staphylococcus aureus.
tet(34) causes the activation of Mg2+-dependent purine nucleotide synthesis, which protects the protein synthesis pathway. It is found in Gram-negative Vibrio.
tet(37) is a chromosome-encoded oxidoreductase isolated from an uncultured bacterium that confers resistance to tetracycline.
An enzyme that confers resistance to fosfomycin in Escherichia coli by breaking the epoxide ring of the molecule. It depends on the cofactors Manganese (II) and Potassium and uses Glutathione (GSH) as the nucleophilic molecule.
A thiol transferase that leads to the resistance of fosfomycin in Enterococcus faecium. Contrasting FosA, FosB is dependent on the cofactor Magnesium (II) and uses either bacillithiol to open up the epoxide ring of fosfomycin.
FosC2 is an enzyme that phosphorylates fosfomycin to confer resistance in Escherichia coli.
dfrE is a chromosome-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Enterococcus faecalis.
Arabinofuranosyltransferases allow for the polymerization of arabinose to form arabinan. Arabinan is required for formation of mycobacterial cell walls and arabinosyltransferases are targets of the drug ethambutol. Mutations in these genes can confer resistance to ethambutol.
Bacillus cereus beta-lactamase I is a class A beta-lactamase that breaks down a number of penicillins and cephalosporins in the Bacillus cereus strain 569/H/9.
Bacillus cereus beta-lactamase II is a zinc metallo-beta-lactamase that hydrolyzes a large number of penicillins and cephalosporins in the Bacillus cereus strain 5/B/6.
linG is an integron-associated gene cassette, with aadA2, encoding a lincosomide nucleotidyltransferase found in Salmonella enterica. linG confers resistance to lincosomide antibiotics.
lmrC is an ABC-F subfamily protein that confers resistance to lincosamides in Streptomyces lincolnensis and Lactococcus lactis. It can dimerize with lmrD.
lmrD is a chromosomally-encoded efflux pump that confers resistance to lincosamides in Streptomyces lincolnensis and Lactococcus lactis. It can dimerize with lmrC.
rgt1438 is a glycosyltransferase that confers rifampin resistance in Streptomyces.
iri is a monooxygenase that confers resistance to rifampin found in Rhodococcus hoagii.
Streptomyces rimosus otr(A) is an oxytetracycline resistance ribosomal protection protein found in Streptomyces rimosus.
otr(B) is a tetracycline resistance efflux pump found in Streptomyces rimosus.
tcr3 is a tetracycline efflux pump that confers self-resistance to Kitasatospora aureofaciens.
otr(C) is a tetracycline resistance efflux pump found in Streptomyces rimosus.
SAT-2 is a plasmid-mediated streptothricin acetyltransferase, which confers resistance to streptothricin, a nucleoside antibiotic. Originally described from an E. coli plasmid sequence by Heim et al., 1989.
SAT-4 is a plasmid-mediated streptothricin acetyltransferase and streptothricin (a nucleoside antibiotic) resistant determinant. Originally described from a Campylobacter coli BE/G4 plasmid gene sequence by Jacob et al, 1994.
SAT-3 is a plasmid-mediated streptothricin acetyltransferase and streptothricin resistance determinant. Originally described from an E. coli plasmid gene by Tietze and Brevet, 1995.
These genes are involved in activating and regulating transcription of gene clusters.
VanS-VanR two-component regulatory system
Van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity.
VanE is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that can synthesize D-Ala-D-Ser, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity in Enterococcus faecalis.
VanF is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance in Paenibacillus popilliae.
VanG is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that can synthesize D-Ala-D-Ser, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity in Enterococcus faecalis.
VanL is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that can synthesize D-Ala-D-Ser, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity in Enterococcus faecalis.
VanM is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance.
VanN is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that can synthesize D-Ala-D-Ser, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity in Enterococcus faecium.
VanO is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that can synthesize D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance.
vanJ is a novel membrane protein that confers resistance to teicoplanin and its derivatives in Streptomyces coelicolor by recycling undecaprenol pyrophosphate during cell wall biosynthesis.
VanK is a member of the Fem family of enzymes that add the cross-bridge amino acids to the stem pentapeptide of cell wall precursors in Streptomyces coelicolor that confers inducible, high-level vancomycin resistance.
vanV is an accessory protein of van operons, first identified in the vanB operon. It is not required for vancomycin resistance.
Homologous to vanC, contains a D-Ala-D-Ser ligase. The plasmid-located vanM gene cluster is inducible and confers low resistance to vancomycin. vanN organisms remain susceptible to teicoplanin. Gene orientation: N(XY)TRS.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanN
Homologous to vanA, contains a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. The chromosome-located vanO gene cluster is inducible. Not much is known about the biochemistry about the vanO gene cluster. Gene orientation: orf1 RS orf2 HOX.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanO
Also known as vanRA, is a vanR variant found in the vanA gene cluster.
Also known as vanRB, is a vanR variant found in the vanB gene cluster.
Also known as vanRC, is a vanR variant found in the vanC gene cluster.
Also known as vanRD, is a mutated vanR variant found in the vanD gene cluster that caused constitutive expression of vanD peptidoglycan synthesis.
Also known as vanRE, is a vanR variant found in the vanE gene cluster.
Also known as vanRF, is a vanR variant found in the vanF gene cluster.
Also known as vanRG, is a vanR variant found in the vanG gene cluster.
Also known as vanRL, is a vanR variant found in the vanL gene cluster.
Also known as vanRM, is a vanR variant found in the vanM gene cluster.
Also known as vanRN, is a vanR variant found in the vanN gene cluster.
Also known as vanRO, is a vanR variant found in the vanO gene cluster.
Also known as vanSA, is a vanS variant found in the vanA gene cluster.
Also known as vanSB, is a vanS variant found in the vanB gene cluster.
Also known as vanSC, is a vanS variant found in the vanC gene cluster.
Also known as vanSD, is a mutated vanS variant found in the vanD gene cluster that caused constitutive expression of vanD peptidoglycan synthesis.
Also known as vanSE, is a vanS variant found in the vanE gene cluster.
Also known as vanSF, is a vanS variant found in the vanF gene cluster.
Also known as vanSG, is a vanS variant found in the vanG gene cluster.
Also known as vanSL, is a vanS variant found in the vanL gene cluster.
Also known as vanSM, is a vanS variant found in the vanM gene cluster.
Also known as vanSN, is a vanS variant found in the vanN gene cluster.
Also known as vanSO, is a vanS variant found in the vanO gene cluster.
Also known as vanHA, is a vanH variant in the vanA gene cluster.
Also known as vanHB, is a vanH variant in the vanB gene cluster.
Also known as vanHD, is a vanH variant in the vanD gene cluster.
Also known as vanHF, is a vanH variant in the vanF gene cluster.
Also known as vanHM, is a vanH variant in the vanM gene cluster.
Also known as vanHO, is a vanH variant in the vanO gene cluster.
Also known as vanXA, is a vanX variant found in the vanA gene cluster.
Also known as vanXB, is a vanX variant found in the vanB gene cluster.
Also known as vanXF, is a vanX variant found in the vanF gene cluster.
Also known as vanXM, is a vanX variant found in the vanM gene cluster.
Also known as vanXO, is a vanX variant found in the vanO gene cluster.
Also known as vanYA, is a vanY variant found in the vanA gene cluster.
Also known as vanYB, is a vanY variant found in the vanB gene cluster.
Also known as vanYD, is a vanY variant found in the vanD gene cluster.
Also known as vanYF, is a vanY variant found in the vanF gene cluster.
Also known as vanYG, is a vanY variant found in the vanG gene cluster.
Also known as vanYM, is a vanY variant found in the vanM gene cluster.
Also known as vanZA, is a vanZ variant found in the vanA gene cluster.
Also known as vanZF, is a vanZ variant found in the vanF gene cluster.
Also known as vanWB, is a vanW variant found in the vanB gene cluster.
Also known as vanWG, is a vanW variant found in the vanG gene cluster.
Also known as vanXYC, is a vanXY variant found in the vanC gene cluster.
Also known as vanXY, is a vanXY variant found in the vanE gene cluster.
Also known as vanXYL, is a vanXY variant found in the vanL gene cluster.
Also known as vanXYN, is a vanXY variant found in the vanN gene cluster.
Also known as vanTC, is a vanT variant found in the vanC gene cluster.
Also known as vanTE, is a vanT variant found in the vanE gene cluster.
Also known as vanTG, is a vanT variant found in the vanG gene cluster.
Also known as vanTmL, is a vanT variant found in the vanL gene cluster. vanTmL codes for the membrane-binding domain of vanTL.
Also known as vanTrL, is a vanT variant found in the vanL gene cluster. vanTrL codes for the racemase component of vanT.
Also known as vanTN, is a vanT variant found in the vanN gene cluster.
Van genes encode for various proteins that are involved in conferring vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance.
gene(s) or protein(s) associated with a glycopeptide resistance cluster
A van ligase that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative peptidoglycan substrate that confers resistance to vancomycin.
A van ligase that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Ser, an alternative peptidoglycan substrate that confers resistance to vancomycin.
Aspergillomarasmine A, a fungal natural product, has been shown to inhibit the NDM-1 and VIM-2 enzymes, restoring of the activity of meropenem against carbapenem-resistant pathogens possessing either NDM-1 or VIM-2.
AmrAB is an RND efflux system that impairs aminoglycoside accumulation in clinical Burkholderia vietnamiensis strains.
amrA is the efflux pump subunit of the AmrAB-OprM multidrug efflux complex. amrA corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58.
amrB is the membrane fusion protein of the AmrAB-OprM multidrug efflux complex.
arnA modifies lipid A with 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (Ara4N) which allows gram-negative bacteria to resist the antimicrobial activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics such as polymyxin. arnA is found in E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
The bacA gene product (BacA) recycles undecaprenyl pyrophosphate during cell wall biosynthesis which confers resistance to bacitracin.
bcrA is an ABC transporter found in Bacillus licheniformis that confers bacitracin resistance.
bcrB is an ABC transporter found in Bacillus licheniformis that confers bacitracin resistance.
AQU beta-lactamases are chromosomal class C beta-lactamases that confer resistance to cephalosporins.
AQU-1 is a chromosomal class C beta-lactamase found in clinical Aeromonas dhakensis isolates.
ROB beta-lactamases are a class A beta-lactamases.
ROB-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Pasteurella and Haemophilus.
LCR beta-lactamases are a class D beta-lactamase that hydrolyze a variety of penams and some cephalosporins.
LCR-1 is a class D beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
CblA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to cephalosporins.
CblA-1 beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase found in Bacteroides uniformis that is species-specific.
CfxA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases.
CfxA beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase found in Bacteroides vulgatus.
CfxA2 beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase found in Prevotella intermedia.
CfxA3 beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase found in Capnocytophaga ochracea.
cfxA4 beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase found in Bacteroides fragilis.
blt is an MFS efflux pump that confers resistance to multiple drugs such as rhodamine and acridine dyes, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
bmr is an MFS antibiotic efflux pump that confers resistance to multiple drugs including acridine dyes, fluoroquinolone antibiotics, chloramphenicol, and puromycin.
CeoAB is an RND efflux system that confers multidrug resistance in Burkholderia cenocepacia.
ceoA is a periplasmic linker subunit of the CeoAB-OpcM efflux pump.
ceoB is a cytoplasmic membrane component of the CeoAB-OpcM efflux pump.
dfrA10 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
dfrA13 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Escherichia coli.
dfrA15 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Vibrio cholerae.
dfrA16 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Salmonella enterica.
dfrA19 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
dfrA20 is a plasmid-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Pasteurella multocida.
dfrA21 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Salmonella enterica.
dfrA22 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Salmonella enterica.
dfrA23 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Salmonella enterica.
dfrA25 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Salmonella agona.
dfrB2 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in an uncultured bacterium from a wastewater treatment plant.
dfrB3 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Klebsiella oxytoca.
dfrB6 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Salmonella enterica.
Enzymes that confer resistance to fusidic acid by inactivation.
fusH is a highly specific fusidic acid esterase found in Streptomyces lividans.
lmrAB operon is involved in lincosamide resistance in Bacillus subtilis.
lmrA is the repressor to the lmrAB operon in Bacillus subtilis. lmrA mutations result in lincomycin resistance.
MexVW-OprM is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexV is the membrane fusion protein; MexW is the RND-type membrane protein; and OprM is the outer membrane channel. MexVW-OprM is associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and acriflavine.
MexV is the membrane fusion protein of the MexVW-OprM multidrug efflux complex.
MexW is the RND-type membrane protein of the efflux complex MexVW-OprM.
MexXY-OprM is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexY is the membrane fusion protein; MexX is the RND-type membrane protein; and OprM is the outer membrane channel. MexXY-OprM is associated with resistance to acriflavine, erythromycin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. The efflux system may also be involved in acquisition of higher resistance, in particular when bacteria are repeatedly exposed to subinhibitory doses of AGs.
MexY is the RND-type membrane protein of the efflux complex MexXY-OprM.
MexX is the membrane fusion protein of the MexXY-OprM multidrug efflux complex.
mfpA is a qnr homolog and a pentapeptide repeat protein that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis.
oleB is an ABC-F subfamily protein in Streptomyces antibioticus and is involved in oleandomycin secretion.
OpcM is an outer membrane factor protein found in Burkholderia cepacia. It is part of the CeoAB-OpcM complex.
MexXY-OprA is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexY is the membrane fusion protein; MexX is the RND-type membrane protein; and OprA is the outer membrane channel. MexXY-OprA is associated with resistance to aminoglycosides.
OprA is an outer membrane factor protein found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is part of the MexXY-OprA complex.
Pencillin-binding proteins are transpeptidase proteins essential for cell wall synthesis. PBPs bind to penicillin antibiotics, which inactivates the enzyme and therefore disrupts cell wall synthesis. Multiple mechanisms and determinants are implicated in antibiotic resistant PBP.
beta-lactam resistant penicillin-binding proteins
PBP1a is a penicillin-binding protein found in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP1a conferring resistance to amoxicillin
PBP2b is a penicillin-binding protein found in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP2b conferring resistance to amoxicillin
PBP2x is a penicillin-binding protein found in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP2x conferring resistance to amoxicillin
qacA is a subunit of the qac multidrug efflux pump.
qacB is a subunit of the qac multidrug efflux pump.
rosA is part of an efflux pump/potassium antiporter system (RosAB) in Yersinia that confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides such as polymyxin B.
rosB is part of an efflux pump/potassium antiporter system (RosAB) in Yersinia that confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides such as polymyxin B.
SmeABC is a multidrug resistance efflux pump that confers resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and fluoroquinolones in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
smeA is the membrane fusion protein of the smeABC multidrug efflux complex in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
smeB is the inner membrane multidrug exporter of the efflux complex smeABC in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
smeC is an outer membrane multidrug efflux protein of the smeABC complex in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
SmeDEF is a multidrug resistance efflux pump that confers resistance to quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, chloramphenicol, and novobiocin in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
smeD is the membrane fusion protein of the smeDEF multidrug efflux complex in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
smeE is the RND protein of the efflux complex smeDEF in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
smeF is an outer membrane multidrug efflux protein of the smeDEF complex in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
tmrB is an ATP-binding tunicamycin resistance protein found in Bacillus subtilis.
tsnR is a 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase that methylates adenosine-1067 to confer resistance to thiostrepton.
vph is a phosphotransferase that confers resistance to viomycin in Streptomyces vinaceus.
ykkCD is a multidrug efflux pump with two SMR-type protein subunits that confers resistance to cationic drugs, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline.
ykkC is an SMR-type protein that is a subunit of the ykkCD efflux pump.
ykkD is an SMR-type protein that is a subunit of the ykkCD efflux pump.
Non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases modify adenosine 1067 to confer resistance to peptide antibiotics.
non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (A1067)
smeR is the responder component of a two component signal transduction system that includes smeS.
smeS is the protein kinase sensor component of a two component signal transduction system that includes smeR.
smeRS is a two component regulatory system for smeABC where smeR is a response regulator, while smeS is a sensor kinase.
Also known as vanXYG, is a vanXY variant found in the vanG gene cluster.
Also known as vanXD, is a vanX variant found in the vanD gene cluster.
mphF is a macrolide phosphotransferase and resistance gene identified on the IncP plasmid pRSB111.
mphL is a chromosomally-encoded macrolide phosphotransferases that inactivate 14- and 15-membered macrolides such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin.
Cardiolipin synthetase (cls) is an inner membrane protein that is involved in membrane synthesis. Specific mutations in S. aureus can confer resistance to daptomycin.
Staphylococcus aureus cls conferring resistance to daptomycin
liaFSR is a two-component signal transduction pathway in B. subtilis that responds to peptide and lipopeptide antibiotics. The liaFSR two-component system consists of a histidine kinase liaS and the response regulator liaR as well as the accessory protein liaF, which acts as a negative regulator of liaRS-dependent signal transduction. Mutations confer resistance to daptomycin.
liaF is an accessory protein that acts as a negative regulator of liaRS signal transduction pathway. Mutations confer daptomycin resistance.
Enterococcus faecalis liaF mutant conferring daptomycin resistance
liaR is a response regulator found in the liaFSR signal transduction pathway. Mutations confer daptomycin resistance.
Enterococcus faecium liaR mutant conferring daptomycin resistance
liaS is a histidine kinase found in the liaFSR signal transduction pathway. Mutations confer daptomycin resistance.
Enterococcus faecium liaS mutant conferring daptomycin resistance
pgsA or phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthetase is an integral membrane protein involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. It is a CDP-diacylglycerol-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase. Laboratory experiments have detected mutations conferring daptomycin resistance in Entercoccus.
Daptomycin-resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which alter expression of the dlt operon, which increases the cell surface positive charge. Known from S. aureus.
daptomycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB)
MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. Mutations in mprF can additionally confer resistance to daptomycin in S. aureus.
cls or cardiolipin synthetase is an inner membrane protein that is involved in membrane synthesis. Specific mutations in Enterococcus can confer resistance to daptomycin.
Enterococcus faecium cls conferring resistance to daptomycin
CEPH-A3 is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas veronii. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein.
imiH is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophila. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems.
imiS is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas veronii. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems.
CfxA5 beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase found in Bacteroides distasonis.
CfxA6 beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase found in an uncultured bacterium.
CphA2 is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophila. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein.
CphA4 is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas allosaccharophila. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein.
cphA5 is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas salmonicida. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein.
cphA6 is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas veronii. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein.
cphA7 is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas jandaei. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein.
cphA8 is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas sobria. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein.
dfrA3 is an integron-encoded dihydrofolate reductase found in Escherichia coli.
Erm42 confers MLSb phenotype in Pasteurella multocida.
mef(B) is a macrolide efflux gene located in the vicinity of sul3 in Escherichia coli. There is also a mefB found in Streptococcus agalactiae that confers resistance to macrolides.
MsrE is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed to Klebsiella pneumoniae that confers resistance to erythromycin and streptogramin B antibiotics. It is associated with plasmid DNA. It is also 100% identical to ABC-F type ribosomal protection protein Msr(E) which is in multiple species.
catB10 is an integron-encoded variant of the cat gene found in P. aeruginosa.
LsaB is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in Mammaliicoccus sciuri. It confers resistance to clindamycin.
LsaC is an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in Streptococcus agalactiae. It confers resistance to lincomycin, clindamycin, dalfopristin, and tiamulin.
TEM-221 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-222 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-427 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-420 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-421 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-428 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-429 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-430 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-431 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-432 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-433 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-434 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
An OXA-48-like plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase shown to confer resistance to carbapenems through hydrolysis. Identified in multiple Enterobacteriaceae isolates from several patients in Denmark. Beta-lactamase activity against carbapenems and penicillins but little to no activity against cephalosporin antibiotics. Described by Samuelsen et al. 2017.
CMY-121 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-122 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-123 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-124 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-125 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-126 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-127 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-128 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-129 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-130 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
MIR-18 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MOX-10 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MOX-11 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMI-8 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMI-9 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-20 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-21 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VEB-10 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-424 is a beta-lactamase found in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii found in China. It is carbapenem resistant.
OXA-425 is a beta-lactamase found in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. It is carbapenem-resistant.
OXA-426 is a beta-lactamase found in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. It is carbapenem resistant.
CARB-20 is a beta-lactamase found worldwide in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
CARB-22 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-185 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-186 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-187 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-188 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-189 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-219 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-220 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-419 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-422 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-423 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-435 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-155 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-156 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-157 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-158 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-159 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-160 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-161 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-131 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-36 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
ACT-37 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
MIR-17 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CARB-18 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CARB-19 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CARB-21 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMI-7 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-42 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-43 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
KPC-22 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-26 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
Beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli clinical isolates in Nepal.
NDM-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter lwoffii.
PER-8 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
GES-25 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CARB-23 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
QnrB75 is a fluoroquinolone resistance gene in Lahey's list of qnr genes.
QnrB76 is a fluoroquinolone resistance gene in Lahey's list of qnr genes.
QnrB77 is a fluoroquinolone resistance gene in Lahey's list of qnr genes.
QnrB78 is a fluoroquinolone resistance gene in Lahey's list of qnr genes.
QnrB80 is a fluoroquinolone resistance gene in Lahey's list of qnr genes.
QnrVC7 is a fluoroquinolone resistance gene in Lahey's list of qnr genes.
GIM-2 is a metallo-beta-lactamase present on an integron found in clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae in Germany.
GIM beta-lactamase enzymes isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and found to confer broad-spectrum resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Tet45 is a tetracycline efflux pump found in Bhargavaea cecembensis strain previously isolated from a poultry-litter-impacted soil.
Streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance gene found in Pasteurella multocida isolated from bovine respiratory tract.
rmtH is a 16s ribosomal RNA methyltransferase found in Klebsiella pneumoniae strain MRSN2404 that was isolated from the chronic wound of a soldier wounded in Iraq in 2006. It confers high resistance to aminoglycosides.
AAC(6')-Iak is a 6'-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase-encoding gene isolated from a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AAC(6')-Ian is an amikacin acetyltransferase gene found on a transferable plasmid of the Serratia marcescens strain NUBL-11663. It catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A onto an amine at the 6'-position of various aminoglycosides.
The TLA beta-lactamases are resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and aztreonam but was susceptible to amikacin, cefotetan, and imipenem.
TLA-1 is a beta-lactamase found in plasmids of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli strain R170 in Latin America. It preferentially hydrolyzed cephaloridine, cefotaxime, cephalothin, benzylpenicillin, and ceftazidime. The enzyme was markedly inhibited by sulbactam, tazobactam, and clavulanic acid.
TLA-2 is a beta-lactamase is present on a plasmid isolated from an unidentified bacterial strain from a waste water treatment plant. The enzyme mostly hydrolyzes cephalosporins.
TLA-3 is a beta-lactamase found in a transferable plasmid of Serratia marcescens clinical isolate. It confers resistance to ceftazidime, cefotaxime and cefepime, but not to cefmetazole and meropenem.
Erm(43) is a macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance gene found in Mammaliicoccus lentus chromosome isolated from human, dog and chicken.
lsaE is an ABC-F subfamily protein found in porcine MRSA isolates. It confers resistance to pleuromutilin, lincosamide, and streptogramin A.
FosK is a fosfomycin thiol transferase isolated from Acinetobacter soli. It is integrin-mediated. It confers a high level of resistance to fosfomycin.
fosXCC is a fosfomycin resistance gene that modifies MurA isolated from Campylobacter species. It is highly resistant to fosfomycin.
fosA5 is a fosfomycin resistance gene isolated from clinical strain of Escherichia coli E265. It is susceptible to amikacin, tetracycline and imipenem, and resistant to sulphonamide, cephalosporins, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin.
FosA4 is an enzyme that confers resistance to fosfomycin in Escherichia coli by breaking the epoxide ring of the molecule.
Many antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria by blocking protein synthesis on the ribosome. The antibiotic-binding sites are located within functionally important structures in the ribosomal RNA. Antibiotic resistance is often conferred by base substitutions or methylations at these sites in the rRNA. Point mutations in the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA in the small 30S subunit can confer resistance to antibiotics.
16S rRNA with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance
Point mutations in the 3' minor domain of the 16S rRNA in Escherichia coli can confer resistance to edeine.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to edeine
Precursor molecule during the synthesis of bacterial cell wall. Lipid II anchors itself onto the cell and it's disaccharide-peptide subunit is used in PG polymer assembly by peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases. Due to it's importance in cell wall synthesis, it is the target of antibiotics.
Lipid III is the precursor to the wall teichoic acid. It's inhibition leads to bacterial death as teichoic acid is required to anchor autolysins which control the hydrolysis of peptidoglycan cell wall.
Undecaprenyl Pyrophosphate N-Acetylglucosamine
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides abscessus conferring resistance to kanamycin.
Mycobacteroides abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides abscessus conferring resistance to tobramycin.
Mycobacteroides abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to tobramycin
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides abscessus conferring resistance to neomycin.
Mycobacteroides abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to neomycin
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides abscessus conferring resistance to amikacin.
Mycobacteroides abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to amikacin
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides abscessus conferring resistance to gentamicin.
Mycobacteroides abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to gentamicin
Teixobactin is a peptide antibiotic isolated from the Gram-negative bacteria, Eleftheria terrae. It inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan by interacting with peptidoglycan precursor, Lipid II and Lipid III.
The bcrC gene product (BcrC) is an undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase originally isolated from Bacillus subtilis. When overexpressed it can confer resistance to bacitracin.
Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate is a precursor to a cell wall polymer carrier. It's activation requires a phosphatase.
Subunit of topoisomerase IV sensitive to aminocourmarins.
antibiotic sensitive DNA topoisomerase subunit gyrA
ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Targeting topoisomerase IV inhibits DNA synthesis, and may also lead to double-stranded cell breaks.
antibiotic sensitive DNA topoisomerase subunit parC
parY is a subunit of the topoisomerase IV. It decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow for transcription or translation.
Antibiotic sensitive DNA topoisomerase subunit parY
ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Targeting topoisomerase IV inhibits DNA synthesis, and may also lead to double-stranded cell breaks.
antibiotic sensitive DNA topoisomerase subunit parE
Beta-subunit of DNA gyrase sensitive to inhibition by aminocoumarins.
Beta-subunit of DNA gyrase sensitive to inhibition by fluoroquinolones.
Sensitive form of 16s susceptable to antibiotics.
Antibiotic sensitive Escherichia coli 16S rRNA
Sensitive form of 16s susceptible to antibiotics.
Antibiotic sensitive Mycobacteroides abscessus 16S rRNA
Aminoglycosides sensitive Mycobacteroides abscessus 16S rRNA
Amikacin sensitive Mycobacteroides abscessus 16S rRNA mutation
Cardiolipin synthetase catalyzes the formation of cardiolipin from two phosphatidylglycerol molecules. Cardiolipin is important in membrane translocation and permeabilization. Current known mutations on the enzyme confer resistance to daptomycin.
cell membrane component enzymes targeted by antibiotic
Cardiolipin synthetase catalyzes the formation of cardiolipin from two phosphatidylglycerol molecules. Cardiolipin is important in membrane translocation and permeabilization. The inactivation of this enzyme by antibiotics leads to cell death.
Cardiolipin synthetase catalyzes the formation of cardiolipin from two phosphatidylglycerol molecules. Cardiolipin is important in membrane translocation and permeabilization. Mutations on the enzyme confers resistance to Daptomycin.
Daptomycin sensitive cardiolipin synthetase
RNA polymerase is a multisubunit enzyme that is necessary for transcription. The beta-subunit of RNA polymerase forms the active center of the enzyme and template/transcript binding sites. Mutations in rpoB gene confers antibiotic resistance.
RNA polymerase is a multisubunit enzyme that is necessary for transcription. The beta-subunit of RNA polymerase forms the active center of the enzyme and template/transcript binding sites. This enzyme can be inactivated by antibiotics leading to cell death.
antibiotic sensitive beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB)
Daptomycin binds to the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive. It's lipopeptide tail servers as a ion channel for potassium. This causes a rapid depolarization that result in failures in DNA/RNA/Protein synthesis. Eventually cell death.
daptomycin sensitive beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB)
The liaFSR system regulates the cell envelope stress response. It is transcriptionally activated by exposure to alkaline shock, detergents, and particularly antibiotics with lipid II inhibition properties.
MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. Mutations in this enzyme can confer additional resistances.
pgsA or phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthetase is an integral membrane protein involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. Inhibition of this enzyme leads to cell death via the inability to form the plasma membrane.
Point mutations that occurs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpoB resulting in resistance to rifampicin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpoB with mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin
Point mutations that occurs in Mycobacterium leprae rpoB resulting in resistance to rifampicin.
Mycobacterium leprae rpoB mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin
Point mutations that occurs in Staphylococcus aureus rpoB resulting in resistance to rifampicin.
Staphylococcus aureus rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampicin
Point mutations that occurs in Staphylococcus aureus rpoB resulting in resistance to daptomycin.
Staphylococcus aureus rpoB mutants conferring resistance to daptomycin
Point mutations that occurs in Escherichia coli rpoB resulting in resistance to rifampicin.
Escherichia coli rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampicin
RNA polymerase is a multisubunit enzyme that is necessary for transcription. The beta prime subunit of RNA polymerase forms the active center of the enzyme and template/transcript binding sites. Mutations in rpoC gene confers antibiotic resistance.
Daptomycin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which alter the binding affinity of daptomycin to the protein, resulting in antibiotic resistance.
daptomycin-resistant beta prime subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoC)
Point mutations that occurs in Staphylococcus aureus rpoC resulting in resistance to daptomycin.
Staphylococcus aureus rpoC conferring resistance to daptomycin
DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit.
Point mutation of Escherichia coli gyrA resulted in the lowered affinity between fluoroquinolones and gyrA. Thus, conferring resistance.
Escherichia coli gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA resulted in the lowered affinity between fluoroquinolones and gyrA. Thus, conferring resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation of Staphylococcus aureus gyrA resulted in the lowered affinity between fluoroquinolones and gyrA. Thus, conferring resistance.
Staphylococcus aureus gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation of Bartonella bacilliformis gyrA resulted in the lowered affinity between fluoroquinolones and gyrA. Thus, conferring resistance.
Bartonella bacilliformis gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation of Mycobacterium leprae gyrA resulted in the lowered affinity between fluoroquinolones and gyrA. Thus, conferring resistance.
Mycobacterium leprae gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Staphylococcus aureus resulting in aminocoumarin resistance.
Staphylococcus aureus gyrB conferring resistance to aminocoumarin
Point mutation in Bartonella bacilliformis resulting in aminocoumarin resistance.
Bartonella bacilliformis gyrB conferring resistance to aminocoumarin
Point mutation in Escherichia coli resulting in aminocoumarin resistance.
Escherichia coli gyrB conferring resistance to aminocoumarin
Point mutation in Mycobacterium leprae gyrB resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Mycobacterium leprae gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Ureaplasma urealyticum resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Ureaplasma urealyticum gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Morganella morganii resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Morganella morganii gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Salmonella serovars resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Salmonella serovars gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Escherichia coli parC resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Escherichia coli parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Ureaplasma urealyticum parC resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Ureaplasma urealyticum parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Mycoplasma hominis parC resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Mycoplasma hominis parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Streptococcus pneumoniae parC resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Streptococcus pneumoniae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Staphylococcus aureus parC resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Staphylococcus aureus parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, necessary for cell survival. Point mutations in ParE prevent fluoroquinolones from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance.
Point mutation in Staphylococcus aureus parE resulting in aminocoumarin resistance.
Staphylococcus aureus parE conferring resistance to aminocoumarin
Point mutation in Staphylococcus aureus parE resulting in fluoroquinolones resistance.
Staphylococcus aureus parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Escherichia coli parE resulting in fluoroquinolones resistance.
Escherichia coli parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Salmonella serovars parE resulting in fluoroquinolones resistance.
Salmonella serovars parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Intrinsically aminocoumarin-resistant parY variant found in Streptomyces, an aminocoumarin-producing genus.
Streptomyces rishiriensis parY mutant conferring resistance to aminocoumarin
Point mutations that occur within Staphylococcus aureus mprF gene resulting in resistance to daptomycin.
Staphylococcus aureus mprF with mutation conferring resistance to daptomycin
Point mutations that occur within Staphylococcus aureus pgsA gene resulting in resistance to daptomycin.
Staphylococcus aureus pgsA mutations conferring resistance to daptomycin
MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. Additionally, large-scale mutations causing loss of function of the gene result in increased susceptibility to daptomycin.
Point mutations that occur within Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis embB gene resulting in resistance to ethambutol.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis embB with mutation conferring resistance to ethambutol
Point mutations that occur within Mycobacterium tuberculosis embB gene resulting in resistance to ethambutol.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis embB mutant conferring resistance to ethambutol
Point mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis embC that result in lower affinity between ethambutol and EmbC, resulting in resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis embC mutant conferring resistance to ethambutol
Point mutations in the 3' minor, 3' major, and central domains in the rrsC 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to kasugamicin.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsC) mutation conferring resistance to kasugamicin
Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to different classes of antibiotics.
Sequence variants of Clostridioides difficile elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics.
Clostridioides difficile EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to elfamycin
Sequence variants of Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics.
Escherichia coli EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to elfamycin
Sequence variants of Streptomyces cinnamoneus elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics.
Streptomyces cinnamoneus EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to elfamycin
Sequence variants of Planobispora rosea elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics.
Planobispora rosea EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to elfamycin
Sequence variants of Planobispora rosea elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to inhibitor GE2270A.
Planobispora rosea EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to inhibitor GE2270A
Sequence variants of Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to kirromycin.
Escherichia coli EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to kirromycin
Sequence variants of Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to Pulvomycin.
Escherichia coli EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to Pulvomycin
Sequence variants of Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to Enacyloxin IIa.
Escherichia coli EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to Enacyloxin IIa
Point mutations in the 3' major domain of the rrsH 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to spectinomycin.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsH) mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Klebsiella pneumoniae acrR with mutation conferring multidrug antibiotic resistance
Enterobacter aerogenes acrR with mutation conferring multidrug antibiotic resistance
Point mutations in the 3' major domain of the rrsB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to spectinomycin.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Point mutations in the 3' major domain of helix 35, in the rrnB gene operon for 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to spectinomycin.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrnB) mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC with MarR mutations conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline
SoxR is a sensory protein that upregulates soxS expression in the presence of redox-cycling drugs. This stress response leads to the expression many multidrug efflux pumps.
Escherichia coli soxR with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance
SoxR is a sensory protein that upregulates soxS expression in the presence of redox-cycling drugs. This stress response leads to the expression of many multidrug efflux pumps.
Salmonella enterica soxR with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance
Salmonella serovars soxS with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance
Mutant forms of the porin Omp36 result in reduced permeability to antibiotics.
Point mutations in Escherichia coli dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance.
Escherichia coli folP with mutation conferring resistance to sulfonamides
Point mutations in Streptococcus pyogenes dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance.
Streptococcus pyogenes folP with mutation conferring resistance to sulfonamides
Dapsone inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with with para-aminobenzoate for the active site of dihydropteroate synthetase. Thus acts as a competitive inhibitor of folP. Point mutation within the folP gene results in lowered affinity of dapsone for folP.
dapsone resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP
Dapsone inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with with para-aminobenzoate for the active site of dihydropteroate synthetase. Point mutation within the Mycobacterium leprae folP gene results in lowered affinity of dapsone for folP.
Mycobacterium leprae folP with mutation conferring resistance to dapsone
The Escherichia coli ompF (oprF) is a nonspecific porin channel involved in the membrane translocation of small hydrophilic molecules, including and especially beta-lactam antibiotics. Mutations in ompF can decrease diffusion of antibiotics across the cellular membrane, thereby decreasing overall susceptibility through absence of porin function.
Escherichia coli ompF with mutation conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
katG is a catalase-peroxidase that catalyzes the activation of isoniazid. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. Mutations in katG results in inability to activate isoniazid. Over 280 different mutations have been documented in PubMed for katG, with mutations to Ser315 being the most prevalent.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis katG mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
inhA is a enoyl-acyl carrier reductase used in lipid metabolism and farry acid biosynthesis. It is inhibited by isoniazid. mutations in the promoter region or multiple copies of the inhA shows marked resistance to isoniazid mediated inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhA mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
pncA is a pyrazinamidase/nicotinamidase. It catalyzes the activation of pyrazinamide. Some mutation within pncA are associated with loss of enzyme activity, resulting in pyrazinamide resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis pncA mutations conferring resistance to pyrazinamide
Ribosomal protein S12 stabilizes the highly conserved pseudoknot structure formed by 16S rRNA. Amino acid substitutions in RpsL affect the higher-order structure of 16S rRNA and confer streptomycin resistance by disrupting interactions between 16S rRNA and streptomycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpsL mutations conferring resistance to Streptomycin
Point mutations in the 3' minor domain of helix 44, in the rrsB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to gentamicin C.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to gentamicin C
Point mutations in the 3' minor domain of helix 44, in the rrsB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to G418.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to G418
Undecaprenyl phosphate is a universal lipid carrier of glycan biosynthetic intermediates for carbohydrate polymers that are exported to the bacterial cell envelope. Antibiotics that targets this compound or proteins associated with the production of this compound leads to cell death.
undecaprenyl pyrophosphate related proteins
Point mutations in the 3' minor domain of helix 44, in the rrsB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to kanamycin A.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin A
A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium laprae. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms.
Point mutations in the 3' minor domain of helix 44, in the rrsB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to neomycin.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to neomycin
Point mutations in the 3' minor domain of helix 44, in the rrsB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to paromomycin.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to paromomycin
Point mutations in the 5' domain of helix 18, in the rrsB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to streptomycin.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin
Point mutations in the 5' domain of helix 18, in the rrnB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to streptomycin.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrnB) mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin
Point mutations in the 3' minor domain of the rrnB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to tobramycin.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to tobramycin
Point mutations in the 3' major domain of the rrsB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to tetracycline.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline
Point mutations in the 3' major domain of the rrnB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli can confer resistance to tetracycline.
Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrnB) mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline
Dapsone is a sulfone in which it inhibits folic acid synthesis, such as the dihydropteroate synthase.
Pyrazinamide is an antimycobacterial. It is highly specific and active only against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This compound is a prodrug and needs to be activated inside the cell. It interferes with the bacterium's ability to synthesize new fatty acids, causing cell death.
LFF571 is a novel semi-synthetic thiopeptide antibiotic derived from GE2270. It has been shown to possess potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is hypothesized that it a translation inhibitor leading to cell death.
sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP
Bifunctional enzyme with both catalase and broad-spectrum peroxidase activity. It is a catalase-peroxidases that catalyzes the activation of isoniazid. Mutations that arises within this protein cause changes that results in the inability for katG to activate antibiotics, conferring resistance.
inhA is a enoyl-acyl carrier reductase used in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. It is inhibited by isoniazid. Mutations in the promoter region or multiple copies of the inhA shows marked resistance to isoniazid mediated inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis.
pncA is a pyrazinamidase/nicotinamidase. It catalyzes the activation of pyrazinamide to pyrazinoic acid. Mutations arise within the pncA gene that caused the loss of pyrazinamidase activity is the major mechanism of antibiotic resistance.
Ribosomal protein S12 stabilizes the highly conserved pseudoknot structure formed by 16S rRNA. Amino acid substitutions in RpsL affect the higher-order structure of 16S rRNA and confer antibiotic resistance.
pgsA or phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthetase is an integral membrane protein involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. It is a CDP-diacylglycerol-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase.
Catalyzes the transfer of a lysyl group from L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys) to membrane-bound phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which produces lysylphosphatidylglycerol (LPG), a major component of the bacterial membrane with a positive net charge. LPG synthesis contributes to bacterial virulence as it is involved in the resistance mechanism against cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMP) produces by the host's immune system (defensins, cathelicidins) and by the competing microorganisms (bacteriocins).
Arabinofuranosyltransferase is involved in the biosynthesis of the arabinogalactan region of the mAGP complex, an essential component of the mycobacterial cell wall.
Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis.
antibiotic resistant dihydrofolate reductase
inhA is a enoyl-acyl carrier reductase used in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis.
Porin proteins permeable to antibiotics.
RNA polymerase is a multisubunit enzyme that is necessary for transcription. The beta-prime subunit of RNA polymerase forms the active center of the enzyme and template/transcript binding sites. This enzyme can be inactivated by antibiotics leading to cell death.
antibiotic sensitive beta-prime subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoC)
Ribosomal protein S12 stabilizes the highly conserved pseudoknot structure formed by 16S rRNA. It is targeted and inhibited by streptomycin.
antibiotic sensitive Ribosomal protein S12 (rpsL)
Point mutations in the 3' domain of 16S rRNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can confer resistance to kanamycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin
Peptide antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis. Resistance to viomycin can be caused by an altered RNA molecule in the 16S ribosomal subunit.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to viomycin
Sequence variants of Enterococcus faecium elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to GE2270A.
Enterococcus faecium EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to GE2270A
The switch region is a structural element that mediates conformational changes and contacts required for RNAP to load DNA into the RNAP active-center cleft during transcription initiation. The switch region is located at the base of the RNAP clamp and serves as the hinge that mediates opening of the RNAP clamp to load DNA into the RNAP active-center cleft and mediates closing of the RNAP clamp to retain DNA in the RNAP active-center cleft.
antibiotic sensitive RNA polymerase switch region
A foreign PBP2 acquired by lateral gene transfer that able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams.
CfrA is a chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance gene and methyltransferase enzyme. Methylation of position 8 of A2503 in 23S rRNA confers resistance to chloramphenicol antibiotics first identified by Schwarz 2000 as cfr from Mammaliicoccus sciuri. Additional Oxazolidinone resistance mediated by the cfr gene in a human isolated was first reported from Colombia in linezolid- and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
tlyA encodes for hemolysin. It Catalyzes the 2'-O-methylation at nucleotides C1409 in 16S rRNA and C1920 in 23S rRNA. Mutation that arise within this gene reduces the binding affinity of aminoglycosides to rRNA.
Specific mutations that arise in Mycobacterium tuberculosis tlyA resulting in aminoglycosides resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis tlyA mutations conferring resistance to aminoglycosides
iniA, an isoniazid-induced protein, is part of the iniBAC operon that participates in the development of tolerance to both isoniazid and ethambutol. May function through a MDR-pump like mechanism, although it does not appear to directly transport isoniazid from the cell.
Mutations that occurs on the iniA genes resulting in the resistance to ethambutol.
Specific mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniA resulting in resistance to ethambutol.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniA mutant conferring resistance to ethambutol
iniC, an isoniazid-induced protein, is part of the iniBAC operon that participates in the development of tolerance to both isoniazid and ethambutol. May function through a MDR-pump like mechanism, although it does not appear to directly transport isoniazid from the cell.
Mutations that occurs on the iniC genes resulting in the resistance to ethambutol.
Specific mutations that occurs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniC causing it to be ethambutol resistant.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniC mutant conferring resistance to ethambutol
Mutations that occurs on the embA genes resulting in the resistance to ethambutol.
Specific mutations that occurs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis embA leading to the lowered affinity of ethambutol to embA.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis embA mutant conferring resistance to ethambutol
Mutations that occurs on the embR genes resulting in the resistance to ethambutol.
Point mutation in the M.tuberculosis embR results in increased resistance to ethambutol.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis embR mutant conferring resistance to ethambutol
Monooxygenase able to convert a wide range of ketones to the corresponding esters or lactones via a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction. It is responsible for the activation of several thiocarbamide-containing pro-drugs into cytotoxic species.
Mutations that occurs on the ethA genes resulting in the inability to catalyzes the oxidation of ethionamide (ETH) to the corresponding sulfoxide (the active drug).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ethA (Rv3854c) is a mono-oxygenase enzyme which activates the antibiotic ethionamide in vivo. Mutations in ethA confer resistance to ethionamide by modulating the activation and activity of the ethionamide prodrug.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ethA with mutation conferring resistance to ethionamide
Point mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrB resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrB mutant conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
ndh is a NADH oxidase. It participates in antibiotic resistance by diminishing NADH oxidation and consequently causes an increase in NADH concentration and depletion of NAD+. This alteration of the NADH/NAD+ ratio prevents the peroxidation reactions required for the activation of INH, as well as the displacement of the NADH-isonicotinic acyl complex from InhA enzyme binding site.
Point mutations in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ndh gene shown clinically to confer resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ndh with mutation conferring resistance to isoniazid
kasA is a ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase that catalyzes the condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis by the addition to an acyl acceptor of two carbons from malonyl-ACP. It is involved in elongation of fatty acids intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of mycolic acids.
Specific mutations on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis kasA gene resulting in lowered affinity of isoniazid, resulting in resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis kasA mutant conferring resistance to isoniazid
Arabinosyl transferases allow for the polymerization of arabinose to form arabinan. Arabanan is required for formation of mycobacterial cell walls and arabinosyltransferases are targets of the drug ethambutol. Mutations in these genes can confer resistance to rifampicin.
rifamycin-resistant arabinosyltransferase
Specific mutations that occurs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis embB causing it to be rifampicin resistant.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis embB with mutation conferring resistance to rifampicin
GidB is a m7G methyltransferase specific for 16S rRNA. Mutations within the gidB gene causes changes in the structure or 16s rRNA, leading to resistance to aminoglycosides.
Specific mutations that occurs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis gidB causing it to be streptomycin resistant.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gidB mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin
Wildtype embR is sensitive to antibiotics. It is an arabinosyltransferase involved in lipoarabinomannan synthesis.
Ethionamide is a second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.
ethA is a monooxygenase that is able to convert a wide range of ketones to the corresponding esters or lactones via a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction. Is responsible for the activation of several thiocarbamide-containing pro-drugs into cytotoxic species.
It Catalyzes the 2'-O-methylation at nucleotides C1409 in 16S rRNA and C1920 in 23S rRNA.
GidB is a m7G methyltransferase specific for 16S rRNA.
TetR is the repressor of the tetracycline resistance element; its N-terminal region forms a helix-turn-helix structure and binds DNA. Binding of tetracycline to TetR reduces the repressor affinity for the tetracycline resistance gene (tetA) promoter operator sites. Mutations arise within tetR results in lower affinity for tetracyclin.
Point mutations within the 530 loop of the 16S rRNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can result in resistance against streptomycin. These mutations do not directly inhibit the binding of streptomycin, but is hypothesized that they interfere with conformational perturbations that account for streptomycin's action on the ribosome.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin
Point mutations in the 3' domain of 16S rRNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can confer resistance to amikacin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to amikacin
Point mutation in the 16S rRNA helix 34 region of Chlamydophila psittaci can confer resistance against spectinomycin.
Chlamydophila psittaci 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Point mutations in the helix 34 region of 16S rRNA of Pasteurella multocida can confer resistance to spectinomycin.
Pasteurella multocida 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Point mutations in the helix 34 region of 16S rRNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae can confer resistance against spectinomycin.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Neisseria meningitidis can confer resistance to spectinomycin.
Neisseria meningitidis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Tetracycline binds tightly to the helix 34 domain in 16S rRNA, where it interferes sterically with the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome A site to block protein synthesis. Mutations in the nucleotide sequence in this domain for Cutibacterium acnes can result in resistance against tetracycline.
Cutibacterium acnes 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline
Point mutations in the 3' major domain of the 16S rRNA gene of Borreliella burgdorferi can confer resistance to spectinomycin.
Borreliella burgdorferi 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Point mutations in the 3' minor domain of the 16S rRNA gene of Borreliella burgdorferi can confer resistance to kanamycin.
Borreliella burgdorferi 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin
Point mutations in the 3' minor domain of the 16S rRNA gene of Borreliella burgdorferi can confer resistance to gentamicin.
Borreliella burgdorferi 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to gentamicin
Tetracycline binds tightly to the helix 34 domain in 16S rRNA, where it interferes sterically with the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome A site to block protein synthesis. Mutations in the nucleotide sequence in this domain of Helicobacter pylori can result in resistance against tetracycline.
Helicobacter pylori 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline
Escherichia coli soxS with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance
Point mutations in the helix 34 region of the rrsD 16S rRNA gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can confer resistance to spectinomycin.
Salmonella enterica 16S rRNA (rrsD) mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides chelonae can cause resistance to amikacin.
Mycobacteroides chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to amikacin
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides chelonae can cause resistance to kanamycin A.
Mycobacteroides chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin A
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides chelonae can cause resistance to tobramycin.
Mycobacteroides chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to tobramycin
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides chelonae can confer resistance to gentamicin C.
Mycobacteroides chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to gentamicin C
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of Mycobacteroides chelonae can cause resistance to neomycin.
Mycobacteroides chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to neomycin
Antibiotic sensitive Borreliella burgdorferi 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Chlamydophila psittaci 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Helicobacter pylori 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Mycobacteroides chelonae 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Neisseria gonorrhoeae 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Neisseria meningitidis 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Pasteurella multocida 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Cutibacterium acnes 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium 16S rRNA
Antibiotic sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA
Point mutations in the highly conserved helix 44 of the 16S rrsA rRNA gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis can confer resistance to hygromycin B. Resistance against hygromycin B is the result of conformational alterations that distorts a strong hydrogen bond leading to a change in the local geometry of the hygromycin B binding site.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsA) mutation conferring resistance to hygromycin B
Point mutations in the highly conserved helix 44 of the 16S rrsB rRNA gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis can confer resistance to hygromycin B. Resistance against hygromycin B is the result of conformational alterations that distorts a strong hydrogen bond leading to a change in the local geometry of the hygromycin B binding site.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to hygromycin B
Point mutations in the helix 44 region of the 16S rRNA rrsB gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis can confer resistance to streptomycin.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin
Point mutations in the helix 44 region of the 16S rRNA rrsB gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis can confer resistance to kanamycin A.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin A
Point mutations in the helix 44 region of the 16S rRNA rrsA gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis can confer resistance to kanamycin A.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsA) mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin A
Point mutations in the helix 44 region of the 16S rRNA rrsA gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis can confer resistance to neomycin.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsA) mutation conferring resistance to neomycin
Point mutations in the helix 44 region of the 16S rRNA rrsB gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis can confer resistance to neomycin.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to neomycin
Point mutations in the helix 44 region of the 16S rRNA rrsA gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis can confer resistance to viomycin.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsA) mutation conferring resistance to viomycin
Point mutations in the helix 44 region of the 16S rRNA rrsB gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis can confer resistance to viomycin.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to viomycin
Multidrug resistance efflux pump. Could be involved in resistance to puromycin, acriflavine and tetraphenylarsonium chloride.
A multidrug efflux pump from Enterococcus faecalis. There exist efflux activity of several antimicrobial agents such as DAPI, Hoechst 33342 and acriflavine. Efflux of DAPI via EmeA was strongly inhibited by reserpine.
FusB encodes a 2-domain zinc-binding protein that binds the ribosomal translocase EF-G, causing it to dissociate from the ribosome. This action increases the ribosomal turnover rate and confers resistance to fusidic acid. This protein is considered a FusB-type protein.
CEPS is a typical class C cephalosporinase found in Aeromonas sobria, first isolated from strain 163a.
Major facilitator superfamily transporter. Resistance to tetracenomycin C by an active tetracenomycin C efflux system which is probably energized by transmembrane electrochemical gradients.
This family of sublcass B1 beta-lactamases were discovered in species of the Shewanella genus.
This enzyme breaks the beta-lactam antibiotic ring open and deactivates the molecule's antibacterial properties.
Class A beta-lactamase found in Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A.
A beta-lactamase found in Bacteroides fragilis producing either low or high levels of the endogenous cephalosporinase activity.
SED-1 is a chromosomal-encoded class A beta-lactamase identified in Citrobacter sedlakii.
Class A beta-lactamase found in Mycolicibacterium fortuitum.
RCP is a class A beta-lactamase found in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.
Class A beta-lactamase found in Streptomyces albus G.
Class A beta-lactamase found in Actinomadura R39.
Magainins A are antimicrobial peptides produced by amphibians as part of their innate immune system.
Magainin B is is a synthetic analog of magainin 1, an antimicrobial peptide.
Magainin G is is a synthetic analog of magainin 1, an antimicrobial peptide. It differs from magainin B by the addition of an beta-alanine at the N terminal.
Magainin H is is a synthetic analog of magainin 1, an antimicrobial peptide. It differs from magainin B with the substitution of D-alanine instead of L-alanine.
Magainin1 is an antimicrobial peptides produced by amphibians as part of their innate immune system. It is derived from the Xenopus laevis.
Magainin 2 is an antimicrobial peptides produced from Xenopus laevis skin. It induce osmotic lysis of bacteria.
The LpxA gene is widely known to be involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria and mutations to this gene may cause resistance to antimicrobial peptides that target the outer membrane.
The LpxC gene is widely known to be involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria and mutations to this gene may cause resistance to antimicrobial peptides that target the outer membrane.
The LpxD gene is widely known to be involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria and mutations to this gene may cause resistance to antimicrobial peptides that target the outer membrane.
PmrC mediates the modification of Lipid A by the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine, resulting in a less negative cell membrane and decreased binding of polymyxin B.
PmrE is required for the synthesis and transfer of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (Ara4N) to Lipid A, which allows gram-negative bacteria to resist the antimicrobial activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics such as polymyxin.
PmrF is required for the synthesis and transfer of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (Ara4N) to Lipid A, which allows gram-negative bacteria to resist the antimicrobial activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics such as polymyxin. pmrF corresponds to 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 1 locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58.
BasRS is a two-component regulatory system. BasR is phosphorylated by BasS at high[Fe3+] levels. The BasRS system regulates the expression of pmrE, pmrF and pmrC, leading to antibiotic resistance.
Genes involved in alteration of the cell wall overall charge, leading to antimicrobial resistance due to reduced binding.
These genes are involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria and mutations to this gene may cause resistance to antimicrobial peptides that target the outer membrane. Mutation by absence or insertion of ISAba11 sequence is a known cause of resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii▿.
Acinetobacter mutant Lpx gene conferring resistance to colistin
Response regulator for Lipid A modification genes; two-component system involved in polymyxin resistance that senses high extracellular Fe(2+).
Histidine protein kinase sensor Lipid A modification gene; part of a two-component system involved in polymyxin resistance that senses high extracellular Fe(2+).
A mutant phoP activates pmrHFIJKLM expression responsible for L-aminoarabinose synthesis and polymyxin resistance, by way of alteration of negative charge.
Klebsiella mutant PhoP conferring antibiotic resistance to colistin
The loss or reduction of the net negative charge within the cell wall of gram negative bacteria is a mechanism of resistance for cationic antimicrobials that depend on the negative charge for binding to the surface.
charge alteration conferring antibiotic resistance
NmcA is a class A serine beta-lactamase isolated from Enterobacter cloacae.
SHV-190 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
SHV-191 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
TEM-223 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-437 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-438 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-439 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-440 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-441 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-442 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-443 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-444 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-445 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-446 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-447 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-448 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-449 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-450 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-451 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-452 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-453 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-454 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-455 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-456 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-457 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-458 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-459 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-460 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-461 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-462 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-463 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-464 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-465 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-466 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-467 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-468 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-469 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-470 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-471 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-472 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-473 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-474 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-475 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-476 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-477 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-478 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-479 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-480 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-481 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase.
OXA-482 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-483 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-484 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-485 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-486 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-487 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
OXA-488 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-162 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-163 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-164 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-165 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CTX-M-166 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-132 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-133 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
CMY-134 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
A class C beta-lactamase from Citrobacter freundii.
IMP-49 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-50 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
IMP-51 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-44 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-45 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
VIM-46 is a beta-lactamase. Name originally from the historical Lahey list of beta-lactamases, some of which did not include sequence data.
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-15 variant of NDM-1.
New Delhi class B metallo-beta-lactamase-16a variant of NDM-1.
NmcR is a homolog of the LysR regulator found in Enterobacter cloacae that contribute to the regulation of NmcA beta-lactamase.
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides.
16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to peptide antibiotics.
16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to peptide antibiotics
Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to polyamine antibiotics.
16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to polyamine antibiotics
Point mutations in the bacterial 16S rRNA region shown clinically to confer resistance to tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives (polyketide antibiotics).
16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives
PEDO-1 is a subclass B3 metallo-beta lactamase isolated from Pedobacter roseus exhibiting resistance to carbapenems.
Plazomicin is a neoglycoside, or next-generation, aminoglycoside, that has been identified as a potentially useful agent to combat drug-resistant bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AAC(6')-Ib' is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids, transposons, integrons in P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens.
AAC(6')-Iaj is a functional acetyltransferase that modifies the amino groups at the 6' positions of aminoglycosides and contributes to aminoglycoside resistance of P. aeruginosa.
TriABC-OpmH is a triclosan-specific efflux pump expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. TriABC is the only P. aeruginosa resistance nodulation cell division (RND) pump which contains two membrane fusion proteins, TriA and TriB, and both are required for efflux pump function. TriABC associated with OpmH assemble a functional triclosan efflux pump.
TriA is a membrane protein that is fused to TriB and both are required for the triclosan efflux pump function of TriABC-OpmH in P. aeruginosa.
TriB is a membrane protein that is fused to TriA and both are required for the triclosan efflux pump function of TriABC-OpmH in P. aeruginosa.
TriC is a resistance nodulation cell division (RND) transporter that is a part of TriABC-OpmH, a triclosan-specific efflux protein.
OpmH is an outer membrane efflux protein required for triclosan-specific efflux pump function.
Point mutation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gyrA resulted in the lowered affinity between fluoroquinolones and gyrA. Thus, conferring resistance.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa parE resulting in sensitivity to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin). In combination with a gyrase mutation (gyrA or gyrB), it confers a high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
oprD is an outer membrane porin which facilitates the uptake of basic amino acids and imipenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa oprD with mutation conferring resistance to imipenem
PvrR is a response regulator that controls the conversion between antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms through porin deletion/gene absence.
MCR-1 is a plasmid-borne phosphoethanolamine transferase that interferes with binding of colistin to the cell membrane via addition of phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, resulting reduction in negative charge of the cell membrane.
Sitafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone active against multi-resistant Gram-positive and negative pathogens. Sitafloxacin shows inhibitory activity against DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which blocks bacterial DNA replication, thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome.
MexJK-OpmH is a triclosan efflux protein expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexJ is the membrane fusion protein, MexK is the inner membrane resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) transporter, and OpmH is the outer membrane efflux protein. MexJK is constitutively expressed in mexL mutants.
MexJ is the membrane fusion protein of the MexJK multidrug efflux protein.
MexK is the inner membrane resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) transporter in the MexJK multidrug efflux protein.
MexJK-OprM is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexJ is the membrane fusion protein, MexK is the inner membrane resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) transporter, and OprM is the outer membrane factor protein.
MexPQ-OpmE multidrug efflux pump expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexP is the membrane fusion protein; MexQ is the inner membrane transporter; and OpmE is the outer membrane channel.
MexP is the membrane fusion protein of the MexPQ-OpmE multidrug efflux complex.
MexQ is the inner membrane transporter of the multidrug efflux pump MexPQ-OpmE.
opmE is an outer membrane factor protein that is part of the multidrug efflux pump MexPQ-OpmE.
Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.
Point mutation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa parC resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance also requiring a gyrA mutation.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa gyrA and parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
MexMN-OprM is a multidrug efflux pump expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexM is the membrane fusion protein; MexN is the inner membrane transporter; and OprM is the outer membrane channel.
mexM is the membrane fusion protein of the MexMN-OprM multidrug efflux complex.
MexN is the inner membrane transporter of the MexMN-OprM multidrug efflux complex.
Faropenem is an orally active beta-lactam antibiotic belonging to the penem group.
Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity.
MexZ is a transcriptional regulator that downregulates the mexXY multidrug transporter operon, which confers to aminoglycoside resistance on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
MexL is a specific repressor of mexJK transcription and autoregulates its own expression.
VEB-16 (VEB-1b) is a beta-lactamase that is found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
VCC-1 is a Class A carbapenemase isolated from Vibrio cholerae and exhibits resistance to penicillins, carbapenems and monobactam antibiotics.
PEDO-2 is a subclass B3 metallo-beta lactamase isolated from Pedobacter borealis exhibiting carbapenem resistance.
PEDO-3 is a class B1 metallo-beta lactamase isolated from Pedobacter kyungheensis exhibiting resistance to carbapenems.
CPS-1 is a subclass B3 metallo-beta lactamase isolated from Chyseobacterium piscium exhibiting carbapenem resistance.
ESP-1 is a subclass B3 metallo-beta lactamase isolated from Epilithonimonas tenax conferring resistance to carbapenems.
MSI-1 is a subclass B3 metallo-beta lactamase isolated from Massilia oculi conferring resistance to carbapenems.
MSI-OXA is an OXA-85-like class D beta lactamase isolated from Massilia oculi.
SPG-1 is a subclass B3 metallo-beta lactamase isolated from Sphingomonas sp.
This inducible cluster confers high resistance to vancomycin and intermediate resistance to teicoplanin. It achieves this through peptidoglycan restructuring with its VanA ligase homologue, VanI, causing the precursurs to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. The cluster uniquely contains murF, the final enzyme in the synthesis of UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide, the precursor of murein. The VanI gene cluster has been found in chromosomal DNA. Gene orientation: vanSRIWK-murFvanX.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanI
VanI is a D-Ala-D-Lac ligase that reduces vancomycin binding affinity, helping to confer vancomycin resistance as part of the VanI resistance gene cluster in Desulfitobacterium spp. and Desulfosporosinus spp.
Also known as vanWI, is a vanW variant found in the vanI gene cluster.
Also known as vanXI, is a vanX variant found in the vanI glycopeptide resistance gene cluster. It is a D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptidase.
Also known as vanSI, is a vanS variant found in the vanI gene cluster; it is a histidine kinase.
Also known as vanKI, is a peptidoglycan bridge formation protein also known as FemAB that is part of the vanI glycopeptide resistance gene cluster.
Also known as vanRI, is the regulatory transcriptional activator in the vanSR regulator within the vanI glycopeptide resistance gene cluster.
Point mutations to the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS) in Staphylococcus aureus that confer resistance to mupirocin.
Staphylococcus aureus ileS with mutation conferring resistance to mupirocin
Bifidobacteria have an intrinsically resistant form of ileS (isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase) that confers resistance to mupirocin.
Bifidobacterium bifidum ileS conferring resistance to mupirocin
A specific fusidic acid resistance gene conferring intrinsic resistance in the bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus. FusD behaves by causing dissociation of EF-G from the ribosome thus counteracting the action of Fusidic acid. It is considered a FusB-type protein.
FusC is a fusidic acid resistance gene enabling ribosomal translocase EF-G dissociation from the ribosome that has been detected in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius. Its mechanism is believed to be similar to fusB due to its high level of sequence homology. It is considered a FusB-type protein.
Antibiotic resistant fusA is caused by mutations to the elongation factor G (EF-G) and confers resistance to fusidic acid.
The mutations to this gene are involved in altering the translation elongation factor G (EF-G) in association with the ribosome to prevent fusidic acid from binding EF-G and preventing translation.
Staphylococcus aureus fusA with mutation conferring resistance to fusidic acid
Antibiotic resistant fusE is caused by mutations in a region of the rplF gene encoding riboprotein L6, and confers resistance to fusidic acid.
The mutations to the rplF gene encoding riboprotein L6 have been shown to cause fusidic acid resistance, demonstrating a potential secondary site of action of the antibiotic that is blocked through these mutations. Several types of mutations have been identified that cause resistance, including SNPs, frameshift mutations and early stop codons.
Staphylococcus aureus fusE with mutation conferring resistance to fusidic acid
mphE is a macrolide phosphotransferase and resistance gene identified on a plasmid, pRSB105.
The mphG gene encodes a macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase found in Photobacterium damselae sharing sequence similarity to mphA in E. coli.
vatF is a streptogramin A acetyl transferase gene isolated from the chromosome of Yersinia enterocolitica.
mef(C) is a macrolide efflux gene isolated from a plasmid in Photobacterium damselae.
OptrA is a member of the ABC-F protein subfamily that confers resistance to oxazolidinones. The gene encoding the protein was originally isolated from a plasmid in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium.
oleC is an ABC transporter isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus and is involved in oleandomycin secretion.
salA is an ABC-F subfamily protein gene isolated from the chromosome of Mammaliicoccus sciuri conferring resistance to lincosamides and streptogramins.
nfsA encodes the major oxygen-insesitive nitroreductase in E. coli. The first step of resistance to nitrofurazone is mutation of nfsA.
Escherichia coli nfsA mutations conferring resistance to nitrofurantoin
The nfsA-encoded nitroreductase is the major oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase present in E. coli. NfsA uses only NADPH and has broad electron acceptor specificity. Mutations in nfsA cause resistance to nitrofurazone and furazolidone. Resistance to nitrofurantoin via mutation of nfsA reduces the fitness of clinical isolates of E. coli.
The nsfB gene encodes a minor oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase. NfsB reduces a broad range of nitroaromatic compounds including the antibiotics nitrofurazone and nitrofurantoin. NfsB is a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-containing protein and uses both NADH and NADPH as a source of reducing equivalents. Mutations in nfsB lead to increased resistance to nitrofurazone and furazolidone in an nfsA mutant background.
nfsB encodes the minor oxygen-insesitive nitroreductase in E. coli. The first step of resistance to nitrofurazone is mutation of nfsA, while the increased resistance associated with second step mutants is a consequence of nfsB mutation.
Escherichia coli nfsB with mutation conferring resistance to nitrofurantoin
Cardiolipin synthase (cls) is an inner membrane protein involved in membrane synthesis and phosopholipid metabolism, with mutations to the gene being capable of conferring daptomycin resistance.
Enterococcus faecalis cls with mutation conferring resistance to daptomycin
eatAv is a mutated form of the wildtype eatA ABC-F subfamily protein isolated from Enterococcus faecium conferring resistance to lincosamides, streptogramin A's and pleuromutilins (LSaP phenotype).
lnuE encodes a lincosamide resistance gene isolated from Streptococcus suis that was truncated by an ISEnfa5-cfr-ISEnfa5 segment insertion. It shares the closest sequence similarity to lnuA.
Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin).
mphM is a chromosomally-encoded macrolide phosphotransferases that inactivate 14-, 15- and 16-membered macrolides.
Deletion of gene or gene product results in resistance. For example, deletion of a porin gene blocks drug from entering the cell.
MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface. A point mutation in the putative mprF synthase domain is associated with enhanced expression, increased synthesis and reduced daptomycin surface binding. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins.
MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins.
murA or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase catalyses the initial step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and is inhibited by fosfomycin. Overexpression of murA through mutations such as Asp369Asn and Leu370Ile confers fosfomycin resistance. Extensive evidence has shown the significance of C115 mutations in conferring fosfomycin resistance since this residue represents a primary binding site for the antibiotic across many species.
Escherichia coli murA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
Staphylococcus aureus murA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
murA or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase catalyses the initial step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and is inhibited by fosfomycin. Mutations to the murA enzyme confers resistance to the antibiotic.
Borreliella burgdorferi murA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
Mutations in the Mycolicibacterium smegmatis ndh gene that results in increased resistance to isoniazid.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis ndh with mutation conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mutations in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis ndh gene that results in increased resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis ndh with mutation conferring resistance to isoniazid
A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis murA confers intrinsic resistance to fosfomycin. The presence of an aspartic acid residue in place of the critical cysteine at position 117 that enables fosfomycin binding is believed to be responsible for this intrinsic resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis intrinsic murA conferring resistance to fosfomycin
Chlamydia murA confers intrinsic resistance to fosfomycin. The presence of an aspartic acid residue in place of the critical cysteine at position 119 that enables fosfomycin binding is believed to be responsible for this intrinsic resistance.
Chlamydia trachomatis intrinsic murA conferring resistance to fosfomycin
Inherent parC resistance to fluoroquinolone from an antibiotic producer. The presence of these genes confers self-resistance to the antibiotic it produces.
Inherent ParY resistant to aminocoumarin from an antibiotic producer. The presence of these genes confers self resistance to the antibiotic it produces.
Point mutations that occur within the Bacillus subtilis pgsA gene resulting in resistance to daptomycin.
Bacillus subtilis pgsA with mutation conferring resistance to daptomycin
Campylobacter jejuni is a major bacterial infectious agent associated with gastroenteritis. Quinolone resistance is reportedly conferred by a single C-257-T nucleotide substitution in the gyrA gene.
Campylobacter jejuni gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Enterococcus faecium liaF mutant conferring daptomycin resistance
Enterococcus faecalis liaS mutant conferring daptomycin resistance
Enterococcus faecalis liaR mutant conferring daptomycin resistance
Plasmid-mediated SPM metallo-beta-lactamase conferring resistance to carbapenem. Originally isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Responsible for carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) outbreaks in Brazil.
walK is the histidine kinase sensor of a two-component regulatory system controlling peptidoglycan metabolism through regulation of the expression of most of the peptidoglycan hydrolase genes. Mutations in the gene have been found that confer daptomycin resistance.
Staphylococcus aureus walK with mutation conferring resistance to daptomycin
Mutations to the walK gene, part of a cell wall metabolism 2-component regulatory system, confers resistance to antibiotics, specifically daptomycin.
A class C beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii that confers resistance to piperacillin and cefepime.
Acinetobacter baumannii ampC beta-lactamase
YybT has phosphodiesterase activity towards cyclic dinucleotides using a c-di-GMP hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase domain. Mutations to the gene confer resistance to daptomycin.
Enterococcus faecalis YybT with mutation conferring daptomycin resistance
Mutations to the YybT gene confers daptomycin resistance.
gdpD is a glycerolphosphodiesterase whose mutations confer resistance to daptomycin.
Enterococcus faecalis gdpD with mutation conferring daptomycin resistance
Transmembrane protein which expels bicyclomycin from the cell, leading to bicyclomycin resistance. Identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains responsible for outbreaks in Brazil, often appearing with blaSPM-1, another bicyclomycin resistance gene.
Mutations to the gdpD glycerolphosphodiesterase confer resistance to daptomycin.
agrA is an autoinducer in a peptide-quorum two-component regulatory system whose mutations confer daptomycin resistance.
Staphylococcus aureus agrA with mutation conferring resistance to daptomycin
Mutations to the regulatory gene agrA confer daptomycin resistance.
gshF is a bifunctional glutamate-cysteine ligase/ glutathione synthetase that when mutated, confers daptomycin resistance.
Enterococcus faecalis gshF with mutation conferring daptomycin resistance
Mutations to the glutathione synthetase gshF confers daptomycin resistance.
AcrR is a repressor of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux complex. AcrR mutations result in high level antibiotic resistance. The mutations associated with this model are specific to E. coli.
Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC with AcrR mutation conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and ceftazidime
carO is a transmembrane beta-barrel involved in the influx of carbapenem antibiotics in Acinetobacter baumannii. Disruption of the carO gene by distinct insertion elements results in a loss of carO expression causing resistance to carbapenem antibiotics. Homologs of carO have been identified in genera Acinetobacter, Moraxella and Psychrobacter.
An outer member protein (OMP) found in Acinetobacter baumannii involved in the uptake of imipenem and basic amino acids. This porin is homologous to Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprD, which performs an identical function.
Acinetobacter baumannii OprD conferring resistance to imipenem
Natural producers of kirromycin and kirromycin-like antibiotics (i.e., kirrothrycin) possess self-resistance, which is classified here.
AdeC is the outer membrane factor of the AdeABC multidrug efflux complex. It can be replaced by other outer membrane channels, and is not essential for antibiotic resistance.
drmA is an uncharacterized 6-pass membrane protein, with mutations to the protein causing modest resistance to daptomycin.
Enterococcus faecalis drmA with mutation conferring daptomycin resistance
Mutations to drmA confer daptomycin resistance.
YvlB is a putative target of the liaFSR signalling pathway, whose mutations confer daptomycin resistance.
Enterococcus faecalis YvlB with mutation conferring daptomycin resistance
Mutations to the putative liaFSR target YvlB confer daptomycin resistance.
Mutations in the A subunit of DNA gyrase reduce its affinity for fluoroquinolones, thereby conferring resistance.
Acinetobacter baumannii gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Mutations in Acinetobacter baumannii parC that result in resistance to fluoroquinolones.
Acinetobacter baumannii parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
mgrB is a small transmembrane protein produced in the PhoPQ signalling system. It acts as a negative regulator in this system. Inactivation or down-regulation of mgrB confers colistin resistance by absence as shown in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
BAL30072 is a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic belonging to the sulfactams. BAL30072 was found to trigger the spheroplasting and lysis of Escherichia coli rather than the formation of extensive filaments.
Battacin is a cationic lipopeptide antibiotic produced from a Paenibacillus tianmuensis soil isolate. Battacin kills bacteria in vitro and has potent activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant clinical isolates. The bactericidal kinetics of battacin correlate with the depolarization of the cell membrane, suggesting that battacin kills bacteria by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane.
Benzalkonium chloride is a type of cationic surfactant. It is an organic salt called a quaternary ammonium compound. It has three main categories of use: as a biocide, a cationic surfactant, and as a phase transfer agent.
An alanyl-tRNA synthetase conferring resistance to novobiocin in Escherichia coli. Sequence data unavailable.
Temocillin is a beta-lactamase resistant carboxypenicillin. It is primarily used for the treatment of multiple drug resistant, Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Enterobacteriaceae.
Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death.
Clostridioides difficile and Escherichia coli multidrug efflux transporter with antiporter function. Confers resistance to fluoroquinolones in E. coli and acriflavin in Clostridioides difficile.
qacH is a subunit of the qac multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
GadW is an AraC-family regulator that promotes mdtEF expression to confer multidrug resistance. GadW inhibits GadX-dependent activation. GadW clearly represses gadX and, in situations where GadX is missing, activates gadA and gadBC.
Mrx is part of the macrolide inactivation gene cluster in Aeromonas hydrophila.
Positive regulator of gene expression in the cysteine regulon. cysB mutants confer resistance to novobiocin, an aminocoumarin antibiotic, in Escherichia coli. Sequence data unavailable.
kdpE is a transcriptional activator that is part of the two-component system KdpD/KdpE that is studied for its regulatory role in potassium transport and has been identified as an adaptive regulator involved in the virulence and intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria. kdpE regulates a range of virulence loci through direct promoter binding.
MUS-2 is a chromosome-encoded beta-lactamase from Myroides odoratimimus.
leuO, a LysR family transcription factor, exists in a wide variety of bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae and is involved in the regulation of as yet unidentified genes affecting the stress response and pathogenesis expression. LeuO is also an activator of the MdtNOP efflux pump.
mfd dissociates transcription elongation complexes blocked at nonpairing lesions and mediates recruitment of DNA repair proteins. The Mfd (mutation frequency decline) protein, also known as transcription-repair coupling factor, is responsible for ATP-dependent removal of stalled RNA polymerase from DNA lesions by inducing forward movement of the RNA polymerase and subsequent recruitment of nucleotide excision repair machinery to the sites of the lesions.
ADC beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases with extended-spectrum resistance to cephalosporins but not to carbapenems. ADC beta-lactamases are found in Acinetobacter sp. and Oligella urethralis.
ADC beta-lactamase without carbapenemase activity
ADC-1 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-2 is a beta-lactamase found in Oligella urethralis.
ADC-3 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-4 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-5 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-6 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-7 is a beta-lactamase that is found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-8 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter sp.
ADC-10 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-12 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-13 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-14 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-15 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-16 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-17 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-18 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-19 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-20 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-21 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-22 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-23 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-25 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-31 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-39 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-41 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-42 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-43 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
Sequence variants of Enterococcus faecium elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics.
Enterococcus faecium EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to elfamycin
ADC-44 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter pittii.
ADC-56 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-61 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-74 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-75 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-76 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-77 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-78 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-79 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-80 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-81 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
ADC-82 is a beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
Point mutations to the active importer GlpT, which is involved with the uptake of many phosphorylated sugars, confer resistance to fosfomycin by reducing import of the drug into the bacteria.
Escherichia coli GlpT with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
Mutations to the active importer UhpT, which is involved with the uptake of many phosphorylated sugars, confer resistance to fosfomycin by reducing import of the drug into the bacteria.
Escherichia coli UhpT with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
uhpA is a positive activator of the fosfomycin importer uhpT, thus mutations to uhpA confer fosfomycin resistance by reducing uhpT expression. Both knockout and amino acid substitution mutations have been found that confer resistance, with the Protein Knockout model describing the large, knockout mutations causing loss of function of the gene, and the Protein Variant model describing the amino acid substitutions.
Escherichia coli uhpA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
Rm3 is a class B3 metallo-beta-lactamase isolated from a metagenomic soil sample in Yorkshire, United Kingdom, shown to confer resistance to clinically used penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
Mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PhoP of the two-component PhoPQ regulatory system. Presence of mutation confers resistance to colistin.
Pseudomonas mutant PhoP conferring resistance to colistin
Mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PhoQ of the two-component PhoPQ regulatory system. Presence of mutation confers resistance to colistin.
Pseudomonas mutant PhoQ conferring resistance to colistin
Tedizolid is a synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic that is administered to the patient as a prodrug that is activated in vivo. It acts as an inhibitor of protein synthesis by binding the 50S subunit of the ribosome and preventing formation of the 70S initiation complex. It is active against Gram-positive pathogens.
Lugdunin is a thiazolidine-containing cyclic peptide antibiotic isolated from nasal Staphylococcus lugnunensis that prohibits Staphylococcus aureus colony formation. It is a human commensal bacteria, indicating the potential for further antibiotic discoveries from human microbiota.
PtsI (phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase) is involved in cyclic AMP synthesis, which regulates glpT expression. As a result, mutations to ptsI confer resistance to fosfomycin by affecting the regulation of fosfomycin import.
phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase
Escherichia coli PtsI with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
CyaA (adenylate cyclase) is involved with the synthesis of cyclic AMP which regulates the fosfomycin transporter glpT. As a result, mutations to cyaA confer resistance to fosfomycin.
Escherichia coli cyaA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
Mutations to the active importer GlpT, which is involved with the uptake of many phosphorylated sugars, confer resistance to fosfomycin by reducing import of the drug into the bacteria.
Staphylococcus aureus GlpT with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
Staphylococcus aureus UhpT with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin
Thusin is a two-component lantibiotic isolated from B. thuringiensis strain BGSC 4BT1, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive pathogens. Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Mammaliicoccus sciuri, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae have all shown susceptibility to Thusin, with inhibition activities greater than Vancomycin or other lantibiotics.
Formicin is a two-component broad-spectrum lantibiotic produced by Bacillus paralicheniformis APC 1576, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridioides difficile and Listeria monocytogenes.
Aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase sequence from Staphylococcus aureus plasmid.
Cfr-like methyltransferase enzyme conferring resistance to multiple clinically relevant antibiotic classes.
Chromosome-encoded gene conferring MLSB resistance. Identified from Helcococcus kunzii.
A drug which binds to menaquinone in the bacterial cell membrane. Binding of Lysocin to menaquinone facilitates lysis of the cell.
A molecule involved in electron transport in bacterial cell membrane.
menA encodes a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase, with mutations to the protein conferring resistance to lysocin E.
Staphylococcus aureus menA with mutation conferring resistance to lysocin
Plasmid-borne apramycin-resistant aminocyclitol acetyltransferase gene identified from bovine MRSA.
Lysocin family of peptide antibiotics isolated from Lysobacter spp.
A gene that produces the protein lipid A 4'-phosphatase.
oqxAB encodes for OqxAB, a plasmid-encoded efflux pump, which confer resistance to multiple agents including fluoroquinolones.
RND efflux pump conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone.
Point mutation of Haemophilus parainfluenzae gyrA resulted in the lowered affinity between fluoroquinolones and GyrA. Thus, conferring resistance. Both Ser and Tyr are hydrophilic amino acids, however Tyr has an additional bulky hydrophobic group which could affect the interaction between the DNA gyrase with quinolones.
Haemophilus parainfluenzae gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation of Haemophilus parainfluenzae parC resulted in the lowered affinity between fluoroquinolones and ParC. Thus, conferring resistance.
Haemophilus parainfluenzae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutations in Salmonella gyrA that confer resistance to Nalidixic acid, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. These mutations have also been shown to reduce susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.
Salmonella enterica gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Ceftolozane is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed for the treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria that have become resistant to conventional antibiotics.
Point mutation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA gyrase subunit A. Decreases affinity between fluoroquinolone antibiotic molecule and gyrA, thereby conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae gyrA with mutations conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutations in Neisseria gonorrhoeae parC protein that confer resistance to fluoroquinolone by reducing affinity to antibiotic binding site.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
rpsJ is a tetracycline resistance protein identified in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Tetracycline resistance is conferred by binding to the ribosome as a 30S ribosomal protection protein.
Point mutation in Capnocytophaga gingivalis that decreases binding affinity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics to gyrA, thereby conferring resistance.
Capnocytophaga gingivalis gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Compounds and molecules that inhibit the action of antibiotic efflux proteins, thereby decreasing resistance caused by efflux pumps.
Berberine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid shown to reduce MexXY-dependent antibiotic resistance of cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides and aminoglycosides in Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Achromobacter.
An aminomethylcycline antibiotic that targets 16s rRNA in gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Point mutation in Neisseria meningititis PBP2 (penA) decreases affinity between beta-lactam antibiotic molecule and PBP2, thereby conferring resistance to beta-lactam.
Neisseria meningititis PBP2 conferring resistance to beta-lactam
Mutations in PBP transpeptidases that change the affinity for penicillin thereby conferring resistance to penicillin antibiotics.
Penicillin-binding protein mutations conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
Point mutations in Salmonella parC gene implicated in decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolone antibiotics, primarily ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid.
Salmonella enterica parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutations in Shigella flexneri gyrA observed to confer resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Shigella flexneri gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics in Shigella flexneri,.
Shigella flexneri parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
AbcA is a multidrug resistant ABC transporter that confers resistance to methicillin, daptomycin, cefotaxime, and moenomycin.
EfrAB is a heterodimeric ABC transporter efflux pump found in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium that confers resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, rifampicin, quinupristine.
efrA is a part of the EfrAB efflux pump, and both efrA and efrB are necessary to confer drug resistance.
efrB is a part of the EfrAB efflux pump, and both efrA and efrB are necessary to confer multidrug resistance.
MsbA is a multidrug resistance transporter homolog from E. coli and belongs to a superfamily of transporters that contain an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette (ABC) which is also called a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). MsbA is a member of the MDR-ABC transporter group by sequence homology. MsbA transports lipid A, a major component of the bacterial outer cell membrane, and is the only bacterial ABC transporter that is essential for cell viability.
Microcin J25 is a peptide antibiotic that inhibits transcription by bacterial RNA polymerase. MccJ25 is produced by Escherichia coli strains that harbor a plasmid-borne antibiotic-synthesis and antibiotic-export cassette, consisting of a gene for MccJ25 precursor (a 58 residue linear peptide), two genes for factors that process MccJ25 precursor into MccJ25, and one gene for export of MccJ25.
YojI mediates resistance to the peptide antibiotic microcin J25 when it is expressed from a multicopy vector. YojI is capable of pumping out microcin molecules. The outer membrane protein TolC in addition to YojI is required for export of microcin J25 out of the cell. Microcin J25 is thus the first known substrate for YojI.
hmrM is a multidrug efflux pump belonging to the MATE family and functions as a Na+/drug antiporter.
efmA is an MFS transporter permease in E. faecium.
efpA is an MFS transporter found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Amongst the diverse and potent biological activities of free fatty acids (FFAs) is the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. The antibacterial properties of FFAs are used by many organisms to defend against parasitic or pathogenic bacteria. The prime target of FFA action is the cell membrane, where FFAs disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Besides interfering with cellular energy production, FFA action may also result from the inhibition of enzyme activity, impairment of nutrient uptake, generation of peroxidation and auto-oxidation degradation products or direct lysis of bacterial cells.
Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Palmitic acid is found to have antibacterial properties.
Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. Oleic acid is found to have antibacterial activity, particularly in inhibiting the growth of several Gram-positive bacterial species.
Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. Linoleic acid has been found to have antibacterial activity, particularly in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacterial species.
farAB is an MFS efflux pump found in gonococci that is involved in antibacterial fatty acid resistance. Moreover, expression of the tandemly linked farA and farB genes was positively associated with the presence of the MtrR transcriptional regulatory protein that normally downregulates the expression of mtrCDE.
farA is the membrane fusion protein that is part of the farAB efflux pump.
farB is the cytoplasmic transporter protein that is part of the farAB efflux pump. farB corresponds to 3 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and 3 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58.
The Flo transporters can be plasmid- or chromosome-encoded. flo is an important determinant of florfenicol resistance in animal isolates of E. coli but is also found in human pathogens (e.g. Salmonella enterica and V. cholerae).
hp1181 is a translocase that is part of the MFS efflux pump family. It is found in H. pylori and has role in the active efflux of antibiotics.
hp1184 is a translocase that belongs to the MATE efflux pump family. It is found in H. pylori and is involved in the active efflux of antibiotics.
Klebsiella pneumoniae outer membrane porin protein. In beta-lactam-resistant Klebsiella, this porin is often deleted, limiting diffusion of the antibiotic into the cell. Klebsiella strains expressing OmpK35 are often beta-lactam sensitive even in the presence of beta-lactamases because of an inefficient mechanism.
lfrA is involved in the active efflux of quinolones and is found in Mycobacteroides abscessus.
Klebsiella pneumoniae outer membrane porin protein. In beta-lactam-resistant Klebsiella, this porin is often deleted, limiting diffusion of the antibiotic into the cell. Klebsiella strains expressing OmpK36 are often beta-lactam sensitive even in the presence of beta-lactamases because of an inefficient mechanism.
lmrP is a proton motive force-dependent drug transporter that is part of the MFS efflux pump family.
Non-van ligases that synthesize D-Ala-D-Ala, the default cell wall precursor that makes a cell vulnerable to glycopeptide antibiotics. Mutations in the ddl gene can cause the production of nonfunctional/inactivated D-Ala-D-Ala ligases, which can render bacteria glycopeptide dependent depending on the presence of vancomycin resistance clusters.
Variant of Erm(44)v isolated from Staphylococcus saprophyticus, confers resistance to lincosamide and macrolide antibiotics but not streptogramins.
A clinically developed Macrolide antibiotic targeting gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Point mutations in Cutibacterium acnes gyrA protein known to confer resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Cutibacterium acnes gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum, considered a universal translation inhibitor.
Point mutations in bacterial 16S rRNA that confer resistance to antibiotic pactamycin.
16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to pactamycin
Point mutations in Halobacterium 16S rRNA that confer resistance to pactamycin antibiotic.
Halobacterium salinarum 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to pactamycin
Point mutation in C. reinhardtii rrnS conferring resistance to streptomycin antibiotic.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 16S rRNA (rrnS) mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin
A fluorocycline that acts to inhibit the bacterial ribosome.
TetA(58) is a Tetracycline efflux pump described in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain of Paenibacillus isolated from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
Tetracycline resistant TetB(58) efflux pump found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain of Paenibacillus isolated from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
Lincosamide (Clindamycin) resistant (putative) ribosomal methyltransferase related to the RlmK 23S rRNA methyltransferase COG family. Detected in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, an isolated strain of Paenibacillus found in Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
LlmA 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase conferring resistance to phenicol antibiotics detected in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, an isolated strain of Paenibacillus from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
Bacitracin amidohydrolase found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, an isolated strain of Paenibacillus from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Confers resistance by bacitracin inactivation through amidohydrolysis. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
Hydrolysis of amido side-chain of asparagine-12 forming hydrogen bond with undecaprenyl pyrophosphate in bacitracin leading to antibiotic inactivation.
amidohydrolysis of bacitracin undecaprenyl pyrophosphate
Pleuromutilin (Tiamulin) ABC efflux pump found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain of Paenibacillus isolated from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Confers resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
Streptogramin A acetyltransferase found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, isolated from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Confers resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
AAC(2')-IIb is an intrinsic Kasugamycin 2' acetyltransferase protein found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain of Paenibacillus isolated from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, including kasugamycin. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
AAC(6')-34 is an aminoglycoside 6'-phosphotransferase found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain of Paenibacillus from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
VgbC is a streptogramin B-type lyase found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain of Paenibacillus isolated from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Confers resistance to streptogramin B-type antibiotics by linearization of the lactone ring on an ester bond, resulting in antibiotic inactivation. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
mphI is a macrolide phosphotransferase protein found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain of Paenibacillus isolated from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Confers resistance to macrolide antibiotics. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
rphB is a rifampin phosphotransferase protein found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain of Paenibacillus isolated from Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Confers resistance to rifamycin antibiotics, specifically rifampin, through rifampin inactivation. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
Capreomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, capable of treating a large number of infections but in particular used for killing bacteria causing tuberculosis.
cpaA is a capreomycin acetyltransferase protein found in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, an isolated strain of Paenibacillus in Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. Confers resistance to capreomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2016.
Amino acid substitutions in Clostridioides difficile gyrase subunit A which when present confer functional resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Clostridioides difficile gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic Amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Clavulanic Acid (potassium clavulanate).
An antibiotic mixture containing the penicillin-derived beta-lactam antibiotic Ampicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Sulbactam. Also known as Unasyn and/or Ampictam.
Cefamandole is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic.
Cefetamet is a third-generation semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic that inactivates inner cell wall PBPs through targeting binding, resulting in cell lysis.
Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis.
Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis.
Cefoperazone is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin containing a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamases. Particularly used for treatment of Pseudomonas spp. infections.
Cefotetan is a cephamycin-class beta-lactam antibiotic that is highly resistant to beta-lactamases and effective against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis.
Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic predominantly used in veterinary medicine. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs.
Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs.
Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis.
Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis.
Cinoxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic primarily used for the treatment of urinary tract infections in adults. Cinoxacin binds to DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and cell death.
Clinafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and gyrase (DNA topoisomerase II) inhibitor. It binds to DNA gyrase and disrupts replication by causing double-stranded DNA breaks, resulting in cell death.
Clofazimine is a fluoroquinolone-class phenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. Clofazimine binds to DNA and disrupts bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby causing double-stranded DNA breaks, and subsequent cell death.
Fleroxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the DNA supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and subsequent cell death.
Flomoxef is an oxacephem antibiotic which was effective in preventing the growth of all ESBL-producing strains and is widely active against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria. It is sometimes classified as a second-generation or fourth-generation cephalosporin.
Gentamicin A is part of a complex of broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotics. Gentamicin inhibits protein synthesis, resulting in bacterial cell death.
Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death.
Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier.
Nafcillin is a penicillin-class narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. It inhibits cell wall synthesis and peptidoglycan cross-linkage through binding to PBPs, similarly to other penicillin-like antibiotics.
Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is an anti-tubercular antibiotic agent, often used in conjunction with Isoniazid for treatment of M. tuberculosis infections. PAS diminishes bacterial cell growth by limiting folic acid production.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam penam antibiotic Piperacillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the penam beta-lactam antibiotic Piperacillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Tazobactam.
An antibiotic cocktail of the streptogramin A dalfopristin and the streptogramin B quinupristin antibiotics. Used particularly to treat MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic ticarcillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid (clavulanate).
An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX).
Prothionamide is a thioamide derivative with antibacterial properties. It increases cell wall permeability and decreases cell wall damage resistance by inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis, resulting in cell death. It is particularly used to treat M. tuberculosis and M. leprae infections.
Tinidazole is a nitroimidazole anti-parasitic drug. It is used in the treatment of protozoan infections.
An efflux pump/potassium antiporter system (RosAB) formed by the RosA and RosB proteins found in Yersinia.
tetAB(46) is a heterodimeric ABC transporter conferring tetracycline resistance in Streptococcus australis isolated from the oral cavity. Both tetA(46) and tetB(46) genes are required for resistance.
tetA(46) is a subunit of tetAB(46), a heterodimeric ABC transporter, that is required for conferring tetracycline resistance in Streptococcus australis isolated from the oral cavity.
tetB(46) is a subunit of tetAB(46), a heterodimeric ABC transporter, that is required for conferring tetracycline resistance in Streptococcus australis isolated from the oral cavity.
tetAB(60) is an ABC transporter that confers resistance to tetracycline and tigercycline identified by screening a human saliva metagenomic library in Escherichia coli. Both tetA(60) and tetB(60) are required for resistance.
tetA(60) is a subunit of tetAB(60), an ABC transporter that confers resistance to tetracycline and tigercycline identified by screening a human saliva metagenomic library in Escherichia coli, which is required for resistance.
tetB(60) is a subunit of tetAB(60), an ABC transporter that confers resistance to tetracycline and tigercycline identified by screening a human saliva metagenomic library in Escherichia coli, which is required for resistance.
EmrE is a small multidrug transporter that functions as a homodimer and that couples the efflux of small polyaromatic cations from the cell with the import of protons down an electrochemical gradient. Confers resistance to tetraphenylphosphonium, methyl viologen, gentamicin, kanamycin, and neomycin.
Member of the small MDR (multidrug resistance) family of transporters; in Escherichia coli this protein provides resistance against a number of positively charged compounds including ethidium bromide and erythromycin; proton-dependent secondary transporter which exchanges protons for compound translocation.
Enzymes, protein or other gene products that inactivate rifampin (rifamycin) antibiotics through phosphorylation of the antibiotic at the 21-OH position.
AcrA is a subunit of the AcrAB multidrug efflux system that is found in K. pneumoniae, which is encoded by the acrRAB operon.
AcrA is a subunit of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux system in E. cloacae.
AcrA is a subunit of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux system found in E. coli.
fabI is a bacterial enoyl-acyl carrier reductase (ENR) isozyme. As with other ENRs, mutations in fabI can confer resistance to the biocide triclosan.
fabI is a enoyl-acyl carrier reductase used in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. The bacterial biocide Triclosan blocks the final reduction step in fatty acid elongation, inhibiting biosynthesis. Point mutations in fabI can confer resistance to Triclosan and Isoniazid.
Escherichia coli fabI mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid and triclosan
kdpDE is a two-component regulatory system in Escherichia coli, well studied for its role in potassium transport and homeostasis. kdpE is also implicated in virulence loci regulation and overexpression of kdpE is shown to confer resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.
kdpD is a component of the two-component regulatory system, kdpDE. This system is involved in potassium transport and homeostasis, and has been implicated in virulence factor regulation along with kdpE.
fabG is a 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase involved in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis.The bacterial biocide Triclosan blocks the final reduction step in fatty acid elongation, inhibiting biosynthesis. Point mutations in fabG can confer resistance to Triclosan.
Escherichia coli fabG mutations conferring resistance to triclosan
fabG is a bacterial 3-oxoacyl enoyl-acyl carrier reductase (ENR) isozyme. As with other ENRs, mutations in fabG are shown to confer resistance to the biocide triclosan.
CpxR is directly involved in activation of expression of RND efflux pump MexAB-OprM in P. aeruginosa. CpxR is required to enhance mexAB-oprM expression and drug resistance, in the absence of repressor MexR.
The Escherichia coli CpxR/CpxA system responds to general periplasmic stress and has been used as a model two-component system for transcription regulation in bacteria. CpxR/CpxA system facilitates Salmonella and E. coli resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides.The CpxR/CpxA system can activate transcription of marRAB operon, thus facilitating multidrug-resistant regulator to enhance expression of TolC-dependent tripartite multidrug transporters.
ArmR, a 53-amino-acid antirepressor, allosterically inhibits MexR dimer-DNA binding by occupying a hydrophobic binding cavity within the center of the MexR dimer. ArmR up-regulation and MexR-ArmR complex formation have previously been shown to upregulate MexAB-OprM.
Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to linezolid and other oxazolidinone antibiotics.
23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to linezolid antibiotics
Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit of the large ribosomal bacterial subunit in Staphylococcus aureus, which confer resistance to linezolid by disrupting antibiotic target binding.
Staphylococcus aureus 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to linezolid
Type A NfxB mutants are four to eight times more resistant to ofloxacin, erythromycin, and new zwitterionic cephems, i.e., cefpirome, cefclidin, cefozopran, and cefoselis, than the parent strain, PAO1. nfxB corresponds to 2 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (gene name: esrC/nfxB) and 2 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58 (gene name: nfxB).
Type B NfxB mutants are more resistant to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, as well as ofloxacin, erythromycin, and the new zwitterionic cephems, than was PAO1, and they are four to eight times more susceptible to carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, imipenem, panipenem, biapenem, moxalactam, aztreonam, gentamicin, and kanamycin than PAO1. The mutation at the 46th amino acid position is sufficient for overproduction of OprJ and the multidrug resistance. nfxB corresponds to 2 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (gene name: esrC/nfxB) and 2 loci in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58 (gene name: nfxB).
MexCD–OprJ with type A NfxB phenotype are four to eight times more resistant to ofloxacin, erythromycin, and new zwitterionic cephems, i.e., cefpirome, cefclidin, cefozopran, and cefoselis, than the parent strain, PAO1.
MexCD-OprJ with Type B NfxB mutions are more resistant to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, as well as ofloxacin, erythromycin, and the new zwitterionic cephems, than was PAO1, and they are four to eight times more susceptible to carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, imipenem, panipenem, biapenem, moxalactam, aztreonam, gentamicin, and kanamycin than PAO1.
EdeQ is an N-acetyltransferase enzyme that confers high-level self-resistance to edeine in Brevibacillus brevis, a natural edeine producer. EdeQ converts active edeine to N-acetyledeine, which is ineffective in vivo.
Edeine acetyltransferase enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group to active edeine, converting it to an inactive form in vivo. This mechanism is used for high-level self-resistance in edeine-producing Brevibacillus spp.
The MexEF–OprN efflux pump in P. aeruginosa is overexpressed with MexT mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin.
MexEF-OprN with MexT mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim
Subclass B1 (metallo-) beta-lactamases found in Myroides spp., which confer resistance to carbapenam class beta-lactamase antibiotics.
The MexEF–OprN efflux pump with MexS mutations conferring resistance to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. The model includes the MexT regulator, as MexS is suggested to inactivate MexT.
MexEF-OprN with MexS mutations conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim
MvaT, a global regulator of virulence genes in P. aeruginosa, has also shown to be able to repress the expression of the MexEF-OprN pump.
A deletion of MvaT results in the overexpression of MexEF-OprN conferring resistance to chloramphenicol and norfloxacin.
MexEF-OprN with MvaT deletion conferring resistance to chloramphenicol and norfloxacin
OpmB is an outer membrane efflux protein in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that shows functional cooperation with MuxABC, to form the efflux pump system MuxABC-OpmB.
MuxA is a membrane fusion protein component of the efflux pump system MuxABC-OpmB in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
MuxB is one of the two necessary RND components in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa efflux pump system MuxABC-OpmB.
MuxC is one of the two necessary RND components of the MuxABC-OpmB efflux pumps system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
MuxABC-OpmB is an RND-type multidrug efflux pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This efflux pump confers resistance to aztreonam, novobiocin, tetracycline, erythromycin, kitasamycin and rokitamycin.
PmpM is a multidrug efflux pump belonging to the MATE family of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PmpM is an H+ drug antiporter and is the first reported case of an H+ coupled efflux pump in the MATE family. PmpM confers resistance to fluoroquinolones, fradiomycin, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, ethidium bromide, tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (TPPCl), and rhodamine 6G.
AcrAD-TolC efflux pump system in E. coli from the resistance-nodulation-division family, was shown to participate in the efflux of aminoglycosides.
AcrEF-TolC efflux pump system of E. coli confers resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin).
AcrEF-TolC confers resistance to ciprofloxacin
lnuG is a transposon-mediated lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase found in Enterococcus faecalis on Tn6260.
APH(3')-VIIIb is an aminoglycoside phosphoryltransferase that acts on the 3-OH target of aminoglycosides found in Acinetobacter rudis.
APH(3')-IXa is an aminoglycoside phosphoryltransferase that acts on the 3-OH target of aminoglycosides.
Lefamulin is a semi-synthetic pleuromutilin compound highly active against multi-resistant pathogens.
ANT(3'')-IIa is a aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase identified in Acinetobacter spp. via horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.
ANT(3'')-IIb is a aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase identified in Acinetobacter spp. via horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.
ANT(3'')-IIc is a aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase identified in Acinetobacter spp. via horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.
Shotgun cloning of beta-lactam resistant P. aeruginosa NRZ-03096 yielded a clone producing a novel subclass B1 enzyme with only 74.3% identity to the next nearest relative, KHM-1. The novel MBL was named HMB-1 (for Hamburg MBL). HMB-1 gene was chromosomally located as part of a Tn 3 family transposon that was named Tn 6345, where expression of bla HMB-1 in E. coli TOP10 led to increased resistance to beta-lactams.
NDM-17 is a metallo-beta-lactamase isolated from Escherichia coli with enhanced carbapenemase activity compared to NDM-1.
Erm(48) is a macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance gene identified on resistance plasmid pJW2311.
Mutations to the CdsA phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase conferring resistance to daptomycin.
CdsA is a phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase which plays a role in the production of membrane phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin.
Streptococcus mitis CdsA with mutation conferring daptomycin resistance
LpeAB are components of an efflux pump, which is a macrolide resistance determinant in L. pneumophila Paris strain. Mutations observed in the upstream sequence of lpeAB operon in resistant lineages led to an overexpression of this efflux pump. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of macrolides themselves participated in upregulating this efflux and could constitute a first step in the acquisition of a high macrolide resistance level. As Lpp2879–Lpp2880 is homologous to Escherichia coli AcrAB, lpp2879–lpp2880 was renamed to lpeAB.
LpeA is a subunit of the LpeAB efflux pump in Legionella pneumophila, which is homologous to AcrA in E. coli.
LpeB is a subunit of the LpeAB efflux pump in Legionella pneumophila, which is homologous to AcrB in E. coli.
MdtNOP is a MFS efflux pump protein found in E. coli. The deletion of mdtP from strain W3110 resulted in increased susceptibility to acriflavin, puromycin, and tetraphenylarsonium chloride. An E. coli mdtN null mutant is more sensitive to sulfur drugs than wild type.
Methyltransferase enzyme first described in Streptoalloteichus tenebrarius. Confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics (esp. apramycin) through methylation of the 16S rRNA at A1408, thereby modifying the antibiotic target.
QepA2 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance pump found in an Escherichia coli isolate from France.
TMB-1, the first known member of the Tripoli metallo-beta-lactamase family (TMB) was isolated from Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a Tripoli central hospital. TMB-1 was located on a class 1 integron and is a chromosomally-encoded beta-lactamase capable of hydrolyzing multiple antibiotics.
TMB-1 is a TMB metallo-beta-lactamase found in Achromobacter sp.
TMB-2 is a TMB metallo-beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter sp.
SoxR is a redox-sensitive transcriptional activator that induces expression of a small regulon that includes the RND efflux pump-encoding operon mexGHI-opmD. SoxR was shown to be activated by pyocyanin.
rob is a positive regulator for the acrAB efflux genes, and is structurally similar to SoxS and MarA.
MCR-2 is a plasmid-borne phosphoethanolamine transferase that interferes with binding of colistin to the cell membrane via addition of phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, resulting in reduction of the negative charge of the cell membrane. Originally identified in a Belgian sample of Escherichia coli by Xavier et al, (2016).
FosA6 is a plasmid-encoded enzyme that confers resistance to fosfomycin in Escherichia coli by breaking the epoxide ring of the molecule.
This group of enzymes catalyzes the addition of a phosphoethanolamine group to another molecule. The addition of this moiety to lipid A in bacterial species is often associated with polymyxin (otherwise known as colistin) resistance.
phosphoethanolamine transferase conferring colistin resistance
FosA7 is an enzyme that confers resistance to fosfomycin in Escherichia coli by breaking the epoxide ring of the molecule.
In the presence of antibiotic stress, there is a coupled down-regulation of the porin OmpC with the OmpF. Mutants both lacking both OmpC and OmpF proteins are resistant to cephaloridine and cefazolin. Analyses of genes involved in the increased resistance to tetracycline suggest that the up-regulation of efflux pump genes is accompanied by a decrease of OmpF and OmpC synthesis. Homologs of OmpC have been identified in Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella aerogenes and Serratia marcescens.
Nitroimidazoles are a group of drugs that have both antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity, classified with respect to the location of the nitro functional group.
Nitrofurans are chemotherapeutic agents with antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity.
A ToxR-Regulated outer membrane porin. In Vibrio cholerae, ToxR controls resistance to P2 (a BPI-derived antimicrobial peptide) by regulating the production of OmpU. OmpU also confers resistance to polymyxin B sulfate.
A ToxR negatively regulated outer membrane porin. In Vibrio cholerae, ToxR controls resistance to P2 (a BPI-derived antimicrobial peptide) by regulating the production of OmpT, especially in the absence of OmpU.
CBP C1-aminomethylene vancomycin is a synthetic vancomycin derivative which exhibits multiple synergistic mechanisms of action, allowing it to effectively inhibit otherwise-glycopeptide resistant Gram-positive bacteria (notably those with functioning VanA clusters).
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI) protein is a member of a new generation of proteins known as super-antibiotics that are implicated as endotoxin neutralising agents. The potent (nM) cytotoxicity of BPI is limited to gram-negative bacteria (GNB), reflecting the high affinity (<10 nM) of BPI for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Binding of BPI to live bacteria via LPS causes immediate growth arrest, actual killing coincides with later damage to the inner membrane.
Klebsiella pneumoniae outer membrane porin protein. Is preferentially detected in porin-deficient strains. Functional characterization of this new porin revealed a narrower pore than those of porins OmpK35 and OmpK36, which did not allow penetration by certain beta-lactams. Also, when a resistant strain expresses porin OmpK37 is less susceptible to cefotaxime and cefoxitin than when it is expressing either OmpK36 or OmpK35.
Heterologous expression of Burkholderia pseudomallei Omp38 (BpsOmp38) in Omp-deficient E. coli host cells lowers their permeability and in consequence, their antimicrobial susceptibility to penicillin G, cefoxitin, ceftazidime and imipenem.
The outer membrane protein M35 of Moraxella catarrhalis is an antigenically conserved porin. Down-regulation of M35 significantly increases the MICs of aminopenicillins, specifically amoxicillin.
Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics.
23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics
LamB is a negative regulator for antibiotic resistance, it serves as a porin to influx antibiotic. When down-regulated, it increases resistance to chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, balofloxacin and nalidixic acid. It also interacts with Odp1, an energy metabolic enzyme, creating a complex that decreases in antibiotic-resistant strains.
MltA-interacting protein (mipA), is an antibiotic resistance-related outer membrane protein. Deletion of mipA increases kanamycin, nalidixic acid and streptomycin resistance.
Omp1 is an outer membrane porin that confers resistance by absence in S. marcescens. Knockout, deletion or other inhibition of the omp1 gene confers resistance to certain beta-lactamase antibiotics - including Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, and Moxalactam - as well as Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline, and Chloramphenicol, by preventing passage of the antibiotic into the cell.
Cephaloridine is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, first-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cephaloridine binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.
Balofloxacin is an 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It shows potent bactericidal activity and inhibits the supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa.
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methylaminopiperidine-1-yl)-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli shown clinically to confer resistance to the macrolide-class antibiotics erythromycin and telithromycin.
Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to erythromycin and telithromycin
Point mutation in 23S rRNA of C. reinhardtii chloroplast shown clinically to confer resistance to Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to erythromycin
Point mutation in B. hyodysenteriae 23S rRNA shown to confer resistance to tylosin and erythromycin.
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tylosin
Point mutations in Helicobacter pylori shown to confer resistance to clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic.
Helicobacter pylori 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin
Point mutations in M. tuberculosis iniB shown to confer resistance to ethambutol.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniB with mutation conferring resistance to ethambutol
Point mutations occurring in the iniB region of the iniBAC operon shown to confer resistance to ethambutol.
iniB, an isoniazid-induced protein, is part of the iniBAC operon that participates in the development of tolerance to both isoniazid and ethambutol. May function through a MDR-pump like mechanism, although it does not appear to directly transport isoniazid from the cell.
Point mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA subunit of M. catarrhalis shown clinically to confer resistance to macrolide class antibiotics.
Moraxella catarrhalis 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics
MCR-3 is a plasmid-borne phosphoethanolamine transferase that interferes with binding of colistin to the cell membrane via addition of phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, resulting reduction in negative charge of the cell membrane. Originally described by Yin et al. 2017, from a porcine Escherichia coli plasmid pWJ1.
Enzymes shown to inactivate fusidic acid by hydrolytic cleavage from the 16 beta-position of fusidic acid and its derivatives. This converts fusidic acid to an inactivate lactone derivative, thus conferring resistance to fusidic acid.
hydrolysis of fusidic acid to inactive lactone derivative
An RND-type efflux system that confers innate aminoglycoside resistance to Achromobacter spp. It has a transcriptional regulator encoded by the axyZ gene located upstream of axyXY-oprZ. In-frame axyZ gene deletion assay led to increased MICs of antibiotic substrates of the efflux system: aminoglycosides, cefepime, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and erythromycin, indicating that the product of axyZ negatively regulates expression of axyXY-oprZ. Moreover a 45 amino-acid substitution at position 29 of AxyZ (V29G) was identified in a clinical Achromobacter strain that occurred during the course of chronic respiratory tract colonization in a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient. This substitution, also detected in 3 other strains exposed in vitro to tobramycin, led to the increase in axyY transcription level (5 to 17-fold) together with the increase in antibiotic resistance level.
OprZ is the outer membrane component of the AxyXY-OprZ efflux pump system in Achromobacter spp.
AxyX is the inner membrane transporter of the AxyXY-OprZ efflux pump system in Achromobacter spp.
AxyY is the periplasmic adaptor protein of the AxyXY-OprZ efflux pump system in Achromobacter spp.
AxyZ is a transcriptional regulator of the AxyXY-OprZ efflux pump system.
A cfr-like 23S rRNA methyltransferase shown to confer resistance to linezolid and phenicol antibiotics, including florfenicol and chloramphenicol, in Clostridium.
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli shown clinically to confer resistance to clindamycin, a lincosamide antibiotic.
Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clindamycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli shown clinically to confer resistance to chloramphenicol.
Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol
Antibiotic resistant form of thymidylate synthase (synthetase), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dUMP to dTMP in nucleotide biosynthesis. Loss-of-function mutations in thymidylate synthase confer resistance to p-aminosalicylic acid by disrupting the substrate-binding affinity and catalytic activity.
aminosalicylate resistant thymidylate synthase
Point mutations in the thymidylate synthetase thyA gene shown clinically to confer resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid. Loss-of-function mutations in thyA disrupt the catalytic activity and substrate-binding affinity, thus conferring resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis thyA with mutation conferring resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid
Thymidylate synthase (synthetase) catalyzes the conversion of dUMP to dTMP in the nucleic acid biosynthesis pathway. Inhibition of thyA imbalances the cellular concentration of dUMP causing DNA damage.
antibiotic sensitive thymidylate synthase
Dihydrofolate synthase (synthetase) enzymes resistant to aminosalicylates (inc. para-aminosalicylic acid) caused by mutation. Dihydrofolate synthase is required for bioactivation of p-aminosalicylic acid, and mutation in dihydrofolate synthase inhibits production of the dihydrofolate analog hydroxyl-dihydrofolate, thus preventing activation and conferring resistance.
aminosalicylate resistant dihydrofolate synthase
Wild-type form of dihydrofolate synthase (synthetase) enzymes. Bioactivation of p-aminosalicylic acid occurs during the folate pathway when dihydrofolate and its analog hydroxyl-dihydrofolate are produced by dihydrofolate synthase. Disruption of this pathway by PAS results in cell damage and death.
antibiotic sensitive dihydrofolate synthase
Point mutations in the dihydrofolate synthetase folC gene shown clinically to confer resistance to p-aminosalicylic acid or other aminosalicylates. Mutations in folC inhibit bioactivation of PAS and thus confer resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis folC with mutation conferring resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid
Point mutations in the 23S rRNA (domain V) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum can confer resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics (tiamulin and valnemulin). The mutants also show cross-resistance to lincomycin, chloramphenicol and florfenicol.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli shown clinically to confer resistance to clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic.
Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Propionibacteria shown clinically to confer resistance to macrolides.
Propionibacteria 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycobacteroides abscessus shown to confer resistance to clarithromycin, a macrolide type antibiotic.
Mycobacteroides abscessus 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycobacterium avium shown to confer resistance to clarithromycin, a macrolide type antibiotic.
Mycobacterium avium 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycobacteroides chelonae shown to confer resistance to clarithromycin, a macrolide type antibiotic.
Mycobacteroides chelonae 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycobacterium intracellulare shown to confer resistance to clarithromycin, a macrolide type antibiotic.
Mycobacterium intracellulare 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycobaccterium avium shown to confer resistance to azithromycin, a macrolide type antibiotic.
Mycobacterium intracellulare 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to azithromycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycobacterium kansasii shown to confer resistance to clarithromycin, a macrolide type antibiotic.
Mycobacterium kansasii 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis shown to confer resistance to clarithromycin, a macrolide type antibiotic.
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Streptococcus pneumoniae shown to confer resistance to macrolide type antibiotics.
Streptococcus pneumoniae 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Streptomyces ambofaciens shown to confer resistance to macrolide type antibiotics.
Streptomyces ambofaciens 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics
Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to oxazolidinone antibiotics.
23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to oxazolidinone antibiotics
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli shown to confer resistance to oxazolidinone type antibiotics.
Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to oxazolidinone antibiotics
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Chlamydia trachomatis shown to confer resistance to macrolide type antibiotics.
Chlamydia trachomatis 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycoplasma hominis shown to confer resistance to macrolide type antibiotics.
Mycoplasma hominis 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycoplasmopsis fermentans shown to confer resistance to macrolide type antibiotics.
Mycoplasmopsis fermentans 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics
Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics.
23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Mycoplasma pneumoniae shown to confer resistance to erythromycin.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to erythromycin
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Halobacterium halobium shown to confer resistance to chloramphenicol.
Halobacterium halobium 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Streptococcus pneumoniae shown to confer resistance to macrolides and streptogramins types of antibiotics.
Streptococcus pneumoniae 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to macrolides and streptogramins antibiotics
Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to streptogramins antibiotics.
23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to streptogramins antibiotics
Antibiotic target replacement dihydrofolate reductase enzymes or domains with catalytic activity that confer resistance to aminosalicylates, esp. p-aminosalicylic acid.
aminosalicylate resistant dihydrofolate reductase
ribD is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis riboflavin biosynthesis enzyme. Point mutations in ribD cause enzyme overexpression, which allows the C-terminal reductase domain to act as an alternative dihydrofolate reductase. Thus, mutations in ribD confer resistance to DHFR inhibitors such as para-aminosalicylic acid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ribD with mutation conferring resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid
mecD is a PBP2a variant identified on a genomic resistance island in Macrococcus caseolyticus. MecD confers resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics through the production of an alternative low-affinity PBP. First described by Schwendener et al. 2017 and identified from canine and bovine sources.
Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to lincosamide antibiotics by reducing antibiotic binding-site affinity.
23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to lincosamide antibiotics
Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit shown clinically to confer resistance to phenicol class antibiotics, including chloramphenicol and florfenicol, by disrupting antibiotic binding-site affinity.
23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to phenicol antibiotics
Bla2 is a chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamase, found in Bacillus anthracis, which has penicillin, cephalosporin, and carbapenem-hydrolizing abilities.
BlaA beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases first identified in Yersinia enterocolitica and have the ability to hydrolize penicilins and cephalosporins.
Aminoglycoside 2''-phosphotransferase identified from the gram-negative pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. APH(2'')-If was shown to confer resistance to 4,6-disubstituted antibiotics kanamycin, tobramycin, dibekacin, gentamicin and sisomicin through antibiotic phosphorylation. Described by Toth et al. 2013.
CepA beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases found in Bateroides fragilis and have the ability to hydrolyze cephalosporin.
A plasmid-borne novel MCR-1 functional variant detected in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate collected from a rectal swab in Italy. MCR-1.2 differs from MCR-1 by a single amino acid substitution from Glutamine to Leucine at position 3 in the N-terminal region. Described by DiPilato et al. 2016.
VCC beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases.
BlaZ beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases. These beta-lactamases are responsible for penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
R39 beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases encoded in Actinomadura R39 with the ability to hydrolyze penicillins.
CepS beta-lactamases are Class C beta-lactamases capable of hydrolyzing cephalosporin.
CfiA beta-lactamases are chromosomal-encoded carbapenemase commonly found in Bacteroides fragilis isolates.
BlaB beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that are found in a variety of species and have the ability to hydrolyze penams and carbapenems.
JOHN beta-lactamases hydrolyse penicillins, narrow- and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
CGB beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases found in Chryseobacterium gleu that can hydrolyze penicillins; narrow- and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins; and carbapenems.
EBR beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases first isolated from Empedobacter brevis and are able to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
TUS beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases that can hydrolyze a variety of beta-lactams, such as cephems and carbapenems.
SIM beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases that are capable of hydrolyzing a wide variety of beta-lactams, including penicillins, narrow- to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and carbapenem. The SIM family of beta-lactamases appear to be transferable through integrons.
KHM beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases that can confer resistance to all classes of beta-lactams, except the monobactams.
DIM type beta-lactamases were first identified from a carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas stutzeri strain isolated from a Dutch patient. Encoded in mobile elements, these MBLs significantly hydrolyze broad-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems.
First identified from a multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in 2012, HMB type beta-lactamases can be encoded in transposons and hydrolyze carbapenems.
This type of Subclass B2 beta-lactamases was first identified from a Serratia fonticola environmental isolate.
The FEZ family of beta-lactamases are subclass B3 beta-lactamases that hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
The GOB family of beta-lactamases have been discovered in the Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and are classified as subclass B3 beta-lactamase. They confer resistance to cephalosporins, penicillins, and carbapenems.
GOB-18 is a member of subclass B3 GOB family of beta-lactamases isolated from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. GOB-18 is unlike other subclass B3 beta-lactamases as it is fully active against a broad range of beta-lactam substrates using a single Zn(II) ion in its active site.
Beta-lactamases that are part of the THIN-B family, which is a subclass B3 beta-lactamase family and hydrolyze a broad spectrum of beta-lactams including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
This subclass B3 of beta-lactamses have the ability to hydrolyze cephalosporins.
A subclass B3 family of beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a range of beta-lactam antibiotics including penams, cephamycins, and cephalosporins.
SMB beta-lactamases are a subclass B3 beta-lactamases that hydrolyze a variety of beta-lactams, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
CAU beta-lactamases are a subclass B3 family.
BJP beta-lactamases are a subclass B3 family.
PEDO family enzymes that are classified under subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases.
CPS beta-lactamases are a subclass B3 family.
ESP family beta-lactamases are subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases.
MSI beta-lactamases are a family of subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases.
SPG beta-lactamases are a family of subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases.
A family encompassing subclass B3 Rm3-like beta-lactamases.
Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases.
Beta-lactamases that are part of the PEDO gene family and are classified as subclass B1 (metallo-) beta-lactamases.
Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as Class A beta-lactamases.
Beta-lactamases belonging to the Bla genes from Bacillus anthracis that are classified as class A beta-lactamases.
class A Bacillus anthracis Bla beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases belonging to the Bla genes from Bacillus anthracis that are classified as subclass B1 beta-lactamases.
subclass B1 Bacillus anthracis Bla beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as Class C beta-lactamases.
AmpC beta-lactamases are clinically important class C beta-lactamase enzymes which confer resistance to cephalosporins and penicillin-like antibiotics. AmpC beta-lactamases are typically found in Enterobacteriaceae, and were described in Escherichia coli in 1940 as the first reported enzymatic deactivation of penicillin. The name AmpC connects these enzymes functionally across many species, however these enzymes are generally unnamed and not phylogenetically related.
Class A Beta-lactamases first isolated from Mycolicibacterium fortuitum.
Beta-lactamases part of this family discovered in Streptomyces albus G.
A family of class A beta-lactamases that have been discovered in the Rhodobacter genus.
This family of macrolide glycosyltransferases derive from gimA, which was discovered in Streptomyces ambofaciens.
gimA family macrolide glycosyltransferase
The mgt family encompasses macrolide glycotransferases of the Streptomyces genus.
The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide.
NPS-1 is a plasmid-encoded class D beta-lactamases identified from two Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in 1986.
NPS beta-lactamases are class D beta-lactamases that have partial hydrolyzing abilities against penicillins and cephalosporin.
Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as Class D beta-lactamases.
Members of the MSI-OXA family are class D beta-lactamases that encompass hybrids of MSI-1 and putative OXA homologues.
RbpA is a family of bacterial RNA polymerase-binding proteins, which acts as a transcription factor and binds to the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase.
RbpA bacterial RNA polymerase-binding protein
The DnaA family of replication initiation proteins interact with RNA polymerase to confer resistance against rifampicin anitibiotics.
DnaA chromosomal replication initiation protein
The fosC family of phosphotransferases phosphorylate fosfomycin to confer resistance and have been found in various bacterial isolates.
Two members of the Fom family have been identified, FomA and FomB. FomB must interact with FomA confer resistance to fosfomycin, however FomA is capable of conferring resistance alone.
Fosfomycin is transported bacterial cells through transporters, one of them being glycerol-3-phosphate, which is encoded by the GlpT gene. Mutations in the GlpT gene can confer resistance to fosfomycin.
UhpT encodes a transporter that can import fosfomycin-type drugs into bacterial cells. Mutations to UhpT confer resistance.
UhpA acts as a positive regulator of UhpT, which is a transporter to bring fosfomycin drugs into bacterial cells. Mutations in UhpA that negatively impact the expression of UhpT can confer resistance.
PtsI family phosphotransferases are involved in cyclic AMP synthesis, which regulates glpT expression. Mutations in PtsI family genes can negatively affect expression of UhpT, which is needed for fosfomycin import.
antibiotic-resistant ptsI phosphotransferase
Adenylate cyclases encoded by cya genes, which are involved in the synthesis cyclic AMP which regulates the fosfomycin transporter glpT. Mutations in cya genes can confer resistance to fosfomycin.
antibiotic-resistant cya adenylate cyclase
Also known as vanUG, is a vanG variant found in the vanG gene cluster.
Also known as vanVB, is a vanV variant found in the vanB gene cluster. It is found in some but not all vanB operons in E. faecalis, suggesting the existence of varied gene compositions in vanB operons.
vanJ and vanJ homologue proteins confer resistance to teicoplanin.
Bleomycin resistant proteins (BRP) confer resistance to bleomycin and to bleomycin-like molecules.
Acetyltransferases of the cpa family confer resistance to capreomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Bah amidohydrolases are membrane proteins that inactivate bacitracin.
Viomycin family of phosphotransferases confer resistance to viomycin antibiotics.
Mutations to the liaF accessory protein that confer resistance to daptomycin.
Mutations to the liaR response regulator that confer resistance to daptomycin.
Mutations in the liaS histidine kinase that confer daptomycin resistance.
Mutations to demA confer lycosin resistance.
Point mutations in katG confer antibiotic resistance by preventing katG from catalyzing the activation of antibiotics.
Point mutations in pncA prevent the enzyme from activating antibiotics, such as pyrazinamide.
A group of mobile colistin resistance genes encode the MCR family of phosphoethanolamine transferases, which catalyze the addition of phosphoethanolamine onto lipid A, thus interfering with the binding of colistin to the cell membrane.
This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane.
Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site.
Methyltransferases that methylate the A1408 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site.
A family of lincosamide resistant 23S rRNA methyltransferases. The only member of the family discovered so far was isolated from Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain found in Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA.
Methyltransferases that modify the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, conferring resistance to drugs that target 23S rRNA.
A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 3''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 3''-hydroxyl group of the compound.
A category of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes with modification regiospecificity based at the 2''-hydroxyl group of the respective antibiotic. These enzymes inactivate aminoglycoside antibiotics by transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate to the 2''-hydroxyl group of the compound.
General bacterial porins are a family of porins found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They catalyze the energy-independent transport of small molecules across the outer membranes of bacteria. Most of the porins of these family are homotrimeric and have variable selectivity, ranging from being cation-selective, anion-selective or selective for different compounds. The most well characterized members of this family are the OmpF and OmpC porins of Escherichia coli. This family is also known as the classical porins.
The Opr family consists of porins in Pseudomonas species, and other Gram-negative bacteria, that exhibit a variety of substrate selectivities.
Members of the Sugar Porin family tend to facilitate the transport of maltodextrins and other sugars across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. These porins form a homotrimeric structure.
The MltA-interacting Protein (MipA) family consists mainly of homologs to MipA and OmpV proteins. Proteins of this family, are predicted to form a beta-barrel.
These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein.
General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams
These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to peptide antibiotics either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein.
General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to peptide antibiotics
The imipenum resistance-associated CarO porin family is composed of the CarO porin originally identified in Acinetobacter baumannii. The loss of these porins is associated with imipenem and meropenem multi-drug resistance. The channels formed by CarO porins show slight cation selectivity.
fabG is a 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase involved in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. The bacterial biocide Triclosan blocks the final reduction step in fatty acid elongation, inhibiting biosynthesis. Point mutations in fabG can confer resistance to Triclosan.
A grouping of tunicamycin resistance proteins that are homologous to tmrB found in Bacillus subtilis.
Phenotypic variant regulator proteins play a role in controlling the switch between antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria. The characterized member of this family is the PvrR protein in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which when absent, confers antibiotic resistance.
The antimicrobial activity of certain antibiotics, such as peptide antibiotics, is proposed to be initiated through binding to the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides. Thus, covalent modification of Gram-negative bacterial lipid A by phosphatases is a mechanism to reduce the susceptibility of the bacteria to antibiotics.
varG is an Ambler class B metallo-beta-lactamase found on the antibiotic resistance var regulon in Vibrio cholerae, along with an antibiotic efflux pump varABCDEF. These genes are organized as a regulon under the control of VarR transcriptional activator. VarG was shown to have beta-lactamase activity against penicillins, carbapenems and cephalosporins in-vitro.
Subclass B1 Vibrio cholerae varG beta-lactamase
varG is an Ambler class B metallo-beta-lactamase found on the antibiotic resistance var regulon in Vibrio cholerae, along with an antibiotic efflux pump varABCDEF. These genes are organized as a regulon under the control of VarR transcriptional activator. VarG was shown to have beta-lactamase activity against penicillins, carbapenems and cephalosporins in-vitro. Described by Lin HV et al. 2017.
A class C ampC beta-lactamase (cephalosporinase) enzyme described in Escherichia coli shown clinically to confer resistance to penicillin-like and cephalosporin-class antibiotics.
A periplasmic cephalosporinase described in Rhodobacter sphaeroides shown to contribute to resistance of beta-lactam antibiotics.
Rhodobacter sphaeroides ampC beta-lactamase
A class C beta-lactamase family of chromosome-encoded antibiotic resistance genes originally described from Buttiauxella spp.
A chromosome-encoded class C cephalosporinase and penicillinase from Buttiauxella spp. shown clinically to confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Described by Fihman et al. 2002.
A ribosomally synthesized cyclic peptide antibiotic. Lassomycin has been shown to be effective against drug-resistant mycobacteria but shows little activity against other bacteria. Lassomycin targets and binds to a region of the ClpC1 ATPase complex and uncouples ATPase from proteolytic activity, an essential function for mycobacterial viability, causing cell death.
Bulgecin A is a lytic transglycosylase inhibitor and antibiotic potentiator produced from Pseudomonas mesoacidophila. In the presence of some beta-lactam antibiotics, including ampicillin and meropenem, bulgecin A has been shown to restore susceptibility to carbapenems in carbapenem-resistant pathogens.
Qualitative description of a microbial response to antimicrobial agents and the expected clinical outcome. Bacteria may be susceptible or resistant to a broad range of antibiotic drugs or drug classes, with several intermediate states or phases.
Intermediate sensitivity of a bacterial strain to a given antibiotic occurs when it is inhibited by a concentration of the drug that is associated with uncertain therapeutic effect. The elimination of intermediate phenotype bacteria may depend on the site of infection and/or the concentration of the administered drug. Definition from https://clsi.org.
A bacterial strain is said to be resistant to a given antibiotic when it is inhibited in vitro by a concentration of this drug that is associated with a high likelihood of therapeutic failure.
A bacterial strain is said to be susceptible to a given antibiotic when it is inhibited in vitro by a concentration of a drug that is associated with a high likelihood of therapeutic success.
A bacterial strain is said to be nonsusceptible to a given antibiotic drug if it demonstrates either an intermediate or resistant phenotype when exposed to a concentration of a drug that is associated with a high likelihood of therapeutic failure, i.e. if the bacterial strain is not susceptible to the antibiotic drug but not necessarily totally resistant under all conditions. Definition from https://clsi.org.
A bacterial strain is said to be susceptible-dose dependent (SDD) to a given antibiotic when growth is inhibited with a high likelihood of therapeutic success, but when multiple approved dosing options exist. When a higher or more frequent dose is used, the predicted therapeutic result is the same as for susceptible individuals.
Sensitive dose dependent antimicrobial phenotype
susceptible dose dependent antimicrobial phenotype
Multidrug-resistant organisms are defined as bacterial strains that have become resistant to multiple classes of antibacterial drugs or other agents. The phenotype of these organisms is defined by the spectrum of antibiotic drug classes to which that organism is resistant. Often, these organisms are susceptible to a narrow range of available drugs, making treatment difficult and urgent.
multidrug resistance antimicrobial phenotype
Any strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has tested resistant (R) to at least one of methicillin, oxacillin or cefoxitin by standard susceptibility testing methods.
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that has additionally tested resistant to the antibiotic drug linezolid.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that has additionally tested resistant to the fluoroquinolone antibiotics ciprofloxacin and/or levofloxacin.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that has additionally tested intermediate to vancomycin antibiotics.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that has additionally tested non-susceptible (NS, resistant or intermediate) to daptomycin antibiotics.
Any strain of Acinetobacter spp. that has tested either Intermediate or Resistant to at least one of the following carbapenem-class antibiotics by standard testing using approved breakpoints: imipenem, meropenem, doripenem.
Any strain of an Acinetobacter spp. that has either tested Intermediate or Resistant to at least one antibiotic drug in at least 3 of the 6 following categories: 1) Extended-spectrum cephalosporins, 2) Fluoroquinolone, 3) Aminoglycosides, 4) Carbapenems, 5) Piperacillin group, and 6) Ampicillin/sulbactam.
Any strain of E. coli that has tested resistant to one of the following carbapenem antibiotics: imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem.
Any E.coli that has tested resistant (R) to at least one of the following: ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, and cefotaxime.
extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli
Any E.coli that has tested resistant (R) to at least one of the following: ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.
fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli
Any E.coli that has tested either intermediate (I) or resistant (R) to at least one drug in at least 3 of the following 5 categories: 1) Extended-spectrum cephalosporins, 2) Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin), 3) Aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin), 4) Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem), 5) Piperacillin Group (piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam).
Any Enterobacter spp. that has tested resistant to at least one of the following antibiotic drugs: imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem.
Any Enterobacter spp. that has tested resistant to at least one of the following antibiotics: ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, and/or cefotaxime.
extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacter
Any Enterobacter spp. that has tested either Intermediate or Resistant to at least one drug in at least 3 of the following categories: extended-spectrum cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and/or pipericillin/tazobactam.
Any Klebsiella oxytoca or Klebsiella pneumoniae that has tested resistant to at least one of the following antibiotics: imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem.
Any Klebsiella oxytoca or Klebsiella pneumoniae that has tested resistant to at least one of the following antibiotics: ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, and/or cefotaxime.
extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella
Any Klebsiella oxytoca or Klebsiella pneumoniae that has tested Intermediate or Resistant in at least 3 of the following categories: extended-spectrum cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, or pipericillin/tazobactam.
Any strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that has tested either Intermediate or Resistant to at least one of the following antibiotics: imipenem, meropenem and/or doripenem.
carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Any strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that has tested Resistant to at least one of the following antibiotics: cefepime and/or ceftazidime.
extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MCR-4 is a plasmid-borne phosphoethanolamine transferase variant of MCR-1, isolated from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium of porcine origin in Italy, Spain and Belgium through 2013 and 2015-2016. MCR-4 confers resistance to collistin via addition of a phosphoethanolamine group to lipid A, reducing the negative charge of the cell membrane. Described by Carattoli et al. 2017.
Any Pseudomonas aeruginosa that has tested resistant (R) to at least one of the following: ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin.
fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Any Pseudomonas aeruginosa that has tested resistant (R) to at least one of the following: amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin.
aminoglycoside-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Any Pseudomonas aeruginosa that has tested resistant (R) to at least one of the following: piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam.
pipericillin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Any Enterococcus faecium or Enterococcus faecalis that has tested resistant (R) to vancomycin.
Any Enterococcus faecium or Enterococcus faecalis that has tested non-susceptible (NS) to daptomycin.
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci that has tested resistant(R) or intermediate(I) to vancomycin.
vancomycin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci
MCR-5 is a transposon-associated phosphoethanolamine transferase gene, identified in Salmonella Paratyphi B dTa+ (d-tartrate fermenting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B) isolates from food-producing animals. The isolates were collected between 2011 and 2013, and retrieved from the German National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella. MCR-5 confers resistance to collistin through the addition of a phosphoethanolamine group to lipid A, causing a reduction in negative charge of the cell membrane. Described by Borowiak et al, 2017.
DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. Point mutations in gyrA have been shown to decrease susceptibility to the antibiotic triclosan. Although the mechanism is unclear, it is hypothesized that changes in supercoiling activity of mutant DNA gyrase proteins alters expression of stress response pathways thereby indirectly decreasing triclosan susceptibility. It has been shown that triclosan does not interact directly with gyrA.
Point mutations in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium which have been shown to increase the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic triclosan. It is hypothesized that decreased susceptibility to triclosan in Salmonella gyrA mutants occurs indirectly due to alterations in the stress response pathways.
Salmonella enterica gyrA with mutation conferring resistance to triclosan
Point mutations in Escherichia coli which have been shown to increase the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic triclosan. It is hypothesized that decreased susceptibility to triclosan in E. coli gyrA mutants occurs indirectly due to alterations in the stress response pathways.
Escherichia coli gyrA with mutation conferring resistance to triclosan
An AmpC-like beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A chloramphenicol acetyltransferase identified in Brevibacillus brevis and shown to confer resistance to chloramphenicol antibiotics. Described by Pawlowski et al. 2017.
A family of class A beta-lactamase enzymes described in the gram-negative cocci Acidaminococcus fermentans.
A class A beta-lactamase described in Acidaminococcus fermentans. ACI-1 was the first description of a beta-lactamase enzyme in a gram-negative anaerobic cocci. Described by Galan et al 2000.
Uses breakpoints to create standards for interpreting the clinical outcome of an MIC value for a particular microbial species and antimicrobial agent.
antimicrobial resistance testing reference standard
sul4 is a dihydropteroate synthase gene and mobile sulfonamide resistance gene shown to confer resistance when expressed in E. coli.
A chromosome-carried OXA-48-like beta-lactamase, OXA-535, identified in Shewanella spp. JAB-1. Likely the progenitor to the plasmid-carried OXA-436. Expression of OXA-535 in E. coli demonstrated carbapenem-hydrolyzing activity. Described by Jousset et al. 2017.
Lipid A acyltransferase genes confer resistance to certain types of peptide antibiotics such as polymyxins through the aminoacylation of lipopolysaccharide, thereby decreasing the negative charge of the outer membrane surface.
A member of the AlmEFG operon, responsible for polymyxin resistance in Vibrio cholerae. AlmG is a glycyltransferase closely related to lipid A acyltransferases. Described by Henderson JC et al. 2017.
BSAC is a British inter-professional organisation involved in antibiotic education, research and leadership. Baquero F. found that the BSAC system recommends lower breakpoints than the consensus standard of all systems for antimicrobial susceptibility testing used in Europe (BSAC, DIN, SFM, SIR, NCCLS and WRG).
British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC)
The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute develops and implements clinical laboratory testing standards.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
DIN is recognized by the Federal Government of Germany as the competent standards organization for Germany and as the national standards body representing Germany in non-governmental international standards organizations. Baquero F. found that the DIN system recommends lower breakpoints than the consensus standard of all systems for antimicrobial susceptibility testing used in Europe (BSAC, DIN, SFM, SIR, NCCLS and WRG).
EUCAST is a standing committee jointly organized by ESCMID, ECDC and European national breakpoint committees; it deals with breakpoints and technical aspects of phenotypic in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)
The French Society of Microbiology (SFM) is a non-profit association which aims to bring together microbiologists from French-speaking countries, working in the domains of bacteria, viruses, Fungi and parasites, and related medical, industrial and environmental microbiology, physiology, genetics, taxonomy, hygiene, and antimicrobial agents. Baquero F. found that the SFM system recommends higher breakpoints than the consensus standard of all systems for antimicrobial susceptibility testing used in Europe (BSAC, DIN, SFM, SIR, NCCLS and WRG).
Société Française de Microbiologie (SFM)
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), in microbiology, is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation.
Unit for measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
A calcium-dependent cyclic lipopeptide found to be effective against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cutaneous wound infections.
Biosynthesis of malacidin A and malacidin B calcium-dependent cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics from uncultured soil bacteria.
Biosynthesis of the broad-spectrum Rho transcription factor inhibitor bicyclomycin by hydroxylation of a tRNA-dependent cyclodipeptide synthase core.
A plasmid-mediate quinolone efflux pump described in Klebsiella aerogenes and Escherichia coli. QepA3 confers resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics by expelling the antibiotic molecules from the cell. This is distinct from the usual chromosomal mutation mechanism of quinolone resistance. Described by Wang et al. 2017.
A plasmid-mediated quinolone efflux pump variant described in Escherichia coli. QepA4 confers resistance to quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics by expulsion from the cell. Described by Manageiro et al. 2017.
Antibiotic adjuvant and serine beta-lactamase inhibitor, often paired with meropenem for clinical use.
An experimental test conducted inside of a living organism, none of which currently exist for antimicrobial resistance testing.
An experimental test conducted outside of a living organism, usually in a tube or plate.
Reagents and procedures used during microbial susceptibility testing.
reagent or protocol used for testing AMR
System of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility.
Microbial species are inoculated in a growth medium onto which antimicrobial agents are transferred by diffusion.
Components of complex mixtures such as plant extracts are separated across a TLC plate and tested for anti-microbial activity.
thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-bioautography
Allows for time-dependent or concentration-dependent analysis of antimicrobial effects. Several tubes of broth culture medium containing a suspension of the test microbe are treated with varying concentrations of the antimicrobial agent and the percentage of dead cells determined at various time points.
Relies on the indirect measurement of microbe populations by quantifying microbial ATP production.
Microbes exposed to antimicrobial agents are then stained with the intercalating agent propidium iodide. Damaged cells emit a positive signal that is detected by flow cytometry analysis. Flow cytometry can also be used to discriminate between dead, damaged and live cells.
Test that directly detect the presence of a particular resistance mechanism.
The microbial species are inoculated in liquid growth medium containing incremental dilutions (usually 2-fold) of the antimicrobial agent.
Automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility.
Non-automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility.
Specific automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility developed by Omron.
Specific automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility developed by Becton Dickinson.
Specific automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility developed by Trek, Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Specific automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility developed by bioMérieux.
Vendor of automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility.
Specific vendor of automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility headquartered in New Jersey, USA. Becton Dickinson is the developer of the Phoenix automated testing platform.
Specific vendor of automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility headquartered in France. bioMérieux is the developer of the Vitek automated testing platform.
Specific vendor of automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility headquartered in Berlin and Munich.
Specific vendor of automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility based in Japan. Omron is the developer of the MicroScan automated testing platform.
Specific vendor of automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility that was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Thermo Fisher Scienfiic Inc. is headquartered in Massachusetts, USA. Trek is the developer of the Sensitire automated testing platform.
Broth dilution conducted on 96-well microtiter plates (≤200 µL per well).
This test is a common method of evaluating the antimicrobial activity of plants or microbial extracts. In this method, bacteria are inoculated onto agar plates and the antimicrobial agent is injected into the plate and allowed to diffuse.
This method is commonly used to study the antagonism between microorganisms. The first bacterial strain is inoculated onto agar plates in tight streaks. The bacteria will secrete molecules that diffuse in the agar medium; this medium is cut and placed on another agar plate inoculated with another microorganism.
This method is commonly used to study the antagonism between microorganisms. The microbial strain of interest is seeded by a single streak in the center of the agar plate. After incubation, the plate is seeded with the second microorganism by single streak perpendicular to the central streak.
The antimicrobial agent is transferred from a chromatogram to an agar plate previously inoculated with the test microorganism.
A developed TLC plate is dipped into or sprayed with a microbial suspension and then incubated. Live microbial cells are visualized using tetrazolium salts.
The TLC plate is covered with a molten agar medium seeded with the test microbe and the antimicrobial compounds are allowed to diffuse onto the agar medium. Tetrazolium dye staining allows for visualization.
Concentration at which bacterial cells in suspension, calculated with respect to final volume (colony forming units/milliliter (cfu/mL)). The standard for broth dilution is 5 x 105cfu/mL. The standard for agar dilution is 104cfu/mL.
Medium that supports microorganism growth.
Commercial colorimetric assay for detection of chloramphenicol modifying enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay (CAT)
Greater than 5 x 105 cfu/mL for broth dilution and 104 cfu/mL for agar dilution.
Less than 5 x 105 cfu/mL for broth dilution and 104 cfu/mL for agar dilution.
Around equal to 5 x 105 cfu/mL for broth dilution and 104 cfu/mL for agar dilution.
General purpose medium used for culture of nonfastidious microorganisms.
Incubation atmosphere supplemented with CO2.
Medium supplementation with 20–25 mg Ca2+ and 10–12.5 mg Mg2+ per liter, which is representative of the divalent cation concentration in blood. Divalent cation supplemented medium is correct to use for susceptibility testing of tetracyclines, daptomycin for gram-positive bacteria and aminoglycosides for Pseudomonas aeruginosarequires.
Growth medium supplemented with 2% (wt/vol) sodium chloride for testing susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin, oxacillin and nafcillin.
The tissue type used to select breakpoints from a particular standard, for the interpretation of MIC results.
antimicrobial resistance tissue specificity
Qualitative description of a microbial response to antimicrobial agents as described by EUCAST using breakpoints determined through in-vitro testing. These breakpoints are determined irrespective of tissue specificity of infection.
A microbe whose susceptibility to antibiotics is comparable to that of a reference susceptible microbe, meaning that the microbe is sensitive to the particular antibiotic.
A microbe whose susceptibility to antibiotics differs from that of a reference susceptible microbe, meaning that the microbe is resistant to the particular antibiotic.
Vendor of AMR testing equipment and reagents.
Details required in reporting antimicrobial resistance.
Qualitative description of a microbial response to antimicrobial agents as described by CLSI using breakpoints that take into consideration tissue specificity of infection.
Tet(59) is a chromosome-encoded tetracycline efflux pump described from a Chinese pig manure sample.
tet(W/N/W) is a mosaic tetracycline resistance gene and ribosomal protection protein.
A family of class A beta-lactamase enzymes, RSA beta-lactamases show carbapenemase and cephalosporinase activity.
RSA1-1 is a class A beta-lactamase resistance enzyme identified from a functional metagenomic study of contaminated river sediments.
PBP3 is a penicillin-binding protein and beta-lactam resistance enzyme encoded by the ftsI gene in Haemophilus influenzae. Mutations in ftsI confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Haemophilus influenzae PBP3 conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
A class C beta-lactamase endogenous to Aeromonas enteropelogenes (tructi).
A class C beta-lactamase enzyme identified from Aeromonas enteropelogenes. TRU-1 confers resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.
A chloramphenicol resistance determinant described in the Gram-negative bacterium Agrobacterium fabrum.
Agrobacterium fabrum chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
A chloramphenicol resistance determinant described in Alkalihalobacillus clausii.
Alkalihalobacillus clausii chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
A chloramphenicol resistance determinant described in Campylobacter coli.
Campylobacter coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
A chloramphenicol resistance determinant described in Streptococcus suis.
Streptococcus suis chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
A chloramphenicol resistance determinant described in an Enterococcus faecium plasmid.
Enterococcus faecium chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
A chloramphenicol resistance determinant described in Staphylococcus intermedius.
Staphylococcus intermedius chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
A chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and resistance determinant described in Enterococcus faecalis.
Enterococcus faecalis chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
A chloramphenicol resistance determinant described in a Vibrio anguillarum plasmid sequence.
Vibrio anguillarum chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
Delafloxacin is a novel fluoroquinolone antibiotic, differentiated from other on-market fluoroquinolones by the absence of a protonatable substituent conferring a weakly acidic character to the molecule. This property results in increased intracellular penetration and enhanced bactericidal activity under acidic conditions.
EBR-2 is a novel EBR-like class B beta-lactamase isolated from an extensively drug-resistant strain of Empedobacter falsenii.
CFE-2 is a plasmid-encoded AmpC beta-lactamase first described from Citrobacter freundii by Chen et al. 2018.
Chromosomally-encoded phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) transferases shown to confer resistance to polymyxin antibiotics, including colistin.
intrinsic colistin resistant phosphoethanolamine transferase
A chromosomally-encoded colistin resistance phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) transferase of Moraxella catarrhalis. ICR-Mc is the protein that represents the closest known ortholog to the colistin resistance MCR-1 and MCR-2 PEtN transferases.
A class of phosphotransferase enzymes shown to confer resistance to ciprofloxacin by antibiotic inactivation through phosphorylation. The sole example, CrpP, was thought to confer resistance to ciprofloxacin by antibiotic inactivation through phosphorylation, however in the paper by Zubyk & Wright (2021) this was discovered to not be the case. There are no known experimentally validated examples of enzymes with this function.
A subfamily of the ATP-binding cassette protein superfamily. Unlike other ABC proteins, ABC-F genes are not fused to a transmembrane domain nor associated with transport. It has been shown that ABC-F proteins confer antibiotic resistance via ribosomal protection and not antibiotic efflux as in other ABC proteins.
ABC-F ATP-binding cassette ribosomal protection protein
PoxtA is an ABC-F subfamily ATP-binding cassette protein that confers resistance to tetracycline, -phenicol, and oxazolidinone via modification of the bacterial ribosome. The encoding gene was isolated from a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain.
msr-type ABC-F subfamily ribosomal protection proteins expression in Staphylococci species and confer resistance to erythromycin and streptogramin B antibiotics through antibiotic target protection mechanisms.
A subgroup of the ABC-F protein subfamily of ATP-binding cassette proteins. lsa-type ABC-F proteins confer resistance to streptogramin, lincosamide and pleuromutilin antibiotics through antibiotic target protection of the ribosome.
A carbapenem antibiotic, administered as the oral drug tebipenem-pivoxil, shown to be effective at treating bacterial infections.
A siderophore cephalosporin with antibiotic activity against Gram-negative pathogens including and specifically Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
vmlR is an ABC-F ATPase ribosomal protection protein identified in Bacillus subtilus. Shown to confer resistance to lincomycin and streptogramin A virginiamycin. Described by Crowe-McAuliffe et al. 2018.
Eremomycin pyrrolidide 3, 4, 5, and 6 are semisynthetic glycopeptide derived from vancomycin or eremomycin. There have high activity against staphylococci and enterococci, including vancomycin-resistant strains.
Beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter rudis efficiently inactivating carbapenems and amoxicillin conferring resistance to cephalosporins.
Beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter spp. efficiently inactivating carbapenems and amoxicillin conferring resistance to cephalosporins.
Bifidobacterium are antibiotic resistant probiotics are prescribed to upkeep the population beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiome. However, horizontal gene transfer among gut microbes could create harmful antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lokesh et al. analyzed Bifidobacterium antitubercular drug resistance and mutations in rpoB. They found that B. animalis, B. longum and B. adolescentis showed considerable resistance to pyrazinamide, isoniazid, and streptomycin, while B. adolescentis had mutations both in the rifampicin (RIF) pocket and in regions outside the pockets, and also showed considerable resistance to RIF.
Bifidobacterium adolescentis rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampicin
An OXA-10 family class beta-lactamase identified from a Klebsiella pneumoniae BIDMC 35 isolate.
A novel nitroimidazole antibiotic for treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Delamanid inhibits bacterial cell wall growth by mycolic acid synthesis disruption and is particularly effective in combination therapies against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
A class of antibiotics used to treat specifically Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; therefore, referred to as an antimycobacterial. Diarylquinoline antibiotics inhibit ATP synthesis in tuberculosis cells by disruption of mycobacterial ATP synthase.
A diarylquinoline antibiotic drug sold under the brand name Sirturo, used to treat infection from Mycobacterium spp., particularly multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Bedaquiline disrupts ATP synthase by proton pump blockage, inhibiting ATP synthesis.
A class C carbapenemase and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase identified from Acinetobacter baumannii.
An IMP class B metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme identified from Acinetobacter baumannii.
An IMP class B metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme identified from carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A KPC class A beta-lactamase and carbapenemase identified from Chilean isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
A trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase characterized on a class I integron from an E. coli isolate.
Tosufloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with an extended spectrum of activity.
An MCR-3 phosphoethanolamine transferase and polymyxin resistance gene variant differing by 2 amino acid substitutions, identified from an Escherichia coli isolate.
An MCR-2 phosphoethanolamine transferase and polymyxin resistance gene variant identified in Moraxella isolated from pigs in the United Kingdom.
An MCR-2 phosphoethanolamine transferase and polymyxin resistance gene variant identified in Moraxella isolated from pigs in Great Britain.
An MCR-3 phosphoethanolamine transferase and polymyxin resistance gene variant identified in Aeromonas.
An MCR-3 phosphoethanolamine transferase and polymyxin (colistin) resistance gene variant identified from Aeromonas, Proteus and Escherichia coli.
An MCR-3 phosphoethanolamine transferase and polymyxin (colistin) resistance gene variant identified from an extensively-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolate.
An MCR-1 phosphoethanolamine transferase and polymyxin (colistin) resistance gene variant identified from an Escherichia porcine isolate in Great Britain.
An MCR-1 phosphoethanolamine transferase and polymyxin resistance gene variant identified from an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli clinical isolate.
An MCR-3 polymyxin (incl. colistin) resistance gene variant isolated from an Aeromonas isolate.
An MCR-3 polymyxin (incl. colistin) resistance gene variant identified from an Aeromonas isolate.
An MCR polymyxin (colistin) resistance gene variant identified in Aeromonas.
An MCR-3 polymyxin resistance gene variant identified in a colistin-resistant Salmonella isolate from Canada, located on an IncHI-2 plasmid.
An MCR-1 polymyxin resistance gene variant identified from colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica (serovar typhimurium) isolate, carried by an IncP plasmid.
An MCR-1 polymyxin resistance gene variant identified from a poultry Raoultella planticola isolate.
An MCR-1 polymyxin resistance gene variant identified from a colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolate.
A novel phosphoethanolamine transferase and mobile colistin resistance gene identified from carbapenem-resistant NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.
A novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant phosphoethanolamine transferase identified from a poultry isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
MIC is a range of two MIC values (e.g., given 10 clinical isolates with a resistance determinant, there are 5 that have an MIC of 25ug/mL and 5 that have an MIC of 100ug/mL agaisnt tobramycin).
Strain type used for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Resistant determinant is identified in strain without any experimental methods.
Experimental deletion of resistance determinant in the chromosome of the strain initially with this resistance determinant.
Experimental protocol where there is a deletion of resistance determinant and the transformation of a plasmid harbouring resistance determinant into the same strain.
deletion of resistance determinant with plasmid harbouring resistance determinant
Experimental procedure where plasmid harbouring a resistance determinant is transformed into a strain.
plasmid harbouring resistance determinant
Without any experimental protocol, the resistance determinant is absent from the strain.
Experimental insertion of resistance determinant in the chromosome of the strain initially without this resistance determinant.
Specific strain of bacteria that was used to perform the antibiotic susceptibility test.
Source of the strain used in the antibiotic susceptibility test (e.g., clinical, environmental, agriculture).
Strain isolated in a clinical setting (e.g., from a patient).
Strain collected from environment (e.g., soil, water).
Strain collected from agricultural setting (e.g., chicken, pig).
The control of the antibiotic susceptibility testing, whether there was an experimental control (same strain, with and without resistance determinant) or if there was a group of clinical isolates found to have a resistance determinant compared against a strain without that resistance determinant.
antimicrobial susceptibility test control
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on the same strain with and without a resistance determinant.
Antibiotic susceptibility testing is performed on a group of clinical isolates with a resistance determinant compared to different strains that do not have this resistance determinant. No experiment was performed to delete / insert the resistance determinant to determine antibiotic susceptibility using the same genetic background.
A chromosomal macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase and resistance gene identified from a Brachybacterium faecium cave isolate.
Source is an experimental, commonly used lab strain (e.g., P. aeruginosa PAO1).
A chromosomal macrolide phosphotransferase identified from Bacillus subtilis.
A macrolide phosphotransferase identified on a plasmid in Exiguobacterium.
A chromosomal macrolide phosphostransferase identified in Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum.
A chromosomal macrolide phosphotransferase identified in Brevibacillus brevis VM4.
ADC beta-lactamase enzymes with demonstrable carbapenemase activity, an exception amongst these enzymes.
ADC beta-lactamase with carbapenemase activity
Point mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA domain of Campylobacter jejuni which confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics, including erythromycin.
Campylobacter jejuni 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to erythromycin
A dihydrofolate reductase and antibiotic resistance gene identified from an integron in Vibrio cholerae.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene identified from porcine isolates of Esherichia coli.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene identified from an integron in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene from non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene from Aeromonas hydrophilia.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene isolated from canine Escherichia coli infection.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene identified from non-typhoidal multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene identified on an integron in multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria.
CAM (Central Alberta Metallo) beta-lactamases are class B metallo-beta-lactamases and carbapenemases found to confer resistance to broad spectrum antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
CAM-1 is a CAM (Central Alberta Metallo) beta-lactamase and carbapenemase identified from 4 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a Canadian hospital.
murG acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzymes inhibited by vancomycin. Mutations in murG confer resistance to vancomycin through antibiotic target alteration.
Mutations in murG which confer resistance to vancomycin in Clostridioides difficile.
Clostridioides difficile murG with mutation conferring resistance to vancomycin
Point mutations in gyrB of Clostridioides difficile conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Clostridioides difficile gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutations in the rpoB region of Clostridioides difficile which confer resistance to rifampin and rifampicin antibiotics.
Clostridioides difficile rpoB with mutation conferring resistance to rifampicin
Resistance-modifying agent (RMA) without characterized mechanism which do not exhibit antibiotic activity on their own, but improve the performance of antibiotic drugs.
unclassified resistance-modifying agents
A class of resistance-modifying agents and beta-lactam potentiators which selectively potentiate beta-lactam antibiotics, specifically Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) without their own antimicrobial activity.
Rifalazil is a rifamycin derivative antibiotic, sometimes used for treating Clostridioides difficile infections.
Ramoplanin is a glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic derived from gram-positive Actinoplanes used to treat infection with Clostridioides difficile.
A trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase identified from Vibrio cholerae.
A chromosomally-encoded colistin resistance phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) transferase of Moraxella osloensis. ICR-Mo represents the closest known ortholog to the colistin resistance MCR-1 and MCR-2 PEtN transferases.
PNGM is a family of metallo-beta-lactamases first identified from a deep-sea sediment metagenome and shown to reduce antibiotic susceptibility by hydrolysis of penicillins, carbapenems and extended- and broad-spectrum cephalosporins.
PNGM-1 is a subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase first identified from a deep-sea sediment meta-genome. PNGM-1 is shown to reduce susceptibility to extended- and broad-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, and penicillins. PNGM-1 is a novel metallo-beta-lactamase which predates the current antibiotic era.
MFS transporters are secondary active transporters with single-polypeptide chains containing 400-600 amino acids that transport small solutes across the membrane by using electrochemical gradients. LmrS has 14 transmembrane helices and, when expressed in E. coli, is capable of extruding a variety of antibiotics inclinding linezolid, trimethoprim, florfenicol, chlorampheniocol, erythromycin, streptomycin, kanamycin, and fusidic acid.
Expression of abaF in E. coli resulted in increased resistance to fosfomycin.
AbaQ is an MFS transporter mainly involved in the extrusion of quinolone-type drugs in A. baumannii.
Members of the radical SAM superfamily are involved in a wide variety of reactions, including unusual methylations, isomerization, sulfur insertion, ring formation, anaerobic oxidation, and protein radical formation.
A tetracycline-resistance ribosomal protection protein.
AmvA has 14 alpha-helical transmembrane segments, qualifying it as a member of the DHA2 transporter family of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). When AmvA was expressed in E. coli, the cells had at least four-fold decreased susceptibility to erythromycin, acridine orange, acriflavine, deoxycholate and methyl viologen. AmvA from the AC0037 strain of A. baumannii was tested.
AbuO is akin to the TolC outer membrane efflux protein. Deletion in A. baumannii results in increased susceptibility to antibiotics including amikacin, carbenicillin, ceftriaxone, meropenem, streptomycin, and tigecycline as well as disinfectants benzyalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine.
KpnE subunit of KpnEF resembles EbrAB from E. coli. Mutation in KpnEF resulted in increased susceptibility to cefepime, ceftriaxon, colistin, erythromycin, rifampin, tetracycline, and streptomycin as well as enhanced sensitivity toward sodium dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate, dyes, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, and triclosan.
A tetracycline inactivating enzyme. A flavoenzyme capable of degrading tetracycline antibiotics.
KpnF subunit of KpnEF resembles EbrAB from E. coli. Mutation in KpnEF resulted in increased susceptibility to cefepime, ceftriaxon, colistin, erythromycin, rifampin, tetracycline, and streptomycin as well as enhanced sensitivity toward sodium dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate, dyes, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, and triclosan.
KpnEF resembles EbrAB from E. coli. Mutation in KpnEF resulted in increased susceptibility to cefepime, ceftriaxon, colistin, erythromycin, rifampin, tetracycline, and streptomycin as well as enhanced sensitivity toward sodium dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate, dyes, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, and triclosan.
KpnG consists of ~390 residues and resembles EmrA of E. coli. Disruption of the pump components KpnG-KpnH signficantly decrease resistance to azithromycin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, ertapenem, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, ticarcillin, norfloxacin, polymyxin-B, piperacillin, spectinomycin, tobramycin, and streptomycin.
erm(32) is a rRNA methyltransferase. Encodes methyltransferases that modify 23S rRNA.
Erm45 is an rRNA methylase that confers resistances to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B.
erm(46) is transferable determinant that confers resistance to macrolides.
KpnH consists of ~511 residues, resembles EmrB of E. coli, and is probably a translocase in the KpnGH-TolC efflux protein in K. pneumoniae. Disruption of the pump components KpnG-KpnH signficantly decrease resistance to azithromycin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, ertapenem, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, ticarcillin, norfloxacin, polymyxin-B, piperacillin, spectinomycin, tobramycin, and streptomycin.
Disruption of the pump components KpnGH signficantly decrease resistance to azithromycin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, ertapenem, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, ticarcillin, norfloxacin, polymyxin-B, piperacillin, spectinomycin, tobramycin, and streptomycin.
clcD gene can provide resistance to representatives of five of the six antibiotic groups previously shown to be affected by Cfr. clcD was originally found in Clostridioides difficile and is cfr-like.
LnuH is a lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase transferase.
LnuP is a lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase major efflux facilitator.
ermZ is an methyltransferase modifying 23S rRNA conferring resistance to Spiramycin.
erm(40) is an adenine RNA methylase and confers intrinsic resistance in Mycobacteria.
The cfr groups were determined by Candela et al (2017) by determining the phylogenetic relationship using the neighbour-joining method to compare the cfr-like proteins to cfr.
EreD is an erythromycin esterase protein.
ADC-11 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
Mycoplasma genitalium strain M6320 contains mutations that lead to resistance to fluoroquinolone and macrolide antibiotics.
Mycoplasma genitalium 23S rRNA mutations confers resistance to fluoroquinolone and macrolide antibiotics
An ADC beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase from Acinetobacter baumannii.
AAC(3)-IIe is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. coli.
QnrS10 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein.
AAC(3)-IId is a plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase in E. coli.
QnrS11 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein.
QnrS12 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein.
QnrS15 is a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance protein.
AAC(2')-IIa is a kasugamycin 2' N-acetyltransferase protein found in Burkholderia glumae and Acidovorax avenae isolates.
AAC(6')-Im is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids in E. coli, and E. faecium.
Mycoplasma genitalium exhibits multiple mutations in parC which confers resistance to Moxifloxacin.
Mycoplasma genitalium parC mutations confers resistance to Moxifloxacin
Mycoplasma Genitalium GyrA mutations confers resistance to fluoroquinolones such as Moxifloxacin.
Mycoplasma genitalium gyrA mutation confers resistance to fluoroquinolones
A class ADC beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase from Acinetobacter baumannii.
A class C beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase from Acinetobacter baumannii.
A class C ADC beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase found in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AAC(6')-Il is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by plasmids and integrons in Enterobacter cloaecae and Klebsiella aerogenes.
qnrE1 is a member of the qnrE family of plasmid-borne (fluoro)quinolone-resistance genes, with chromosomal origins from Enterobacter spp.
qnrE2 is a qnrE-member of plasmid-borne (fluoro)quinolone-resistance genes.
AAC(6')-I-48 (AAC(6')-Iag) is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by integrons in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The tetAB genes of the Corynebacterium striatum R-plasmid encode an ABC transporter and confer tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and oxalic resistance.
A dihydrofolate reductase found in Salmonella Enterica.
AAC(6')-I-43 (aacA43) is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase encoded by integrons found in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloaecae.
A dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistance to trimethoprim.
A 23S rRNA (adenine(2058)-N(6))-methyltransferase Erm(K) [Alkalihalobacillus halodurans].
dfrA6 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistance to trimethoprim. Found in Proteus mirabilis.
dfrI is a dihydrofolate reductase that is resistant to trimethoprim.
AQU-2 is a chromosomally-encoded AQU class C beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase from Aeromonas.
AQU-3 is a chromosomally-encoded AQU class C beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase from.
cfr(B) has been observed in mobile genetic elements in E. faecium and Clostridioides difficile and confers resistance to linezolid, clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and retapamulin.
Initially reported as a tetracycline-resistant determinant encoded on the plasmid pKQ10 in Enterococcus faecium, tet(U) has since been determined to be a misannotation of a gene product not involved in tetracycline resistance.
Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e lin gene for lincomycin resistance ABC-F type ribosomal protection protein, complete CDS.
ErmO (gene lrm) lincomycin resistance methylase [Streptomyces lividans].
Class G tetracycline resistance determinant from Vibrio anguillarum.
SNP causing high-level ERY resistance and low-level CLI resistance.
Clostridioides difficile 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin
nimB is a nitroimidazole reductase mainly found in Bacteroides fragilis that is associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics such as metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations observed in isolates vary greatly depending on species, strain, and nitroimidazole treatment.
catII is a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. This particular catII is found in E.coli K-12. Confers resistance to chloramphenicol.
catA4 is a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase that confers resistance to chloramphenicol.
catA8 is a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase that confers resistance to chloramphenicol.
NBU2-encoded resistance gene. An MefE homolog in Bacteroides species. Macrolide efflux MFS transporter.
catB11 is a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase that confers resistance to chloramphenicol.
The Bacillus subtilis fosB gene encodes a fosfomycin resistance protein.
MCR-3.3 is a colistin resistance gene variant in the chromosome of an Aeromonas veronii. Conferred polymyxin resistance in both E. Coli and Aeromonas salmonicida.
A fusidic acid resistance determinant in Staphylococcus cohnii. This protein behaves akin to FusB as it is a FusB-type protein. It mediates dissociation of EF-G from the ribosome thus counteracting the action of Fusidic acid.
cmlA8 is a plasmid that confers resistance to chloramphenicol.
pexA is a florfenicol and chloramphenicol resistance gene discovered in Alaskan soil.
NorA gene cloned from Staphylococcus aureus conferred relatively high resistance to hydrophilic quinolones such as norfloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in S. aureus and Escherichia coli. Had low or no resistance at all to hydrophobic ones such as nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, and sparfloxacin in S. aureus and Escherichia coli.
Located on the chromosome of Aliivibrio salmonicida. Provides low-level resistance to quinolones.
A rRNA methyltransferase conferring high-level evernimicin resistance.
Subtype of FosB, fosfomycin resistant. S.aureus SA1129 carried a FosB1 identical to S. haemolyticus.
Fosfomycin resistance gene. Shares a high homology with FosB1 and FosB3.
Fosfomycin resistance gene. High homology with FosB1 and FosB3.
Expression of cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin, as well as to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.
The first allele of a 16S rRNA methyltransferase gene, rmtD2, confers a high resistance to all clinically available aminoglycosides.
A 16S rRNA mathyltransferase gene with a single nucleotide mutation compared to rmtE.
APH(3')-VIIIa is an aminoglycoside phosphoryltransferase that acts on the 3-OH target of aminoglycosides found in Streptomyces rimosus.
Point mutations in the rpoC region of Clostridioides difficile which confer resistance to vancomycin.
Clostridioides difficile rpoC with mutation conferring resistance to vancomycin
Small mobilizable plasmid pALWED1.8 containing a novel variant of the streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance gene.
A novel Tn4551 streptomycin-resistance gene that was phenotypically silent in wild-type Bacteroides; expression could be activated by a trans-acting chromosomal mutation.
A mobilized and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene and phosphoethanolamine transferase identified from a Salmonella enterica isolate.
A plasmid-mediated MCR-1 variant identified from polyclonal clinical Escherichia coli.
A plasmid-mediated MCR-1 variant identified from Escherichia coli.
A plasmid-mediated phosphoethanolamine transferase and MCR-1 variant identified from Escherichia coli as conferring resistance to colistin antibiotics.
A plasmid-mediated phosphoethanolamine transferase and MCR-1 variant identified from Escherichia coli and conferring resistance to colistin antibiotics.
A plasmid-mediated phosphoethanolamine transferase and MCR-1 variant identified from Escherichia coli.
aadA10 is a aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids in P. aeruginosa.
A plasmid-mediated phosphoethanolamine transferase and MCR-3 variant conferring resistance to colistin antibiotics.
A plasmid-mediated MCR-4 variant which confers resistance to colistin antibiotics.
A plasmid-mediated MCR-4 variant and colistin resistance gene from clinical Enterobacteriaceae.
A plasmid-mediated MCR-4 variant and colistin resistance gene.
A plasmid-mediated MCR-5 variant from Escheichia coli which confers resistance to colistin antibiotics.
Streptothricin acetyltransferase gene (STAT gene) that confers streptothricin resistance on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
Mutation in a resistance determinant rendering it non-functional.
An antibiotic cocktail containing beta-lactam penam antibiotic cloxacillin and the cephalosporin ceftazidime.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the cephalosporin cefepime and the penicillin cloxacillin.
An antibiotic cocktail containing beta-lactam penam antibiotic cloxacillin and the beta-lactam carbapenam antibiotic imipenam.
aadA8b is an aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene encoded by plasmids in E. coli; can be created by a recombination event between aadA1 and aadA2.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the cephalosporin antibiotic ceftazidime and the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid.
Experimental protocol where there is a mutation of resistance determinant and the transformation of a plasmid harbouring resistance determinant into the same strain.
mutation in resistance determinant with plasmid harbouring resistance determinant
An antibiotic cocktail containing the cephamycin antibiotic cefoxitin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanate.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the cephamycin antibiotic cefoxitin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the cephamycin antibiotic cefoxitin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the cephalosporin antibiotic cefotaxime and the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the cephalosporin antibiotic cefotaxime and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Tazobactam.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the cephalosporin antibiotic ceftazidime and the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic aztreonam and the conjugate base of the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid (clavulanate).
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic aztreonam and the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam.
vga(E) gene variant that confers resistance to pleuromutilins, lincosamides and streptogramin A antibiotics in staphylococci.
Antibiotic similar to clorobiocin, but with vanillic acid as the acyl component instead of crenelated 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Antibiotic similar to clorobiocin, but with vanillic acid as the acyl component instead of crenelated 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. different from vanillobiocin by the [psition of the pyrrole unit attached to the sugar moiety of the antibiotic.
Antibiotic similar to clorobiocin, but with vanillic acid as the acyl component instead of crenelated 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Declovanillobiocin lacks the chlorine atom at the aminocoumarin ring compared to vanillobiocin.
A tetracyline resistance gene located on an approximately 300-kb plasmid, designated p47AB. It inactivates all tetracyclines, including tigecycline, eravacycline, and omadacycline.Adjacent to insertion sequence ISVsa3 on the conjugative plasmid.
A tetracyline resistance gene located on an approximately 180-kb plasmid, designated p47EC. It inactivates all tetracyclines, including tigecycline, eravacycline, and omadacycline.Adjacent to insertion sequence ISVsa3 on the conjugative plasmid.
RpsA, the 30S ribosomal protein S1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is involved in trans-translation and is targeted by pyrazinonic acid, the active form of the antibiotic pyrazinamide, which disrupts the initiation of mRNA translation. Mutations in the amino acid sequence of rpsA can confer resistance to pyrazinamide maintaining rpsA function.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpsA mutations conferring resistance to pyrazinamide
The 30S ribosomal protein S1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required for mRNA translation initiation, playing a particular role in trans-translation. Mutations to rpsA prevent pyrazinoic acid, the active form of pyrazinamide catalyzed by pncA, from targeting RpsA to inhibit translation.
A method to determine microbial susceptibility to antibiotics in which test bacteria is inoculated onto an agar plate that contains a concentration gradient of antibiotic. The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic is assessed.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the cephalosporin antibiotic ceftolozane and the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam.
Point mutations in rpoC, an RNA polymerase subunit, which confer resistance to vancomycin.
vancomycin-resistant beta prime subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoC)
Cefpirome is a fourth generation cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and viridans group streptococci, and in vitro activity towards Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Cefsulodin is a third generation cephalosporin with with activity against Pseudomonas spp., but little activity against other Gram-negative bacteria.
Carumonam is a monobactam antibiotic. It has activity towards Gram-negative bacteria with negligible activity towards Gram-postitive bacteria.
A monobactam with potent activity against Enterobacteriaceae. Stable to metallo-B-lactamases and serine carbapenemases resulting in potency against the majority of extended-spectrum B-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains tested.
A pleuromutilin resistance gene encoding a predicted ABC-F transporter. The presence of inhibitory or sub-inhibitory concentrations of tiamulin showed that tva(A) confers reduced pleuromutilin susceptibility that does not lead to clinical resistance but facilitates the development of higher-level resistance via mutations in genes encoding ribosome-associated functions.
A fluoroquinolone with potent activity against Gram-positive pathogens. Showed the most potent in vitro and in vivo activities against drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. One of the most potent antibacterial agent against penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae in a murine systemic infection model.
An 8-cyano-substituted fluoroquinolone with increased antibacterial activity in acidic conditions in contrast to other fluoroquinolones which demonstrate reduced activity in lower pH. Finafloxacin showed increased bactericidal activity at pH 5 in comparison to pH 7 and ciprofloxacin at pH 5 in vitro.
A C-8-methoxy non-fluorinated quinolone exhibiting potent antibacterial activities against Gram-positive, including MRSA and fluoroquinolone-resistant MRSA, Gram-negative, and atypical pathogens, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
ARL-1 is a beta-lactamase gene found in Staphylococcus Arlettae.
ARL-2 is a beta-lactamase gene found in Staphylococcus Arlettae.
ARL-3 is a beta-lactamase gene found in Staphylococcus arlettae.
ARL-4 is a beta-lactamase gene found in Staphylococcus arlettae.
ARL-5 is a beta-lactamase gene found in Staphylococcus arlettae.
ARL-6 is a beta-lactamase gene found in Staphylococcus arlettae.
AST-1 is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase gene found in Nocardia asteroides.
A family of beta-lactamase known for their broad spectrum resistance profile.
ARL beta-lactamase is an AMR Gene Family associated with Staphylococcus arlettae.
MIR-23, originally described as AZECL-25, is a class C beta-lactamase that is found in Enterobacter cloacae.
BAT-1 is a class D beta-lactamase found in Bacillus atrophaeus.
BCL beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase.
BCL-1 is a class A beta-lactamase found in Alkalihalobacillus clausii.
BES beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase family.
BES-1 is a class A beta-lactamase that is found in Serratia marcescens.
BIC is a class A beta-lactamase conferring resistance to carbapenem.
BIC-1 is a beta-lactamase conferring resistance to carbapenems that is found in Pseudomonas fluorescens.
BIL beta-lactamase is plasmid-borne and is a class C beta-lactamase.
BIL-1 is a plasmid-borne beta-lactamase that is also a class C beta-lactamase.
BKC beta-lactamase is a class A beta-lactamase.
BKC-1 is a beta-lactamase conferring resistance to carbapenem and is found in Brazilian Klebsiella.
BPU is a class D beta lactamase gene family.
BPU-1 is a class D beta-lactamase found in Bacillus pumilus.
BRO is a class A beta-lactamase that is found in M.catarrhalis.
BRO-1 is a class A beta-lactamase found in M.catarrhalis.
BRO-2 is a class A beta-lactamase found in M.catarrhalis.
CBP is a class A beta-lactamase family found in C. botulinum.
CBP-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in C. botulinum.
CGA is a class A beta-lactamase family that is found in Chryseobacterium gleum.
CGA-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Chryseobacterium gleum.
CIA is a class A beta-lactamase gene family found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
CIA-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
CIA-2 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
CIA-3 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
CIA-4 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Chryseobacterium indologenes.
CKO is a class A beta-lactamase gene family found in Citrobacter koseri.
CKO-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Citrobacter koseri.
CME is a class A beta-lactamase gene family belonging to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum.
CME-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene belonging to Chryseobacterium meningosepticum.
CMH is a class C beta-lactamase gene family belonging to Enterobacter cloacae.
CMH-1 is a class C beta-lactamase gene found in Enterobacter cloacae.
CMY-135 is a class C beta-lactamase that confers resistance to cephamycin.
DES is a class A beta-lactamase gene family found in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.
DES-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.
ERP is a class A beta-lactamase gene family found in Erwinia persicina.
ERP-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Erwinia persicina.
FAR is a class A extended spectrum beta-lactamase gene family found in Nocardia farcinica.
FAR-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Nocardia farcinica.
FIM is a metallo-beta-lactamase gene family found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
FIM-1 is a metallo-beta-lactamase gene found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from isolates in Italy.
FONA is a class A beta-lactamase gene family found in Serratia fonticola.
FONA-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Serratia fonticola.
FONA-2 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Serratia fonticola.
FONA-3 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Serratia fonticola.
FONA-4 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Serratia fonticola.
FONA-5 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Serratia fonticola.
FONA-6 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Serratia fonticola.
FPH is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase found in Francisella philomiragia.
FPH-1 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase gene found in Francisella philomiragia.
FRI is a carbapenem-Hydrolyzing Class A beta-Lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae.
FRI-1 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A beta-lactamase found in Enterobacter cloacae.
FRI-2 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Enterobacter asburiae.
FRI-3 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Enterobacter cloacae.
FTU is a class A beta-lactamase gene family found in Francisella tularensis.
FTU-1 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Francisella tularensis. It causes Tularemia.
GOB-10 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Chryseobacterium meningosepticum.
GOB-11 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Chryseobacterium meningosepticum.
GOB-12 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-13 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-14 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-15 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-16 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-2 is class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-3 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-4 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-5 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-6 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-7 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-8 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
GOB-9 is a class B beta-lactamase gene found in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.
IMP-52 is a class B metallo-beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli.
LAP is a Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene family that confers resistance to beta-lactams.
LAP-1 is an Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene.
LAP-2 is an Ambler Class A beta-lactamase gene.
LEN-35 is a Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Klebsiella variicola.
LEN-36 is a class A beta-lactamase gene found in Klebsiella variicola.
LEN-37 is a Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Klebsiella variicola.
PBP2 is a penicillin-binding protein and beta-lactam resistance enzyme encoded by the penA gene, due to mutations can cause resistance to various drugs such as Penicillin and Ceftriaxone.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae PBP2 conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
Point mutation in Neisseria gonorrhoea PBP1 (ponA) decreases affinity between beta-lactam antibiotic molecule and PBP1, thereby conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae PBP1 conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
PilQ is an important gonococcal outer membrane component, member of secretin protein family, and involved in Type IV pilus formation.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae pilQ gene conferring resistance to beta-lactam
Point mutation in the 23S rRNA of Neisseria gonorrhoea shown to confer resistance to azithromycin, a macrolide type antibiotic.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to azithromycin
An OXA-12-family class D beta-lactamase identified from Aeromonas hydrophila.
A class-A beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
A class-A beta-lactamase from Klebsiella variicola.
A class-A beta-lactamase from Klebsiella.
A class-A broad-spectrum beta-lactamase identified from Klebsiella sp.
A class-A broad-spectrum beta-lactamase identified from Klebsiella.
A class-A broad-spectrum beta-lactamase from Klebsiella.
MtrR is a repressor of mtrCDE efflux pump expression, point mutations in mtrR confer resistance to azithromycin and other drugs.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae mtrR with mutation conferring resistance
An experimental serine beta-lactamase inhibitor comparable to clavulanic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam.
Point mutations in the 3' domain of 16S rRNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can confer resistance to capreomycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to capreomycin
A CMY-2-like beta-lactamase which confers resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics, and is also capable of hydrolyzing the CMY-2 inhibitors ticarcillin and cloxacillin.
SCOs are Class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a narrow range of penams, with some minor activity on cephalosporins and carbapenems.
Narrow-spectrum beta-lactamase isolated from several Acinetobacter spp. isolates from Argentina, as well as E. Coli. Hydrolyzes penicillins at a high level and cephalosporins and carbapenems at a very low level.
Experimental antibiotic in phase two trial for Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment.
Point mutation in Neisseria gonorrhoea gyrase B decreases affinity to zoliflodacin antibiotic.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae gyrB conferring resistance to zoliflodacin
Point mutations in Burkholderia gyrA that confer resistance to ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic.
Burkholderia dolosa gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
A class B New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase and NDM-1 variant.
A class B New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase.
Point mutations in Neisseria gonorrhoeae dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae folP with mutation conferring resistance to sulfonamides
Genes with mutations in inhA which confer resistance to isoniazid class antibiotics.
Genes with mutations in inhA which confer resistance to ethionamide class antibiotics.
inhA with mutations with conferring resistance to ethionamide
inhA is a enoyl-acyl carrier reductase used in lipid metabolism and farry acid biosynthesis. It is inhibited by ethionamide. Mutations in the promoter region or multiple copies of the inhA show marked resistance to ethionamide mediated inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhA mutations conferring resistance to ethionamide
Mutations that occur in the clp protease subunit clpC1 that increases resistance to antibiotics.
clpC1 is a subunit of the clp protease that is ATP-dependent. It functions to direct the clp protease to specific substrates. In the presence of ATP it hydrolyses proteins and may be involved in the degradation of denatured proteins.
Mutations that occur in gpsI that increases resistance to antibiotics.
gpsI codes for polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase which is a protein involved in mRNA degradation. It catalyzes the phosphorolysis of single-stranded polyribonucleotides in the 3'- to 5'-direction.
Mutations that occur in the mas that increases resistance to antibiotics.
Mas is a multifunctional mycocerosic acid synthase membrane-associated mas. It catalyzes the elongation of N-fatty acyl-CoA with methylamalonyl-CoA as the elongating agent to form mycocerosyl fatty acids present in mycobacterium.
Mutations that occur in the ppsC that increases resistance to antibiotics.
ppsC codes for the phthiocerol synthesis polyketide synthase type 1. It is involved in the elongation of C22-24 fatty acids by the addition of methylmalonyl-CoA extender units to yield phthiocerol derivatives in a complete reduction. Research has pointed towards this protein to be a high confidence drug target.
Mutations that occur in the ppsD that increases resistance to antibiotics.
ppsD codes for the phthiocerol synthesis polyketide synthase type 1. It is involved in the elongation of C22-24 fatty acids by the addition of malonyl-CoA extender units to yield phthiocerol derivatives in a partial reduction.
Mutations that occur in the fabg1 gene resulting in the inability for the antibiotic to inhibit mycolic acid biosynthesis.
fabG1 is involved in the fatty acid synthesis pathway, acting in the first reduction step for mycolic acid. It is associated with ethionamide resistance.
Mutations that occur on the mshC gene resulting in the inability for antibiotic to function.
Mutations that occur in mshC which is involved in the third step of mycothiol biosynthesis. It catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of GlcN-Ins and L-cysteine to form L-Cys-GlcN-Ins. The gene exhibits resistance to ethionamide.
Mutations that occur on the nudC gene resulting in the inability for antibiotic to function.
nudC is a NADH pyrophosphatase that is involved in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Mutations that occur on the nudC gene resulting in the inability for ethionamide to function.
Mutations in ahpC that contribute to antibiotic resistance by preventing ahpC from activating antibiotics.
An alkyl hydroperoxide reductase that catalyzes the reduction of organic hydrogen peroxide to water and organic alcohols. Plays a role in protecting oxidative stress.
fabG1 is involved in the fatty acid synthesis pathway, acting in the first reduction step for mycolic acid. It is associated with isoniazid resistance.
Mutations that occur in furA which is in the regulatory region of katG. Mutations within the gene contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Transcriptional regulator furA, represses the transcription of the catalase-peroxidase gene katG and its own transcription by binding to the promoter region.
Mutations in inbR that contribute to antibiotic resistance by preventing antibiotic activation.
inbR is part of the transcriptional factor family TetR. It acts as a repressor to regulate efflux pumps involved in antibiotic resistance.
Mutations that occur in the mshA gene resulting in the inability for antibiotic to activate.
mshA is a glycosyltransferase and is involved in the first step of mycothiol biosynthesis. This is a step that is required for growth in mycobacterium tuberculosis. Resistance has been shown in the gene to isoniazid.
Mutations that occur in the mshB gene that results in antibiotic resistance.
mshB is a deacetylase that is involved in the second step of mycothiol synthesis. GlcNAc-Ins is deacetylated by MshB to produce GlcN-Ins.
Mutations that occur on the mshC gene resulting in the inability for isoniazid to function. It catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of GlcN-Ins and L-cysteine to form L-Cys-GlcN-Ins.
Mutations that occur within the coding region of mymA that prevent effective antibiotic function.
mymA is an operon that begins at Rv3083 and ends at Rv3089 and is required for maintaining the appropriate mycolic acid composition and permeability of the envelope on its exposure to acidic pH. It has shown to be resistant to isoniazid.
Mutations that occur in mmaA3 which decreases effective functioning of antibiotics.
Methoxy mycolic acid synthase 3 is involved in the modification of mycolic acids. It represents a major part of the mycobacterial cell wall complex.
Mutations that occur in nat inactivate antibiotic functioning and contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A to the free amino group of arylamines and hydrazines. Reports have shown that overexpression of this enzyme may be responsible for increased resistance to isoniazid.
nudC is a NADH pyrophosphatase that is involved in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Mutations that occur on the nudC gene resulting in the inability for isoniazid to function.
Mutations that occur in SigI sigma factor that increase resistance to antibiotics.
A sigma factor that acts as an initiation factor that promotes attachment of the RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and then is released. Transcriptional analyses indicate that katG is also regulated by the sigma factor sigl and indicate resistance to isoniaizd.
ESX-5 secretion system is are important for virulence of mycobacteria and is required for mycobacterial cell wall stability and host cell lysis. The system is comprised of genes that encode the structural components of the secretion system. The system secrets mycobacterial proteins involved in virulence and pathogenicity and important for mycobacterium viability. Resistance has been shown to specific antibiotics.
fluoroquinolone-resistant ESX5 secretion system
Subunits of the secretion system complex that secretes proteins that contribute to resistance.
subunits of secretion system conferring antibiotic resistance
Mutations in the eccB5 gene contributing to antibiotic resistance to fluoroquinolone.
eccB5 is a transmembrane protein within the ESX-5 secretion system complex. The complex is critical for mycobacterium viability and virulence in the host cell and mutations contribute to a decreased uptake of antibiotic in the outer membrane.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis eccB5 conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
eccC5 is a membrane-bound ATPase within the ESX-5 secretion system complex. The complex is critical for mycobacterium viability and virulence in the host cell and mutations contribute to a decreased uptake of antibiotic in the outer membrane, yet the Relational Sequencing Tuberculosis Data platform (ReSeqTB, https://platform.reseqtb.org) finds no evidence of an association between eccC5 mutations and drug resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis eccC5 conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Mutations in the eccC5 gene contributing to antibiotic resistance to fluoroquinolone.
Mutations that occur in ahpC that result in ahpC overexpression thus conferring or contributing to resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ahpC mutations confer resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occur in fabG1 resulting in or contributing to resistance in isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis fabG1 mutations confer resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occur in furA that result in or contribute to antibiotic resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis furA mutations confer resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occur in inbR that result in or contribute to antibiotic resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis inbR mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occur in Mycobacterium tuberculosis mshA that result in or contribute to antibiotic resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mshA mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occur in mshC that result in or contribute to antibiotic resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mshC mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occur in the mymA operon that result in or contribute to antibiotic resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mymA mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occur in mmaA3 that result in or contribute to antibiotic resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mmaA3 mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occur in nat which through overexpression of the enzyme can result in or contribute to antibiotic resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis nat mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occur in nudC which through overexpression of the enzyme can result in or contribute to antibiotic resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis nudC mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigI mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid.
Mutations that occur in Mycobacterium tuberculosis fabG1 resulting in or contributing to resistance in ethionamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis fabG1 mutation conferring resistance to ethionamide
Mutations that occur in mshC resulting in or contributing to conferring resistance to ethionamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mshC mutations conferring resistance to ethionamide
Mutations that occur in nudC resulting in or contributing to conferring resistance to ethionamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis nudC mutations conferring resistance to ethionamide
Point mutations in the 23S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides.
23s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics
Point mutations in 23S rRNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can confer resistance to capreomycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to capreomycin
Mutations in the D-alanine synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can confer resistance to antibiotics.
ddlA catalyzes the ATP-driven ligation of two D-alanine molecules to form the D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptide, key in forming the cell wall. Cycloserine has a similar structure to d-alanine and inhibits the growth of the cell wall.
Point mutations that occur within Mycobacterium tuberculosis ddlA gene resulting in resistance to cycloserine.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ddlA mutations confer resistance to cycloserine
Mutations that occur in ald which decreases effective functioning of antibiotics.
ald plays a role in cell wall synthesis as L-alanine is an important constituent of the peptidoglycan layer. Resistance due to mutations in ald can cause cycloserine to not function.
Mutations that occur in alr which decreases effective functioning of antibiotics.
Mutations in the ald gene that contribute to or confer resistance to cycloserine.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ald mutations confer resistance to cycloserine
Provides the D-alanine required for cell wall biosynthesis. Transforms L-alanine to D-alanine. Can confer resistance to cycloserine.
Mutations in the alr mutation contribute to or confer resistance to cycloserine.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis alr with mutation conferring resistance to cycloserine
Decaprenylphosphoryl-5-phosphoribose (DPPR) synthase involved in arabinogalactan synthesis.
DDPR synthase involved in arabinogalactan synthesis. Mutations can confer resistance to ethambutol.
Mutations in the ubiA gene contribute to or confer resistance to ethambutol.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ubiA mutations confer resistance to ethambutol
Mutations in aftA gene contribute to or confer resistance to ethamutol.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis aftA mutations confer resistance to ethambutol
Thioacetazone is an inexpensive, antitubercular, bacteriostatic drug that has been widely used in combination with isoniazid in Africa and South America. This drug is rarely in use.
Rv0565c is a bacterial monoxygenase that has been newly uncovered in recent literature to show resistance to antibiotic.
Mycobacterial monoxygenase has been shown to confer resistance to ethionamide in recent literature.
Mutations in a bacterial monooxygenase, Rv0565c, are significantly associated with ethionamide resistance as an activator of ethionamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0565c mutation conferring resistance to ethionamide
rpld encodes for the 50S L4 ribosomal protein, is a macrolide resistance protein identified in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Mutations that occur in clpC1 that result in or contribute to antibiotic resistance to pyrazinamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis clpC1 with mutation conferring resistance to pyrazinamide
A probable bifunctional penicillin-binding protein that is involved in the final stages of peptidoglycan synthesis. It has been shown to cause resistance to antibiotics.
Mutations in the ponA1 gene that can contribute to or confer resistance to rifamycin-class antibiotics.
Mutations in ponA1 that contribute to or confer resistance to rifabutin antibiotic.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ponA1 mutations conferring resistance to rifabutin
Mutations in the eis gene that can contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Involved in acetylation and intracellular survival. Associated with the cell surface and secretion proteins.
Mutations in eis that contribute to or confer resistance to kanamycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis eis mutations confer resistance to kanamycin
Mutations in the whib7 gene that cause antibiotic resistance.
A protein involved in transcriptional mechanisms. Mutations in the gene can cause resistance to streptomycin.
whib7 is a protein involved in transcriptional mechanisms. Mutations in the gene can cause resistance to kanamycin.
Mutations in whib7 that can contribute to or confer resistance to kanamycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis whib7 mutations confer resistance to kanamycin
Mutations in whib7 that can contribute to or confer resistance to streptomycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis whib7 mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin
An efflux pump in mycobacterium that contributes to intrinsic antibiotic resistance. The pump uses the electrochemical gradient as a source of energy.
Mutations in the Rv1258c (Tap) gene that can contribute to or confer resistance to streptomycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1258c mutations confer resistance to streptomycin
Mutations in ppsA can result in antibiotic resistance.
Involved in the elongation of either C22-24 fatty acids by the addition of malonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA extender units to yield phthiocerol derivatives. Mutations in the gene may confer resistance to pyrazinamide.
Mutations in ppsC can contribute to or confer resistance to pyrazinamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ppsC mutations confer resistance to pyrazinamide
Mutations in ppsD can contribute to or confer resistance to pyrazinamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ppsD mutations confer resistance to pyrazinamide
Mutations in gpsI that can contribute to or confer resistance to pyrazinamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gpsI with mutations conferring resistance to pyrazinamide
Mutations in mas that can contribute to or confer resistance to pyrazinamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mas mutations confer resistance to pyrazinamide
Mutations in the gene can contribute to antibiotic resistance.
A probable conserved integral membrane protein that acts as an active efflux pump. Overexpression causes pyrazinamide resistance.
Mutations in the Rv0191 gene contribute to or confer resistance to pyrazinamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0191 mutations confer resistance to pyrazinamide
Mutations in the Rv1667 gene can contribute or confer resistance to antibiotics.
A probable transport protein thought to be involved in the active transport of macrolide across the membrane in mycobacterium.
Mutations in the Rv1667 gene that can contribute to or confer resistance to pyrazinamide. Resistance may be due to an antibiotic export mechanism.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1667 mutations confer resistance to pyrazinamide
Mutations in the Rv2731 gene that contribute to antibiotic resistance.
A conserved alanine and arginine-rich protein with an unknown function. The protein has shown to contribute to or confer resistance to pyrazinamide.
Mutations in the Rv2731 gene that contribute to or confer resistance to pyrazinamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2731 mutations confer resistance to pyrazinamide
Mutations in Rv3008 can contribute to or confer resistance to antibiotics.
A hypothetical protein for which it has been predicted but no experimental evidence exists to determine its function. May contribute to pyrazinamide resistance.
Mutations in the Rv3169 gene contribute to or confer resistance to antibiotics.
A conserved protein with an unknown function determined through proteomics study. May contribute or confer resistance to pyrazinamide resistance.
Mutations in the Rv3169 gene that can contribute to or confer resistance to pyrazinamide resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3169 mutations confer resistance to pyrazinamide
Mutations in rpoC that contribute to or confer resistance to rifampicin antibiotic.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpoC mutations confer resistance to rifampicin
rpoC catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA and mutations confer resistance to rifampicin.
RNA polymerase is a multisubunit enzyme that is necessary for transcription. Catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
antibiotic sensitive beta-prime subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoA)
RNA polymerase is a multisubunit enzyme that is necessary for transcription. Mutations in rpoA gene confer antibiotic resistance.
rpoA catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA and mutations confer resistance to rifampicin.
Mutations in rpoA that contribute to or confer resistance to rifampicin antibiotic.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpoA mutations confer resistance to rifampicin
Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae can result in resistance to Zoliflodacin.
Nucleotide point mutations in the 50S rRNA subunit (not in the 23s rRNA range) may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics.
50S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics
Genes ppsA-E constitute an operon encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of phthiocerol dimycocerosate and other lipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mutations within this region can result in resistance to pyrazinamide.
antibiotic resistant polyketide synthase genes
Mutations in the prokaryotic 50S ribosomal RNA subunit which disrupt binding sites and thereby reduce antibiotic efficacy.
50S rRNA with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance
Mutation in the mtrC efflux pump of Neisseria gonorrhoea shown to confer resistance to azithromycin, a macrolide type antibiotic.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae mtrC with mutation conferring resistance to azithromycin
Known antibiotic-resistant variants of emb arabinosyltransferases, primarily in Mycobacterium and conferring resistance to ethambutol through point mutation.
antibiotic-resistant emb arabinosyltransferase
A tetracycline efflux MFS Transporter from Providencia sp. Y14.
QnrVC2 is a class 1 integron found in Ciprofloxacin-resistant Vibro choleraeO1.
TxR is a putative transcription regulator that plays a role in conferring tetracycline resistance. It is required for proper functioning of Tet35.
QacE is a resistance gene conferring resistance to antiseptics.
QacEdelta1 is a resistance gene conferring resistance to antiseptics. It is different from QacE only at the 3'-terminus.
IDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases inc. cephalosporinases and carbapenemases.
IDC-2 is an IDC beta-lactamase and an integron cephalosprinase.
Vibro metallo-B-lactamase, also known as VMB is a carbapenemase beta-lactamase gene family.
Vibrio metallo-B-lactamase 1, also known as VMB-1, is carbapenemase beta-lactamase that is found in plasmid pVB1796 from Vibrio alginolyticus.
CMY-150 is a CMY-2 variant differing by 15 amino-acid substitutions. It confers higher resistance levels to ceftazidime and aztreonam compared to CMY-2.
LMB is an AMR Gene family belonging to subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamases.
LMB-1 is a subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase that confers resistance to penams, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
IMP-68 is a subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase that confers resistance to carbapenems.
The cfr(D) group are cfr(D) genes found in Enterococcus faecium that confer resistance to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid.
cfr(D) is found in Enterococcus faecium. It confers resistance to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid.
cfr(E) is a cfr-like gene described by (Stojkovic et al, 2019). It is found on transposon Tn6218 and found in Clostridioides difficile.
The gene cfr(E) is a cfr-like gene found in Clostridioides difficile isolate DF11. It confers resistance to antibiotics targeting to the 23s rRNA through hypermethylation of nucleotide A2503.
FosL1 is related to FosA-like genes. It is a plasmid-encoded fosfomycin resistant gene found in E. coli.
Antibiotic adjuvants shown to inhibit the action of ATP synthase, restoring antibiotic activity by depolarizing the bacterial membrane.
Venturicidin A is an ATP synthase inhibitor and antibiotic adjuvant produced in actinomycetes. In the presence of aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin, Venturicidin A showed to restore susceptibility to aminoglycosides in resistant bacteria.
FRI-4 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Enterobacter asburiae.
FRI-5 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Enterobacter cloacae.
FRI-6 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Enterobacter cloacae.
FRI-7 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Enterobacter asburiae.
FRI-8 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Enterobacter sp. 18A13. It is from a plasmid.
FRI-9 is a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A beta-lactamase gene found in Enterobacter asburiae.
FLC-1 is part of the FRI beta-lactamase family. It is a class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae.
YRC is a ambler class C beta-lactamase from Yersinia ruckeri. It confers resistance penams and cephalosporins.
YRC-1 is a ampC-like beta-lactamase that confers resistance to penams and cephalosporins. It is an ambler class C beta-lactamase.
BLMT is a bleomycin (Bm) resistance protein, encoded by the ble gene on the transposon Tn5. This protein confers a survival advantage to Escherichia coli host cells. BLMT confers resistance to bleomycin.
ADC-159 is an ADC beta-lactamase and a ambler class C beta-lactamase.
PDC-65 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-55 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
YajC interacts with the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump in a way that in uncharacterized but is shown to grant increased fitness in the presence of linezolid, rifampicin, and vancomycin.
mlaF from the mla system is a gene proposed to play a part in the transport of phospholipids to the outer membrane. Insertions in mlaF are shown to confer resistance to linezolid.
mlaD from the mla system is a gene proposed to play a part in the transport of phospholipids to the outer membrane. Insertions in mlaD are shown to confer resistance to linezolid.
cmlA9 is a Major Facilitator Superfamily efflux gene that is found in Salmonella enterica.
OmpA is a porin that confers resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.
SatA is part of the Streptothricin acetyltransferase gene family. It confers resistance to nucleoside antibiotics.
This MecI is a methicillin-resistant repressor resembling MecC. It confers resistance to penams.
MecC-type methicillin resistance repressor MecI
eptB is a phosphoethanolamine transferase. It confers resistance to peptide antibiotics.
CrcB is part of the Camphor Resistance Protein Family. It confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.
LpsB is involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. It provides intrinsic resistance to colistin and other peptide antibiotics such as polymyxins.
Intrinsic peptide antibiotic resistant Lps
LpsB is involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. It confers intrinsic resistance to colistin and other peptide antibiotics.
LpsA plays a role in Lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis. LpsA confers resistance to polymyxin antibiotics.
ArnT is involved in Cell Wall Biosynthesis, specifically 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (Ara4N). It confers resistance to peptide antibiotics.
Tet(X6) is a tetracycline inactivating enzyme. It is a tet(X) variant.
Tet(X5) is a tetracycline inactivating enzyme. It is a variant of tet(X).
ABC transporter complex which is involved in a phospholipid transport pathway that maintains lipid asymmetry in the outer membrane by retrograde trafficking of phospholipids from the outer membrane to the inner membrane.
LptD is involved in LPS transport in a ABC Transporter efflux system. It confers resistance to rifamycin, aminocoumarin, and peptide antibiotics.
A class D OXA-like beta-lactamase described in the emerging pathogen Cupriavidus gilardii.
A novel aminoglycoside resistance gene identified from Cupriavidus gilardii; AAC(3)-IVb / aacC10 is an aminoglycoside-3-N-acetyltransferase gene which confers resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin.
A novel aminoglycoside 3''-adenyltransferase gene and aminoglycoside resistance gene identified from Cupriavidus gilardii. ANT(3'')-Ib / aadA32 confers resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin.
cprR is one part of a two-component regulatory system. It with its counterpart cprS induce the Arn operon to confer resistance to peptide antibiotics.
cprS is part of a two-component regulatory system that, with its counterpart cprR, induces the Arn operon in the presence of cationic peptides to confer resistance.
cprRS is a two-component regulatory system. In the presence of cationic peptides, it induces the Arn operon to confer resistance.
parRS is a two-component sensor that mediates MexXY/OprM and porin OprD to confer resistance to polycationic antibiotics. It has multiple mechanisms of resistance such as LPS modification, efflux mediation and reduced porin pathway.
ParS is the sensor component of the two-component ParRS system. Alongside its counterpart ParR, it confers resistance to polycationic antibiotics though regulation of efflux pumps and porins.
ParR is a component of the two-component sensor ParRS. Alongside its counterpart ParS, it confers resistance to polycationic antibiotics through the regulation of efflux components and porins.
rsmA is a gene that regulates virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, its negative effect on MexEF-OprN overexpression has been noted to confer resistance to various antibiotics. It's Escherichia coli homolog is csrA.
A glycopeptide antibiotic which binds to essential peptidoglycan hydrolases, thereby preventing autolysis and inhibited cell wall remodelling during growth.
A glycopeptide antibiotic which binds to essential peptidoglycan hydrolases, thereby preventing autolysis and cell wall remodelling.
ROB-13 is a beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family. It was found in Bibersteinia trehalosi.
ROB-3 is a beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family. It was found in Moraxella pluranimalium.
ROB-4 is a beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family. It was found in Moraxella porci.
ROB-5 is a class A beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family. It was found in Moraxella sp. RCAD0137.
ROB-6 is a class A beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family. It was first described by Clemente et al.
ROB-7 is a class A beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family. It was first described by Clemente et al.
ROB-8 is a class A beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family. It was first described by Clemente et al.
ROB-2 is an extended spectrum class A beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family It is described by Kadlec et al.
ROB-10 is a class A beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family. It was found in Glaesserella parasuis.
Thermus thermophilus ribosomal protein uL3 containing various mutations conferring resistance to tiamulin. Mutations in the ribosomal protein of uL3 acts by interfering with local rRNA conformation thus conferring resistance.
Thermus thermophilus uL3 mutations conferring resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics
Ribosomal protein mutations that interfere with the rRNA conformation at the active site thus conferring antibiotic resistance.
Ribosomal protein mutation conferring resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics
Mutations in the 23s rRNA of Thermus thermophilus confers resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics such as tiamulin.
Thermus thermophilus 23s rRNA conferring resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics
dfrA31 is an antibiotic resistance dihydrofolate reductase from an integron found from Vibrio cholerae.
AAC(3)-IIg is part of the AAC(3) family. It was initially found in clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae.
Fusidic acid resistance determinants through the mediation of target protection. These protein drive the dissociation of EF-G from the ribosome thus counteracting the action of Fusidic acid.
Target protecting FusB-type protein conferring resistance to Fusidic acid
msrF is an ABC-F binding cassette ribosomal protection protein. It confers resistance to macrolide antibiotics.
msrH is a ABC-F binding cassette ribosomal protection protein. It confers resistance to macrolide antibiotics.
mef(D) is a major facilitator superfamily efflux pump protein. It works together with the msr proteins to confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics.
RanB is the determinant of antibiotic resistance within the RanARanB ABC-type efflux system. It confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.
RanA is a part of the RanARanB ABC-type efflux system. Alongside RanB, it confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.
RanARanB is the combination of both RanA and RanB to form an ABC-type efflux system. RanB confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.
OXA-899 is a class D beta-lactamase and part of the OXA family. It confers resistance to B-lactams and was originally found in Ralstonia pikettii.
OXA-898 is a class D beta-lactamase from the OXA family. It confers resistance to B-lactams and was originally found in Ralstonia pikettii.
GPC is a class A beta-lactamase family. It is found initially in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It confers resistance to B-lactams.
GPC-1 is a class A beta-lactamase. It is part of the GPC beta-lactamase gene family. Originally found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Confers resistance to B-lactams.
A blaZ-like beta-lactamase found in S. Aureus.
A subunit of the qac multidrug efflux pump in Vibrio cholerae.
Variant of ErmA (ARO:3000347) found in Streptococcus pyogenes. Confers the MLSb phenotype.
23S rRNA (adenine(2058)-N(6))-methyltransferase Erm(A)
Subtype of FosB (ARO:3000172). Present in multiple species.
Mutations associated with katG conferring resistance to prothionamide, an analogue of isoniazid. Like isoniazid, prothionamide targets lnhA.
Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis katG conferring resistance to prothionamide, an analogue of isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis katG mutations conferring resistance to prothionamide
Mutations in ethA conferring resistance to isoniazid.
Mutations in ethA conferring resistance to prothionamide, an analogue of isoniazid.
Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ethA conferring resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ethA mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ethA conferring resistance to prothionamide, an analogue to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ethA mutations conferring resistance to prothionamide
Mutations in mshA conferring resistance to prothionamide, an analogue of isoniazid.
Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis mshA conferring resistance to prothionamide, an analogue to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mshA mutations conferring resistance to prothionamide
A class A beta-lactamase in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis.
Predominant beta-lactamase in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis.
A fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant identified from Aeromonas. These proteins confer resistance to both fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
A subfamily of aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferases, AAC(6'), which doubly confer resistance to aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone antibiotics through fluoroquinolone-acetylating activity.
A fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant identified from Enterobacter. These proteins confer resistance to both fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
A fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant identified from Pseudomonas. These proteins confer resistance to both fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
A fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant identified from Escherichia coli. These proteins confer resistance to both fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
A fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant identified from Klebsiella. These proteins confer resistance to both fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
A fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant, identified from Salmonella. These variants confers resistance to both aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
A fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant, identified from Serratia. These variants confers resistance to both aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
A novel broad-spectrum anti-MRSA benzoquinolizine antibiotic effective against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens.
The lsa(D) gene represents an ABC-F subfamily protein expressed in Lactococcus garvieae. It confers resistance to Streptogramins A, Pleuromutilins and Lincosamides.
PDC-68 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-70 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-63 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-57 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-66 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-14 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-47 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-51 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-846 is a class D beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is part of the OXA-50 family of oxacillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase.
An NDM metallo-beta-lactamase variant reported in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
PDC-11 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-62 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-43 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-54 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-906 is a class D beta-lactamase from the OXA-50 family found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-59 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase.
PDC-67 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 5065.
PDC-56 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 4883.
PDC-52 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-44 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-240 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-61 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-45 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-49 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-50 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-48 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PAC beta-lactamase is an inhibitior-resistant cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase.
PAC-1 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase from the PAC beta-lactamase family. It is found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-53 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-72 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-69 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-23 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-28 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-41 is an ambler class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-668 is a class D beta-lactamase from the OXA-274 family of OXA beta-lactamases.
OXA-818 is a class D beta-lactamase from the OXA-23 family of OXA beta-lactamases.
OXA-812 is a class D beta-lactamase from the OXA-23 family of OXA beta-lactamases.
FosA7.5 is a variant of the FosA7 gene. This gene is unique from FosA7 in that it is found in Escherichia coli as opposed to Salmonella enterica. It confers resistance to fosfomycin.
Ionophores are chemical entities which reversibly bind ions. Many ionophores display antibacterial and antifungal properties. An ionophore will bind and transport ions through a cell membrane, thereby potentially disrupting membrane potential and modifying permeability.
dfrA35 is a trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase gene found in the lncC plasmid pEc158 from E.coli.
In an antimicrobial context, a drug class is a set of antibiotic molecules, including antibiotic/adjuvant combination medications, with similar chemical structures, molecular targets, and/or modes and mechanisms of action.
Tetracycline resistance gene tet(X) ortholog described by Fang et al. 2020.
A class of organic compounds derived from aromatic compounds and exhibiting antibiotic activity.
A class of compounds containing an aromatic moiety and an aliphatic chain, produced as a bacterial metabolite and exhibiting antibiotic properties to many gram-positive pathogens.
Alkaloids are naturally occurring organic compounds containing the element nitrogen. Some alkaloid compounds exhibit specific antibacterial activity.
A metallophore is any organic substance capable of carrying a metallic element such as zinc or iron, typically through chelation. Some metallophores exhibit specific antibiotic activity.
Polyketides are a large group of secondary metabolites. Some polyketide compounds have been shown to possess antibiotic activity and qualities.
Terpenes are a large class of naturally produced organic compounds, predominantly produced by plants such as conifers. Some terpenes have been shown to possess antibiotic qualities or activity.
Derivatives of thiacalixarene exhibit antiseptic and antibacterial activity.
Perchlozone is a novel thiosemicarbazone used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. It is similar to thiacetazone with only a different side chain attached to the thiosemicarbazone moiety. Perchlozone is a prodrug that is activated by ethA and inhibits the HadABC complex.
4-thioureido-iminomethylpyridinium perchlorate
CMY-158 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-173 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
Mutations in ethA conferring resistance to perchlozone, a novel thiosemicarbazone.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ethA mutations conferring resistance to perchlozone
CMY-147 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-146 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-156 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-160 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-162 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-140 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-164 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-161 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-165 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-166 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-149 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-139 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-148 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-163 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-154 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-142 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-141 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-145 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-96 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter sp. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-171 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-155 is a beta-lactamase found in Klebsiella sp. KF07. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
An experimental polypyridine ligand used as a metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor.
CMY-143 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
Genetic variants of ethA from Mycobacterium spp. including tuberculosis, which confer resistance to the antibiotic perchlozone.
A beta-lactamase gene found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
A beta-lactamase gene from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Beta-lactamase gene from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
A beta-lactamase gene from Escherichia coli.
CMY-152 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-151 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-89 is a beta-lactamase found in Escherichia coli. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-144 is a beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
CMY-138 is a beta-lactamase found in Proteus mirabilis. It confers resistance to cephamycin.
Novel mcr-3.41 gene identified in an Aeromonas veronii C198 isolate from a patient with Septicemia in Thailand by Hatrongjit et. al.
OXA-544 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-2 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
A beta-lactamase gene found in Escherichia coli.
A beta-lactamase gene found in Klebsiella pneumonia.
A beta-lactamase gene found in Klebsiella penumoniae.
ADC ortholog described by Nodari et al. 2020.
PDC-225 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-438 is class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-284 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-105 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-118 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-324 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-323 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-258 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-413 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-384 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-264 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-201 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-346 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-285 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-337 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-212 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-352 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-464 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-19b is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-380 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-461 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-19a is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas (multispecies).
PDC-272 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-255 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-293 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-183 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-207 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-306 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-376 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-117 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-231 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-104 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-173 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-292 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-393 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-119 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-313 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-257 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-429 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PDC-449 is a class C beta-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OXA-540 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-2 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-779 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-46 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-838 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-2 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-539 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-2 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-543 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-2 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-681 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-2 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-737 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-2 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-541 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-2 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-835 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-46 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-926 is a class D beta-lactamase in the family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-570 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-60 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-573 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-60 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-571 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-60 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-672 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-286 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-671 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-286 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-673 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-286 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-931 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-229 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-930 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-229 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-895 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-229 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-641 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-372 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
DfrA42 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistant to Trimethoprim.
Trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase DfrA42
OXA-496 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-134 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-915 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-134 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-647 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-134 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-648 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-134 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-646 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-134 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-649 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-143 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-897 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-24 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-653 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-24 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-499 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-143 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
OXA-825 is a beta-lactamase in the OXA-143 family of OXA beta-lactamases that confers resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin.
DfrA43 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistance to Trimethoprim. Originially described by Shi YZ et al, 2016, and isolated from Proteus penneri.
Trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase DfrA43
DfrA34 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistant to Trimethoprim.
DfrA37 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistant to Trimethoprim.
trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfra37
DfrA36 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistant to Trimethoprim. Originally described by Wuthrich et al., 2019, and isolated from Escherichia coli.
trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase DfrA36
DfrA38 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistant to Trimethoprim.
trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase DfrA38
DfrB9 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistant to Trimethoprim.
trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase DfrB9
DfrA39 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistant to Trimethoprim.
trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase DfrA39
Dfr22 is a dihydrofolate reductase that confers resistant to Trimethoprim. Originally detected by Grape et al., (2005) and isolated from Escherichia coli.
trimethoprim-resistance dihydrofolate reductase type 22
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-23 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_111672911.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-25 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_065419571.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-26 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_068981634.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-27 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_077064886.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-29 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_096807439.1.
Inhibitor-resistant class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase kpc-28 [Escherichia coli] Accession: WP_072081992.1.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-31 [Klebsiella] Accession: WP_073668892.1.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-32 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_073800284.1.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-30 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_085562399.1.
Inhibitor-resistant class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase kpc-33 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_101140102.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-34 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_109545044.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-35 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_111273852.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-36 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_114699267.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-37 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_116786832.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-38 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_123002101.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-39 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_128268237.1.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-40 [Enterobacter hormaechei] Accession: WP_115470049.1.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-41 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_148044419.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-42 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_136512070.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-43 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_136512071.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-45 [Enterobacter cloacae] Accession: WP_148044420.1.
Inhibitor-resistant class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase kpc-46 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_148044421.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-49 [Escherichia coli] Accession: WP_197749402.1.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase kpc-50 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_171476788.1.
Inhibitor-resistant class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase kpc-51 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_158208923.1.
Inhibitor-resistant class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase kpc-52 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_158208806.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-54 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_160164839.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-55 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_168247883.1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-56 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_087744800.1.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase kpc-57 [Klebsiella pneumoniae] Accession: WP_171476789.1.
Disinfectants that can also interact with antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, e.g. molecule efflux, and thus are the targets of disinfectant resistance.
AAK beta-lactamases are a group of class A beta-lactamases found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AFM beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in proteobacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
ALG11 beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases.
ALG6 beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases.
ALI beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in species of the Aliivibrio genus.
ANA beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Anaeromyxobacter.
AXC beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamase found in the Anaeromyxobacter genus.
BSU beta-lactamases are class D beta-lactamases found in Bacillus inaquosorum.
CAR beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases found in Pectobacterium atrosepticum.
CDD beta-lactamases are class D beta-lactamases found in Clostridioides difficile.
CMA beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases found in Cronobacter malonaticus.
CRD3 beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases.
CRH beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Chromobacterium haemolyticum.
CRP beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamase found in Chromobacterium piscinae.
CSA beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases found in Cronobacter sakazakii.
CSP beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Capnocytophaga sputigena.
CVI beta-lactamases are a class B2 beta-lactamase found in Chromobacterium violaceum.
DHT2 beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases.
EAM beta-lactamase are class B3 beta-lactamases found in Qipengyuania aquimaris.
EC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases found in Escherichia coli.
ECM beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases found in Qipengyuania citrea.
ECV beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Echinicola vietnamensis.
EFM beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamase found in Qipengyuania flava.
ELM beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases found in Erythrobacter longus.
EVM beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases found in Qipengyuania vulgaris.
FIA beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Fibrella aestuarina.
GIL-beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Citrobacter gillenii.
GMB beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Citrobacter freundii.
GRD23 beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases.
GRD33 beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamase.
KLUC beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Kluyvera cryocrescens, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae.
LHK beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases found in Laribacter hongkongensis.
LRG beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases.
LUS beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Pedobacter lusitanus.
LUT beta-lactamases are class A beta lactamases found in Pseudomonas luteola.
MAL beta-lactamase are class A beta-lactamases found in Citrobacter koseri.
MBL beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases found in Caulobacter vibrioides.
MOC beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamase found in Myroides odoratus.
MOR beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases found in Morganella morganii.
MYO beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Myroides odoratimimus.
MYX beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Myxococcus.
OHIO beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases.
ORN beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Raoultella ornithinolytica.
ORR beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.
PAU beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
PFM beta-lactamases are class B2 beta-lactamases found in Pseudomonas fluorescens.
PLA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamase found in Raoultella planticola.
PLN beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases found in Pedobacter lusitanus.
PME beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Gammaproteobacteria.
POM beta-lactamases are class B3 beta-lactamases found in Pseudomonas otitidis.
PST bea-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Pseudomonas stutzeri.
PSV beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Pseudovibrio.
RAHN beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Rahnella aquatilis.
RSA2 beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases.
RSD2 beta-lactamases are class D beta-lactamases.
RUB beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Serratia rubidaea.
SFC beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Serratia fonticola.
SFO beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Gammaproteobacteria.
SGM beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in members of the Sphingobium genus.
SHN beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Shewanella denitrificans.
SPN beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases.
SPR beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases found in Serratia proteamaculans.
SPS beta-lactamases are class B1 beta lactamases found in Sediminispirochaeta smaragdinae.
SPU beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Capnocytophaga sputigena.
SST beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases found in Serratia marcescens.
STA beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Stigmatella aurantiaca.
TER beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Raoultella terrigena.
TTU beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Teredinibacter turnerae.
VHH beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found in Vibrio harveyi.
VHW beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases found Vibrio harveyi.
YEM beta-lactamases are class B2 beta-lactamases found in Yersinia mollaretii.
ZOG beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Zobellia galactanivorans.
ADC beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases with extended-spectrum resistance to cephalosporins and may or may not cause resistance to carbapenems. ADC beta-lactamases are found in Acinetobacter sp. and Oligella urethralis.
ADC beta-lactamases with undetermined carbapenemase activity.
ADC beta-lactamases pending classification for carbapenemase activity
A class of serine beta-lactamase inhibitors.
An experimental diazabicyclooctane beta-lactamase inhibitor that contains a fluorine atom in place of the carboxamide.
NorC is a multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to fluoroquinolones and other structurally unrelated antibiotics like tetracycline. It shares 61% similarity with NorB, and is a structural homolog of Blt of Bacillus subtilis. Like NorA and NorB, NorC is regulated by mgrA, also known as NorR.
mdeA is a multidrug efflux pump that confers resistance in varying degrees to several unrelated antibiotics, including kanamycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, acriflavine, and ethidium bromide.
sepA is a multidrug efflux pump that confers resistance to disinfecting agents and dyes.
sdrM encodes an efflux pump that confers resistance to norfloxacin and ethidium bromide, making this a multidrug resistance gene.
qacJ is a small multidrug resistance (SMR) efflux pump that confers resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds.
qacG is a small multidrug resistance efflux pump that confers resistance to benzalkonium chloride and ethidium bromide.
SHD beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Shewanella denitrificans.
A CARD-specific abbreviation for AMR gene names associated with Antibiotic Resistance Ontology terms, often not based on the literature. This is used for programmatic and compatibility purposes and is not ontologically relevant. Each ontology term with an associated AMR detection model has a CARD Short Name that appears in CARD data files and output generated by RGI. If the original gene name is less than 15 characters, the CARD short name is identical; if the gene name is greater than 15 characters, the CARD Short Name has been abbreviated by CARD curators specifically to identify the proper gene or protein name. All CARD Short Names are unique and have whitespace characters replaced by underscore characters. The convention for pathogen names is capitalized first letter of the genus followed by the lowercase first three letters of the species name. The antibiotic abbreviations are from https://journals.asm.org/journal/aac/abbreviations plus some custom abbreviations by the CARD curators. Simple CARD Short Names often do not involve either, e.g. CTX-M-15, but where applicable the CARD Short Names follow pathogen_gene or pathogen_gene_drug. The full lists of abbreviations can be found in the CARD Downloads: https://card.mcmaster.ca/latest/data.
FexB is a plasmid-encoded exporter gene which confers resistance to florfenicol. Originally identified in Enterococcus sp. isolated from swine by Liu et al. 2012.
PFM-4 (BioF) is a class B2 metallo-beta-lactamase first identified in Pseudomonas. It belongs to the PFM-like beta-lactamase gene family. It confers resistance to carbapenems and some cephalosporins.
Prulifloxacin is a 6-fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a C-2 sulfur atom. It is hydrolyzed by esterases to produce the active compound Ulifloxacin. The active compound has broad spectrum activity against most Gram-negative bacteria. Prulifloxacin displays strong bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and persister cells.
NDM-33 confers resistance to all beta-lactam antibiotics except aztreonam. It was first identified in an E. coli strain isolated from hospital sewage. It differs from NDM-5 by a single amino acid substitution (A72T).
Lascufloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic.
Sarecycline is a tetracycline derivative.
salB is a ABC-F subfamily protein gene that confers resistance to lincosamides and class A streptogramins.
salC is a ABC-F subfamily protein gene that confers resistance to lincosamides and class A streptogramins.
salD is a ABC-F subfamily protein gene that confers resistance to lincosamides and class A streptogramins.
salE is a ABC-F subfamily protein gene that confers resistance to lincosamides and class A streptogramins.
Sal proteins are a part of the ABC-F proteins, expressed in staphylococci that confer resistance to group A streptogramin, lincosamide, and pleuromutilin antibiotics through ribosomal protection.
A serine beta-lactamase inhibitor that prevents the degradation of imipenem in the body.
Erm(50) is an Erm ribosomal RNA methyltransferase.
Erm(51) is an Erm ribosomal RNA methyltransferase.
Tetracenomycin antibiotics are aromatic polyketides that inhibit translation by binding to the large ribosomal subunit within the polypeptide exit tunnel.
Tetracenomycin C is a tetracenomycin antibiotic, a methyl ester and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Tetracenomycin X is a tetracenomycin antibiotic, a methyl ester and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Tetracenomycin A2 is a tetracenomycin antibiotic, a methyl ester and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Chlorhexidine is a disinfectant and antiseptic that is used for skin disinfection, including mouthwashes (chlorhexidine gluconate).
A combination therapy for multidrug resistant pathogens consisting of two cephalosporin antibiotics (cefotaxime and ceftiofur) with two beta-lactamase inhibitors (tazobactam and clavulanate) encapsulated in a nanoparticle. They were shown to have efficient antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae.
Erm(52) is an Erm ribosomal RNA methyltransferase.
msr(G) is a part of the msr subfamily of ABC-F ribosomal protection proteins.
msr(I) is part of the msr subfamily of ABC-F ribosomal protection proteins.
Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It is used in veterinary medicine predominately for dogs and cats but is sometimes used for other animals.
Marbofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It is used in veterinary medicine predominately for dogs and cats.
Xeruborbactam is an experimental cyclic boronate ultrabroad-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibitor, with potent activity against both serine beta-lactamases and metallo-beta-lactamases.
Rifampicin inhibits transcription by binding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase. Helicobacter pylori mutations associated with rifampicin resistance typically occur in the rifampicin resistance determining region of rpoB between codons 525 and 586.
Helicobacter pylori rpoB mutation conferring resistance to rifampicin
Point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of Helicobacter pylori observed to confer resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Helicobacter pylori gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutations in Helicobacter pylori conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Helicobacter pylori gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
The rdxA gene in Helicobacter pylori encodes an NADPH nitroreductase. Mutations in this gene are associated with metronidazole resistance.
Helicobacter pylori rdxA mutation conferring resistance to metronidazole
Inactivation of the oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductases in Helicobacter pylori play a role in metronidazole resistance.
Antibiotic resistant Helicobacter pylori nitroreductase
Point mutations in Helicobacter pylori pbp3 observed to confer resistance to amoxicillin.
Helicobacter pylori pbp3 conferring resistance to amoxicillin
Point mutations in Helicobacter pylori pbp2 observed to confer resistance to amoxicillin.
Helicobacter pylori pbp2 mutants conferring resistance to amoxicillin
FrxA encodes an NADH-flavin oxidoreductase in Helicobacter pylori. Mutations in this gene confer resistance to nitrofuran antibiotics and metronidazole.
Helicobacter pylori frxA mutation conferring resistance to metronidazole
Point mutations in Helicobacter pylori pbp1 observed to confer resistance to amoxicillin.
Helicobacter pylori pbp1 mutants conferring resistance to amoxicillin
Hp1165 is a homolog of the Clostridium perfringes tetP gene and is part of the MFS efflux family but is not considered a true tetracycline resistance gene. Hp1165 confers low level resistance to tetracycline, however cessation of antibiotic treatment results in the host cell reverting to susceptibility.
VAM-1 is a subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase, conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics such as carbapenems and cephalosporins.
Cilastatin is often prescribed with imipenem as a beta-lactam potentiator. Cilastatin inhibits enzymatic renal dehydropeptidase, which hydrolyzes imipenem, thereby preventing the metabolism of imipenem in vivo and maintaining longer antibiotic exposure and effect.
VAM beta-lactamases are class B1 beta-lactamases found in Vibrio alginolyticus.
ABC-F subfamily ATP-binding cassette ribosomal protection proteins of unknown, unclear or miscellaneous classification which nevertheless confer resistance to antibiotics through ribosomal protection and not through antibiotic efflux. These proteins should be further reviewed to elucidate associated genes, their function, origin and classification.
Miscellaneous ABC-F subfamily ATP-binding cassette ribosomal protection proteins
A thiol transferase isolated in Staphylococcus aureus that leads to resistance of fosfomycin.
An MCR-1-type colistin resistance gene variant, first described in a multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolate recovered from a urinary tract infection, and co-occurring with the carbapenemase NDM-5.
An antibiotic-adjuvant admixture of the beta-lactam antibiotic ceftazidime and the non-beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitor avibactam.
Point mutations that occur within the Bacillus subtilis rpoB gene resulting in resistance to rifampin.
Bacillus subtilis rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampin
Capreomycin family of phosphotransferases confer resistance to capreomycin antibiotics.
cph is a phosphotransferase that confers resistance to capreomycin.
A fungal secondary metabolite which inhibits the action of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1.
Molecules and compounds that decrease resistance by inhibiting the action of the MrsA efflux pump.
Luteolin is a flavonoid produced by a variety of plants that features a wide range of biological effects. It has been shown to inhibit the action of the MsrA drug efflux pump.
Pellitorine is a metabolite produced mainly in members of the Zanthoxylum, Tetradium, and Piper genera. It has been shown to inhibit the action of the MsrA drug efflux pump.
Piperic acid is a compound produced by members of the Piper genus. It has been shown to inhibit the action of the MsrA drug efflux pump.
Tetraydropiperine is a derivative of piperine produced by members of the Piper genus. It has been shown to inhibit the action of the MsrA drug efflux pump.
Sesamin is a compound isolated from sesame oil and bark from plants in the Zanthoxylum genus. It has been shown to inhibit the action of the MsrA drug efflux pump.
Biapenem is a broad spectrum injectable antibiotic belonging to the carbapenem subgroup of beta-lactams.
PRC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases.
PRC-1 is a beta-lactamase that confers resistance to certain cephalosporins and penicillins.
Epinecidin-1 is a peptide antibiotic derived from Epinephelus coioides with broad spectrum activity against a range or Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
A peptidomimetic antibiotic with specific, potent action against members of the Pseudomonas genus. Murepavadin disrupts lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis by binding to lypopolysaccharide transport protein D.
Albendazole is a compound used in the treatment of parasitic worm infestations. It has been shown to exhibit antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli by inhibiting MurA (MurZ), thereby disrupting cell wall synthesis.
Diflunisal is a salicylic acid derivative and aspirin analogue typically used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It has been shown to exhibit antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli by inhibiting MurA (MurZ), thereby disrupting cell wall synthesis.
Gepotidacin is a triazaacenaphthylene bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitor used experimentally. It has been in phase III of clinical trials since 2019 for the treatment of gonorrhea, however gepotidacin has demonstrated antibiotic activity against a variety of bacteria.
Klebsidin is a peptide antibiotic derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae that exhibits activity against members of the Enterobacteriaceae family of Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia and Salmonella species. Klebsidin acts by accumulating in the target cell and inhibiting RNA polymerase.
Fisetin is a flavonoid produced mainly by plants in the Eudicotidae clade. It exhibits a range of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and fisetin has been shown to inhibit the action of metallo-beta-lactamases.
Risedronate is a bisphosphonate used as an oral medication to treat osteoperosis and Paget's disease of bone. It has been shown to inhibit the action of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1.
Methotrexate is an antifolate chemotherapeutic and immune suppressant used to treat a wide variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases. It has been shown to inhibit the action of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1.
FosM1 is a thiol transferase discovered in human gut microflora that leads to the resistance of fosfomycin.
FosM2 is a thiol transferase discovered in human gut microflora that leads to the resistance of fosfomycin.
FosM3 is a thiol transferase discovered in human gut microflora that leads to the resistance of fosfomycin.
Class A Bacillus cereus Bc beta-lactamases are enzymes that break down beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly penicillins.
class A Bacillus cereus Bc beta-lactamase
Bacillus cereus beta-lactamase III is a class A beta-lactamase that breaks down a number of penicillins and cephalosporins in Bacillus cereus.
Nitroimidazole reductases are a group of enzymes that deactivate nitroimidazole antibiotics by reducing their nitro functional group to an amino group. These enzymes are associated with resistance to nitroimidazole derivatives in Bacteroides fragilis but have also been reported in a variety of anaerobic Gram-negative and Gram-positive genera. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for these enzymes vary greatly depending on species, strain, and precise nitroimidazole treatment used.
nimA is a nitroimidazole reductase mainly found in Bacteroides fragilis that is associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics such as metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations observed in isolates vary greatly depending on species, strain, and nitroimidazole treatment.
nimC is a nitroimidazole reductase mainly found in Bacteroides fragilis that is associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics such as metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations observed in isolates vary greatly depending on species, strain, and nitroimidazole treatment.
nimD is a nitroimidazole reductase mainly found in Bacteroides fragilis that is associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics such as metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations observed in isolates vary greatly depending on species, strain, and nitroimidazole treatment.
nimE is a nitroimidazole reductase mainly found in Bacteroides fragilis that is associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics such as metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations observed in isolates vary greatly depending on species, strain, and nitroimidazole treatment.
nimF is a nitroimidazole reductase that shares significant identity with other nim genes which are associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics.
nimG is a nitroimidazole reductase that shares significant identity with other nim genes which are associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics.
nimH is a nitroimidazole reductase mainly found in Bacteroides fragilis that is associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics such as metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations observed in isolates vary greatly depending on species, strain, and nitroimidazole treatment.
nimI is a nitroimidazole reductase discovered in the Prevotella baroniae that is associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics such as metronidazole. Although not found in Bacteroids fragilis, the source organism of most nim genes, nimI shares significant similarity with other nitroimidazole reductases. nimI is chromosomally encoded in P. baroniae, suggesting that it is intrinsic to this species.
nimJ is a nitroimidazole reductase mainly found in Bacteroides fragilis that is associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics such as metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations observed in isolates vary greatly depending on species, strain, and nitroimidazole treatment.
nimK is a nitroimidazole reductase mainly found in Bacteroides fragilis that is associated with the deactivation of nitroimidazole antibiotics such as metronidazole. Minimum inhibitory concentrations observed in isolates vary greatly depending on species, strain, and nitroimidazole treatment.
Ornidazole is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative mainly used to treat parasitic infections but has also demonstrated antibiotic activity against anaerobic bacteria.
Antibiotic-induced changes to cell morphology, including shape, volume and surface area, which decrease antibiotic susceptibility.
Changes to cell morphology by activated growth response in the presence of an antibiotic, leading to a decreased surface-to-volume ratio. Such changes decrease antibiotic influx and increase antibiotic dilution in the cell, thereby increasing survivability, particularly in nutrient-poor environments.
Reduction in surface-to-volume ratio of cell
Subclass B1 Bacteroides xylanisolvens crx beta-lactamases are zinc metallo-beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems.
subclass B1 Bacteroides xylanisolvens crx beta-lactamase
crxA is a subclass B1 metallo-betal-lactamase from Bacteroides xylanisolvens that hydrolyzes carbapenems such as imipenem and meropenem.
Tet(O/32/O) is a mosaic tetracycline resistance gene and ribosomal protection protein.
Tet(O/M/O) is a mosaic tetracycline resistance gene and ribosomal protection protein.
Tet(O/W) is a mosaic tetracycline resistance gene and ribosomal protection protein.
Tet(O/W/32/O) is a mosaic tetracycline resistance gene and ribosomal protection protein.
Tet(O/W/O) is a mosaic tetracycline resistance gene and ribosomal protection protein.
Tet(W/32/O) is a mosaic tetracycline resistance gene and ribosomal protection protein.
ROB-11 is a class A beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family.
ROB-12 is a class A beta-lactamase from the blaROB AMR gene family.
Streptomyces lividans otr(A) is an oxytetracycline resistance ribosomal protection protein found in Streptomyces lividans.
Serine beta-lactamase inhibitors are molecules that inhibit the function of Ambler class A, C, and D beta-lactamases, preventing the inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics by these enzymes.
Metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors are molecules that inhibit the function of Ambler class B (metallo-) beta-lactamases, preventing the inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics by these enzymes.
Beta-lactam derived beta-lactamase inhibitors are molecules possessing structural similarity to beta-lactam antibiotics (i.e. beta-lactam ring) that inhibit the function of serine beta-lactamases.
beta-lactam derived beta-lactamase inhibitor
Serine beta-lactamase inhibitors with unknown or undefined classification.
unclassified serine beta-lactamase inhibitor
A class of metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors.
polypyridine metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor
phosphonate metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor
bisthiazolidine metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor
Metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors with unknown or undefined classification.
unclassified metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor
An MCR-10-type colistin resistance gene variant.
S02030 is an experimental metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor that exhibits activity against MOX-1.
1-{(2r)-2-(Dihydroxyboranyl)-2-[(Thiophen-2-Ylacetyl)amino]ethyl}-1h-1,2,3-Triazole-4-Carboxylic Acid
Cordycepin is an experimental nucleoside antibiotic which has been shown to exhibit activity against H. pylori. It is produced by the Cordyceps fungus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Unithiol is an experimental chelating agent that forms complexes with heavy metals. It has been shown to inhibit the action of the metallo-beta-lactamases NDM-1 and VIM-2.
BLI-489 is an experimental beta-lactamase inhibitor that exhibits broad spectrum activity against class A, B, and D carbapenemases.
Plantacirin A is a short cationic bacteriocin that increases permeability of the bacterial outer membrane, thus enhancing the effect of accompanying antibiotics. It is derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.
Sulopenem is a carbapenem derivative in phase III clinical trials (2022) for the treatment of various gram-positive and gram-negative infections.
PBT2 is a former Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease candidate drug that has since been shown to increase susceptibility to colistin, polymyxin B, and tetracycline in N. gonorrhoeae. It is thought to inactivate lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase A, resulting in alteration of cell membrane charge.
An antibiotic-adjuvant admixture of the beta-lactam antibiotic imipenem, beta-lactam potentiator cilastatin, and beta-lactamase inhibitor relebactam.
An antibiotic-adjuvant admixture of the beta-lactam antibiotic meropenem and the beta-lactamase inhibitor vaborbactam.
Taniborbactam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibitor. As of 2022, it is in phase III clinical trials in combination with cefepime and is the only beta-lactamase inhibitor exhibiting activity against all four classes of beta-lactamase.
An antibiotic cocktail containing the beta-lactam antibiotic cefepime and the beta-lactamase inhibitor taniborbactam. As of 2022, this antibiotic-adjuvant mixture is in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of various bacterial infections.
A group of antibiotics derived from phosphonic acids.
A group of antibiotics including bicyclomycin and its analogues.
A group of antibiotics including mupirocin and similar mixtures (such as those including pseudomonic acid A).
A group of antibiotics containing isoniazid and its derivatives.
A group of antibiotics possessing steroid rings or steroid-like structures.
A group of antibiotics including cycloserine and its derivatives.
A group of antibiotics derived from pyrazine.
A group of antibiotics possessing the thioamide functional group.
A group of antibiotics including nybomycin and its derivatives.
A group of antibiotics including pactamycin and its derivatives.
A group of antibiotics derived from salicylic acid.
A group of antibiotics including the experimental compound zoliflodacin and its derivatives.
A group of antibiotics derived from thiosemicarbazide (possessing the thiosemicarbazone functional group).
A group of peptidomimetic antibiotics based on the peptide protegrin-1.
A group of antibiotics including albendazole and similar antiparasitic compounds that exhibit antibacterial activity.
A group of antibiotics derived from triazaacenaphthylene.
Gemifloxacin is a broad-spectrum, fourth generation, oral fluoroquinolone antibiotic used in the treatment of various bacterial infections, primarily in the lungs. It has been discontinued for therapeutic use in the US over concerns of tendon and peripheral neuron toxicity, although it is still available for experimental application and elsewhere for therapeutic use. It is usually administered as a mesylate salt, gemifloxacin mesylate.
Orthosomycins are a group of experimental/veterinary orthoester and oligosaccharide antibiotics that target the 70s ribosomal subunit. They are generally no longer considered potential clinical antibiotics, but continue to be used in livestock feed and for experimental purposes.
Evernimicin is a veterinary oligosaccharide antibiotic of the orthosomycin group of orthoester antibiotics. Along with avilamycin, it exhibits activity against a variety of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and is primarily used in livestock feed.
Avilamycin is an experimental oligosaccharide antibiotic of the orthosomycin group of orthoester antibiotics. Along with evernimicin, it exhibits activity against a variety of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.
Pirlimycin is an experimental/veterinary lincosamide antibiotic. Although not approved for use in humans, pirlimycin is commonly used to treat mammary gland infections in cattle.
Enmetazobactam is a beta-lactamase inhibitor which exhibits activity against class A extended spectrum beta-lactamases. It is currently in clinical trials in combination with cefepine for the treatment of urinary tract infections and acute pyelonephritis.
Methimazole is thiamide usually used to treat hyperthyroidism. It has also demonstrated potent inhibition of NDM-1 and synergistic effects against other metallo-beta-lactamases when paired with meropenem.
Lipoic acid is a compound used for diabetic neuropathy and as a nutritional supplement. It has also demonstrated potent inhibition of NDM-1 and synergistic effects against other metallo-beta-lactamases when paired with meropenem.
Scutellarin is an experimental antibiotic potentiator that inhibits bacterial sortase A and caseinolytic peptidase P. When used in combination with vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, scutellarin improves activity of the antibiotic, making it an effective adjuvant in the treatment of such infections.
TP0586532 is an antibiotic potentiator that acts by inhibiting bacterial LpxC, interfering with the production of lipopolysaccharides. It has been shown to increase the effects of several antibiotics, such as meropenem, amikacin, cefepime, and tigecycline. The disruption of lipopolysaccharide synthesis is suspected to lead to increased membrane permeability.
TNP-2198 is an experimental rifamycin-nitroimidazole conjugate currently in development for treatment of several bacterial infections. It exhibits greater activity than rifamycin and nitroimidazole antibiotics administered together and is effective against bacteria resistant to both drug classes.
Antibiotics belonging to the thiazolide group. Note that many thiazolides are used as antiviral compounds, however some have also exhibited antibacterial activity.
Nitazoxanide is a thiazolide antiparatasitic and antiviral drug that has demonstrated antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori. It is well tolerated and exhibits a synergistic effect with other antibiotics, such as clarithromycin.
Class A beta-lactamse from M. abscessus.
class A Mycobacterium abscessus beta-lactamase
MAB is a broad-spectrum class A beta-lactamase produced by Mycobacterium abscessus that has been shown to hydrolyze a large number of beta-lactam antibiotics.
Class A beta-lactamase from M. tuberculosis.
class A Mycobacterium tuberculosis bla beta-lactamase
blaC is a broad-spectrum class A beta-lactamase coded in the chromosome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has been shown to hydrolyze a large number of beta-lactam antibiotics and is a major obstacle in the treatment of tuberculosis with such drugs.
Mutations in the Rv1258c (Tap) efflux pump contributing to antibiotic resistance.
Mutations in the Rv1258c efflux pump contributing to resistance to multiple antibiotics.
Mutations in the M. tuberculosis efflux pump Rv1258c (Tap) conferring resistance to multiple ethambutol and capreomycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1258c mutations confer resistance to ethambutol and capreomycin
Mutations in the M. tuberculosis efflux pump Rv1258c (Tap) conferring resistance to pyrazinamide, isoniazid, and streptomycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1258c mutations confer resistance to pyrazinamide, isoniazid, and streptomycin
This cluster confers resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin by allowing restructuring of peptidoglycan precursors to end in D-Ala-D-Lac. Resistance is acquired after multiple treatments with sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin. Gene orientation: vanHPXRS.
glycopeptide resistance gene cluster vanP
vanP is a D-Ala-D-Ala ligase homolog that synthesizes D-Ala-D-Lac, an alternative substrate for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduces vancomycin binding affinity. It is associated with both vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance.
Groups, organizations, and government bodies dedicated to the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.
antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems
The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS) is a US public health surveillance system that tracks antimicrobial resistance in foodborne and other enteric bacteria.
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS)
Enramycin is a polypeptide antibiotic commonly used as a feed additive for livestock. It is produced by species of the Streptomyces genus and is used to prevent necrotic enteritis in poultry and pigs. Enramycin disrupts cell wall synthesis by inhibiting MurG.
A family of subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamases discovered in Pseudomonas alcaligenes and found in other members of the Pseudomonas genus. PAM beta-lactamases hydrolyze cephalosporins and carbenems.
PAM-1 is a member of the PAM family of subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamases found in members of the Psuedomonas genus.
PAM-2 is a member of the PAM family of subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamases found in members of the Pseudomonas genus.
PAM-3 is a member of the PAM family of subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamases found in members of the Pseudomonas genus.
New Delhi class B metallo-beta-lactamase 16b variant.
Mutations in Klebsiella pneumoniae PhoQ of the two-component PhoPQ regulatory system conferring resistance to colistin.
Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant PhoQ conferring resistance to colistin
AAC(6')-Iap is an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase that confers resistance to a number of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Kathmandu beta-lactamases are a group of class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze penicillin antibiotics.
KBL-1 is a KBL class A beta-lactamase that confers resistance to a number of penicillin antibiotics.
Helicase-like proteins that confer resistance to antibiotics such as rifamycins by preventing or disrupting their binding to RNA polymerase.
helicase-like RNA polymerase protection protein
HelR is a helicase-like protein that confers resistance to rifamycins by displacing them from the RNA polymerase complex. The protein forces the antibiotic away from the polymerase by binding in its place. It then ejects itself from the complex, allowing the polymerase to resume normal function.
Streptomyces venezuelae rox is a class A flavoprotein monooxygenase that confers resistance to rifamycin antibiotics. It acts by oxygenating the naphthyl group of the antibiotic, leading to a ring opening event and linearization of the molecule.
Nocardia farcinica rox is a rifampin monooxygenase that inactivates rifampin.
N,N,N'-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-ethylenediamine-N'-acetic acid
A class of antibiotic adjuvant in which the adjuvant directly or indirectly inhibits the mechanism of resistance, restoring antibiotic susceptibility or decreasing the minimum inhibitory concentration.
inhibitor of antibiotic resistance mechanism
A class of antibiotic adjuvants which enhance the antibiotic capability to enter the cell through passive or active membrane transport.
A class of adjuvants which inhibit or prevent the cellular removal of an antibiotic through mechanisms including antibiotic efflux.
A class of antibiotic adjuvants which indirectly increase antibiotic susceptibility through alterations to cellular physiology, for example those adjuvants which inhibit biofilm formation.
A class of antibiotic adjuvants which indirectly improve antibiotic susceptibility or retention through alterations to host physiology or metabolism.
An MCR-8-type colistin resistance gene variant.
An MCR-1-type colistin resistance gene variant.
An MCR-4-type colistin resistance gene variant.
An MCR-3-type colistin resistance gene variant.
An MCR-5-type colistin resistance gene variant.
An MCR-2-type colistin resistance gene variant.
Adjuvants shown to inhibit the action of fosfomycin thiol transferases.
Adjuvants shown to inhibit the action of aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes, such as the APH and AAC enzyme families.
inhibitor of aminoglycoside inactivation enzyme
Adjuvants shown to inhibit the action of mobile colistin resistance phosphoethanolamine transferase genes.
MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase inhibitor
Durlobactam is a broad-spectrum diazabicyclooctane beta-lactamase inhibitor capable to inhibiting class A, C, and D beta-lactamases.
ANT-431 is an experimental beta-lactamase inhibitor shown to inhibit the action of NDM-1 and VIM-2.
Nacubactam is a diazabicyclooctane that inhibits a variety of class A and C beta-lactamases.
Zidebactam is a diazabicyclooctane that inhibitors a variety of class A and C beta-lactamases.
ARX1796 is an orally bioavailable prodrug of avibactam.
Ledaborbactam is an experimental boronic acid beta-lactamase inhibitor that has shown been show to inhibitor several serine beta-lactamases.
Ledaborbactam Etzadroxil is an orally bioavailable prodrug of ledaborbactam.
L-captopril is a drug used to treat hypertension that has been shown to chelate certain metallo-beta-lactamases.
D-captopril is an isomer of L-captopril and is able to chelate certain metallo-beta-lactamases.
Thiorphan is the active metabolite of the antidieuretic drug racecadotril. It has shown inhibitory activity against various metallo-beta-lactamases.
Tiopronin is a drug used to prevent and manage kidney stones in cystinuria patients. It has shown inhibitory activity against various metallo-beta-lactamases.
Dimercaprol is a compound used to treat acute arsenic poisoning, as well as poisoning of other metals such as mercury, gold, and antimony. It has shown inhibitory activity against various metallo-beta-lactamases.
ME1071 is an experimental metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor.
Phosphonoformate, also known as Forscarnet or Foscavir, is an antiviral drug used to treat Herpesviridae infections. It has also been shown to inhibit the fosfomycin thiol transferase fosA.
Phosphonoacetate is an experimental inhibitor of the fosfomycin thiol transferase fosA.
Quercetin is a common plant flavonoid that has shown inhibitory activity against certain aminoglycoside inactivation enzymes. Quercetin is also able to inhibit antbiotic efflux pumps such as AcrAB-TolC.
Aranorosin is a plant derived compound that has shown inhibitory activity against certain aminoglycoside inactivation enzymes.
Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid compound with antioxidant effects found in members of the genus Vaccinium (blueberries). It has also been shown to partially inhibit the mobile colistin resistance gene MCR-1.
SPR741 is an experimental cationic peptide used to increase permeability of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is currently in clinical trials in combination with a variety of antibiotics.
KL-L9P is an experimental peptide used to increase the permeability of Gram-negative bacterial membranes to enhance the entry of antibiotics such as linezolid, rifampicin, and clarithromycin.
Pentamidine is an antiparasitic compound used to treat a variety of infections such as African trypanosomiasis and leishamaniasis. It has also been shown to increase Gram-negative membrane permeability and enhance the entry of certain antibiotics. Pentamidine combined with linezolid had significant synergistic antibacterial effects against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae pentamidine. The antimicrobial disrupts the outer membranes, dissipates the membrane potentials, and devitalizes the efflux pumps of CRE, thereby facilitating the intracellular accumulation of linezolid and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which ultimately kills the bacteria.
MAC-0568743 is an experimental compound that has been shown to increase the permeability of Gram-negative membranes and enhance the entry of large-scaffold antibiotics.
Liproxstatin-1 is a ferroptosis inhibitor that has been shown to increase the permeability of Gram-negative membranes and enhance the entry of large-scaffold antibiotics.
D-LANA-14 is a d-lysine conjugated aliphatic norspermidine analogue that has been shown to increase the permeability of Gram-negative membranes and enhance the entry of antibiotics. It is also able to inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms.
Metformin is a first-line medication for type 2 diabetes. It has been shown to increase Gram-negative membrane permeability and enhance the entry of certain antibiotics, such as tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and rifampicin. Metformin is also able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as AcrAB-TolC and MdtK.
Bicarbonate is an ion capable of increasing bacterial membrane permeability by altering the proton motive force. This enhances the entry of antibiotics.
Phenylalanine-arginine beta-naphthylamide is a widely-used experimental efflux pump inhibitor. It has also been shown to increase Gram-negative membrane permeability and enhance the entry of antibiotics, even in efflux pump deficient strains. It is also able to inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms and disrupt quorum sensing.
phenylalanine-arginine beta-naphthylamide
Compounds which inhibit the removal of antibiotics by the tetK efflux pump.
Compounds which inhibit the removal of antibiotics by the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump.
Compounds which inhibit the removal of antibiotics by the MdeA efflux pump.
Compounds which inhibit the removal of antibiotics by the Rv1258c (Tap) efflux pump.
Compounds which inhibit the removal of antibiotics by the NorA efflux pump.
Compounds which inhibit the removal of antibiotics by the CmeABC efflux pump.
Compounds which inhibit the removal of antibiotics by the MexAB-OprM efflux pump.
Compounds which inhibit the removal of antibiotics by the MdtK efflux pump.
Baicalin is a flavonoid compound that is able to inhibit the activity of tetK and MsrA antibiotic efflux pumps. It is also able to inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms and disrupt quorum sensing.
Reserpine is an alkaloid compound that is able to inhibit the activity of the AcrAB-TolC antibiotic efflux system.
Piperine is an alkaloid compound that is able to inhibit the activity of NorA, MdeA, and Rv1258c (Tap) antibiotic efflux pumps.
Piperidine is an alkaloid compound that is able to inhibit the activity of the NorA antibiotic efflux pump.
Verapamil is a blood-pressure medication that acts by blocking calcium channels. It is also able to inhibit the antibiotic efflux pump Rv1258c (Tap).
Norverapamil is a metabolite of verapamil that is able to inhibit the antibiotic efflux pump Rv1258c (Tap).
Chlorpromazine is a medication used to treat disorders such as schizophrenia. It is also able to inhibit bacterial antibiotic efflux pumps such as AcrAB-TolC.
Amitriptyline is an antidepressant used to treat a variety of conditions such as cyclic vomiting syndrome, major depressive disorder, fibromyalgia. Is is also able to inhibit bacterial antibiotic efflux pumps such as AcrAB-TolC.
Thioridazine is a phenothiazine drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis. It is also able to inhibit mycobacterial antibiotic efflux pumps and the formation of bacterial biofilms.
Biochanin A is a flavonoid compound that is able to inhibit mycobacterial antibiotic efflux pumps.
Phloretin is a plant-derived phenol that is able to inhibit the antibiotic efflux pump NorA.
Epigallocatechin gallate is a flavonol that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as CmeABC, NorA, and tetK.
Hesperetin is a flavonoid compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Naringenin is a flavonoid compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Sophoraflavanone G is a phytoncide derived from members of the Sophora genus. It is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Chrysoeriol is a derivative of the flavone luteolin. It has been shown to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Sideroxylin is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
6-desmethylsideroxylin is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
8-desmethylsideroxylin is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Diosmetin is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Chrysoplenetin is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Galangin is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Kaempferol is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Kaempferol rhamnoside is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Myricitrin is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Pendeuletin is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Tiliroside is a flavone compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Daidzein is a flavonolignan compound found in soybeans and other legumes. It has been shown to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as AcrAB-TolC and MexAB-OprM.
Genistein is a flavonolignan compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Orobol is a flavonolignan compound that is able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
MBX-2319 is an experimental compound used to inhibit the AcrAB-TolC antibiotic efflux system.
Capsaicin is a compound found in chili peppers and is used to treat nerve pain. It is also able to inhibit antibiotic efflux pumps such as NorA.
Rutin is a plant pigment that is able to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation.
Citral is a monoterpene aldehyde derived from a variety of plant oils that is able to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation and quorum sensing.
Furanone is a heterocyclic organic compound that disrupts bacterial quorum sensing.
A mixture of the beta-lactam antibiotic cefepime and the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam.
A mixture of the beta-lactam antibiotic cepefime and the beta-lactamase inhibitor enmetazobactam.
A mixture of the beta-lactam antibiotic aztreonam and the beta-lactamase inhibitor avibactam.
L-CS319 is an experimental bisthiazolidine metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor capable of inhibiting the action of NDM-1.
FosG is a glutathione transferase that confers resistance to fosfomycin.
FosH is a hydrolase that confers resistance to fosfomycin.
FosA8 is a plasmid-located fosfomycin resistance gene.
A family of subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamases with activity against a range of beta-lactam antibiotics.
PJM-1 is a chromosomally-encoded subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase found in P. japonensis confering resistance to a range of antibiotics including ampicillin, cefalotin, and cefoxitin.
KPC-87 is a chromosome-encoded carbapenemase found in Klebsiella pneumonia.
Gentamicin X is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is a precursor of gentamicin C and a minor component of the gentamicin antibiotic mixture.
6'-N-ethylnetilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a derivative of netilmicin.
2'-N-ethylnetilmicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a derivative of netilmicin.
5-episosomicin is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic similar to sisomicin.
Resistance-conferring genetic elements encoding proteins involved in the enzymatic inactivation of aminoglycoside antibiotics through chemical modification.
KPC-86 is a chromosome-encoded carbapenemase found in Klebsiella pneumonia.
Gentamicin is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from members of the Micromonospora genus of bacteria. It acts by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Gentamicin is typically used to treat Gram-negative infections of the repiratory and urinary tract, as well as infections of the bone and soft tissue. It also exhibits considerable nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin is administered as a mixture of gentamicin type C (which makes about around 80% of the complex) and types A, B, and X (distributed in the remaining 20% of the complex).
KPC-95 is a chromosome-encoded carbapenemase found in Klebsiella pneumonia.
A family of aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate gentamicin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate gentamicin, tobramycin and kanamycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate gentamicin, tobramycin and apramycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate gentamicin and ethylnetilmicin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate paronomycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate neomycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate kanamycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate kasugamycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate amikacin and tobramycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase enzymes which inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin through enzymatic acetylation, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
SIR is a revised system for antibiotic sensitivity testing in Sweden that was proposed in 1977. The SIR system included two main changes: three sensitivity groups instead of the previous four and new breakpoints for the sensitivity groups.
Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics (SIR)
The WRG is a standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing methodology created by the Dutch Commissie Richtlijnen Gevoeligheidsbepalingen in 1981.
Commissie Richtlijnen Gevoeligheidsbepalingen (CRG)
Committee Guidelines Susceptibility Testing
Working Group Guidelines Susceptibility Testing
Werkgroep Richtlijnen Gevoeligheidsbepalingen (WRG)
A family of aminoglycoside 6-O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes which inactivate streptomycin by catalyzing the transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 9-O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes which inactivate spectinomycin by catalyzing the transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A plasmid-borne ANT(9)-I variant identified from Enterococcus faecalis. ANT(9)-Ib confers resistance to spectinomycin through enzymatic inactivation.
KPC-94 is a mutated carbapenemase allele found in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
A family of aminoglycoside 4'-O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes which inactivate amikacin, tobramycin & dibekacin by catalyzing the transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 4'-O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes which inactivate amikacin & tobramycin, but not dibekacin, by catalyzing the transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 2''-O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes which inactivate gentamicin, tobramycin & dibekacin by catalyzing the transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate kamamycin, neomycin & lividomycin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of these antibiotics, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferase enzymes which inactivate streptomycin and spectinomycin by catalyzing the transfer of an AMP group from an ATP substrate, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds. These enzymes modify the 3''-hydroxyl position of streptomycin and the 9-hydroxyl position of spectinomycin.
A family of aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin and butirosin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of these antibiotics, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin, butirosin and lividomycin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of these antibiotics, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin, ribostamycin and butirosin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of these antibiotics, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate neomycin, paromomycin and ribostamycin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of these antibiotics, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin, ribostamycin and butirosin, as well as amikacin and isepomicin, by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of these antibiotics, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds.
A family of aminoglycoside 3'-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate kanamycin and neomycin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of these antibiotics, thereby conferring resistance to these compounds. It is also possible to observe low-level sub-breakpoint amikacin resistance dependent on testing standards and breakpoint criteria.
A family of aminoglycoside 3''-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate streptomycin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3''-hydroxyl group, thereby conferring resistance.
A family of aminoglycoside 6-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate streptomycin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 6-hydroxyl group, thereby conferring resistance.
A family of aminoglycoside 9-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate spectinomycin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 9-hydroxyl group, thereby conferring resistance.
A family of aminoglycoside 7''-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate hygromycin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 7''-hydroxyl group, thereby conferring resistance.
A family of aminoglycoside 4-O-phosphotransferase enzymes which inactivate hygromycin by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 4-hydroxyl group, thereby conferring resistance.
Bifunctional aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes composed of two separate functional domains. These proteins possess activity from both enzyme components, thereby conferring resistance to the combination of antibiotics from both domains, and may include acetylation, phosphorylation or nucleotidylation activity.
aminoglycoside bifunctional resistance protein
LamB is a maltoporin that negatively regulates antibiotic resistance. Knockout strains of lamB are shown to exhibit higher levels of resistance than wild-type strains. Mutations in the lamB gene of Klebsiella are associated with resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam.
Klebsiella pneumoniae lamB with mutations conferring resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam
Mutant PBP3 in Klebsiella pneumoniae conferring resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam.
Klebsiella pneumoniae PBP3 mutants conferring resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam
A combination of the beta-lactam antibiotic ceftaroline and the beta-lactamase inhibitor avibactam.
Mutant PBP3 in E. coli conferring resistance to beta-lactams, including beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations.
Escherichia coli PBP3 mutants conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
Resistance via uptake of host nutrients to bypass antibiotic mechanism.
resistance by host-dependent nutrient acquisition
Proteins involved in the uptake of host-nutrients to bypass antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
protein(s) conferring resistance via host-dependent nutrient acquisition
ECF transporter S component genes involved in host nutrient uptake.
ThfT is an ECF transporter S component that expands the substrate profile of endogenous ECF transporters to include folate biosynthesis end products. It confers resistance to the folate synthesis inhibitor sulfamethoxazole by allowing uptake of host folate.
Operon or gene clusters confering resistance to polymyxin antibiotics.
Various genes and proteins involved in intrinsic polymyxin resistance operons.
gene(s) or protein(s) associated with polymyxin resistance operon
Glycyl carrier proteins associated with polymixin resistance operons.
almF is a glycine carrier protein associated with the almEFG operon in Vibrio cholerae. It is activated by almE and carries the glycyl molecule later added to lipid A by almG.
Glycyl transferase associated with polymyxin resistance operons not interacting with lipid A.
almE is a glycyltransferase found in Vibrio cholerae that transfers glycine to the carrier protein almF. almE is part of the almEFG polymyxin resistance operon.
The almEFG operon is responsible for glycylation of lipid A as a mechanism of colistin resistance in Vibrio cholerae. Its mechanism involves transfer of a glycyl molecule to the carrier protein almF by almE followed by glycylation of lipid A by almG.
LAQ-1 beta lactamase is a class C beta lactamase.
SSA beta-lactamases are a family of Class A beta-lactamases.
WUS is a family of the metallo-beta-lactamases.
NDM-44 is a subclass B1 NDM metallo-beta-lactamase.
NDM-45 is a NDM class B metallo beta-lactamase.
NDM-46 is an NDM metallo-beta-lactamase.
KPC-100 is an inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing KPC beta-lactamase.
TEM-246 is a class A TEM beta-lactamase found in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
TEM-247 is a TEM class A beta-lactamase.
TEM-245 is a TEM class A beta-lactamase.
Cethromycin is a ketolide (macrolide) antibiotic, with a similar mechanism to telithromycin, with activity against selected gram-positive, gram-negative, atypical bacteria, and even designed for tularemia, plague, and anthrax prophylaxis.
dfrL is a gene encoding a trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) identified in Staphylococcus aureus.
Carrimycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by genetically engineered Streptomyces spiramyceticus and may be active against some Gram-positive bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Cefovecin is a cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of skin infections in cats and dogs. It is used for the treatment of skin infections caused by Pasturella multocida in cats, and Staphylococcus in dogs.
EstT is a gene encoding for a serine-dependent macrolide alpha/beta-hydrolase.
BP2 is a novel beta-lactam-derived beta-lactamase inhibitor, efficacious when co-administered with meropenem in K. pneumoniae.
SUL-DUR or sulbactam-durlobactam (formerly ETX2514SUL) is a novel beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor designed specifically for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB).
Sulfanilamide is a sulfonamide anti-infective used to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by Candida albicans.
Sulfamerazine is a sulfonamide anti-infective used to treat bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, prostatitis, and urinary tract infections.
IND-17 is an IND beta-lactamase and confers resistance to ampicillin, nitrocefin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem in Chryseobacterium spp.
Narasin is polyether ionophore antibiotic. It is a derivative of salinomycin with an additional methyl group. Narasin is produced by fermentation of a strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens.
Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic used for livestock and poultry synthesized from tylomycin. It is mainly used to treat common bacterial infections and diseases caused by mycoplasma infection in livestock and poultry breeding. Tilmicosin has broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and has a strong inhibitory effect on most Gram positive and negative bacteria.
Amino acid substitution mutations in Mycobacterium avium gyrA observed to confer resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Mycobacterium avium gyrA with mutation conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone
Contezolid is an oxazolidinone antimicrobial agent newly approved for treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-positive bacterial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
Cefcapene is a third-generation cephalosporin in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics used to manage and treat gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial infections.
Mutations to the ATPase subunit C atpE gene, which is involved with the production of ATP, confer resistance to bedaquiline by altering the antibiotic's target.
Mycobacterium abscessus atpE with mutation conferring resistance to bedaquiline
ATP synthase enzymes, specifically subunit C, resistant to diarylquinolone antibiotics including Bedaquiline. Mutations in ATP synthase confer antibiotic resistance by disrupting binding and blocking of ATP synthase reactions by Bedaquiline.
Darobactin A, isolated from Photorhabdus bacteria, contains a macrocyclic peptide-based ring system and exhibits selective antibiotic activity against Gram-negative pathogens in both in vitro and animal infection models and functions.
Caprazamycin is a potent anti-mycobacterial liponucleoside antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces sp.
TBI-223 is a novel oxazolidinone with potentially reduced myelosuppression, compared to linezolid. TBI-223 may be considered an additional treatment against MRSA infections and potentially other Gram-positive bacteria in humans.
Pseudouridimycin is a nucleoside analogue inhibitor discovered from the soil bacterium Streptomyces sp. which has proven to be effective against multidrug-resistant S. pyogenes.
RAD beta-lactamases are a class D beta-lactamase first identified in Riemerella anatipestifer.
RAD-1 is a class D RAD beta-lactamase found in Riemerella anatipestifer.
Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis with very strong antibacterial and antiparasitic effects.
Nigericin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is described as a potassium ionophore, which facilitates H+/K+ anti-port across cell membranes, thereby activating NLRP3 by causing potassium efflux.
Wychimicins are spirotetronates with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Wychimicin A is a spirotetronate polyketides from Actinocrispum wychmicini MI503-A4.
Wychimicin C is a spirotetronate polyketides from Actinocrispum wychmicini MI503-A4.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene found on a mega-plasmid (0.4 Mb) from a Pseudomonas putida strain.
A dihydrofolate reductase and trimethoprim resistance gene found in a groundwater sample at the Horonobe Underground Research laboratory in Japan in 2017, in a Betaproteobacteria sequence.
ampR is a regulatory gene that plays an essential role in regulating antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa. Mutation in ampR leads to its loss of control over blaPDC-16, allowing overexpression of blaPDC-16 and further resistance to aztreonam.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ampR with mutation conferring resistance to aztreonam
A tetracycline efflux MFS Transporter from Staphylococcus aureus.
A tetracycline efflux MFS Transporter from Burkholderia ubonensis.
Azoles are a group of antibiotics, particularly antifungals, that target the cytochrome P450 enzyme sterol 14alpha-demethylase, which converts lanosterol to ergosterol. They are typically fungistatic in yeasts and fungicidal in molds. The two main groups of azoles are imidazoles and triazoles.
Echinocandins are a group of antibiotics, particularly antifungals, that target the target glucan synthase, an enzyme involved in the cell wall biosynthesis of fungi. They typically induce adaptive mechanisms that promote resistance such as heat shock protein 90, cell wall integrity pathway, high osmolarity glycerol pathway, and chitin biosynthesis. The three main echinocandins are caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin.
Polyenes are a group of antibiotics, particularly antifungals, that bind ergosterol, a fungal-specific sterol in the plasma membrane of fungi, causing the efflux of potassium and cell death. They were discovered in the 1930s by Richard Kuhn. They are primarily used for therapy for invasive fungal infections like invasive aspergillosis, cryptococcosis blastomycosis, etc. The two main polyenes are amphotericin B and nystatin.
Allylamines are a group of antibiotics, particularly antifungals, that act as squalene epoxidase and ergosterol inhibitors. They have broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic fungi, especially dermatophytes. The two main allylamines are naftifine and terbinafine.
Triazoles are a group of antibiotics, particularly antifungals, derived from azoles. Triazoles include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole.
Imidazoles are a group of antibiotics, particularly antifungals, derived from azoles. Imidazoles include imidazole derivatives clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, econazole and oxiconazole.
Caspofungin is an antibiotic, particularly antifungal, derived from echinocandins. It has a wide range of activity against fungi and yeasts.
Micafungin is an antibiotic, particularly antifungal, derived from echinocandins. It was discovered at Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. It is active against most Candida species.
Anidulafungin is an antibiotic, particularly antifungal, derived from echinocandins. It exhibits strong antifungal action against a variety of Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., including those that are resistant to amphotericin B and triazole.
Amphotericin B is an antibiotic, particularly antifungal, derived from polyene. It exhibits strong antifungal action against a variety of fungi species and is typically considered the gold standard of antifungals.
Nystatin is an antibiotic, particularly antifungal, derived from polyene. Nystatin is fungistatic in vitro against Candida albicans and certain other yeast-like fungi.
Naftifine is an antibiotic, particularly antifungal, derived from Allylamine. It was discovered in 19742 at the Sandoz Research Institute in Vienna, Austria. Naftifine is fungicidal against a broad spectrum of dermatophyte fungi and provides good against Candida and Aspergillus species.
Terbinafine is an antibiotic, particularly antifungal, derived from allylamine. Terbinafine is active against a broad range of fungi and yeast. It was discovered in 1983.
Fluconazole is a type of triazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It is used for the treatment of superficial and systemic fungal infections.
AcrA is a subunit of the AcrAB multidrug efflux system found in Shigella flexneri, which is encoded by the acrRAB operon.
Itraconazole is a type of triazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It has broad spectrum activity against Candida and Malassezia species and Dermatophytes.
Voriconazole is a type of triazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It is used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis, candidaemia, and infections caused by Candida spp.
Posaconazole is a type of triazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It has broad spectrum activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.
Isavuconazole is a type of triazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It has activity against yeasts, dimorphic fungi, and molds.
ANT(9)-Ic encodes an intrinsic, chromosomal aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase in Brucella intermedia.
Clotrimazole is a type of imidazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It is mostly used for the treatment of tinea pedis, vulvovaginal and oropharyngeal candidiasis. It has broad activity against Candida albicans and other fungal infections.
Ketoconazole is a type of imidazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It was one of the first available oral broad-spectrum antifungals for the treatment of systemic and superficial mycoses.
Miconazole is a type of imidazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It is used to treat oral and vaginal yeast infections, as well as mucosal thrush.
Econazole is a type of imidazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It is often used to treat tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and tinea corporis.
Oxiconazole is a type of imidazole antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It is primarily used to treat tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, and tinea versicolor.
Flumequine is a first generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It is used primarily for the treatment of enteric infections in domestic species. It has been removed from clinical use and is no longer being marketed.
Fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes which include mutations or other modifications to confer resistance to antifungal drug compounds.
antifungal-resistant cytochrome P450 enzyme
Fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes which include mutations to confer resistance to triazole-class antibiotics.
triazole-resistant fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme
ERG11 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme in Candida spp. Mutations in ERG11 have been shown to confer resistance to azole antibiotics including fluconazole and itraconazole.
Candida spp. ERG11 with mutations conferring resistance to azole antibiotics
Norvancomycin differs from vancomycin by a single methyl group and is typically used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ventriculitis in patients.
Amino acid substitutions in ribosomal protein S5, the product of the rpsE gene, is associated with resistance to spectinomycin (SpcR). This protein is located on the 30S subunit and interacts with 16S rRNA and other proteins.
Amino acid substitutions in ribosomal protein S5, rpsE, is associated with resistance to spectinomycin (SpcR).
Bacillus subtilis rpsE mutations conferring resistance to spectinomycin
Gallic acid was found to enhance sulfonamides against multidrug-resistant S. suis. Gallic acid effectively disrupts the integrity and function of the cytoplasmic membrane by dissipating the proton motive force of bacteria. It regulates the expression of dihydrofolate reductase, which then inhibits tetrahydrofolate synthesis. As a result of polypharmacology, gallic acid can fully restore sulfadiazine sodium activity in the animal infection model without any drug resistances.
Pivmecillinam, the oral prodrug of the antimicrobial active agent mecillinam, is a bona fide agent for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), because of its selectivity and effect against several species of Enterobacteriaceae.
PBP2x is a penicillin-binding protein and beta-lactam resistance enzyme. Mutations can cause resistance to some beta-lactam antibiotics.
Streptococcus pyogenes PBP2x with mutation conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
Streptococcus pyogenes PBP2x conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
Proflavine, also called proflavin and diaminoacridine, is an acriflavine derivative, a disinfectant bacteriostatic against many gram-positive bacteria.
Arsinothricin is a natural product synthesized by the rhizosphere bacterium Burkholderia gladioli GSRB05 and is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against human pathogens such as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. It is a non-proteogenic amino acid and glutamate mimetic that inhibits bacterial glutamine synthetase.
Pretomanid is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis affecting the lungs.
Point mutation in M. tuberculosis rrnS conferring resistance to amikacin antibiotic.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA (rrnS) mutation conferring resistance to amikacin
Point mutation in M. tuberculosis rrnS conferring resistance to kanamycin antibiotic.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA (rrnS) mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin
A cholic acid derivative of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Tanreqing (TRQ), synergizes with amikacin against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, and this synergistic killing was effective against diverse methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) variants. Mechanistically, chenodeoxycholic acid increases the uptake of aminoglycosides in a proton motive force-dependent manner by dissipating the chemical potential and potentiates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by inhibiting superoxide dismutase activity.
APH(9)-Ic is a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside phosphotransferase in S. maltophilia.
Cyclomarins are cyclic heptapeptides containing four unusual amino acids. Cyclomarins target two different targets: Clp C1, a subunit of the caseinolytic protease of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and PfAp3Ase of Plasmodium falciparum. Therefore, cyclomarins are interesting lead structures for the development of drugs against tuberculosis and malaria.
Cyclomarin A was found to be bacteriocidal against bacteria replicating in culture broth and in human-derived macrophages and a series of multidrug resistant clinical isolates. It was identified as a potent antitubercular compound in a natural product whole cell screen. Importantly it kills both growing and dormant, non-replicating mycobacteria.
Cyclomarin B is a cyclomarin antibiotic.
Cyclomarin C is a cyclomarin antibiotic.
Sequence analysis of the gyrA gene showed that resistance of E. rhusiopathiae strains to enrofloxacin is due to a mutation at position 257.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae gyrA with mutation conferring resistance to enrofloxacin
Fungal beta-1,3-D-glucan synthase enzymes which include mutations to confer resistance to antifungal drug compounds.
antifungal-resistant beta-1,3-D-glucan synthase
Fungal beta-1,3-D-glucan synthases which include mutations to confer resistance to echinocandin-class antibiotics.
echinocandin antibiotic-resistant beta-1,3-D-glucan synthase
Salinomycin is an antibacterial and coccidiostat ionophore therapeutic drug.
Glucan synthase FKS2 is involved in the production of the fungal cell wall by the synthesis of the core component beta-1,3-glucan in Candida spp. Mutations in FKS2 have been shown to confer resistance to echinocandin antibiotic micafungin.
Candida spp. FKS2 with mutations conferring resistance to echinocandin antibiotics
Fungal sterol regulatory element binding proteins are transcription factors that modulate antibiotic-susceptible genes. Mutations in these proteins confer resistance to antifungal drug compounds through differential gene regulation.
antibiotic resistant ergosterol biosynthesis pathway transcription factor
Upc2 is a sterol synthesis regulatory element binding protein in Candida spp. Mutations in Upc2 have been shown to confer resistance to azole antibiotics including fluconazole by upregulating ERG11 expression.
Candida spp. Upc2 with mutations conferring resistance to azole antibiotics
Pleiotropic Drug Resistance factors (PDR) are transcription factors in fungi that regulate the expression of genes encoding for efflux pumps causing multidrug resistance.
pleiotropic drug resistance transcription factors
CDR1 is a pleiotropic drug resistance gene encoding ABC transporters that contributes to multidrug antifungal resistance in Candida spp.
CDR2 is a Pleiotropic drug resistance gene encoding ABC transporters that contributes to multidrug antifungal resistance in Candida spp.
Zn2Cys6 is a transcription factor family that includes mutations to confer resistance to azole-class antibiotics.
Fungal uracil phosphoribosyltransferases which include mutations to confer resistance to 5-flucytosine antibiotic.
FUR1 is a fungal uracil phosphoribosyltransferase in Candida spp. It encodes the UPRT protein, also known as uracil pyrophosphorylase, which is a key regulating enzyme in pyrimidine salvage. Mutations in FUR1 have been shown to confer resistance to 5-flucytosine.
Candida spp. FUR1 with mutations conferring resistance to 5-flucytosine
5-Flucytosine is an antibiotic, particularly antifungal. It inhibits fungal RNA and DNA synthesis by changing the amino-acylation of tRNA, causing the amino acid pool to be altered and protein synthesis to be inhibited.
FUR1 is a fungal uracil phosphoribosyltransferase in Saccharomyces spp. It encodes the UPRT protein, also known as uracil pyrophosphorylase, which is a key regulating enzyme in pyrimidine salvage. Mutations in FUR1 have been shown to confer resistance to 5-flucytosine.
Saccharomyces spp. FUR1 with mutations conferring resistance to 5-flucytosine
Any pyrimidine antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.
The blaOXA-48-like enzyme demonstrated significant hydrolysis activity against meropenem, and the classical beta-lactamase inhibitor had no significant inhibitory effect. This is a novel OXA carbapenemases in S. xiamenensis.
TAC1 is a Zn2Cys6 transcription factor that transcriptionally activates efflux units CDR1 and CDR2. Mutations in TAC1 upregulate CDR1 and CDR2 causing increased resistance.
Candida spp. TAC1 with mutations conferring resistance to azole antibiotics
The pH-dependant transcription factors regulate the expression of antifungal resistance-conferring genes based on the pH of the environment.
Aspergillus spp. cyp51A is a fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme with mutations in the gene causing triazole resistance.
Aspergillus spp. cyp51A with mutations conferring resistance to triazoles antibiotics
Cryptococcus spp. AFR1 gene is an ABC transporter gene that contributes to antifungal resistance through antibiotic efflux.
UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid. Accumulation of UDP-glucuronic acid mediates resistance to 5-flucytosine.
UXS1 is a UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase. Deletion of UXS1 confers resistance to 5-flucytosine by accumulation of UDP-glucoronic acid, thereby suppressing the cellular toxicity of 5-flucytosine.
Cryptococcus spp. UXS1 conferring resistance to 5-flucytosine via absence
Specific automated system of analysis for determining antimicrobial susceptibility developed by Giles Scientific.
Mycaminosyltylonolide is a tylosin derivative with promising anti- P. aeruginosa activity, especially when combined with other antibiotics such as polymixin B.
Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin with pharmacological and antibacterial properties valuable in the treatment of coliform mastitis and other infections.
Cinnamaldehyde was found to enhance the antibacterial activity of ceftriaxone sodium against MDR Salmonella in vitro by significantly reducing the expression of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, inhibiting the development of drug resistance under ceftriaxone selective pressure in vitro, damaging the cell membrane, and affecting its basic metabolism.
Fasamycins and congeners are a class of rare aromatic polyketides possessing a partially reduced 1-phenyltetracene pentacyclic core.
The formicamycins are promising antibiotics first identified in Streptomyces formicae KY5, which produces the compounds at low levels.
Fasamycin congeners were named as such after they were shown to be inhibitors of the bacterial fatty acid synthase (FAS) condensing enzyme FabF.
Formicamycin congeners are promising antibiotics with potent activity against Gram-positive pathogens including VRE and MRSA and display a high barrier to selection of resistant isolates.
Propolis has a significant synergistic effect in combination with ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and gentamycin. It has a potent inhibitory activity toward the S. aureus (MRS USA300) pump system.
The polyketide antibiotics cervimycins are natural products of Streptomyces tendae HKI 0179 with promising activity against multidrug-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
ERG11 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme in Candida species that is not functional when bound by azole antibiotics including fluconazole and itraconazole. However, high levels of ERG11 expression can overcome effective azole doses.
Increased expression of an antibiotic target protein can overcome effective dose of an antibiotic, leading to reduced susceptibility.
Genes that directly or indirectly modulate azole resistance.
Sarafloxacin is used for treatment and control of bacterial infections in poultry caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. It was removed from the market by manufacturers in 2001.
Hinokitiol (beta-thujaplicin), a natural tropolone derivative found in the heartwood of cupressaceous plants, has been widely used in oral and skin care products as an antimicrobial agent, specifically to enhance tetracyclines against Staphylococcus aureus.
The phenolic diterpene totarol had good antimicrobial activity against effluxing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Totoral acts as a NorA efflux pump inhibitor as well as an antistaphylococcal antimicrobial agent.
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound that is produced by many different plants, displays antioxidant properties, and protects macromolecules against damage by reactive oxygen species. ATP synthase inhibition with resveratrol can enhance the activity of aminoglycosides against S. aureus and potentially against other bacterial pathogens.
Pyrrolomycins are protonophore antibiotics produced by Actinosporangium and Streptomyces. The mechanism of their antimicrobial activity consists in depolarization of bacterial membrane, leading to the suppression of bacterial bioenergetics through the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
Pyrrolomycins are protonophores with antibiotic activity.
The cadasides are calcium-dependent cyclic acidic lipopeptide antibiotics that disrupt cell wall biosynthesis and show activity against multiple drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens.
Cadasides are lipopeptides with antibiotic activity.
FRI-11 is a FRI-type carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase.
KPC-125 is a KPC-type class A beta-lactamase. KPC-125 is a variant of KPC-3, differing by a D179A polymorphism within the omega-loop region.
CAE beta-lactamases are a novel class A serine beta-lactamase family first isolated from Comamonas aquatica.
CAE-1 is a CAE beta-lactamase and confers resistance to ampicillin, piperacillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, and ceftriaxone, and elevates the MIC of ampicillin-sulbactam two-fold in Escherichia coli DH5alpha, suggesting that CAE-1 functions as a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase.
Iboxamycin is a fully synthetic lincosamide antibiotic. Like other lincosamides, it selectively targets the bacterial ribosome and prevents elongation of the peptide chain. Iboxamycin has been shown to be effective against bacterial strains otherwise resistant to licosamide antibiotics.
CplR is an ABC-F ATPase ribosomal protection protein from Clostridioides difficile which confers resistance to pleuromutilins and lincosamides. Its resistance to these antibiotics increases in synergy with erythromcyin resistance methylases (e.g., ermB).
Hygromycin A is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It inhibits translation by binding to the peptidyl transferase center on the large ribosomal subunit. This prevents the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site. Not to confused with Hygromycin B, which is structurally distinct.
A201A is a nucleoside antibiotic. It inhibits translation by binding to the peptidyl transferase center on the large ribosomal subunit. This prevents the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site.
PDR1 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of several genes encoding ABC transporters, contributing to multidrug resistance.
Candida spp. pleiotropic drug resistance factor 1
Fungal nucleobase transporters facilitate the movement of nucleobases across the fungal cell membrane. The absence confers resistance to antibiotics by preventing antibiotic entry into the cell.
FcyB encodes for purine-cytosine permease in fungal cells. Downregulation or absence of fcyB confers resistance to antibiotics by preventing entry into the cell.
Aspergillus spp. fcyB conferring resistance to 5-flucytosine via reduced permeability
PacC is a pH-responsive transcription factor. It regulates the expression of antibiotic susceptible genes whose absence confers resistance to antibiotics.
Aspergillus spp. transcription factor pacC
CplR is an ABC-F ATPase ribosomal protection protein from Clostridium perfringes which confers resistance to pleuromutilins and lincosamides.
CplR is an ABC-F ATPase ribosomal protection protein from Clostridium sporogenes which confers resistance to pleuromutilins and lincosamides.
vmlR2 is an ABC-F ATPase ribosomal protection protein from Neobacillus vireti (formerly known as Bacillus vireti). This representative of the ARE2 subfamily has an unusually long linker domain. Confers resistance to some lincosamide and nucleoside antibiotics.
PSZ beta-lactamases are a novel AmpC enzyme gene family, which was found on a strain of Pantoea endophytica isolated from a rabbit in a livestock farm in China. It shows resistance to penicillins and several cephalosporins, and shares the highest amino acid similarity with the function-characterized AmpC enzyme ERH-1.
PSZ-1 is a PSZ beta-lactamase found in Pantoea endophytica. The gene showed resistance to penicillins and several first-, second-and third-generation cephalosporins as well as aztreonam.
A CDA beta-lactamase was identified as a novel class C enzyme that was phylogenetically and biochemically close to the chromosome-borne beta-lactamases of the genera Enterobacter and Citrobacter.
CDA-1 was recovered from a urine sample and is intermediate or resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. Susceptibility testing, isoelectric focusing, and analysis of outer membrane proteins showed that AmpC beta-lactamase expression combined with porin deficiency accounted for the carbapenem resistance.
Carmoisine is widely used as a food coloring agent. Carmoisine-mediated reduction of biofilm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is due to its interaction with LasR and interference with the QS system.
Lipoxin A4 is a Specialized Pro-resolving Mediator and has direct effects on P. aeruginosa where it reduced biofilm formation and promoted ciprofloxacin antibiotic efficacy in a static biofilm-forming system. Further studies show lipoxin A4 can help antibiotic efficacy and promote monocyte activity against established P. aeruginosa biofilm formed under hydrodynamic conditions.
The production of pyocyanin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa increases its virulence, fitness and biofilm formation. Ascorbic acid combined with furanone-30 elevated quorum-sensing inhibition in P. aeruginosa, which was directly associated with significantly reduced virulence, adhesion, aggregation and biofilm formation and enhanced antibiotic-mediated bacterial killing.
Erm(56) is an Erm ribosomal RNA methyltransferase. Expression of the cloned erm(56) confers resistance to MLSB in T. pyogenes and Escherichia coli.
Nifuroxazide is an oral nitrofuran antibiotic used to treat colitis and diarrhea in humans and non-humans. It has recently been explored to be repurposed for parasitic diseases.
Inactivation of the F420-dependent anti-oxidant mechanism that protects M.tuberculosis against oxidative stress and bactericidal agents plays a role in antibiotic resistance.
antibiotic resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis nitroreductase
Efflux pumps also regulate the level of metal ions in the cytoplasm but are toxic when in excess. Metals often act as a facilitator in the proliferation and persistence of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, metal contamination in natural environments could have an important role in maintaining and promoting antibiotic resistance. The presence of metals co-selects for antibiotic resistance and leads to the development of cross-resistance. Micro-organisms adopt various mechanisms that may confer resistance against more than one antimicrobial, of which multidrug efflux systems are the most common.
metal transporters with antibiotic efflux
Albicidin phytotoxins produced by the sugarcane pathogen Xanthomonas albilineans is a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor with inhibitory effects significantly better than most DNA gyrase inhibitors. Albicidin acts primarily by inhibiting the religation of the cleaved DNA intermediate during the gyrase catalytic sequence similar to quinolones.
Ectopic expression of NiCoT in Escherichia coli CS109 resulted in the increase of intracellular nickel uptake with enhanced tolerance towards several antibiotics when NiCoT was overexpressed in E. coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The presence of a sub-inhibitory dose of nickel resulted in the manifestation of low-level tolerance towards these drugs.
Clerocidin is a terpenoid antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase. It is a natural diterpenoid which has been shown to selectively react with single-stranded bases without targeting the double helix.
ddn is a protein-coding gene involved in the bioreductive activation of bicyclic 4-nitroimidazole prodrugs such as PA-824 and delamanid developed for anti-tuberculosis therapy against both replicating and persistent bacteria.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ddn mutation conferring resistance to nitroimidazole antibiotics
Rv1877, a putative Major Facilitator Superfamily efflux pump from M. tuberculosis actively effluxes fluoroquinolones ofloxacin and levofloxacin.
Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) are kinases involved in cellular response to stress whose absence confers resistance to antifungal drug compounds.
Hog1 is a stress-activated protein kinase. Deletion of Hog1 confers resistance to caspofungin through increase in exposed chitin levels in the cell wall.
Candida spp. High Osmolarity Glycerol 1 conferring resistance to caspofungin via absence
FCY2 encodes for purine-cytosine permease in fungal cells. Downregulation or absence of FCY2 confers resistance to antibiotics by preventing entry into the cell.
Candida spp. FCY2 conferring resistance to 5-flucytosine via reduced permeability
Candida spp. cyp51A1 is a fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme with mutations in the gene causing triazole and imidazole resistance.
Candida spp. cyp51A1 with mutations conferring resistance to triazoles and imidazole antibiotics
Fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes which include mutations to confer resistance to imidazole-class antibiotics.
imidazole-resistant fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme
HMG-CoA reductase-encoding genes which include mutations to confer resistance to antifungal drug compounds.
The AadT pump is a novel multidrug efflux pump from the proton antiporter 2 (DHA2) family and was discovered in Acinetobacter multidrug resistance plasmids. The presence of AadT decreased bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics (erythromycin and tetracycline), biocides (chlorhexidine), and dyes (ethidium bromide and DAPI) and was able to mediate ethidium transport.
Hmg1 is an HMG-CoA reductase-encoding gene with mutations in the gene causing triazole resistance.
Aspergillus spp. Hmg1 with mutations conferring resistance to triazoles antibiotics
Clostridioides difficile nimB is a heme-dependent flavin enzyme that degrades nitroimidazoles to amines lacking antimicrobial activity. NimB expression alone is not sufficient for nitroimidazole resistance. Constitutive transcription of nimB, which is driven by a mutation in the promoter PnimBG, is a mechanism of clinically-relevant heme-dependent metronidazole resistance in C. difficile.
Rv0678 encodes a transcription factor which negatively regulates the expression of the mmpS5/L5 efflux pump.
Loss-of-function mutations in the Mycobacterium Rv0678 gene associated with bedaquiline resistance.
Rv0678 encodes a transcription factor which negatively regulates the expression of the mmpS5/L5 efflux pump. Loss-of-function mutations in rv0678 are a common mechanism of resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0678 with mutation conferring resistance to bedaquiline
Famotidine enhances the antibacterial activity of rifamycin antibiotics, especially rifampicin, against Gram-negative bacteria and reverses drug resistance. Famotidine disrupts the cell membrane of A. baumannii and inhibits the expression of the outer membrane protein ompA gene, while causing a dissipation of the plasma membrane potential which increases the accumulation of reactive oxygen species leading to increased bacterial mortality. Famotidine also inhibited the efflux pump activity and the biofilm formation of A. baumannii.
Furazidin is a nitrofuran derivative, acting as an antibacterial medicine with bacteriostatic action. It is active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is used for the treatment of urinary tract, skin, and soft tissues infections.
E. faecalis IreK maintains cell wall integrity, possibly by regulating peptidoglycan biosynthesis and metabolism. Antibiotic-induced cell wall stress leads to activation of IreK-mediated phosphorylation signaling pathways to mitigate and repair the damage. Absence of IreK leads to cell envelope defects and increased susceptibility to a variety of cephalosporins, including ceftriaxone. Increased IreK phosphorylation in response to ceftriaxone treatment has been shown to correlate with antimicrobial resistance.
Chrysomycin A (ChryA) is a benzonaphthopyranone glycoside with rapid bactericidal activity that is highly active against S. aureus persisters, robustly eradicates biofilms in vitro, and shows a sustainable killing efficacy in vivo. Chrysomycin A belongs to the coumarin class of antibiotics which are known to bind gyrase subunit B and inhibit the enzyme function.
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was originally isolated from a fluorescent Pseudomonas strain. DAPG is active against numerous organisms, including plants, fungi, viruses, bacteria, and nematodes, and production or increased production of DAPG has been associated with enhanced activity against plant pathogens.
MdtQ is a putative multidrug resistance outer membrane protein found in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.
The eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr kinase (STKs) IreK (intrinsic resistance of enterococci kinase) belongs to a family of transmembrane kinases defined by the presence of multiple extracellular PASTA (penicillin-binding protein and serine/threonine kinase associated) domains. In prokaryotes, STKs modulate cellular functions such as growth, differentiation, and secondary metabolism. When the external environment changes, prokaryotes rely on signal transduction systems, including STKs that quickly sense these changes and alter gene expression to induce the appropriate metabolic changes.
Mutations in mgrB transmembrane proteins can confer resistance to the antibiotic colistin.
transmembrane protein conferring colistin resistance
Nifuratel is a nitrofuran antibiotic already in use for parasitic infections. It was effective against different serovars, including multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella Typhimurium, and in macrophages from different host species and against Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri. It reduced IL-10 and STAT3 production in infected macrophages which should increase the inflammatory response against Salmonella.
Mutanobactin is produced by a polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid system encoded by the mub locus. Mutanobactin-producing S. mutans inhibits planktonic and biofilm growth of E. faecalis and is active against other Enterococcus species and Staphylococcus aureus.
Zidovudine is an antibiotic used in the management and treatment of HIV-1. It is in the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor class of medications.
Menadione exhibits antibacterial activity against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. When combined with oxacillin, it exhibited an additive and synergistic effect against the tested strains. Menadione demonstrated antibiofilm activity and effectively combated biofilms with reduced sensitivity to oxacillin alone. Its mechanism of action involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage. It showed interactions with important targets, such as DNA gyrase and dehydroesqualene synthase.
Selamectin is a topical antiparasitic medication for dogs and cats prescribed for various parasite infections. Exposure caused relevant cell surface alterations. A synergistic effect was observed between ampicillin and selamectin. Selamectin may represent a timely and promising macrocyclic lactone for the treatment of S. aureus infections.
Rv2535c or pepQ encodes a putative Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase and is a new genetic determinant of low-level bedaquiline and clofazimine cross-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis when mutated.
Loss-of-function mutations in Rv2535c are a common mechanism of resistance.
These pepQ/Rv2535c mutations increase efflux through the mmpL5-mmpS5 (Rv0676c-Rv0677c) transporter, such as preventing degradation of MmpL5, which leads to reduced susceptibility to bedaquiline and clofazimine.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2535c with mutation conferring resistance to bedaquiline
The AMZ genes showed resistance against some beta-lactam antibiotics, including amoxicillin and cephalothin, and the beta-lactamase AMZ-1 exhibited a similar substrate spectrum response. Similar to other AmpC beta-lactamases, AMZ-1 is strongly inhibited by avibactam but much less strongly inhibited by tazobactam.
Achromobacter mucicolens Y3, isolated from a goose on a farm in Wenzhou, showed resistance to multiple antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins. AMZ-1 showed resistance to amoxicillin, penicillin G, ampicillin, cephalothin and cefoxitin, and the resistance activity could be inhibited by beta-lactamase inhibitors.
We identified ceftazidime/avibactam resistance in E. coli associated with a novel CMY variant. Unlike other AmpC enzymes, CMY-185 appears to require an additional substitution on top of N346Y to confer ceftazidime/avibactam resistance.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-1.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-10.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-114.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-12.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-134.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-143.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-184.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-198.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-2.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-211.
OXA-213-like enzymes have been identified to be intrinsic to A. calcoaceticus and have been subsequently detected in A. pittii. Phylogenetic analysis of OXA-213-like proteins identified two distinct subgroups within the OXA family. The first group was linked to A. pittii and the second group to A. calcoaceticus. The carbapenemase activity of these OXAs may be related to the species-dependent effect.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-214.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-22.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-229.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases, specifically imipenem, derived from OXA-23, first identified in Acinetobacter baumannii.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-24.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-266.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-274.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-286.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-294.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-364.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-372.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-42.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-427.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-46.
OXA-48-type beta-lactamases are now routinely encountered in bacterial infections caused by carbapenam-resistant Enterobacterales. OXA-48-like proteins confer resistance to penicillin (which is efficiently hydrolyzed) and carbapenam antibiotics (which is more slowly broken down). The spectrum of activity of these variants varies, with some hydrolyzing expanded-spectrum oxyimino-cephalosporins.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-493.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-5.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-50.
The maximum number of blaOXA belonged to the OXA-51-like subfamily. An earlier study had reported that OXA-51-like enzymes were present exclusively in A. baumannii. Similar to most of the other OXA-type carbapenemases, the OXA-51-like enzymes show weak carbapenemase activity; however, the presence of the insertion sequence ISAba1 upstream of the blaOXA-51-like gene may provide a promoter that allows the overproduction of carbapenemase, and this results in carbapenem resistance.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-548.
A subfamily of carbapanem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-55.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-58.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-60.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-61.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-62.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-63.
A subfamily of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-679.
A subfamily of extended-spectrum oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-727.
A subfamily of oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D OXA beta-lactamases derived from OXA-9.
Dexrazoxane is a medication used in the management and treatment of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and extravasation injuries. It was demonstrated to inhibit all tested metallo-beta-lactamases and showed an in vitro synergistic bactericidal effect with meropenem against metallo-beta-lactamases-producing bacteria. Dexrazoxane is a metal ion chelating agent.
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a phenolic lignan obtained from Larrea tridentata that has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, renal, cardiovascular, immunological, and neurological disorders, and even aging. The inhibition of NDM-1 by nordihydroguaiaretic acid involves its direct binding to the active region of NDM-1.
Embelin is a naturally occurring para-benzoquinone isolated from dried berries of Embelia ribes plants. Embelin has a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, antifertility and antimicrobial. It was demonstrated to inhibit all tested metallo-beta-lactamases and showed an in vitro synergistic bactericidal effect with meropenem against metallo-beta-lactamases-producing bacteria. Embelin is a metal ion chelating agent.
Candesartan is an anti-hypertensive drug that was found to have antibacterial activity against MDR S. aureus. It was demonstrated to inhibit all tested metallo-beta-lactamases and showed an in vitro synergistic bactericidal effect with meropenem against metallo-beta-lactamases-producing bacteria. Candesartan is a metal ion chelating agent.
The small proline-rich antimicrobial peptide, oncocin, selectively targets Gram-negative bacteria through special transporters such as SmbA to enter cytoplasm. It presents low toxicity to mammalian cells, because they cannot effectively penetrate the mammalian cellular membrane or they are internalized through an endocytotic process to minimize interaction with cytosolic ribosomes.
Point mutations in Salmonella gallinarum dihydropteroate synthase folP altered the stability of the protein, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance.
Salmonella gallinarum folP with mutation conferring resistance to sulfonamides
Betaxolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and angina, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 19.3 plus or minus 0.9 uM significantly inhibiting the hydrolytic activity of the NDM-1 enzyme and may represent a potential NDM-1 enzyme inhibitor. BET combined with meropenem (MEM) showed bactericidal synergism in vitro. BET inhibited NDM-1 by competitively binding to it and that it can be developed in combination with MEM as a new therapy.
Point mutations in Salmonella gyrA that confer resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid which are fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Salmonella isangi gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Point mutation in Salmonella isangi resulting in fluoroquinolone resistance.
Salmonella isangi gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones
Lasalocid is an antibacterial agent and a coccidiostat, which is produced by strains of Streptomyces lasaliensis. Lasalocid is able to make neutral complexes with monovalent and divalent cations and transport them through apolar phase.
Calcimycin (A23187) is a polyether antibiotic and divalent cation ionophore, extracted from Streptomyces chartrecensis.
Ophiobolin A is a sesterterpene which was initially isolated as fungal phytotoxins and subsequently shown to possess other biological activities, including anticancer activities.
Sphaeropsidin A is a tetracyclic pimarane diterpene, first isolated as the main phytotoxin produced by Diplodia cupressir, the causal agent of a severe canker disease of Italian cypress, Cupressus sempervirens L.
Fengycin is an antifungal lipopeptide complex produced by Bacillus subtilis strain F-29-3. It inhibits filamentous fungi and is used as an agricultural fungicide.
Point mutations in 23S rRNA of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (T. pallidum), the noncultivable agent of syphilis, shown clinically to confer resistance to erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic.
Treponema pallidum 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to erythromycin
Tulathromycin is an antibacterial of the macrolide class of drugs. It is a 15-membered macrolide structure and considered a triamilide macrolide with three charged nitrogens. It is derived from azalide macrolides, such as azithromycin.
Gamithromycin, a novel semi-synthetic macrolide, is approved for the treatment and prevention of bovine respiratory disease. It plays a bacteriostatic and bactericidal role by inhibiting the ribosomal 50S subunit.
Tildipirosin, a 16-membered-ring macrolide antimicrobial, has recently been approved for the treatment of swine respiratory disease and bovine respiratory disease. This macrolide is extensively distributed to the site of respiratory infection followed by slow elimination.
Four antitumor-antibiotics of a new structure class, the marinomycins A-D (1-4), were isolated from the saline culture of a new group of marine actinomycetes. The structures of the marinomycins are unusual macrodiolides composed of dimeric 2-hydroxy-6-alkenyl-benzoic acid lactones with conjugated tetraene-pentahydroxy polyketide chains.
Marinomycin A is a member of a new class of bis-salicylate-containing polyene macrodiolides, which have potent antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
Marinomycin B is a member of a new class of bis-salicylate-containing polyene macrodiolides, which have potent antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
Marinomycin C is a member of a new class of bis-salicylate-containing polyene macrodiolides, which have potent antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
Marinomycin D is a member of a new class of bis-salicylate-containing polyene macrodiolides, which have potent antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
Tetronomycin, C34H50O8, isolated from a strain of Streptomyces sp. nov. represents a novel polycyclic ionophore polyether.
Cezomycin is a polyether divalent cation ionophore secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces chartreusis.
A fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant, identified from Escherichia coli. These variants confers resistance to both aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
A fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant identified from Proteus mirabilis. These proteins confer resistance to both fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Valinomycin is a depsipeptide antibiotic which selectively translocates potassium across biologic membranes. This potassium ionophore was observed to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blastogenesis and proliferation in human lymphocytes.
Bisindoles are structurally complex dimers and are intriguing targets for partial and total synthesis. They exhibit stronger biological activity than their corresponding monomeric units.
bis-indole alkaloid with antibiotic activity
Spongosorites has yielded a bis-indole alkaloid which we have named dragmacidin G. Dragmacidin G is the first in this series of compounds to have a pyrazine ring linking the two indole rings. It also has a rare N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-guanidine side chain. Dragmacidin G shows a broad spectrum of biological activity including inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum, and a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines.
Three new cyclopeptides, including halolitoralin A (a cyclic hexapeptide), halolitoralin B and C (two cyclic tetrapeptides), were isolated from Halobacillus litoralis YS3106.
Halolitoralin A is an alanine-rich cyclic hexapeptide. It exhibits potent activity against the pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes and the gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Gram negative bacteria were found to be more sensitive than gram positive bacteria. It was also found to exhibit moderate anthelmintic activity against the earthworms Megascoplex konkanensis and Eudrilus sp.
Halolitoralin B is an alanine-rich cyclic hexapeptide. It exhibits potent activity against the pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes and the gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Gram negative bacteria were found to be more sensitive than gram positive bacteria. It was also found to exhibit moderate anthelmintic activity against the earthworms Megascoplex konkanensis and Eudrilus sp.
Halolitoralin C is an alanine-rich cyclic hexapeptide. It exhibits potent activity against the pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes and the gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Gram negative bacteria were found to be more sensitive than gram positive bacteria. It was also found to exhibit moderate anthelmintic activity against the earthworms Megascoplex konkanensis and Eudrilus sp.
Macrocyclic peptides are predominantly peptide structures bearing one or more rings and spanning multiple amino acid residues. Macrocyclization has become a common approach for improving the pharmacological properties and bioactivity of peptides.
Zosurabalpin is a macrocyclic peptide (MCP) antibiotic with potent antibacterial activity against Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. The mechanism of action involves blocking the transport of bacterial lipopolysaccharide from the inner membrane to its destination on the outer membrane, through inhibition of the LptB2FGC complex.
Nocardamine is a cyclic trihydroxamate. It belongs to a group of microbial siderophores which form complexes with iron and aluminum ions. Nocardamine was described first as an antibiotic active against mycobacteria and proteus. It is produced by Nocardia species, several Streptomyces species, Chromobacterium and Pseudomonas.
Tartrolons are a group of boron-containing macrolide antibiotics discovered in 1994 from the culture broth of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum.
Tartrolons are a group of boron-containing (excluding tartrolon A) macrolide antibiotics discovered in 1994 from the culture broth of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum.
Aplasmomycin was isolated from a broth cultivated with a marine isolate of actinomycete, and inhibits Gram-positive bacteria in vitro and Plasmodium berghei in vivo. It is a natural ionophore.
Boromycin is a bacteriocidal polyether-macrolide antibiotic initially isolated from the Streptomyces antibioticus. It is effective against most Gram-positive bacteria, but is ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria.
Point mutations that occur within the Vibrio vulnificus rpoB gene resulting in resistance to rifampin.
Vibrio vulnificus rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampin
Azalomycin F, a natural guanidyl-containing polyhydroxy macrolide produced by many streptomycete strains, can target the LTA of Staphylococcus aureus.
Tylvalosin is indicated for the control of porcine proliferative enteropathy associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infection in groups of swine.
ampR is a LysR-type transcriptional regulator for beta-lactamase-encoding gene expression. Mutations in ampR of certain organisms have been shown to confer resistance to antibiotics due to beta-lactamase overexpression.
ampR transcriptional regulator with mutation conferring resistance to monobactam antibiotics
Known mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniA which confer resistance to isoniazid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniA mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid
Mutations that occurs on the iniA genes resulting in the resistance to isoniazid.
RATA is a family of class A carbapenemases identified from the chromosome of Riemerella anatipestifer.
RATA-1 is a class A RATA-family carbapenemase.
RATA-2 is a class A RATA-family carbapenemase.
CARB-56 is a class A CARB-17-like beta-lactamase identified from Vibrio alginolyticus.
VIM-74 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
Specific mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis tlyA resulting in resistance to capreomycin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis tlyA mutations conferring resistance to capreomycin
Specific mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA resulting in resistance to moxifloxacin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA mutations conferring resistance to moxifloxacin
Specific mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA resulting in resistance to ofloxacin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA mutations conferring resistance to ofloxacin
Specific mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrB resulting in resistance to ofloxacin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrB mutations conferring resistance to ofloxacin
Specific mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA resulting in resistance to levofloxacin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA mutations conferring resistance to levofloxacin
Specific mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrB resulting in resistance to levofloxacin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrB mutations conferring resistance to levofloxacin
Specific mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis fabG1 resulting in resistance to prothionamide.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis fabG1 with mutations conferring resistance to prothionamide
VIM-75 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-76 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-77 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-78 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-79 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-80 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-81 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-82 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-83 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-84 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-85 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-86 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
VIM-87 is a subclass B1 carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase.
GES-47 is a class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing GES-like beta-lactamase.
GES-48 is a class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing GES-like beta-lactamase.
GES_49 is a class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing GES-like beta-lactamase.
GES-50 is a class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing GES-like beta-lactamase.
GES-51 is a class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing GES-like beta-lactamase.
GES-52 is a class A GES-like extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
GES-53 is a class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing GES-like beta-lactamase.
GES-54 is a class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing GES-like beta-lactamase.
GES is a class A GES-like beta-lactamase.
GES-56 is a class A GES-like beta-lactamase.
GES-57 is a class A GES-like beta-lactamase.
CARB-57 is a class A carbenicillin-hydrolyzing CARB-like beta-lactamase.
CARB-58 is a PSE family class A carbenicillin-hydrolyzing CARB-like beta-lactamase.
tet(65) is a tetracycline efflux gene identified from a Corynebacterium oculi plasmid.
CIM (C. indologenes MBL) are a family of subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamases originally identified from Chryseobacterium indologenes, and which exhibit carbapenem-hydrolyzing activity.
CIM-1 is a CIM-like carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase identified from Chryseobacterium indologenes.
Antibiotic resistant gene variants of mycobacterial fabG1 which confer resistance to prothionamide antibiotics.
A historical list of beta-lactamase names, a minority without public sequence data, maintained by Drs. Karen Bush, George Jacoby, and Timothy Palzkill. Since subsumed by curation efforts at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/305729.
VRA-F is an ABC transporter ATP-binding protein, or ATP-binding cassette.
KPC-135 is a KPC-type class A beta-lactamase. KPC-125 is a variant of KPC-44, differing by a 6 basepair deletion.
SIE is a subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase with enzymatic activity against cephalosporins and carbapanems, first identified from Sphingobium indicum.
SIE-1 is SIE beta-lactamase gene family variant.
NWM is a subclass B3 metallo beta-lactamase with enzymatic activity against carbapenems, first identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
NWM-1 is a NWM beta-lactamase gene family variant.
Mutations in the F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase fgd1 which confer resistance to the nitroimidazole antibiotic delamanid.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis fgd1 with mutation conferring resistance to delamanid
Genetic variants of F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase fgd1 with mutations associated with antibiotic resistance.
Genetic variants of F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Fgd1 with mutations associated with resistance to the nitroimidazole antibiotic delamanid.
Genetic variants of the transcription factor Rv0678, which regulates expression of the mmpS5/L5 efflux pump, that are associated with resistance to clofazimine antibiotics.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0678 with mutation conferring resistance to clofazimine
Loss-of-function mutations in the Mycobacterium Rv0678 gene associated with clofazimine resistance.
Genetic variants of ATPase subunit C atpE with mutations associated with resistance to bedaquiline antibiotics.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis atpE with mutation conferring resistance to bedaquiline
CHM is a subclass B1 metallo B-lactamase with enzymatic activity against cephalosporins and carbapenems, first identified in the Chryseobacterium spp. functional gene library.
KPC-134 is an inhibitor-resistant KPC-2 variant which confers resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam.
BIM is a family of ambler molecular class B beta-lactamases from Pseudomonas putida. It confers resistance to carbapenems and cephalosporins.
BIM-1 is an ambler molecular class B beta-lactamase. It confers resistance to carbapenems and cephalosporins.
DYB is a family of subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamases identified from Dysgonomonas capnocytophagoides. These enzymes confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems.
DYB-1 is a subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamases identified from Dysgonomonas capnocytophagoides. DYB-1 is associated with resistance to meropenem and ceftazidime.
Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES), a chemical structure line notation (a typographical method using printable characters) for entering and representing molecules (description copied from PubChem). Canonical SMILES in CARD are acquired from ChEMBL.
ASU1 is a family of class A beta-lactamase enzymes shown to confer resistance to beta-lactam and cephalosporin antibiotics through enzymatic inactivation.
B3SU1 is a family of subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase enzymes which confer resistance to beta-lactam and cephalosporin antibiotics through enzymatic inactivation.
B3SU2 is a family of subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamases which confer resistance to beta-lactam and cephalosporin antibiotics through enzymatic inactivation.
BMHC is a family of subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase enzymes which confer resistance to carbapenem antibiotics through enzymatic inactivation.
BOR is a family of class A beta-lactamase enzymes which confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics through enzymatic inactivation.
GMA is a family of class A beta-lactamases which confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics through enzymatic inactivation.
HBL is a family of class A beta-lactamases which enzymatically inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics.
HER is a family of class A beta-lactamases which enzymatically inactivation penam-type beta-lactam antibiotics.
MUN is a family of extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamases which enzymatic inactivate beta-lactam and cephalosporin antibiotics.
PAD is a family of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamases which enzymatically inactivate beta-lactam and carbapenem antibiotics.
PEN-A is a family of class A beta-lactamases which enzymatically inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics.
PEN-B is a family of class A beta-lactamase enzymes which inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics.
PNC is a family of extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamases which enzymatically inactivate cephalosporin antibiotics.
RAA is a family of class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamases which enzymatically inactivate cephalosporin antibiotics.
RASA is a family of extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamases which enzymatically inactivate cephalosporin antibiotics.
RSC1 is a family of class C beta-lactamases which inactivate cephalosporin antibiotics.
RSD1 is a family of class D beta-lactamases which confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.
SED is a family of broad-spectrum class A beta-lactamases.
SFDC is a family of extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamases which confer resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics.
YOC is a family of class C beta-lactamases which inactivate cephalosporin antibiotics.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-100.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-101.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-102.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-103.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-104.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-105.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-106.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-107.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-108.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-109.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-110.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-111.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-112.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-113.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-115.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-116.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-117.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-118.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-119.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-120.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-121.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-122.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-123.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-124.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-131.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-140.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-141.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-142.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-143.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-144.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-145.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-146.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-148.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-150.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-151.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-153.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-154.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-155.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-156.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-157.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-158.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-159.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-160.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-161.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-162.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-165.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-166.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-167.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-168.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-169.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-170.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-171.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-172.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-173.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-174.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-175.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-176.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-177.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-178.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-179.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-180.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-181.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-182.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-183.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-184.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-185.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-186.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-187.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-188.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-189.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-190.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-191.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-192.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-193.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-194.
Ceftazidime-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-85.
Ceftazidime-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-86.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-88.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-89.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-90.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-91.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-92.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-93.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-94.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-95.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-96.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-97.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-98.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ACT-99.
Extended spectrum class C beta-lactamase ACT-GC1.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-257.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-258.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-259.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-260.
Cefepime-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase ADC-261.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-262.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-263.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-264.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-265.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-266.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-267.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-268.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-269.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-270.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-271.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-272.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-273.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-274.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-275.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-276.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-277.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-278.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-279.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-280.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-281.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-282.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-283.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-284.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-285.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-286.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-287.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-288.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-289.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-290.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-291.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-292.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-293.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-294.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-295.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-302.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-303.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-304.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-305.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-306.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-307.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-308.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-309.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-310.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-311.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-312.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-313.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-314.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-315.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-316.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-317.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-318.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-319.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-320.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-321.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-322.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-323.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-324.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-325.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-326.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-327.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-328.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-329.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-330.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-331.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-332.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-333.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-334.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-335.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-336.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-337.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-338.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-339.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-340.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-341.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-342.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-343.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-344.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-345.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-346.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-347.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-348.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-349.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-350.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-351.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-352.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-353.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-354.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-355.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-356.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-357.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase ADC-358.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase AFM-3.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase AFM-4.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase AFM-5.
Subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase AIM-2.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase AXC-6.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase AXC-7.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase AXC-8.
Subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase B3SU1-1.
Subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase B3SU2-1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase BIC-2.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase BMHC-1.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase CAM-2.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CME-3.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase CMY-172.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-243.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-245.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-246.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-247.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-248.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-249.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-251.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-252.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-253.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-254.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-255.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-256.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-257.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-258.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-259.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-260.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-261.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-262.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-263.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-264.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-265.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-266.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-267.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-268.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-269.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-270.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-271.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-272.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-273.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-274.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-275.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-276.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-277.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase CTX-M-278.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase FOX-18.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase FOX-19.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase FOX-20.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase FOX-21.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase FRI-12.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase GES-60.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase GES-66.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase GIM-3.
GMA family class A beta-lactamase GMA-1.
GMA family class A beta-lactamase GMA-2.
Subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase GOB-17.
Subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase GOB-47.
Subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase GOB-52.
Subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase GOB-53.
Penicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase HER-1.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase HMB-2.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase IMI-10.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase IMI-22.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase IMI-23.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase IMI-24.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase IMI-25.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase IMI-26.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase IMI-27.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-100.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-101.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-102.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-104.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-105.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-86.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-87.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-90.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-97.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-98.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-99.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IND-18.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase IND-19.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase KHM-2.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KLUC-6.
CTX-M family extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KLUG-1.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-101.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-102.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-109.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-110.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-111.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-112.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-113.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-114.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-115.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-116.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-117.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-118.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-119.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-120.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-121.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-122.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-124.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-126.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-127.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-128.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-131.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-132.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-133.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-136.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-137.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-138.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-139.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-140.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-141.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-142.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-143.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-144.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-145.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-146.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-147.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-149.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-150.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-151.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-152.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-153.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-154.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-155.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-156.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-157.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-158.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-159.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-160.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-161.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-162.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-163.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-164.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-165.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-166.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-168.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-169.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-170.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-171.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-172.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-173.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-174.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-175.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-176.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-177.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-178.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-180.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-181.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-182.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-183.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-184.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-185.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-186.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-187.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-188.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-189.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-190.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-191.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-192.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-194.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-195.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-196.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-197.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-201.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-202.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-203.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-204.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-205.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-206.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-207.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-208.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-209.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-211.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-212.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-213.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-214.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-215.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-216.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-217.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase KPC-218.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-223.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-224.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-225.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-226.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-227.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-228.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-230.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-231.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-232.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-233.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-234.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-236.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-237.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-238.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-239.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-240.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-241.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-242.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-47.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-48.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-53.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-67.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-68.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-69.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-70.
Inhibitor-resistant carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-84.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-85.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-88.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-89.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase KPC-91.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-92.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-24.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-25.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-27.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-28.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-30.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-31.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-32.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-33.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-34.
Cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase MIR-35.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-15.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-16.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-17.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-18.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-19.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-20.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-21.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-22.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-23.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-24.
CMY-1/MOX family class C beta-lactamase MOX-25.
MUN family extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase MUN-1.
MUN family extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase MUN-6.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-48.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-49.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-50.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-51.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-52.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-53.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-54.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-55.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-56.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-57.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-58.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-60.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-61.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-64.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-65.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-66.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-67.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-68.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-69.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-70.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-71.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-72.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-73.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-74.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1000.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1001.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1002.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1003.
OXA-294 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1004.
OXA-134 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1005.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1007.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1008.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1009.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1010.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1012.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1013.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1014.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1015.
OXA-372 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1016.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1017.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1018.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1019.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1020.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1021.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1022.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1023.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1024.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1025.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1026.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1027.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1028.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1029.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1030.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1031.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1032.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1033.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1034.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1035.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1036.
OXA-24 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1040.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1041.
OXA-1 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1042.
OXA-211 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1044.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1045.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1046.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1047.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1048.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1049.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1050.
OXA-679 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1051.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1052.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1053.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1055.
OXA-198 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1056.
OXA-198 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1057.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1058.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1059.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1060.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1061.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1062.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1063.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1064.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1065.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1066.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1067.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1068.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1069.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1070.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1071.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1072.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1073.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1074.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1075.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1076.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1077.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1078.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1079.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1080.
OXA-24 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1081.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1082.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1083.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1084.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1085.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1086.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1087.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1088.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1089.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1090.
Oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1091.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1092.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1093.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1094.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1095.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1096.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1097.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1098.
OXA-63 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1099.
OXA-63 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1100.
OXA-63 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1101.
OXA-63 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1102.
OXA-63 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1103.
OXA-63 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1104.
OXA-63 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1105.
OXA-63 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1106.
OXA-63 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1107.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1109.
OXA-134 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1110.
OXA-134 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1111.
OXA-134 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1112.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1113.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1114.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1115.
OXA-134 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1116.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1117.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1118.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1119.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1120.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1121.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1122.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1123.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1124.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1125.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1126.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1127.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1128.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1129.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1130.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1131.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1132.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1133.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1134.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1135.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1136.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1137.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1138.
OXA-143 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1139.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1140.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1141.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1144.
OXA-286 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1145.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1146.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1147.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1148.
OXA-62 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1149.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1150.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1151.
OXA-62 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1152.
OXA-12 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1157.
OXA-12 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1162.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1164.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1165.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1166.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1167.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1168.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1169.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1170.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1171.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1172.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1173.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1174.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1175.
OXA-60 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1176.
OXA-22 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1177.
OXA-58 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1178.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1181.
OXA-143 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1182.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1183.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1184.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1185.
OXA-198 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1186.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1187.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1188.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1189.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1190.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1191.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1193.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1194.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1198.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1199.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1200.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1201.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1202.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1203.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1204.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1205.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1207.
OXA-211 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1208.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1211.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1212.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1213.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1214.
OXA-286 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1215.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1216.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1217.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1218.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1219.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1220.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1221.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1222.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1223.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1224.
OXA-24 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1225.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1226.
OXA-62 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1227.
OXA-62 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1228.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1229.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1230.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1231.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1232.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1233.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1234.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1235.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1236.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1237.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1239.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1240.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1241.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1242.
OXA-2 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1243.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1244.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1245.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1246.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1247.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1248.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1249.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1250.
OXA-258 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1251.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1252.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1253.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1254.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1255.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1256.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1257.
OXA-1258 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1259.
OXA-1258 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1260.
OXA-1258 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1261.
OXA-1258 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1262.
OXA-1258 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1263.
OXA-62 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1264.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1265.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1266.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1267.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1268.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1269.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1270.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1271.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1272.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1273.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1274.
OXA-50-var family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1275.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1276.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1277.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1278.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1279.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1280.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1281.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1282.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1283.
OXA-50-var family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1284.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1285.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1286.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1287.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1288.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1289.
OXA-50-var family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1290.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1291.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1292.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1293.
OXA-50-var family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1294.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1295.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1296.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1297.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1298.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1299.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1300.
OXA-50 family oxacillin-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1301.
OXA-10 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1302.
OXA-24 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-1303.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1304.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1305.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1306.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1307.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1308.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-1309.
OXA-12 family class D beta-lactamase AmpS/OXA-725.
OXA-114 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-790.
OXA-114 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-791.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-933.
OXA-48 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-934.
OXA-214 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-936.
OXA-274 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-944.
OXA-12 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-950.
OXA-12 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-951.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-952.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-953.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-954.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-955.
OXA-12 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-958.
OXA-12 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-959.
OXA-55 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-960.
OXA-55 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-961.
OXA-55 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-962.
OXA-55 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-963.
OXA-55 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-964.
OXA-55 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-965.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-966.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-967.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-968.
OXA-23 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-969.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-970.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-971.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-972.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-973.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-974.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-975.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-976.
OXA-51 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-977.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-978.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-979.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-980.
OXA-294 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-982.
OXA-229 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-983.
OXA-294 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-984.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-985.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-986.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-987.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-988.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-989.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-990.
OXA-134 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-991.
OXA-213 family carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamase OXA-992.
OXA-294 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-993.
OXA-294 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-994.
OXA-294 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-995.
OXA-294 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-996.
OXA-294 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-997.
OXA-294 family class D beta-lactamase OXA-998.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-1-11.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-1-12.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-1-13.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-1-16.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-1-17.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-1-18.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-1-19.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-10-1.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-11-1.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-12-1.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-12-2.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-17.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-18.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-19.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-20.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-21.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-22.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-23.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-24.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-25.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-26.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-27.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-28.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-2-30.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-3-2.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-3-3.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-4-2.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-4-3.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-4-4.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-4-5.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-5-10.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-5-11.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-5-6.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-5-7.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-5-8.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-6-10.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-6-11.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-6-5.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-6-7.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-7-1.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-8-1.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-8-2.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-8-3.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase OXY-9-1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase PAD-1.
Subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase PAM-5.
BlaZ family penicillin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase PC1.
Inhibitor-resistant class C beta-lactamase PDC-477.
Inhibitor-resistant class C beta-lactamase PDC-478.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PDC-479.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PDC-480.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PDC-481.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PDC-482.
Inhibitor-resistant class C beta-lactamase PDC-483.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PDC-487.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PDC-497.
Inhibitor-resistant class C beta-lactamase PDC-500.
Inhibitor-resistant class C beta-lactamase PDC-510.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PDC-515.
Inhibitor-resistant cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class C beta-lactamase PDC-519.
Inhibitor-resistant class C beta-lactamase PDC-531.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PDC-537.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PDC-577.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase PER-17.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase PER-18.
Subclass B3 metallo-beta-lactamase PJM-2.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PNC-2.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase PNC-3.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase RAHN-3.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase RAHN-4.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase RAHN-5.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase RAHN-6.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase RASA-1.
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase SFC-2.
Extended-spectrum class C beta-lactamase SFDC-1.
Broad-spectrum class A beta-lactamase SHV-229.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase SHV-230.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase SHV-231.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase SHV-233.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase SHV-234.
Inhibitor-resistant extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase SHV-238.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase SHV-239.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase SHV-240.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase SHV-241.
Inhibitor-resistant class A beta-lactamase SHV-242.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-16.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-18.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-28.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-29.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-30.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-31.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-32.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-33.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-34.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-35.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-36.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-37.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-38.
Extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase VEB-39.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-88.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-89.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-90.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-91.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase CfiA28.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase CfiA29.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase CfiA30.
Subclass B1 metallo-beta-lactamase CfiA31.
First-generation cephalosporin antibiotics include those with a relatively narrow spectrum of activity, primarily effective against gram-positive cocci and with minimal coverage against gram-negative bacteria.
Second-generation cephalosporin antibiotics have increased efficacy against gram-negative bacteria compared to first-generation cephalosporins. This subclass also includes cephamycin antibiotics.
Third generation cephalosporin antibiotics have a marked activity against gram-negative bacteria, but diminished activity against gram-positive bacteria.
Fourth-generation cephalosporins have activity against gram-positive cocci and a broad array of gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas and many of the Enterobacteriaceae with inducible chromosomal beta-lactamases.
This subfamily includes other penem and cephalosporin antibiotics without defined classification by generation.
Cefazedone is a semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefazedone binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall.
Cefatrizine is a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefatrizine binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall causing cell lysis.
Cefacetrile is a broad-spectrum first-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefacetrile binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall causing cell lysis.
Cefroxadine is a semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefroxadine binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall causing cell lysis.
Ceftezole is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with antibacterial activity. Ceftezole binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall causing cell lysis. It is a cephalosporin and a thiadiazole.
Ceforanide is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter species.
Cefminox is a second-generation cephalosporin and cephamycin antibiotic. It has broad-spectrum activity, and is especially effective against Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria.
Cefbuperazone is a second-generation cephalosporin and cephamycin antibiotic.
Cefmenoxime is a broad-spectrum and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is typically used in the treatment of female gynecologic and obstetric infections. It is reported to exhibit high activity against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Cefodizime is a third-generation, aminothiazolyl cephalosporin for parenteral use. Cefodizime has broad-spectrum activity and is stable to most beta-lactamases.
Cefpiramide is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
Cefteram is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic compound.
Cefozopran is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.
Pencillin-like antibiotics with extended spectrum activity gram-negative bacteria, such as ampicillin and similar antibiotic compounds.
Pencillin-like beta-lactam antibiotics with narrow spectrum activity against beta-lactam susceptible bacteria.
Penicillin-like antibiotic compounds resistant to penicillinase activity.
Azidocillin is a narrow-spectrum, semisynthetic penicillin derivative with antibacterial activity.
Phenethicillin is a penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group. It is a penicillin compound with antibacterial activity.
Penamecillin is a semisynthetic derivative penicillanic acid ester that is the acetoxymethyl ester of benzylpenicillin. It is a prodrug for benzylpenicillin with antibacterial activity.
Clometocillin is a penicillin that is benzylpenicillin in which the phenylacetyl group has been replaced by a (3,4-dichlorophenyl)(methoxy)acetyl group. It is a semisynthetic penicillin derivative with antibacterial activity.
Pivampicillin is a semisynthetic, orally active pivalate ester of ampicillin with antibacterial activity.
Epicillin is an extended-spectrum, semisynthetic aminopenicillin with antibacterial activity.
Hetacillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin compound with bactericidal properties. Hetacillin is a prodrug that is converted to ampicillin via esterases.
Aspoxicillin is a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic penicillin derivative with antibacterial activity.
MSH2 is a mismatch repair gene in fungi. Strains with alterations in this gene exhibit the resistance to Polyenes (Amphotericin B), Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Micafungin), and Azoles (Fluconazole, Voriconazole).
The Antibiotic Resistance Platform (ARP) is a cell-based array of mechanistically distinct individual resistance elements in an identical genetic background. The ARP consists of resistance elements to 18 classes of antibiotics. There are over 100 antibiotic resistance genes currently in the ARP. https://www.thewrightlab.com/antibiotic-resistance-platform.
The Minimal Antibiotic Resistance Platform (mARP) is a tool that can be used for the general dereplication of antibiotics in natural product extracts. This platform consists of fifteen low-copy number plasmids that constitutively express individual resistance genes that target seventeen of the most commonly found antibiotics. This kit is useful for antibiotic dereplication and adjuvant discovery. https://www.thewrightlab.com/antibiotic-resistance-platform.
Minimal Antibiotic Resistance Platform (mARP)
A biocurator is a scientist who extracts, interprets, synthesizes and archives data from a variety of sources, including literature, genomes, online materials and author provided biological data, to standardize this data and make it machine readable, more discoverable and accessible to the public. Reproduced from the International Society for Biocuration: https://www.biocuration.org/community/biocuration-generic-job-description/.
5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is an antimetabolite typically used as a cancer treatment and is cytotoxic. It is a pyrimidine analogue inhibits thymidylate synthase which halts the DNA synthesis. Its cytotoxic effects on eukaryotic cells have also allowed the drug to be explored for fungal infection treatment as well.
Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is almost exclusively SNVs. Unlike other organisms, culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing for TB is very challenging. The TB community instead developed a likelihood framework, based on statistical association of SNVs with observed phenotypic resistance across a large number of sequenced genomes, organized as mutation catalogs. It is important to note that each catalog may recycle data from earlier catalogs.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutation catalog
The Relational Sequencing Tuberculosis Data platform (ReSeqTB) is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis AMR mutation catalog published in 2018. Mutation data acquired from the ReSeqTB catalog are evaluated as conferring resistance (Minimal, Moderate, High), not conferring resistance (None), or Indeterminate.
The Comprehensive Resistance Prediction for Tuberculosis: an International Consortium (CRyPTIC) is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis AMR mutation catalog published in 2022. Mutation data acquired from the CRyPTIC catalog are evaluated as resistant (R), susceptible (S), or undetermined (U).
The World Health Organization (WHO) Mutation Catalog, Second Edition is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis AMR mutation catalog published in 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240082410. Mutation data acquired from the WHO 2023 catalog are evaluated as resistant (R), susceptible (S), or undetermined (U).
Mutation data hand curated from the scientific literature, evaluated as conferring resistance (R).
MexAB is a multidrug efflux pump complex consisting of Mex A and Mex B, two primary components. Forming the core transport machinery that can interface with various outer membrane proteins to expel antibiotics and toxic compounds, contributing to multidrug resistance. This component can be paired with OprM.
MexCD is a multidrug efflux pump complex composed of Mex C and Mex D as its primary components. This system forms the central transport mechanism, capable of interacting with diverse outer membrane proteins to eject antibiotics and toxic substances, thus playing a significant role in multidrug resistance.
MexEF is a multidrug efflux pump complex comprising MexE and MexF as its core components. This system functions as the primary transport mechanism, interacting with various outer membrane proteins to expel antibiotics and harmful compounds, thus contributing to multidrug resistance.
MexGHI is a multidrug efflux pump complex consisting of MexG, MexH, and MexI as its key components. Together, they form a central transport system that interfaces with outer membrane proteins to remove antibiotics and toxic substances, playing a role in multidrug resistance.
The MexJK efflux pump system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is unique in that it can function independently of an outer membrane protein (OMP), distinguishing it from many other efflux systems. MexJK is a multidrug efflux pump complex composed of MexJ and MexK as its primary components. This system serves as a core transport mechanism, working with outer membrane proteins to expel antibiotics and harmful compounds, thereby contributing to multidrug resistance.
MexMN is a multidrug efflux pump complex consisting of MexM and MexN as its main components. This system acts as a central transport mechanism, partnering with outer membrane proteins to expel antibiotics and toxic compounds, thereby playing a significant role in multidrug resistance.
MexPQ is a multidrug efflux pump complex comprising MexP and MexQ as its primary components. This system functions as a core transport mechanism, interacting with outer membrane proteins to expel antibiotics and toxic substances, contributing to multidrug resistance.
MexVW is a multidrug efflux pump complex composed of MexV and MexW as its main components. This system operates as a central transport mechanism, associating with outer membrane proteins to expel antibiotics and toxic compounds, thereby playing a role in multidrug resistance.
MexXY is a multidrug efflux pump complex consisting of MexX and MexY as its core components. This system serves as a key transport mechanism, interacting with outer membrane proteins to expel antibiotics and toxic compounds, contributing to multidrug resistance.
MexHI-OpmD is a multidrug efflux protein expressed in the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MexH is the membrane fusion protein, MexI is the inner membrane resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) transporter, and OpmD is the outer membrane factor protein.
Naphthoquinones constitute a class of organic compounds structurally related to naphthalene.
Atovaquone is an antimicrobial medication for the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). It is a naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.
Neutramycin is a macrolide first identified from S. rimosus and S. luteoverticillatus.
A proposed grammar to describe genetic changes that is readable by both human and code (https://fowlerlab.org/2018/11/25/goarc-a-general-ontology-for-antimicrobial-resistance-catalogues).
Grammar for Antimicrobial Resistance Catalogues (GARC)
The HGVS Nomenclature is an internationally-recognized standard for the description of DNA, RNA, and protein sequence variants. It is used to convey variants in clinical reports and to share variants in publications and databases (https://hgvs-nomenclature.org/stable).
Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) Nomenclature
Antifungal compound typically used to treat skin infections.
An antifungal compound that is converted into fluorouracil inside cells, thereby impairing the synthesis of proteins and DNA. This drug should almost always be used in combination with amphotericin B for systemic fungal infections, but the ratio is important since flucytosine can increase the toxicity of amphotericin B and vice versa. Flucytosine is typically indicated for Candida and Cryptococcus infections.
A foliar fungicide used to control a wide range of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in a wide range of crops.
This compound is a small molecule antifungal drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of II. The compound inhibits 14a demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death.
Pyrimethamine is a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). DHFR is a key enzyme in the redox cycle for production of tetrahydrofolate, a cofactor that is required for the synthesis of DNA and proteins. It is typically used in combination with other drugs to treat parasitic infections, including malaria and toxoplasmosis. When combined with sulfadoxine, it can be used as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jerovecii (fungi) induced pneumonia (PCP). However, this compound is generally not recommended for PCP prophylaxis unless trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, pentamidine, dapsone/pyrimethamine/leucovorin, atovaquone or dapsone cannot be used.
A fungicide used for control of powdery mildew, scab and other fungal pathogens on a range of crops. Resistance was noted by Penicillium digitatum.
Antifungal compounds with multiple applications and usages, including antimalarial, anti-cancer, anti-protist, etc. Often include ambiguous drug family classification.
antifungal without defined classification
This compound is used to control a number of cereal fungal pathogens including those belonging to the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes families.
A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria. It has a role as an androgen antagonist, an estrogen receptor agonist and an antifungal agrochemical. It was noted as being the only fungicide still providing protection against multirestitant fungi.
A persisent and broad spectrum fungicide used for the control of Septoria tritici, rusts and other diseases in cereals and some other crops. It is tied to causing cancer.
This compound inhibits sterol 14alpha-demethylase and is used as a fungicide for the control of powdery mildew, scab and other diseases on a variety of crops. It is a member of the following groups: monochlorobenzenes, imidazoles, (trifluoromethyl)benzenes, carboxamidine, ether and conazoles.
This chemical compound is produced by the myxobacterium Myxococcus fulvus. It is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex (coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase). It is a competitive inhibitor of ubiquinol, and binds at the quinol oxidation (Qo) site of the bc1 complex, blocking electron transfer to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein.
An agricultural fungicide that inhibits the pathway leading to the synthesis of ergosterol.
This compound inhibits 1,3-beta-glucan synthase in fungi (primarily yeasts), which is a major compound of cell wall synthesis.
This is a Benzylamine Antifungal which is believed to inhibit the squalene epoxidase enzyme that is essential in the formation of sterols necessary for fungal cell membranes. It is typically used in the treatment of dermatological infections. Butenafine is trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is a tertiary amine and a member of naphthalenes.
Tolnaftate is a synthetic over-the-counter antifungal which may come as a cream, powder, spray or liquid aerosol typically used to treat jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm. It is a monothiocarbamic ester that is the methyl(3-tolyl)carbamothioate ester of 2-naphthol.
As a fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops. It also has a role as an antinematodal drug, a metabolite, a microtubule-destabilising agent. Carbendazim is a member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. It is a carbamate ester and a benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide. It is functionally related to a 2-aminobenzimidazole. Additionally, Carbendazim has been used in cancer trials studying the treatment of Lymphoma and Unspecified Adult Solid Tumor, Protocol Specific.
A metabolite from Penicillium brefeldianum that exhibits a wide range of antibiotic activity, including antifungal functionality. It also has a role as a Penicillium metabolite.
Cerulenin has a role as an antifungal agent, an antiinfective agent, an antilipemic drug, an antimetabolite, a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor and an antimicrobial agent. It functions by inhibiting the biosynthesis of several lipids and sterols by interfering with enzyme function. In fatty acid synthesis, it is reported to bind in equimolar ratio to b-keto-acyl-ACP synthase. In sterol synthesis, it inhibits HMG-CoA synthetase activity. It is a monocarboxylic acid amide and an epoxide and is found naturally in several species including Cephalosporium caerulensfungus, Euglena gracilis, Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It is also shown to inhibit feeding and induce dramatic weight loss in mice.
Diamide is primarily used as an insecticide with evidence of mammalian toxicity. This compound is chemically classified as being part of the monoazo group. FungAMR listed this compound as having some anti-fungal properties.
Diethofencarb is a fungicide typically used as an agrochemical. It is shown to have strong activity against Botrytis cinerea and benzimidazole-resistant strains of Botryis spp. It is a carbamate ester class fungicide, an aromatic ether and a carbanilate fungicide (subclass of carbamate fungicide). It is functionally related to an aniline.
An agricultural fungicide that is a systemic conazole (imidazole) fungicide used for the control of many seed-borne and soil-borne diseases and fungi particularly Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. It has a broad spectrum of action, being systemic with protective and curative action, but is known to disrupt membrane function. It also has a role as a chelator. It is a tertiary alcohol, a member of triazoles and a dichlorobenzene. In FungAMR, it was listed as having effects against Aspergillus fumigatus. It is commonly used in the control of apple, coffee and peanut diseases, but is also used for various other fruits and vegetables. Major consumption is in Asian countries and it is used mainly for the control of rice sheath blight in China, India, Vietnam, and parts of East Asia. It was introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.
An agricultural fungicide that is a member of the triazole antifungal class.
A fungicide that is used commercially for agriculture. It is also used in combination with permethrin in formulations of wood preserver. The compound is known as a DMI, or demethylation inhibiting fungicide, due to its binding with and inhibition of the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme from demethylating a precursor to ergosterol. Without this demethylation step, the ergosterols are not incorporated into the growing fungal cell membranes, and cellular growth is stopped.
A fungicide used for the control of rice blast, it is not approved for use within the European Union. It has a role as a melanin synthesis inhibitor and an antifungal agrochemical. According to CHEBI, this compound is not a member of the azole group of antifungals, but is instead part of a group called the triazobenzothiazoles.
Mebendazole has a role as an antinematodal drug, a tubulin modulator, and a fungal microtubule-destabilising agent.
Azoxystrobin (brand name Amistar, Syngenta) is widely used as a very broad spectrum fungicide in agriculture, particularly in wheat farming. It is an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, and binds very tightly to the Qo site of Complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, thereby ultimately preventing the generation of ATP.
Boscalid is a fungicide that is active against a broad range of fungal pathogens including Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Sclerotinia spp. for use on a wide range of crops. It is functionally related to a nicotinic acid. Boscalid is unique in that it is a natural product derived from the fungi Ganoderma lucidum.
Bromuconazole is a member of the class of oxolanes and is a foliar applied conazole fungicide for a range of crops. It is a dichlorobenzene, an organobromine compound, a member of oxolanes, a member of triazoles, a conazole fungicide and a triazole fungicide.
Cycloheximide appears as colorless crystals that can be used as a fungicide and as a anticancer drug. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus and has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a protein synthesis inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent, an anticoronaviral agent and a ferroptosis inhibitor. It is a member of piperidones, a piperidine antibiotic, a fungicide, a dicarboximide, a secondary alcohol and a cyclic ketone. It is functionally related to a piperidine-2,6-dione. Cycloheximide can cause developmental toxicity.
Cyproconazole is a fungicide that prevents wood decay from fungi in above-ground applications, but is not intended to protect trees in the ground.
Difenoconazole is a broad spectrum fungicide with efficacy against some members of the Aschomycetes, Basidomycetes and Deuteromycetes families. It acts as a seed treatment, foliar spray and systemic fungicide. It is taken up through the surface of the infected plant and is translocated to all parts of the plant. It has a curative effect and a preventative effect. The mode of action of difenoconazole is that it is a sterol demethylation inhibitor which prevents the development of the fungus by inhibiting cell membrane ergosterol biosynthesis.
Epoxiconazole was introduced in 1990 as a broad-spectrum fungicide with long-lasting activity. Even though epoxiconazole is produced and commercialized as a racemic compound, not surprisingly, a recent publication indicates that the optically pure (2S,3R) enantiomer of epoxiconazole is much more active against pathogenic fungi than its (2R,3S)-enantiomer, whereas the plant growth regulatory activity mainly rests in the (2R,3S)-enantiomer.
OXY-1-7 is a OXY family class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase identified from Klebsiella oxytoca.
Ontological connectedness between entities and/or interactions representing their relatedness or influence (paraphrased from Systems Biology Ontology) specific to CARD's Antibiotic Resistance Ontology.
A respiratory system disease which involves the lower respiratory tract.
A lung disease characterized by inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system.
A respiratory failure that results from diffuse injury to the endothelium of the lung (as in sepsis, chest trauma, massive blood transfusion, aspiration of the gastric contents, or pneumonia) and is characterized by pulmonary edema with an abnormally high amount of protein in the edematous fluid and by difficult rapid breathing and hypoxemia.
A respiratory failure that is characterized by deficiency of the surfactant coating the inner surface of the lungs, by failure of the lungs to expand and contract properly during breathing with resulting collapse, and by the accumulation of a protein-containing film lining the alveoli and their ducts.
A cystitis characterized by a sudden onset or severe symptoms.
A disease of anatomical entity that located_in the respiratory system which extends from the nasal sinuses to the diaphragm.
An integumentary system disease that is located in the skin.
A lower respiratory tract disease in which the function of the lungs is adversely affected by narrowing or blockage of the airways resulting in poor air flow, a loss of elasticity in the lungs that produces a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold, and clotting, scarring, or inflammation of the blood vessels that affect the ability of the lungs to take up oxygen and to release carbon dioxide.
A circumscribed area of pus or necrotic debris in the skin.
Gram staining is a method for staining and identifying bacteria. It is based on the differential retention of a crystal violet-iodine complex within the cell membrane. The cell wall of gram-positive cells have a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains crystal violet after an alcohol wash (staining black-blue or purple by a counterstain). The cell wall of gram-negative cells have a thinner peptidoglycan layer that does not retain crystal violet after an alcohol wash (staining red after counterstain). Some cells have variable staining in culture (e.g. Bacillus, Clostridium) while others have indeterminate staining due to unique aspects of their cell membrane or wall (e.g. Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma).
A method to determine whether microbial growth is affected by an antimicrobial compound.
A method to determine microbial susceptibility to antibiotics wherein bacteria are inoculated onto agar plates and the antimicrobial agent diffused onto the agar plate from a filter paper disk. An approximate, but not exact, MIC is determined by the diameter of growth inhibition zones. This method has been found to have good correlation between in-vivo data and in-vitro data.
A method to determine microbial susceptibility to antibiotics in which a plastic strip impregnated with the antibiotic of interest is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with bacteria. The antibiotic diffuses from the strip producing a concentration gradient of drug on the agar. The point at which the elliptical shaped area of growth inhibition meets the strip is the minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug of interest.
A method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics in which growth media is pipetted into a multi-well plate. Each well contains a known concentration of drug which is inoculated with a known quantity of bacteria. The plate is incubated for a specified period of time and each well is assessed for bacterial cell growth. The drug concentration in the first well showing no growth is known as the MIC for that antibiotic. Minimum 2 mL total broth dilution volume.
Skin lesion is a skin and integumentary tissue symptom characterized as an abnormal change in structure of the skin that is especially circumscribed and well defined due to injury or disease.
The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis.
A female organ involved in reproduction.