---
name: docker-ros2-development
description: >
  Best practices for Docker-based ROS2 development including multi-stage Dockerfiles, docker-compose
  for multi-container robotic systems, DDS discovery across containers, GPU passthrough for perception,
  and dev-vs-deploy container patterns. Use this skill when containerizing ROS2 workspaces, setting up
  docker-compose for robot software stacks, debugging DDS communication between containers, configuring
  NVIDIA Container Toolkit for GPU workloads, forwarding X11/Wayland for rviz2 and GUI tools, or
  managing USB device passthrough for cameras and serial devices. Trigger whenever the user mentions
  Docker with ROS2, docker-compose for robots, Dockerfile for colcon workspaces, container networking
  for DDS, devcontainer for ROS2, multi-stage builds for ROS2, or deploying ROS2 in containers. Also
  trigger for CI/CD with Docker-based ROS2 builds, CycloneDDS or FastDDS configuration in containers,
  or shared memory in Docker. Covers Humble, Jazzy, and Rolling distributions across Ubuntu 22.04
  and 24.04 base images.
---

# Docker-Based ROS2 Development Skill

## When to Use This Skill

- Writing Dockerfiles for ROS2 workspaces with colcon builds
- Setting up docker-compose for multi-container robotic systems
- Debugging DDS discovery failures between containers (CycloneDDS, FastDDS)
- Configuring GPU passthrough with NVIDIA Container Toolkit for perception nodes
- Forwarding X11 or Wayland displays for rviz2 and rqt tools
- Managing USB device passthrough for cameras, LiDARs, and serial devices
- Building CI/CD pipelines with Docker-based ROS2 builds and test runners
- Creating devcontainer configurations for VS Code with ROS2 extensions
- Optimizing Docker layer caching for colcon workspace builds
- Designing dev-vs-deploy container strategies with multi-stage builds

## ROS2 Docker Image Hierarchy

Official OSRF images follow a layered hierarchy. Always choose the smallest base that satisfies dependencies.

```
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  ros:<distro>-desktop-full  (~3.5 GB)                            │
│  ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  ros:<distro>-desktop     (~2.8 GB)                        │  │
│  │  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │  │
│  │  │  ros:<distro>-perception (~2.2 GB)                    │  │  │
│  │  │  ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │  │  │
│  │  │  │  ros:<distro>-ros-base  (~1.1 GB)              │   │  │  │
│  │  │  │  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐  │   │  │  │
│  │  │  │  │  ros:<distro>-ros-core (~700 MB)         │  │   │  │  │
│  │  │  │  └──────────────────────────────────────────┘  │   │  │  │
│  │  │  └────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │  │  │
│  │  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │  │
│  └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

| Image Tag               | Base OS        | Size    | Contents                                    | Use Case                            |
|--------------------------|----------------|---------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| `ros:humble-ros-core`    | Ubuntu 22.04   | ~700 MB | rclcpp, rclpy, rosout, launch               | Minimal runtime for single nodes    |
| `ros:humble-ros-base`    | Ubuntu 22.04   | ~1.1 GB | ros-core + common_interfaces, rosbag2       | Most production deployments         |
| `ros:humble-perception`  | Ubuntu 22.04   | ~2.2 GB | ros-base + image_transport, cv_bridge, PCL  | Camera/lidar perception pipelines   |
| `ros:humble-desktop`     | Ubuntu 22.04   | ~2.8 GB | perception + rviz2, rqt, demos              | Development with GUI tools          |
| `ros:jazzy-ros-core`     | Ubuntu 24.04   | ~750 MB | rclcpp, rclpy, rosout, launch               | Minimal runtime (Jazzy/Noble)       |
| `ros:jazzy-ros-base`     | Ubuntu 24.04   | ~1.2 GB | ros-core + common_interfaces, rosbag2       | Production deployments (Jazzy)      |

## Multi-Stage Dockerfiles for ROS2

### Dev Stage

The development stage includes build tools, debuggers, and editor support for interactive use.

```dockerfile
FROM ros:humble-desktop AS dev
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    build-essential cmake gdb python3-pip \
    python3-colcon-common-extensions python3-rosdep \
    ros-humble-ament-lint-auto ros-humble-ament-cmake-pytest \
    ccache \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
ENV CCACHE_DIR=/ccache
ENV CC="ccache gcc"
ENV CXX="ccache g++"
```

### Build Stage

Copies only `src/` and `package.xml` files to maximize cache hits during dependency resolution.

```dockerfile
FROM ros:humble-ros-base AS build
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    python3-colcon-common-extensions python3-rosdep \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
WORKDIR /ros2_ws
# Copy package manifests first for dependency caching
COPY src/my_pkg/package.xml src/my_pkg/package.xml
RUN . /opt/ros/humble/setup.sh && apt-get update && \
    rosdep install --from-paths src --ignore-src -r -y && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
# Source changes invalidate only this layer and below
COPY src/ src/
RUN . /opt/ros/humble/setup.sh && \
    colcon build --cmake-args -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
      --event-handlers console_direct+
```

### Runtime Stage

Contains only the built install space and runtime dependencies. No compilers, no source code.

```dockerfile
FROM ros:humble-ros-core AS runtime
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    python3-yaml ros-humble-rmw-cyclonedds-cpp \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
COPY --from=build /ros2_ws/install /ros2_ws/install
RUN groupadd -r rosuser && useradd -r -g rosuser -m rosuser
USER rosuser
COPY ros_entrypoint.sh /ros_entrypoint.sh
ENTRYPOINT ["/ros_entrypoint.sh"]
CMD ["ros2", "launch", "my_pkg", "bringup.launch.py"]
```

### Full Multi-Stage Dockerfile

```dockerfile
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
# Usage:
#   docker build --target dev -t my_robot:dev .
#   docker build --target runtime -t my_robot:latest .
ARG ROS_DISTRO=humble
ARG BASE_IMAGE=ros:${ROS_DISTRO}-ros-base

# Stage 1: Dependency base — install apt and rosdep deps
FROM ${BASE_IMAGE} AS deps
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    python3-colcon-common-extensions python3-rosdep \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
WORKDIR /ros2_ws
# Copy only package.xml files for rosdep resolution (maximizes cache reuse)
COPY src/my_robot_bringup/package.xml src/my_robot_bringup/package.xml
COPY src/my_robot_perception/package.xml src/my_robot_perception/package.xml
COPY src/my_robot_msgs/package.xml src/my_robot_msgs/package.xml
COPY src/my_robot_navigation/package.xml src/my_robot_navigation/package.xml
RUN . /opt/ros/${ROS_DISTRO}/setup.sh && \
    apt-get update && \
    rosdep install --from-paths src --ignore-src -r -y && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

# Stage 2: Development — full dev environment
FROM deps AS dev
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    build-essential gdb valgrind ccache python3-pip python3-pytest \
    ros-${ROS_DISTRO}-ament-lint-auto \
    ros-${ROS_DISTRO}-launch-testing-ament-cmake \
    ros-${ROS_DISTRO}-rviz2 ros-${ROS_DISTRO}-rqt-graph \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
ENV CCACHE_DIR=/ccache CC="ccache gcc" CXX="ccache g++"
COPY src/ src/
COPY ros_entrypoint.sh /ros_entrypoint.sh
ENTRYPOINT ["/ros_entrypoint.sh"]
CMD ["bash"]

# Stage 3: Build — compile workspace
FROM deps AS build
COPY src/ src/
RUN . /opt/ros/${ROS_DISTRO}/setup.sh && \
    colcon build \
      --cmake-args -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF \
      --event-handlers console_direct+ \
      --parallel-workers $(nproc)

# Stage 4: Runtime — minimal production image
FROM ros:${ROS_DISTRO}-ros-core AS runtime
ARG ROS_DISTRO=humble
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    python3-yaml ros-${ROS_DISTRO}-rmw-cyclonedds-cpp \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
COPY --from=build /ros2_ws/install /ros2_ws/install
RUN groupadd -r rosuser && useradd -r -g rosuser -m -s /bin/bash rosuser
USER rosuser
ENV RMW_IMPLEMENTATION=rmw_cyclonedds_cpp
COPY ros_entrypoint.sh /ros_entrypoint.sh
ENTRYPOINT ["/ros_entrypoint.sh"]
CMD ["ros2", "launch", "my_robot_bringup", "robot.launch.py"]
```

The entrypoint script both dev and runtime stages use:

```bash
#!/bin/bash
set -e
source /opt/ros/${ROS_DISTRO}/setup.bash
if [ -f /ros2_ws/install/setup.bash ]; then
    source /ros2_ws/install/setup.bash
fi
exec "$@"
```

## Docker Compose for Multi-Container ROS2 Systems

### Basic Multi-Container Setup

Each ROS2 subsystem runs in its own container with process isolation, independent scaling, and per-service resource limits.

```yaml
# docker-compose.yml
version: "3.8"

x-ros-common: &ros-common
  environment:
    - ROS_DOMAIN_ID=${ROS_DOMAIN_ID:-0}
    - RMW_IMPLEMENTATION=rmw_cyclonedds_cpp
    - CYCLONEDDS_URI=file:///cyclonedds.xml
  volumes:
    - ./config/cyclonedds.xml:/cyclonedds.xml:ro
    - /dev/shm:/dev/shm
  network_mode: host
  restart: unless-stopped

services:
  rosbridge:
    <<: *ros-common
    image: my_robot:latest
    command: ros2 launch rosbridge_server rosbridge_websocket_launch.xml port:=9090

  perception:
    <<: *ros-common
    image: my_robot_perception:latest
    command: ros2 launch my_robot_perception perception.launch.py
    deploy:
      resources:
        reservations:
          devices:
            - driver: nvidia
              count: 1
              capabilities: [gpu]
    devices:
      - /dev/video0:/dev/video0            # USB camera passthrough

  navigation:
    <<: *ros-common
    image: my_robot_navigation:latest
    command: >
      ros2 launch my_robot_navigation navigation.launch.py
        use_sim_time:=false map:=/maps/warehouse.yaml
    volumes:
      - ./maps:/maps:ro

  driver:
    <<: *ros-common
    image: my_robot_driver:latest
    command: ros2 launch my_robot_driver driver.launch.py
    devices:
      - /dev/ttyUSB0:/dev/ttyUSB0          # Serial motor controller
      - /dev/ttyACM0:/dev/ttyACM0          # IMU over USB-serial
    group_add:
      - dialout
```

### Service Dependencies with Health Checks

```yaml
services:
  driver:
    <<: *ros-common
    image: my_robot_driver:latest
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "bash", "-c",
             "source /opt/ros/humble/setup.bash && ros2 topic list | grep -q /joint_states"]
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 5
      start_period: 15s

  navigation:
    <<: *ros-common
    image: my_robot_navigation:latest
    depends_on:
      driver:
        condition: service_healthy         # Wait for driver topics

  perception:
    <<: *ros-common
    image: my_robot_perception:latest
    depends_on:
      driver:
        condition: service_healthy         # Camera driver must be ready
```

### Profiles for Dev vs Deploy

```yaml
services:
  driver:
    <<: *ros-common
    image: my_robot_driver:latest
    command: ros2 launch my_robot_driver driver.launch.py

  rviz:
    <<: *ros-common
    profiles: ["dev"]
    image: my_robot:dev
    command: ros2 run rviz2 rviz2 -d /rviz/config.rviz
    environment:
      - DISPLAY=${DISPLAY}
      - QT_X11_NO_MITSHM=1
    volumes:
      - /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix:rw

  rosbag_record:
    <<: *ros-common
    profiles: ["dev"]
    image: my_robot:dev
    command: ros2 bag record -a --storage sqlite3 --max-bag-duration 300 -o /bags/session
    volumes:
      - ./bags:/bags

  watchdog:
    <<: *ros-common
    profiles: ["deploy"]
    image: my_robot:latest
    command: ros2 launch my_robot_bringup watchdog.launch.py
    restart: always
```

```bash
docker compose --profile dev up          # Dev tools (rviz, rosbag)
docker compose --profile deploy up -d    # Production (watchdog, no GUI)
```

## DDS Discovery Across Containers

### CycloneDDS XML Config for Unicast Across Containers

When containers use bridge networking (no multicast), configure explicit unicast peer lists.

```xml
<!-- cyclonedds.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<CycloneDDS xmlns="https://cdds.io/config">
  <Domain>
    <General>
      <Interfaces>
        <NetworkInterface autodetermine="true" priority="default"/>
      </Interfaces>
      <AllowMulticast>false</AllowMulticast>
    </General>
    <Discovery>
      <!-- Peer list uses docker-compose service names as hostnames -->
      <Peers>
        <Peer address="perception"/>
        <Peer address="navigation"/>
        <Peer address="driver"/>
        <Peer address="rosbridge"/>
      </Peers>
      <ParticipantIndex>auto</ParticipantIndex>
      <MaxAutoParticipantIndex>120</MaxAutoParticipantIndex>
    </Discovery>
    <Internal>
      <SocketReceiveBufferSize min="10MB"/>
    </Internal>
  </Domain>
</CycloneDDS>
```

### FastDDS XML Config

```xml
<!-- fastdds.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<dds xmlns="http://www.eprosima.com/XMLSchemas/fastRTPS_Profiles">
  <profiles>
    <participant profile_name="docker_participant" is_default_profile="true">
      <rtps>
        <builtin>
          <discovery_config>
            <discoveryProtocol>SIMPLE</discoveryProtocol>
            <leaseDuration><sec>10</sec></leaseDuration>
          </discovery_config>
          <initialPeersList>
            <locator>
              <udpv4><address>perception</address><port>7412</port></udpv4>
            </locator>
            <locator>
              <udpv4><address>navigation</address><port>7412</port></udpv4>
            </locator>
            <locator>
              <udpv4><address>driver</address><port>7412</port></udpv4>
            </locator>
          </initialPeersList>
        </builtin>
      </rtps>
    </participant>
  </profiles>
</dds>
```

Mount and activate in compose:

```yaml
# CycloneDDS
environment:
  - RMW_IMPLEMENTATION=rmw_cyclonedds_cpp
  - CYCLONEDDS_URI=file:///cyclonedds.xml
volumes:
  - ./config/cyclonedds.xml:/cyclonedds.xml:ro

# FastDDS
environment:
  - RMW_IMPLEMENTATION=rmw_fastrtps_cpp
  - FASTRTPS_DEFAULT_PROFILES_FILE=/fastdds.xml
volumes:
  - ./config/fastdds.xml:/fastdds.xml:ro
```

### Shared Memory Transport in Docker

DDS shared memory (zero-copy) requires `/dev/shm` sharing between containers. This provides highest throughput for large messages (images, point clouds).

```yaml
services:
  perception:
    shm_size: "512m"                    # Default 64 MB is too small for image topics
    volumes:
      - /dev/shm:/dev/shm              # Share host shm for inter-container zero-copy
```

```xml
<!-- Enable shared memory in CycloneDDS -->
<CycloneDDS xmlns="https://cdds.io/config">
  <Domain>
    <SharedMemory>
      <Enable>true</Enable>
    </SharedMemory>
  </Domain>
</CycloneDDS>
```

Constraints: all communicating containers must share `/dev/shm` or use `ipc: host`. Use `--ipc=shareable` on one container and `--ipc=container:<name>` on others for scoped sharing.

## Networking Modes and ROS2 Implications

### Host Networking

```yaml
services:
  my_node:
    network_mode: host      # Shares host network namespace; DDS multicast works natively
```

### Bridge Networking (Default)

```yaml
services:
  my_node:
    networks: [ros_net]
networks:
  ros_net:
    driver: bridge          # DDS multicast blocked; requires unicast peer config
```

### Macvlan Networking

```yaml
networks:
  ros_macvlan:
    driver: macvlan
    driver_opts:
      parent: eth0
    ipam:
      config:
        - subnet: 192.168.1.0/24
          gateway: 192.168.1.1
services:
  my_node:
    networks:
      ros_macvlan:
        ipv4_address: 192.168.1.50   # Real LAN IP; DDS multicast works natively
```

### Decision Table

| Factor              | Host             | Bridge                  | Macvlan               |
|---------------------|------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------|
| DDS discovery       | Works natively   | Needs unicast peers     | Works natively        |
| Network isolation   | None             | Full isolation          | LAN-level isolation   |
| Port conflicts      | Yes (host ports) | No (mapped ports)       | No (unique IPs)       |
| Performance         | Native           | Slight overhead         | Near-native           |
| Multi-host support  | No               | With overlay networks   | Yes (same LAN)        |
| When to use         | Dev, single host | CI/CD, multi-tenant     | Multi-robot on LAN    |

## GPU Passthrough for Perception

### NVIDIA Container Toolkit Setup

```bash
# Install NVIDIA Container Toolkit on the host
curl -fsSL https://nvidia.github.io/libnvidia-container/gpgkey \
  | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/nvidia-container-toolkit-keyring.gpg
curl -s -L https://nvidia.github.io/libnvidia-container/stable/deb/nvidia-container-toolkit.list \
  | sed 's#deb https://#deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nvidia-container-toolkit-keyring.gpg] https://#g' \
  | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nvidia-container-toolkit.list
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y nvidia-container-toolkit
sudo nvidia-ctk runtime configure --runtime=docker
sudo systemctl restart docker
```

### Compose Config with deploy.resources

```yaml
services:
  perception:
    image: my_robot_perception:latest
    deploy:
      resources:
        reservations:
          devices:
            - driver: nvidia
              count: 1                    # Number of GPUs (or "all")
              capabilities: [gpu]
    environment:
      - NVIDIA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=all
      - NVIDIA_DRIVER_CAPABILITIES=compute,utility,video
    shm_size: "1g"                        # Large shm for GPU<->CPU transfers
```

For Dockerfiles that need CUDA, start from NVIDIA base and install ROS2 on top:

```dockerfile
FROM nvidia/cuda:12.2.0-cudnn8-runtime-ubuntu22.04 AS perception-base
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    curl gnupg2 lsb-release \
    && curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/ros.key \
       -o /usr/share/keyrings/ros-archive-keyring.gpg \
    && echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) \
       signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/ros-archive-keyring.gpg] \
       http://packages.ros.org/ros2/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) main" \
       > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros2.list \
    && apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
       ros-humble-ros-base ros-humble-cv-bridge ros-humble-image-transport \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
```

### Verification

```bash
docker compose exec perception bash -c '
  nvidia-smi
  python3 -c "import torch; print(f\"CUDA available: {torch.cuda.is_available()}\")"
'
```

## Display Forwarding

### X11 Forwarding

```yaml
services:
  rviz:
    image: my_robot:dev
    command: ros2 run rviz2 rviz2
    environment:
      - DISPLAY=${DISPLAY:-:0}                   # Forward host display
      - QT_X11_NO_MITSHM=1                       # Disable MIT-SHM (crashes in Docker)
    volumes:
      - /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix:rw          # X11 socket
      - ${HOME}/.Xauthority:/root/.Xauthority:ro  # Auth cookie
    network_mode: host
```

```bash
# Allow local Docker containers to access the X server
xhost +local:docker
# More secure variant:
xhost +SI:localuser:$(whoami)
```

### Wayland Forwarding

```yaml
services:
  rviz:
    image: my_robot:dev
    command: ros2 run rviz2 rviz2
    environment:
      - WAYLAND_DISPLAY=${WAYLAND_DISPLAY:-wayland-0}
      - XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000
      - QT_QPA_PLATFORM=wayland
    volumes:
      - ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}:/run/user/1000/${WAYLAND_DISPLAY}:rw
```

### Headless Rendering

For CI/CD or remote machines without a physical display:

```bash
# Run rviz2 headless with Xvfb for screenshot capture or testing
docker run --rm my_robot:dev bash -c '
  apt-get update && apt-get install -y xvfb mesa-utils &&
  Xvfb :99 -screen 0 1920x1080x24 &
  export DISPLAY=:99
  source /opt/ros/humble/setup.bash
  ros2 run rviz2 rviz2 -d /config/test.rviz --screenshot /output/frame.png
'
```

## Volume Mounts and Workspace Overlays

### Source Mounts for Dev

Mount only `src/` during development. Let colcon write `build/`, `install/`, and `log/` inside named volumes to avoid bind mount performance issues.

```yaml
# BAD: mounting entire workspace — build artifacts on bind mount are slow
# volumes:
#   - ./my_ros2_ws:/ros2_ws

# GOOD: mount only source, use named volumes for build artifacts
services:
  dev:
    image: my_robot:dev
    volumes:
      - ./src:/ros2_ws/src:rw                     # Source code (bind mount)
      - build_vol:/ros2_ws/build                   # Build artifacts (named volume)
      - install_vol:/ros2_ws/install               # Install space (named volume)
      - log_vol:/ros2_ws/log                       # Log output (named volume)
    working_dir: /ros2_ws

volumes:
  build_vol:
  install_vol:
  log_vol:
```

### ccache Caching

Persist ccache across container rebuilds for faster C++ compilation:

```yaml
services:
  dev:
    volumes:
      - ccache_vol:/ccache
    environment:
      - CCACHE_DIR=/ccache
      - CCACHE_MAXSIZE=2G
      - CC=ccache gcc
      - CXX=ccache g++
volumes:
  ccache_vol:
```

### ROS Workspace Overlay in Docker

Keep upstream packages cached and only rebuild custom packages:

```dockerfile
# Stage 1: upstream dependencies (rarely changes)
FROM ros:humble-ros-base AS upstream
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    ros-humble-nav2-bringup ros-humble-slam-toolbox \
    ros-humble-robot-localization \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

# Stage 2: custom packages overlay on top
FROM upstream AS workspace
WORKDIR /ros2_ws
COPY src/ src/
RUN . /opt/ros/humble/setup.sh && colcon build --symlink-install
# install/setup.bash automatically sources /opt/ros/humble as underlay
```

## USB Device Passthrough

### Cameras and Serial Devices

```yaml
services:
  camera_driver:
    image: my_robot_driver:latest
    devices:
      - /dev/video0:/dev/video0        # USB camera (V4L2)
      - /dev/video1:/dev/video1
    group_add:
      - video                          # Access /dev/videoN without root

  motor_driver:
    image: my_robot_driver:latest
    devices:
      - /dev/ttyUSB0:/dev/ttyUSB0      # USB-serial motor controller
      - /dev/ttyACM0:/dev/ttyACM0      # Arduino/Teensy
    group_add:
      - dialout                        # Access serial ports without root
```

### Udev Rules Inside Containers

Create stable device symlinks on the host so container paths remain consistent regardless of USB enumeration order.

```bash
# /etc/udev/rules.d/99-robot-devices.rules (host-side)
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0403", ATTRS{idProduct}=="6001", SYMLINK+="robot/motor_controller"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", ATTRS{idVendor}=="10c4", ATTRS{idProduct}=="ea60", SYMLINK+="robot/lidar"
SUBSYSTEM=="video4linux", ATTRS{idVendor}=="046d", ATTRS{idProduct}=="0825", SYMLINK+="robot/camera"
```

```bash
sudo udevadm control --reload-rules && sudo udevadm trigger
```

```yaml
services:
  driver:
    devices:
      - /dev/robot/motor_controller:/dev/ttyMOTOR   # Stable symlink
      - /dev/robot/lidar:/dev/ttyLIDAR
      - /dev/robot/camera:/dev/video0
```

### Dynamic Device Attachment

For devices plugged in after the container starts:

```yaml
services:
  driver:
    # Option 1: privileged (use only when necessary)
    privileged: true
    volumes:
      - /dev:/dev

    # Option 2: cgroup device rules (more secure)
    # device_cgroup_rules:
    #   - 'c 188:* rmw'                  # USB-serial (major 188)
    #   - 'c 81:* rmw'                   # Video devices (major 81)
```

## Dev Container Configuration

```json
// .devcontainer/devcontainer.json
{
  "name": "ROS2 Humble Dev",
  "build": {
    "dockerfile": "../Dockerfile",
    "target": "dev",
    "args": { "ROS_DISTRO": "humble" }
  },
  "runArgs": [
    "--network=host", "--ipc=host", "--pid=host",
    "--privileged", "--gpus", "all",
    "-e", "DISPLAY=${localEnv:DISPLAY}",
    "-e", "QT_X11_NO_MITSHM=1",
    "-v", "/tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix:rw",
    "-v", "/dev:/dev"
  ],
  "workspaceMount": "source=${localWorkspaceFolder},target=/ros2_ws/src,type=bind",
  "workspaceFolder": "/ros2_ws",
  "mounts": [
    "source=ros2-build-vol,target=/ros2_ws/build,type=volume",
    "source=ros2-install-vol,target=/ros2_ws/install,type=volume",
    "source=ros2-log-vol,target=/ros2_ws/log,type=volume",
    "source=ros2-ccache-vol,target=/ccache,type=volume"
  ],
  "containerEnv": {
    "ROS_DISTRO": "humble",
    "RMW_IMPLEMENTATION": "rmw_cyclonedds_cpp",
    "CCACHE_DIR": "/ccache",
    "RCUTILS_COLORIZED_OUTPUT": "1"
  },
  "customizations": {
    "vscode": {
      "extensions": [
        "ms-iot.vscode-ros",
        "ms-vscode.cpptools",
        "ms-python.python",
        "ms-vscode.cmake-tools",
        "smilerobotics.urdf",
        "redhat.vscode-xml",
        "redhat.vscode-yaml"
      ],
      "settings": {
        "ros.distro": "humble",
        "python.defaultInterpreterPath": "/usr/bin/python3",
        "C_Cpp.default.compileCommands": "/ros2_ws/build/compile_commands.json",
        "cmake.configureOnOpen": false
      }
    }
  },
  "postCreateCommand": "sudo apt-get update && rosdep update && rosdep install --from-paths src --ignore-src -r -y",
  "remoteUser": "rosuser"
}
```

## CI/CD with Docker

### GitHub Actions Workflow

```yaml
# .github/workflows/ros2-docker-ci.yml
name: ROS2 Docker CI
on:
  push:
    branches: [main, develop]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]
env:
  REGISTRY: ghcr.io
  IMAGE_NAME: ${{ github.repository }}

jobs:
  build-and-test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        ros_distro: [humble, jazzy]
        include:
          - ros_distro: humble
            ubuntu: "22.04"
          - ros_distro: jazzy
            ubuntu: "24.04"
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

      - name: Cache Docker layers
        uses: actions/cache@v4
        with:
          path: /tmp/.buildx-cache
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ matrix.ros_distro }}-${{ hashFiles('src/**/package.xml') }}
          restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ matrix.ros_distro }}-

      - name: Build and test
        run: |
          docker build --target dev \
            --build-arg ROS_DISTRO=${{ matrix.ros_distro }} \
            -t test-image:${{ matrix.ros_distro }} .
          docker run --rm test-image:${{ matrix.ros_distro }} bash -c '
            source /opt/ros/${{ matrix.ros_distro }}/setup.bash &&
            cd /ros2_ws &&
            colcon build --cmake-args -DBUILD_TESTING=ON &&
            colcon test --event-handlers console_direct+ &&
            colcon test-result --verbose'

      - name: Push runtime image
        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          context: .
          target: runtime
          build-args: ROS_DISTRO=${{ matrix.ros_distro }}
          tags: |
            ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ matrix.ros_distro }}-latest
            ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ matrix.ros_distro }}-${{ github.sha }}
          push: true
          cache-from: type=local,src=/tmp/.buildx-cache
          cache-to: type=local,dest=/tmp/.buildx-cache-new,mode=max

      - name: Rotate cache
        run: rm -rf /tmp/.buildx-cache && mv /tmp/.buildx-cache-new /tmp/.buildx-cache
```

### Layer Caching

Order Dockerfile instructions from least-frequently-changed to most-frequently-changed:

```
1. Base image         (ros:humble-ros-base)     — changes on distro upgrade
2. System apt packages                           — changes on new dependency
3. rosdep install     (from package.xml)         — changes on new ROS dep
4. COPY src/ src/                                — changes on every code edit
5. colcon build                                  — rebuilds on source change
```

### Build Matrix Across Distros

```yaml
strategy:
  matrix:
    ros_distro: [humble, iron, jazzy, rolling]
    rmw: [rmw_cyclonedds_cpp, rmw_fastrtps_cpp]
    exclude:
      - ros_distro: iron           # Iron EOL — skip
        rmw: rmw_fastrtps_cpp
```

## Docker ROS2 Anti-Patterns

### 1. Running Everything in One Container

**Problem:** Putting perception, navigation, planning, and drivers in a single container defeats the purpose of containerization. A crash in one subsystem takes down everything.

**Fix:** Split into one service per subsystem. Use docker-compose to orchestrate.

```yaml
# BAD: monolithic container
services:
  robot:
    image: my_robot:latest
    command: ros2 launch my_robot everything.launch.py

# GOOD: one container per subsystem
services:
  perception:
    image: my_robot_perception:latest
    command: ros2 launch my_robot_perception perception.launch.py
  navigation:
    image: my_robot_navigation:latest
    command: ros2 launch my_robot_navigation navigation.launch.py
  driver:
    image: my_robot_driver:latest
    command: ros2 launch my_robot_driver driver.launch.py
```

### 2. Using Bridge Networking Without DDS Config

**Problem:** DDS uses multicast for discovery by default. Docker bridge networks do not forward multicast. Nodes in different containers will not discover each other.

**Fix:** Use `network_mode: host` or configure DDS unicast peers explicitly.

```yaml
# BAD: bridge network with no DDS config
services:
  node_a:
    networks: [ros_net]
  node_b:
    networks: [ros_net]

# GOOD: host networking (simplest)
services:
  node_a:
    network_mode: host
  node_b:
    network_mode: host

# GOOD: bridge with CycloneDDS unicast peers
services:
  node_a:
    networks: [ros_net]
    environment:
      - RMW_IMPLEMENTATION=rmw_cyclonedds_cpp
      - CYCLONEDDS_URI=file:///cyclonedds.xml
    volumes:
      - ./cyclonedds.xml:/cyclonedds.xml:ro
```

### 3. Building Packages in the Runtime Image

**Problem:** Installing compilers and build tools in the runtime image bloats it by 1-2 GB and increases attack surface.

**Fix:** Use multi-stage builds. Compile in a build stage, copy only the install space to runtime.

```dockerfile
# BAD: build tools in runtime image (2.5 GB)
FROM ros:humble-ros-base
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential python3-colcon-common-extensions
COPY src/ /ros2_ws/src/
RUN cd /ros2_ws && colcon build
CMD ["ros2", "launch", "my_pkg", "bringup.launch.py"]

# GOOD: multi-stage build (800 MB)
FROM ros:humble-ros-base AS build
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y python3-colcon-common-extensions
COPY src/ /ros2_ws/src/
RUN cd /ros2_ws && . /opt/ros/humble/setup.sh && colcon build

FROM ros:humble-ros-core AS runtime
COPY --from=build /ros2_ws/install /ros2_ws/install
CMD ["ros2", "launch", "my_pkg", "bringup.launch.py"]
```

### 4. Mounting the Entire Workspace as a Volume

**Problem:** Mounting the full workspace means colcon writes `build/`, `install/`, and `log/` to a bind mount. On macOS/Windows Docker Desktop, bind mount I/O is 10-50x slower. Builds that take 2 minutes take 20+ minutes.

**Fix:** Mount only `src/` as a bind mount. Use named volumes for build artifacts.

```yaml
# BAD:
volumes:
  - ./my_ros2_ws:/ros2_ws

# GOOD:
volumes:
  - ./my_ros2_ws/src:/ros2_ws/src
  - build_vol:/ros2_ws/build
  - install_vol:/ros2_ws/install
  - log_vol:/ros2_ws/log
```

### 5. Running Containers as Root

**Problem:** Running as root inside containers is a security risk. If compromised, the attacker has root access to mounted volumes and devices.

**Fix:** Create a non-root user with appropriate group membership.

```dockerfile
# BAD:
FROM ros:humble-ros-base
COPY --from=build /ros2_ws/install /ros2_ws/install
CMD ["ros2", "launch", "my_pkg", "bringup.launch.py"]

# GOOD:
FROM ros:humble-ros-base
RUN groupadd -r rosuser && \
    useradd -r -g rosuser -G video,dialout -m -s /bin/bash rosuser
COPY --from=build --chown=rosuser:rosuser /ros2_ws/install /ros2_ws/install
USER rosuser
CMD ["ros2", "launch", "my_pkg", "bringup.launch.py"]
```

### 6. Ignoring Layer Cache Order in Dockerfile

**Problem:** Placing `COPY src/ .` before `rosdep install` means every source change invalidates the dependency cache. All apt packages are re-downloaded on every build.

**Fix:** Copy only `package.xml` files first, install dependencies, then copy source.

```dockerfile
# BAD: source copy before rosdep
COPY src/ /ros2_ws/src/
RUN rosdep install --from-paths src --ignore-src -r -y
RUN colcon build

# GOOD: package.xml first, then rosdep, then source
COPY src/my_pkg/package.xml /ros2_ws/src/my_pkg/package.xml
RUN . /opt/ros/humble/setup.sh && rosdep install --from-paths src --ignore-src -r -y
COPY src/ /ros2_ws/src/
RUN . /opt/ros/humble/setup.sh && colcon build
```

### 7. Hardcoding ROS_DOMAIN_ID

**Problem:** Hardcoding `ROS_DOMAIN_ID=42` causes conflicts when multiple robots or developers share a network. Two robots with the same domain ID will cross-talk.

**Fix:** Use environment variables with defaults. Set domain ID at deploy time.

```yaml
# BAD:
environment:
  - ROS_DOMAIN_ID=42

# GOOD:
environment:
  - ROS_DOMAIN_ID=${ROS_DOMAIN_ID:-0}
```

```bash
ROS_DOMAIN_ID=1 docker compose up -d    # Robot 1
ROS_DOMAIN_ID=2 docker compose up -d    # Robot 2
```

### 8. Forgetting to Source setup.bash in Entrypoint

**Problem:** The `CMD` runs `ros2 launch ...` but the shell has not sourced the ROS2 setup files. Fails with `ros2: command not found`.

**Fix:** Use an entrypoint script that sources the underlay and overlay before executing the command.

```dockerfile
# BAD: no sourcing
FROM ros:humble-ros-core
COPY --from=build /ros2_ws/install /ros2_ws/install
CMD ["ros2", "launch", "my_pkg", "bringup.launch.py"]

# GOOD: entrypoint script handles sourcing
FROM ros:humble-ros-core
COPY --from=build /ros2_ws/install /ros2_ws/install
COPY ros_entrypoint.sh /ros_entrypoint.sh
RUN chmod +x /ros_entrypoint.sh
ENTRYPOINT ["/ros_entrypoint.sh"]
CMD ["ros2", "launch", "my_pkg", "bringup.launch.py"]
```

```bash
#!/bin/bash
# ros_entrypoint.sh
set -e
source /opt/ros/${ROS_DISTRO}/setup.bash
if [ -f /ros2_ws/install/setup.bash ]; then
    source /ros2_ws/install/setup.bash
fi
exec "$@"
```

## Docker ROS2 Deployment Checklist

1. **Multi-stage build** -- Separate dev, build, and runtime stages so production images contain no compilers or build tools
2. **Non-root user** -- Create a dedicated `rosuser` with only the group memberships needed (video, dialout) instead of privileged mode
3. **DDS configuration** -- Ship a `cyclonedds.xml` or `fastdds.xml` with explicit peer lists if not using host networking
4. **Health checks** -- Every service has a health check that verifies the node is running and publishing on expected topics
5. **Resource limits** -- Set `mem_limit`, `cpus`, and GPU reservations for each service to prevent resource starvation
6. **Restart policy** -- Use `restart: unless-stopped` for all services and `restart: always` for critical drivers and watchdogs
7. **Log management** -- Configure Docker logging driver (json-file with max-size/max-file) to prevent disk exhaustion from ROS2 log output
8. **Environment injection** -- Use `.env` files or orchestrator secrets for `ROS_DOMAIN_ID`, DDS config paths, and device mappings rather than hardcoding
9. **Shared memory** -- Set `shm_size` to at least 256 MB (512 MB for image topics) and configure DDS shared memory transport for high-bandwidth topics
10. **Device stability** -- Use udev rules on the host to create stable `/dev/robot/*` symlinks and reference those in compose device mappings
11. **Image versioning** -- Tag images with both `latest` and a commit SHA or semantic version; never deploy unversioned `latest` to production
12. **Backup and rollback** -- Keep the previous image version available so a failed deployment can be rolled back by reverting the image tag