(b) Responsibilities. As the domain sponsor for TEMO, TRADOC DCST ensures integration of TADSS requirements within and across all three simulation environments (live, virtual and constructive). DCST established five charters for TADSS program management as follows: TRADOC Project Office (TPO) STOW (BCTD- also the staff agent for DCST); TPO-STOW-A (NSC); TPO Live (ATSC- CTSD); TPO Constructive (NSC) and TRADOC System Manager (TSM) Virtual (NSC- TSM-CATT). The NSC chairs the Configuration Control Board (CCB). The Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command (STRICOM), is the TADSS materiel developer.

(b) Live training is executed in field conditions using tactical equipment and is normally enhanced by TADSS (training devices, targetry, training-unique ammunition, etc.) Aside from gunnery training, live maneuver training normally incorporates Tactical Engagement Simulations (TES) to simulate combat conditions. The TES training methodology is characterized by the free interplay of two forces, using a realtime casualty assessment system that reinforces training tasks through immediate feedback response to correct and incorrect individual and collective task accomplishment. Live training is the most resource intensive form of training and is used to reinforce skills previously trained during the crawl and walk stages of crawl-walk-run training progression.

(c) Virtual training is executed using computer generated battlefields in simulators which approximate the physical layout of tactical weapons systems and vehicles. Virtual simulations are stand alone systmes used for certain full and part task training, notably armored vehicle gunnery and aviation flight and gunnery. The common application of virtual simulations, however, is collective training using Advanced Distributed Simulation (ADS). Virtual collective training uses the same TES training methodology as live environment exercises, including free play, real time casualty assessment, and use of the Standard After Action Review System (STAARS) process to develop and practice collective skills. Virtual TES training, although lacking the fidelity of live simulation, permits units to maneuver over much larger areas without environmental and safety restrictions, and also permits units to maneuver over terrain different from their home stations and climates.

(d) Constructive training is the use of computer models and simulations to exercise the command and staff functions of units from platoons through echelons above corps. Constructive simulations permit multiple echelons of command and staff to execute their normal warfighting tasks in extensive exercises without the resource constraints of large bodies of troops. Each constructive simulation requires supporting resources in the form of personnel in response cells with appropriate work stations.

(b) Virtual. Common virtual simulations include the Simulation Network (SIMNET) and Air Network (AIRNET) family of ADS, the Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT) used for tank and BFV gunnery, and the Attack Helicopter (AH)-64 Combat Mission Simulator (CMS) used for flight emergency procedures and combat gunnery training.

(c) Constructive. Constructive simulations in large scale training use include Janus (platoon and company), Brigade/Battalion Simulation (BBS), Corps Battle Simulation (CBS) used for division through theater level forces, and Combat Service Support Tactical Simulation System (CSSTSS). The Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) is used to link CBS, CSSTSS, and other service simulations for joint and theater level exercises.

(d) Synthetic Theater of War (STOW). STOW is a Synthetic Environment (SE) used to link two or more of the three simulation environments. The STOW SE is key to the Army's transition to the 21st century Army, also know as Force XXI. STOW is more than software and hardware. It is an interlinked SE addressing the four areas of problem identification and resolution, prototyping for the future, mission rehearsal, and training. STOW is managed within TEMO, but applies to all three domains. The DA STOW Campaign Plan and the TRADOC Action Plan provide direction to the various organizations involved in STOW development.

(b) Embedded Training. A major WF XXI training concept is to provide embedded training capability in operational systems across the Battlefield Operating Systems (BOS). Embedded training includes, where appropriate and effective, embedded user assistance, embedded simulation capability, embedded connections for attachment of appended training simulations and simulators, and systems design allowing dual use of communication and instrumentation capability for both training and tactical use, and the use of system operating controls with appended/embedded training simulations. Embedded training seeks to combine training capability and tactical capability into a single system, reducing the demand for non-system TADSS and non-system PM offices, and making most efficient use of Army resources.

(c) Live. Large scale fielding of TWGSS/PGS and enhancements to the MILES family are projected for the live environment. Home station instrumentation systems will need to interface with and leverage capabilities provided by the new generations of warfighting systems and embedded training. The next generation of target systems will provide greater fidelity with look back sensors, shoot back capabilities and better hit sensor feedback.

(d) Virtual. The Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (CATT) family of ADS simulators includes the Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) for armored and mechanized forces. The Engineer CATT (ENCATT), Fire Support CATT (FSCATT), Aviation CATT (AVCATT) and Air Defense CATT (ADCATT) simulators, all developed to be fully interoperable with the CCTT, will permit the complete combined arms team to operate in the Field Training Exercise/Situation Training Exercise (FTX/STX) and Command Post Exercise (CPX) mode from platoon through brigade levels. The CATT family will operate on both Local Area Network (LAN) and WAN systems, is designed to be DIS compliant for interoperability with other simulation families and environments, and can utilize the DSI for multi-location exercises on demand.

(e) Constructive. The Warfighter Simulation (WARSIM) is under development to be the single Army constructive simulation from battalion through echelons above corps. Being developed as DIS compliant in architecture, WARSIM will include the ability to link to live and virtual simulations, as well as other DIS constructive simulations. The Joint Simulation System (JSIMS), under joint service program development, will provide a common architecture for joint training exercises at multiple echelons spanning the tactical, operational and strategic levels of conflict. The ALSP will continue to be improved and expanded in the short term to link various service simulations together for joint service training exercises.