{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'start_slideshow_at': 'selected', 'theme': 'serif', 'transition': 'fade'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# setup the presentation settings\n",
    "from notebook.services.config import ConfigManager\n",
    "cm = ConfigManager()\n",
    "cm.update('livereveal', {\n",
    "              'theme': 'serif',\n",
    "              'start_slideshow_at': 'selected',\n",
    "              'transition': 'fade'\n",
    "})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# some good ol' imports\n",
    "import pandas as pd, numpy as np\n",
    "from emperor import Emperor, nbinstall\n",
    "from skbio import OrdinationResults\n",
    "\n",
    "from emperor.qiime_backports.parse import parse_mapping_file\n",
    "from emperor.qiime_backports.format import format_mapping_file\n",
    "\n",
    "from skbio.io.util import open_file\n",
    "\n",
    "nbinstall()\n",
    "\n",
    "def load_mf(fn):\n",
    "    with open_file(fn) as f:\n",
    "        mapping_data, header, _ = parse_mapping_file(f)\n",
    "        _mapping_file = pd.DataFrame(mapping_data, columns=header)\n",
    "        _mapping_file.set_index('SampleID', inplace=True)\n",
    "    return _mapping_file\n",
    "\n",
    "def write_mf(f, _df):\n",
    "    with open(f, 'w') as fp:\n",
    "        lines = format_mapping_file(['SampleID'] + _df.columns.tolist(),\n",
    "                                    list(_df.itertuples()))\n",
    "        fp.write(lines+'\\n')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def one_more_thing():\n",
    "    return 'We are hiring, contact robknight@ucsd.edu'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Emperor: interactive $\\beta$-diversity visualization"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# @ElDeveloper on GitHub\n",
    "__presenter__ = 'Yoshiki Vazquez-Baeza'\n",
    "__email__ = 'yoshiki@ucsd.edu'\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "__license__ = 'BSD-3'\n",
    "__url__ = 'https://github.com/biocore/emperor'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<table style='border:none; width:100%;' cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n",
    "<tr style='border:none;'>\n",
    "<td style='border:none;'>\n",
    "<img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/UCSD_logo.png\" alt=\"ucsd\" style=\"height: 50px;\"/>\n",
    "</td>\n",
    "<td style='border:none;'>\n",
    "<img src=\"./images/knight-logo.png\" alt=\"knight-lab\" style=\"height: 100px;\"/>\n",
    "</td>\n",
    "</tr>\n",
    "</table>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Outline\n",
    "\n",
    "- Background (why $\\beta$-diversity).\n",
    "\n",
    "- What is Emperor.\n",
    "\n",
    "- How can we use Emperor.\n",
    "    \n",
    "- Analyzing a use case."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Outline\n",
    "\n",
    "- **Background (why $\\beta$-diversity).**\n",
    "\n",
    "- What is Emperor.\n",
    "\n",
    "- How can we use Emperor.\n",
    "    \n",
    "- Analyzing a use case."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Microscopic worlds on and inside our bodies\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src='http://news.nationalgeographic.com/content/dam/news/photos/000/819/81998.ngsversion.1422281191282.adapt.1900.1.jpg' style='height:500px'>\n",
    "\n",
    "Photograph by Martin Oeggerli, Micronaut, Supported by School of Life Sciences."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# How do we make sense out of them?\n",
    "\n",
    "![microbe](./images/microbes.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# How do we make sense out of them?\n",
    "\n",
    "![microbe](./images/microbes-metric.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# What is $\\beta$-diversity\n",
    "\n",
    "- Comparison of two individual communities to determine how similar they are.\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"./images/table-2.png\" alt=\"ucsd\" style=\"height: 500px;\"/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# What is $\\beta$-diversity\n",
    "\n",
    "- Comparison of two individual communities to determine how similar they are.\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"./images/distance-matrix.png\" alt=\"dm\"/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# What is $\\beta$-diversity\n",
    "\n",
    "- Comparison of two individual samples to determine how similar they are.\n",
    "- Elucidate patterns.\n",
    "\n",
    "![costello](./images/costello.png)\n",
    "\n",
    "<p><small>\n",
    "    Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time.\n",
    "    Costello EK et al. 2009.\n",
    "</small></p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# What is $\\beta$-diversity\n",
    "\n",
    "- Comparison of two individual samples to determine how similar they are.\n",
    "- Elucidate patterns.\n",
    "\n",
    "![costello](./images/costello-colored.png)\n",
    "\n",
    "<p><small>\n",
    "    Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time.\n",
    "    Costello EK et al. 2009.\n",
    "</small></p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# What is $\\beta$-diversity\n",
    "\n",
    "- Comparison of two individual samples to determine how similar they are.\n",
    "- Elucidate patterns.\n",
    "\n",
    "![costello](./images/costello-all.png)\n",
    "\n",
    "<p><small>\n",
    "    Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time.\n",
    "    Costello EK et al. 2009.\n",
    "</small></p>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from skbio import OrdinationResults\n",
    "\n",
    "coordinates = OrdinationResults.read('costello/unweighted_unifrac_pc.txt')\n",
    "metadata = load_mf('costello/mapping-file.txt')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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mM6tWreKRRx5hx45dbN++jUBgMHb7yyhKTGQjkfNpa5vB/fffz6233grA3r17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3QdFouFrCwLFRU7kaTjsrAlJdtITlaRkpJy7F4dv4dJSYno9bXU1JRgs5VTV6fBZjtCQoJChw4d\nUKvV5OaOQKU6SEnJj0RHWzEYtuP3b8du38XOnYs5erSMykoThw4Z2bnzKDbbQQ4c2EJlZRw+Xx9K\nSxXWr/8MtfoQmZmZrX4+gUCAd9+dwSef7KOycjhe7+UcPtyDqqot+HwLkKQf6N3bxnXXjWDbtm24\n3UnExd2FoshIkg2TaRgwhjlzFjU7R2xsLNHRBurqNjf4d49nNyqVm6oqicTEkRgMMezevZt164px\nOM5n//4YXn99BdOmvUtVVRWpqamMHz+eIUOGoNVqKSkpITY2m/j4BJzOjdjtu/F6C4iN7UlMjIIg\nPIte/xbjx+eSkCARCGxHFBUkyUsw6MXtno3fX01JyQeoVDUoylwcjj+gKOVAbwTBh1abhtGYg0p1\nOWVlXiorJWAcRuMkDIY8RLEzsnwlBQVBJky4gTlz5vxqjHlTCBturVYbMdx6vR61Wo0sy5GiVbfb\njdfrJRgM/mqut/4e43a720Pu7Qih/ovRWoNeP8QeVkgTRRFJkiL/3xbrO9k49eVWzwVRTP21+P1+\nXC5Xi0hydDodl156KcOGDcPn8zFz5ix+97vH8Psl8vLSufXW6zGZTHg80LFjxwbfNZs7Ul4eCpUP\nHz6ErVtnsWPHlyQm9kaWfVRXr2bw4Bhyc3NPuf7w8x42bCDV1SvYt+8bVKpEJKmG+HgHAwfm4PP5\nSExMRKPZjNNZhcEQfcxgJ1NX9zM63VFsNi2ZmZlkZXWPeER6vYkhQ3Lp2zcFp9NFt2698PkCVFfr\n0el6YTTG4nQeAarQaMzU1sYRFZVOICCjKBKSFIvTCX370iKDvn79er755huOHq2iZ88cevbsyYYN\n1WRk3IfJFDrcJCYOZPfut+nc2cANN1wXOWyG3plYamo+x+ncgizLaLUWBMFLba3zpM9x0qTLeO21\nz6muNhMVNQKv9yB2+xvk5SUSE9MJnS6K2lob+/cfQafLIyrKit2+mk6dxrBr148sXryESZNubDBu\nqLMgSFZWOjabD7e7Dq02Dp8vBo8nlmCwDofDQSAgkZubxLZtT6Io43G5EggEVgKrMJmuJxAwAxIG\ng55gcCfBoAFR9CKKCRgM8cdmi8Vur8LlEggGrcjyJkBCls0IwggU5V+UlSXz5psL0Wg0jBgxosl7\nYbfbURTlV0MxGs6rNy6wC4fo/xMMdq1Fc33o/8seertBPwlaaoTrF57p9XoMBsNZ6Wk/2TpbGmJv\naw+9Pg99a7XL/X4/Tz31AuvX+4mKmoRWa+XHH39k587/46mnfo/FAjU1+SQm9ol8p6bmIFarQExM\nDDExMdx55yWsWrWBQ4fmYjAIXHNNNmPHjmmVuEvHjh256aZL2bdvH4cPH6G6uha3G5Yvz2fVqnyy\nsqx07aplx44lBIMd0Wh0CEIlV1yRTbduo1i5ci/BoBgxkA5HJV5vAX37diUvLw+fz0d+fhV5eSNZ\nteogguBAr4/D4bBTU7Oa/v3Tsdn8DBzYj5oaD3Z7MVqtiry8fiQnF+PxeE66SX300Uc89dQ0/P4s\nFKUrixd/g8Ewg6ys6+na9XikQhTVWK157NmzIrJWgJ49e1JX9zUuVywazWWIYgc8ns34/e/QqdPJ\nGbYmT55MXZ2HL798l9rat9Bo4OKLc3j88Uf44INZHDiwmrKyIkpLd2IyZaDRJGCxSMTEZCNJHtat\nW8iNNzbs7e7bty8ZGXPJz/+CjIybSElJpqpqKzt2fIzXW4BO9xvU6iSWLp2PyXSAiRNHsG7dHA4e\nLCYY1GIy3YzROJz4+HgqKzOprHwBOAIEkeVHURQ9LlcXBOEv+P3vEQwKSJIJqEKShqAoxYiiFUEo\nAUSioy8DKpk9+weGDRvW4KB84MAB3nnnfTZs2AtAv37Z3HPPXWedUvZM0FQvfUsZ7H6pCnJhtBfF\ntaNJtMYoNS48O5trakoutDVc7G15wFAUBYfDcdo89Bs2bGDTpqN06vQqRmMnAOLiLmD//sdZsGAJ\nw4f3YvbsxQSDXiyWUA7d5fqJq67qHll/dnY2gwYNwu12o9VqT7uLQK1WU11dy+rV+9m6tRSNJoZe\nvYaRlNSV9et3kJpq56KL0qmpcSKKATp3zogodpnNZhYv3sKBAweprXVTW3uAhIQAR44YSElJOaag\nBrm5Iykt9VFRUYSiHCYmRkCni6FDh0xUqiI6dIinb99OeDxeamtr2b17HZs3b2LuXB1DhpxHamrq\nCe2GR44c4bnnXiUYnEJ09KMIgoAsO6muvpoDB/7NoEFPIwjHD3c+nwOzuWE/fmZmJnp9Ik5nV0Sx\nI7KsRZI6otH0x2AInpRMRa1W84c/PMCtt95CYWEhcXFxkSKywYN7MHPmS1RWJhAIDMbn8wDfoNdn\noNNFNzuuwWDgwQfv5PXXP6Sg4HH8fjWSdBSPZzvR0V9iNIa8ZEW5haqqmzl6tIZly+ZyySVXs2+f\nAmzF59tBcXEKPt8oFCUbSSoDRgNXoigGfL7P8fmuR6WS0OsHoyg+fL7ZKMpaYDCyHAD2o1Ilkpyc\nh9FYxZEjS7Db7ZHD0OHDh3nwwScoKkohJuYRBEFg2bLZ7Nv3BO+//2qbKrqda7RGQa6xRvm5QngP\naFwU127Q23ECThXebqlXfDZZ5851iL0+FEXB7/e3KMTeHAoKCpCkzhFjDiAIIhbLELZu/ZwnnngU\nvX4JK1Ysx2aTsVhExo3rxpAhQ46xj2ki/OBnon+sKArz5i1mzZo6amp6AEPQaNTs3r0Dkyma1NTz\nKCr6nqFDrZx//vmR74Wff7du3YiLi2Pu3LkcPLgXWc7C6+3CN98UsWnT11x55Ui0WoVAwENOTm9k\n2UOHDt0JBBwEAqsRBJEOHdw4nUUIQhq1tbX8+ON6Skt3YTAYee21rXzyyQKmTLmcMWPGROaXJIll\ny5bhdgtYrQ9E3jVRjMJg+C0Ox2/Zv/8bsrOvQhBEbLaDBIObGDZsSIPrr66uJjt7ED5fb4qKdiPL\nMqmpCaSmXo3LNQuXy9VAJa0pxMbGniByE1KyyyYx8QGOHAmgUlnQakdgs71DefnP2GxrGT++R5NG\nIDs7m1deeZodO3bgdrtZunQp+fk1EWMOIAgq9PrL2bDhKb788l/k5wcIBq8nKmoULtcuXK7PEITv\nUZTtCEIOavX7BINHEAQJRbkfRVmNKIrIcgZRUdcgSdUEgz8D3wHlCMIg0tKmkJiYSHn5RmJjtQ0i\nJfPmzaO4WEt6+jRUqpARsVqHUlR0B3PmzOHee+896T37T6I1hrcpgpuTaZSfywK7xtfRHnJvRwSN\nc+jhHvLGqK+Q1lL61LYMudc/TNTP17cEZ3rACM8dVqWzWCyn/cM1m80oShWyHEAUjx9GfL4jdO4c\nOqBMmHAJF110ITabLeIJhO95/Ra80/EMwt8pLy9nx45qUlMnYLMdJjo6Bas1kYqKAHv2bGX48K5o\ntYkniIvUhyzL7N9vp0OHa+nUaQAAkhRkz55v2bx5OzExKlau/DdGYxYaTR2lpdW43eV07FiN2Rxk\n0qTzKSgoY+/eWaxZc4CamgCgx+MZj1rdiQMH5vLii59gMBgYPnx45Dl4PB5Cj1KFokD4NqhUBvR6\nDTrdSvbs2QfoMBprGD06neHDh5/wHPT6IN26dWXAgAHY7fkUFs7m4MFtpKa6T/v5rly5ldjYS0hJ\n6UdMzGHKy20EAl2oq4ti587/Y9y4gYweParZ72u1Wvr3D9He7tu3D0FYgSx7EcXjpC+SVIXJpOW7\n75YTE3MTNTWDkOVEPB4roEVRXgJqUZRLkWUHKpUJnW4RgrAatzuJQMCHolyGVtuHDh101NWNwG6P\nQlHeIytrFHl5/ampWUdd3Xxuuum8BmyDu3fno1INiBhzAFHUoVYPZNeufad1z84F2iLddjKN8voM\nduH+97ORf2/qOjweT4Tp8H8R7Qa9GTTnoddXKGuJZ9rWQi/hKvbWyJ22FeqH98MhuTM5hQ8bNowv\nvlhEcfEM0tJuQRT12GwbCQaXNVBd02g0GAyGCEFNW0ciampqcLs1dO6chMlUjc3mJhgMotMlU1e3\nCwgATozG5ivnDx06RE2Nhq5dj+f7VSo1HTr0ZtWqj0lNzcDlqqWszI3P50WnO0KfPlZGjhxMjx7d\nSUpKwuFwsHLlSnbtOowkDaampgcJCUOORUFiqKoq4bPPFtK3b1+ioqLQ6/WMGDECne5lXK4ZmM2/\nRVEEwI/HM4P+/XOZNu3P7Ny5E7/fT2ZmJtnZ2Sc8s169epGZOZ/8/C8JBCQ2bvw/JMmCokRTWnqQ\na665kS+//KRVBV/BYJCjR8spL5+Fz3eEpKSrMZtTqK6u4fBhO6mpEhkZCRQXFxMdHX3K9+iCCy5A\nEF6houJaTKYrMRpHIctOgsFPGTFiEGvXFhIT0wmPJ8DRo1uQpDDjnoQgpKEoZZEwus+3HK32SkQx\nAUHYi6L4cbmqUak6YDCo8Xo7IAg6rNZlFBb+hE7nYcSITK644ooGe0JcnBVJOnTCWiWphISEGCRJ\nYvv27VRXV5OZmXla3Qq/BjTHYBdmr2usINeWBr7dQ28I1e233/5USz74ayFXOFOEq9IDgQCyLEdk\nFMPFXx6PB41G04As5VQIe9Jnaog8Hg+SJKEoClFRUaelnS4IQuQaWhMmDwQCOJ3OyNxhD72l2uVN\nQaPRkJoay44dcygtnU919b+BZVx6aU/uuutORFHE5/PhcrlQqVQnHKDC+bzTPdSE23WCwSDbtxdi\nMGSh1eooKSnF5wt5fwZDOWp1kJQUJyNGDG6Qow9vVgaDgcOHD7NpUwlxcf0RxePvRW3tIQ4eXEtm\n5kQGDryCtLRUOnfujFYrMnJkF0aNuoioqCgCgQAFBQXs3XuAbdsOU1mZhcnUH53OcuxaHcABBMFN\njx7xpKSkoNPpiI2NJRCoY926t/B4NuD378Tr/RtRUft5/vknyczMJD09nezsbOLj45s0nBqNhqys\nVLZsmcvSpe8gSXegUn2IwXAnev0ESktn4PNVctFFFzX4nsvlYt++UNtguE8bQv3pl19+NZs3b8bl\n8lNVtYzi4neIje2Gx7MSu/0nZDmbXbt8LF/+I2Vlexk0aECz72OoTuA1Kip02O0W6urW4nK9QzA4\ng/R0I6Wl1eTnH6K8fBl1dRuAFGQ5AXAA29FobkFR5qIoASAflSoGGIgoHiQqyo9K1RW/v4hAoARF\nKUSn283IkVFMnnwpW7YsZ+/e3Wzdupevv/4Gk0lHXl7eMVY+Az/88B0uV4gDXlEkjh79GrV6Mddc\nM4Zp095gxowFLFiwkXnzFnPo0D4GDx54TlNjTSEQCDQIobc1wgIzarUarVYbkYAFGhTZhfey8Hda\n+xsOt9bVv5+zZs2ie/fuDBw4sO0u6BeAoqKiFn2u3UOvh+ba1uqH2E+n+OtMSGrgxDC31Wo9ZwQQ\nzbXj+Xy+ZlMSLYUgCAwfPpxBgwaxdu1avF4vOTk59OjRA+CkBDXh74fXeLrzQ0jLvEsXAzt2LCMp\naSDdusWwf/8mqqs3kpOjoUuXOC68cOgJJ//w9ysqKvD5fKhUFRQXryUz8wIAgkE/hYU/IAgaRFHE\nbq8gOjqZmJgUdDojhYXrjvXPC8ydu5BNmxxIUmfq6rZQVbUbSep6rOVMweVaTXS0EZ3uRO/joYce\nIicnh3/9axaHD6+gb9+e3HHHy2RnZyNJUpMynI2LmLKzs8nN7cz338ej0/0Vtdp4bMPvjd9/BzNn\nTueZZ56JRIneeust3n33I+z2OlQqGDHiPF566XmSkpJ49tln2br1EFrtDwQCfZAkJ5I0lS1bpqDX\np5KQMIVeve5FFNXY7btZtOhVunefz1VXXXXCtR08eJDHH3+KDRv0pKW9RteuyRw5Uk5V1UxMpjlU\nVfkIBi/BaLwYm60GQZgNvIMgPISirAKiCQZHIIqVSNIbgB9FuQ6drpjeva/gyJGPsdsPolJ1JSoq\nSHJyALW6hquuGsWrr75Ffr4Wne4fiGISJSWzmDr1ObZt28att95Kr169uO++a2KTgs4AACAASURB\nVHnvvc8oLv4KAKvVz223TeTdd2ewZ48bk2kAsbEXo1JFMWfO28TGfsADD9x3Wu9rW+Fc95e3psAu\nHKJvqYFv/Jn/dWKZdoPeDMJGOExheibFX2fKOhcOc4dP1GdqzFu6nsbCKvXb8doS8fHxXHrppZG/\n1z9AnUolrS0giiLjxg3H41lIcfEcZFlLXl6QzMxsRow4n7S0tCafeyAQ4IcffqSgwIvTqcbns1JY\n+DnV1TuwWLJwOnfg8+3F40ljy5ZStNp8UlOj6dFjGHD8Pu7Zs4dNm5ykpl6OyRSL1ZrEF1+8QWXl\nhwjCftRqO2azHZMpgY4dD9OtW0MpV0EQmDBhAhMmTDhhjc1too2LmNRq9THxnlh0uoYFcKE2tjpk\nWUalUvH+++/z4ovvIAj3oNdPIBg8yJIlL3H48F18//03zJw5G0V5ELX6PFQqhWBQhSS9iCTNxmi0\nMHDg7xDF0P20WnOorR3O0qVrTzDo8+bN4623vmbr1kLgPg4ccBMTU0yXLpnAlezb9z4wGIvlN+j1\natRqB7LcDVm+HngYrXYEKtWDSJITs7kn0JHBg5M5eNBDv34jMRgsJCTcyc6dH1JRMf/Y3xMYPbon\nsixz8GAFFssyIIWqqmr8/ngUReKDD77hk0++o1evbF555UU+/vjvbN68GUEQ6N+/P88//xKbNlUj\niuPx+w3YbJ8SHd0Zq/Uq5s37kjvvvOOMijjbAv+pdrNTFdj5fL4TPtdcgV07U9yJaDfojVDf2IVp\nTFvbX91WaFzF3hZecRinI6xSH2cadWhujNbWKLQFwqx6t912HQUFBfh8PrKyshow1zWFrVu3sn69\nm/T00aSkJNK5s4vt238A1pOXZ6C4WCIt7QaOHDEgSRlUVq5gzZqPUaleJj4+luuuG4pOpyM//xCC\nkIHJFKoST0npxTXXPMDMmc8TDP6TmJjBmExmoqP3cv31FxMdHd2q96CpTbRxEZPP56N3797AhwQC\nq9Fohh77bJBgcBZDhgxApVIRDAZ5771PUJSbsVgeAUCjyUOtzmT37ktZtmwZXq8XUUyLzB1K78Th\n9cagUukQhIahXo0mBoejoeBMWVkZ//znd/h84zAYFiIIuajVeVRX78bp3EYgYESWVahUQ/F6dXg8\nTtRqDVptKh7PIPT6n5DlUoLBGYiiG5PpIKNHD+bPf/4jzzzzD/Lz36JDh4uB0HuWnh7NHXdcTd++\nfUlOTuaFF15AELLw+xOoqjqMoswDpgP3ABchSQ62bfs7d999PwsWzGbs2LEoisLKlStZubIIUXwY\ns/kmACSpgNrav6DXJ6FSBbHb7f8xg/5LY39raYFdc/n39hx6Q7Qb9CYQDAaPqVOB0WiM5NFPF6fD\nOtdUFbvf72+z9reTzR2mgWwsrHI20bgN0Gw2n/IAdaYh93C9RDAYpKysjH/9azY7dpQhCNCnTxq3\n3noDWVlZzX5327ZiTKbuxMQkH2NXM9CnzxiKilykpydQXW2hc+fhxMUd4euvXyM/fy+yfAFqdQxu\n9y4+//zf9OqV2+BawsjI6MmYMdcTG7uJ6Oh4YmMtDB58BV27do28m6eL5khERo4cyXnn9WXNmlvx\n+W5GFJORpNkYDDv5059mAKH8eGVlNTrdyAZjajS98HhiOHToEDk5Pdix4yvU6hsiPfCStAo4QlRU\nKnV1hzCb04/NHcDpXMOYMdkNxtu4cSM1NWaysm6ipmYnVVU/oNUOBEzY7Q4sliNoNFoU5SA6XTxe\nr4yi2AkGaxHFArp2nYxOF8PBgx/QvbuF3/3uAUaNGoVGo2Hq1N8xc+ZsNm/+EICxY9O57rrHycjI\niMyflJSEJJVQXV2MoliBWcAE4EGgDkGIRVEyKC29jMWLFzNp0iQURWHLlq0IQn/U6iwCARsqlQVI\nRFEGUV39A506GYiPj6cdTaOlBDehdkMZURQjXS7hOqf/dPTjP4l2g14P4XxxOMSuKEqbhHtbY9BP\nRhTTFl7xycY5lbBKS8ZoLcIht9aQ47QF6hMC1dTU8Pzz71BSkknHjr9DUWSWLl1EYeHfefnlx5sU\nJgkGg3g8EgaDBTh+HzQaPbKsw+12I8taNBodRqNAdfU+zOZ70GguQKVykpZ2F2Vl03j//c+4774p\nbNiwm7q6XhiNoUpyp7MSs7ma66+/9qyzjtXPcX766Qxef/11vvpqFg6HgwED+nDvve/Sq1evevoA\nRuz2bej1o+vdj2IUxUZycjKPPPIQt956Jz7fFahU1yLLRcB0zjtvAD165LFu3YuYTKPQaCzYbKvo\n1KmCyy+/ucGaQrlVPaKoJjNzEk7nyzidj+L3JyJJh5DlUjp1GkV5+Tq83jeAEcjyLILBxahUhQQC\nXTEaJW688WIeeui+BkV7nTt35uGH/4DTGaK1lSSJn376idWrV5Odnc2AAQOYOHEiTz75IrL8JPBn\noAi4BXADJmRZQBQTgAwKCwsjOV9BENDrTcTGmqmo2I0kCSgKKEoZweA2Ro16gLAK2n+SSvWXxvDW\nHOq/m9DQwMuyHEkL/vGPf6Rr167HWjB/eVr25wrtBr0RvF4vOp0OtVqN2+0+7R7n08F/kijmXOet\n4Xgbnt1uB84d/3z9Ir9gMMiPP66gpCSa7t0fiuR2Y2J6sW/fX1i2bBk33HDDCePodDqSk01s315C\np07HDa7DcQSDwUvnzjkUFRVgtx+hpGQ7fr+eDh0m4vG4MJnM6HQ64uLGkp//FPHx8fTrZ2Lz5tkI\nQjogIwiHGDQoli5dupzV+9EYZrOZRx99lEcffRQ4MTyvKArXXXcZ7747nbq6NHS6CchyAW73o6Sm\nxjJ69GgMBgOffvohL730Krt2/R6z2cikSdcydepU6urqWLBgAcuXL8Lj8TNiRDeuvPKPJ7R05eTk\nYDQuxmbbSkxMP/r2fYySktkUFb2PXi/Rs+ffSEmZSGHhx+zc+QZu91OABVE0oShqjhxZzB13PMht\nt92G3W6nuLiYpKSkBqmjqKgo1q1bx1NPvUp5uQxY0Wi+ZsiQDJ577ikmTLiIzz6bD6wEPMA64ErA\njKJ4gFoEoZhOnY7n/vv378ecOR+j0YwFJBQlHkXxA3vR6VLYuHEnt9ziibzn55or/ZcWcm8t6ht4\nl8uFWq3G5/Nx9OhR5syZg8fjYfTo0YwaNYpRo0Zx8cUXk5WV9as5wJwp2g16PQiCQHR0iJKyrXTD\nw+OeLOfZXCV5U+OcDQ+9fuGf1WptUYi9tWtxOp0sWLCAn3/eAsCQIb254IILMBgMrSbHqb8GaB3n\nfrjIz2AwoNVqsdvt7N9/CJ0uL2LMQ/3KCmp1LgUFJc2O169fLvn5P7N//ypiYtKoq7PjcOzhvPNi\n6NmzJzU1dtatW4fNVoUs+3C5StFq9RFvMRh0oFKFDMsVV1xCt257KCwsRRAEsrL60L179zavIXA6\nnSxZsoSjR4/SrVs3hg8fftLnXT8EumnTJhYsWEBtrZ1evZLYvfuPOBwPoVJBZmYSb731JjqdDkVR\nGDt2LGPHjsXn86HRaCLPVhAEJk2axO23337Sw3JOTg6jR+cyb97r1NYOQ6uNRa12MmxYLrIMLtcR\nbLbtVFVtpq6uHEgHSpDlWmRZ4cgRB3/60yO89dZ0qqtduFxODAY9V145jldeeQWtVovT6eTpp1+l\nvHwAqal/QK224HbvYsWKp/nggw+56KKL+PzzhSjKhcAK4EtCRj0d6A1spkMHHRMnToyse+TIkQwf\nvoIvv3wYRbkAvT4JRVmNxdKZzp2nsWvXQ2zbto3hw4f/KrnSf0kIt8dZrVa+++47vF4vubm5TJo0\niQ0bNnDvvfciSRJFRUV07tz5P73cc4J2g94IYUN1Nilb66M14ea2MuhhnImwSmvgdrt58skXWLvW\njkYToh1du3YlK1as47HH/kRKSkqbzRsMBiOFNo3/vXGRX/iQlZBgJRAow+utoqjoG44c2UFIRrQA\nSTqv2bkyMzOZONHD/v2HKC0txGRSGDYsHavVwhdffIHf7yclRUtMjIZVq5zU1X1McvIf0OsN+P2V\n1NbOZOLEnhHClt69ex8rTDs72LRpE7/97YNUVLgRhFgEoYq+fbvw/vvvnDKv+/HHH/Paa59QV5eF\noqQgimqysjK46aaryc7Opn///giCQF1d3QmFTid7n5uDIAg88MC9dO++iGXL1mC319GnTxYTJ95B\nTU0Nzz33OsuXP3Os8twIHABuBx4GNMAryPKb5OcXIAgXI4oTcDr38umnX3D4cAVffz2Ln3/+mfJy\niZSU+1GrQ4cskykXk+la/v3vj3j11SfRaiV8vl2EuhIygRFABfAuanUdl112FxUVFcTExER4GZ54\nYiqLF4/F4ShAp/MRHX0Z8fGXolZbqKpKoqioiJEjR56yletsUqn+NxwUGu+FarWayspKnn76aaxW\nKw6Hg7Vr1/7PGHNoN+jN4lwY9NMNsZ9pGiAcMTgTYZXWHC6WLVvGunU1pKU9i17f8Vj++WI2b36C\nVatWceONN556kJNAURQKCwtZuPAHtm8vQasVGTYsl3HjxmKxWCIRiMZFfuHrHT58GD/88B4//3wf\nPl8mWu1V+Hw2JGkRmzYVUlxc3OymkJ6eTp8+fY7lzGU+//wLvvhiLTabBVHUYLFUc+GFXXniiXuZ\nNm06BQUrEMUOaLU2evaM53e/+/MZXXtL4fV6+f3vH6KiIherdRpqdUd8vu1s3HgPzzzzHK+//lqz\n3y0pKeH11z9Bku4iJWUygiAQDNZSVvYbDh4sZMqUKcDxgsoZM2bw+edfU1lZRc+e3fnNb+5kxIgR\nrS6u1Gg0XHrppQ1aGiF0z5OTLYhiV6Ki7sPhuBfoDvzj2CdE4CVgFVCGonyLWh1KIQUCA1m27D52\n7dqFw+FAUQyo1dYG42u1SXi9QWJjY0lLS6ewsJJgsAvwBqAnZNyX4Pc/zWefbWDu3J+55ZYJ/PGP\nDyKKImazmaysLpSUXERKym8i4waDDqDqhO6JlnQhhD93plSqv/aQexhNCbN4PKFOibA4i8ViaaB9\n8L+Ac8NO8ivCuTi5hiu6nU4nKpUKq9XaImPeVmuTZTnCsmSxWM56EdrmzTuAPuh0HQgE/IBCVFQq\notifrVt3n/a44TWXlpby2mufsGgRBAJXYLeP5osvinnrrQ+w2WwNWg8LCwtZvXo1W7ZsiRymevfu\nzfnnp+Px1AJDCQbVmM3xDBr0CHZ7FosWLT7p/BBSCFuzZg0ffbQDr/c6MjP/j9TUvyDLl7JgQT4/\n/LCaPn0m0q3bWFJTU+nXrxsPPng3ycnJp33drcHKlSspK7NhtT6LWh3SmNfpeqHX38eiRSuoqalp\n9rurVq3C5TISF3dLZG61Ogaz+QaWLVsfqboXBIG//vUJnn32HQoLR+D1PsLq1UamTPkDCxYsiHwu\nEAjg9/sbMIW1FqtXb0anu4aoqAsAmVAIXCRkbBUgCAwEQtGP8DyieA2yrGflypV0794dvd6F07kx\nMq6iKNhsP5KVlUhycjLXXnsJsuwCrgBigEQgHhiHoiSi041HFKcyY8Z8fvzxx8h9uPrqsQSD86ip\n+QFZDuLzVVBaOo3UVPEELv3GCBvucGGqyWRCr9dH2gbDhbvh6NqZ3Mf/JtTV1WEwGM5JV84vFe0e\nejM4Wx56W1R0n66HHj5ISJIU6fM+3TBe/ftzqrVoNGokyUMwGEAUVfXywj40mjP/8f3440oOHUog\nN3dKhHY1NrYH69e/wsCBGzn//PORJIkvv/yGbdts+P1WBKGO5OQNjB49gNzcXJKTk+nS5WISEvoA\nAnFxceh0OoqL+7Jjx8+nXIPP52PhwjV4vTlkZl5y7DpNxMWNYf/+RaxZIzN58h30729BURSKitax\nfPl2unXrdkols7ZAbW3tsb7tFABk2Ynb/R0+33oEwY3NZjtBLS2MUGpCdUL/uCBokGUlkrrYu3cv\ns2bNQ6OZhtF4HQBG453Y7Xfz97+/w4QJEyLEIWcaVjYY9MhyDSpVEhpNdwKBHwlRvRoACfABS4EO\nDVjHFKUWQQgSHR1NXl4eI0fmsGDB89TVXYVOl4rdvgqTaTW33XY/giBw332/Z9q0t45dY/jwJQBG\nIIDHs4OkpKmUlS1kwYLFEXrc66+/ntLScr7//mWKil5Fo1HIyDDy5JN/wWptGBE4FU7WytUUC2BL\n8u//DSF3aHgdbrf7f1o6FdoNerM4Gwb9TKvYz+RH2JhxTlGUc0IfK8syvXvnMm/eTFyu/cTG5gFg\nt+9BpdrGwIGXn/Ecu3eXYrWOiBhzRZFRqy0EAilUV1ej1+tZtGgJ69YFyMi4FrM5nmDQT37+CubP\n/5nMzEzMZjNqdQlJSckN7rPXW0ls7MmJKjweD7W1tTgcQUQxGllWCFWqC6hUUXg8Cnp9ZzSa0GYj\nCAJpaQPYv38PxcXF9OzZ84zvwamQl5eHTifh8SxGEEwcOXI9smwDTICDKVPu4euv/9WkUtXgwYMx\nGGZgs80nJuYyAGTZh9P5LWPH9opsohs2bMDv1xEdfbzqO9TGdQOFhZOprKzEYrGg0WjQaDStIhBp\njKuvnsArr/wLv/9K4uLeo6LifOAG4D5C29q7QCEQRBAOAVlIkgtZfgKzWWTcuHEIgsBTT/2VjIyP\nmTv3a1wuLwMGJHPrrX9gxIiQTKvJZMJs1lJbOwdRvB1FiSEkgPMlYKsX+u2IzVYcWZ9areYvf3mY\n668vYu/evZjNZgYMGNAmLVUtoVJt7qD03+LJN3UdYYP+33JYOR20G/RGaPwytFWvNYQqjE+3orv+\n2lq7psYHCb/fH9lATxct8dDD8w4aNIiJE3excOE0jhzJRhAEtNr9jB3bhaFDh57xGqKidJSU1AIh\nydJAIAgoaDR1REWlEwgE2Ly5kNjYoZjNoeIvtVpLZub57N69i6KiomP88bNYu/avJCUNJTY2B6+3\nElHczIgRlzU5f/g5+Hw+LBYLGRkd2batErf7MGZziGzG4ykjELDRoUNs5CAVqs5VoShii56DzWZj\n0aJFVFZWkpWVxbBhw5qsfj906BBr1qzB5XKRlpbG0KHH+edzcnIYN+4C5sx5GKezDEUZDLwHJCGK\nK9my5RYeeWQq06e/e8K42dnZ3HTTeD766AXKylaiUqUSCKwgKamW3/3u5cjnQtTAQWTZjkp1PE8s\ny5WIIg2MWUsJRJrzOqdMmcLPP69j7dorUZSeGI2d8HpXoCjLURSO5bKj8Pur8fvPIxDIBYoxGJy8\n8cZrkYOLwWDgt7/9LVOmTMHn8zVJb5yVlcXmzYdQlHEoyhCgDNhLqPhOxustQlFW07//uBPuXXp6\nOulnUdiqpfn38EHpvw31n9X/Ou0rtBv0ZtFWHnpY0Qs4q3zoTaG5drhAIHBWT+qN57Varfz5z39i\nxIh1bN26FUVR6Nv3LvLy8s74YAEwdGgfdu5cTUVFFlZrNoKgUF6+goQEB7179z6Ws1XQ6RoySGk0\neiRJw+HDhzlw4ChxcedRWVnHzp3LUKk+JS0tyM03j2XkyJEnzClJUkQf3WQyoVKpGDVqIFu2zKOw\n8Dtcrj6AhN2+jKQkG/HxQUpKdqLRaImNTae2thCLxUdKSspJr23Tpk3cd98jVFQEEIRE4Eu6du3A\nG29Ma9CjvmLFCt5++xuqquIQhAREcSG5uSt49NEHSEhIAODll1/C4bibOXMOAG8jCCnHvL1RSNKf\n+fbbx3n55WlNpgD+9Kc/kpubw/ffL6Sqqpj+/XsxZsxoNm7cyLJlyxg8eDAXX3wxVuvz2O3PYLW+\nhCDoCQZL8PvfYty4YcTGxuJyuZp8/1vrdRqNRr744hMWLVrEmjVrMBhyGTduHEajkfLycmJjY+na\ntSuSJPHuu++yZ88eMjIGcvvttzdpYMNjNoVbbrmBvXunIcv9kCQHPl8s0B/4DpttOQ7HQDp37sDV\nV1990md5LtD4oBQmsQkb9/DvPsxC+Wttj2uOx73dQ29HszjTF6O+ZwyccfFZaw4ZZ1tYpbm1KIqC\ny+Vqct6hQ4c28Mi9Xm/EEzsTDB48mPz8Qlas+JTKyhhEMUjHjn5uvnksKSkpKIpCWpqFbdv2Ex9/\nnMCkurqQqCgfRUXlFBV1ZPToWzj/fC8lJSVUVOwgJaWIa665+oRoit/vx+VyRdgEw5tnbm4uDzzg\n59tvV7Bv31cEg16GDo0lLe1Svv56IZs2rUSjMWA2K/To0YkrruiNyWTC7/c3ubH6fD4eeuhxDh/O\no0OHF1CpYvD7i9iz5z5eeGEaH3wwHQjlx//5z29xuy+mR49rEAQRv9/Gtm2v8NVXX/P7398DhLzR\nwYMHM3/+CiCzwVyC0J1gMIDdbm/SoIuiyCWXXBLRqf/++++57LKr8XiCCIIecDF69MW88MITPPzw\nE9jtyxCEzijKbrKyOvD000+0+Hm2xuscM2YM48ePbxCez83NbTDeI4880uK5m8Itt9zCpk1bmDNn\nARAL2AAngnA3ong7KtVXVFXNYOPGjYwfP/6M5mprCIIQSXEoioLf7ycQCCAIwhkrnf0S0O6hN0S7\nQW+Ehpvc6fV9N/ZQdTpdhHWuLdb2SxBWaQqSJOF0OpFl+YR5FUVh48aNLFmygsLCo2RkdGD48PMi\nUqmng/D9CAQCjB59EXl5ObhcLvR6PXl5eZH2IEEQuOCCgRQVLWX37vnExmZQV2fD59tNnz5xHDpU\nR8eOPVGpQlGMHj160LVrNgcOfEJZWVmECKYx37xOp8PlciHLcqQmoX///uTk5OBwODAajRQXF/Pq\nq98QHT2JuLhM7PZanM6f8HrLGTjwzhM21vptSWvXrqWkxE5c3NRjGt6g1aZjNt/DmjVTqaioIDEx\nkW3btnHkiJrs7MsIc6drtdHExY1mzZrPufNODwaDAYC+ffsiy24EYTGCMDYyryx/S8eOiSQmJp7y\nvpeVlXH33ffi91+GRvMKEIMkzWPJkjvJze3O0qXz+O6776isrCQn5womTpx4RvzaZxqeBygvLycY\nDNKpU6dWGyu1Ws0bb/yDW25Zz9/+9jfWrq0mOvonNJrwu9sTm+0gH3302S/OoNdHmIgFjqc/TqV0\nFpbZ/aXhZDn0/2W0G/ST4HQMX/3is7CH2hZh5ZbgXAqrND5c1O/1bopt7ocffuCZZ6ZTVhZAkjSI\n4j7mz1/Ngw9O4uqrrz6tSn+v10tFRQXfffdv9u+3IUmQlmbiqqvGnNDr26VLF267TWTt2s0UFq6g\nUycdAwbkkJyczEcfLWhqhhPmC0cewt0JYUMSLjQMk9WYzWaMRiOKorBs2U84nd3o0eOqiPHeuzea\ntWuf4557fseUKXcxatSoyDj1PdCqqiqCQVCpOjZYi1qdhMcTqslITEw8tg41otjw4KZSGQgGafD+\nDR06lPPOG8L69bciSQ8hCDnI8mwE4VMeeuiFFjHTff311wQCWjSatxAE07E1XYbfP5lPPvmSv/71\nr9x///2nHOd00Zrw/O7du5k69XG2bNmKokB2dheeffbJSDU6hJ7t7Nmz+de/ZlJdbeP88wdz9913\nN0iHCEJIGjUlJQW1ulM9Yx6CStWfoqJ/nbVrbis07t8+ldKZz+c75/S0rUG7h94Q7Qb9JGitQW+u\nir2t8vEnG+c/IaxSf96Tsc15PB6mTXuH/Hw1BsONGAzd8Pv3U1DwDW+++THjx49v1Q8xPKfNZuO9\n974kP78jqam3oNGY2LdvHW++OZs//9l4gvefmZlJZmZmRKUJQuHq7Ow41q/fQUxMGipV6CdRWrqd\nhASZTp06RSIP9SMeiqJE7qHH44mENtVqdcTQKIpCebmNqKj+gHKMx3wxNTUeJCmVlSs3s2HDn7np\npkt57rlnI/z54bxnXl4eRqOM0zkPiyVUOS4IAk7nfJKTLaSlhSRKu3fvjtX6PUePrqFjx2EAyLJE\nZeVKRo5MaeAdC4LAV199zmOP/ZWZM/9GIOCjY8dEHn74Re66664W3f+qqipEMTlizI+P3ZXa2poG\n97fxc2trnCw8X1JSwjXX3IjdnolK9SGCYGDfvuncdNMdzJ8/m379+qEoCg899BAzZnwKnI+idGPr\n1i/57LOvWLjwe7KzG6rAZWRkIIqzkWUXomiuN+dPdOuW0Xh5vyq0RSTkXOFkOfT/ZbQTy5wCLdmE\nTkUUc7YNejAY0lj2+/2YTKYWU7ieyXrC44eNeZgAo6l59+zZw969lej1t2K13oLBMAir9Wb0+ls5\neLCGPXv2tHheSZJwOBz4/X72799Pfr5CdvZtxMfnYLV2plu3a6mtzWTp0lXNjtHY2AwdOpCMjBr2\n7v2K/ftXsHv3d6jVWxg9um+E7x1CzFP1PRlBEIiKisJoNKLRaAgGg9TV1eFwOKirqyMQCNCpUxx1\ndUWIooodO3ZSUxNAo7kEjSYGq/Vp1OppfPHFPH766adIP3f4cNC1a1euu24cPt9LVFVNw+mcS0XF\nX1CpZnHXXZMirZCpqalMnDgQl+tTDhx4n0OH5rJ37/MkJR3g2msvP+GZWK1W3nzzDQoLD7B79072\n7NnOlClTWrwx9+nTh2DwALK8M/JvoQPMd+Tl5TXbweH3+5k+fTrDh4+me/c+3HTTbaxbt65Fc7YU\n9UlZZs2ahcMhotXOQ62+CrV6PFrtLAKBDF5//U38fj8bN248Zsz/gVq9GI3mA0RxJzZbDM8882yD\nsRVF4aqrriI6OoDDcQc+32oCgR04HH9Cq93EnXfe3qbXcrbQ0uccjoLo9XqMRmNE/wBCz9Lj8eB2\nuyO1MCfTqzgXaPfQ2z30E9A4h34qNBViP5cn1lOFuptCW6wvHMZVFOWUPfWVlZUEg3qMxj4N/l2r\n7YvXa+Do0aMtmjMseSoIAlar9Ri7WTJabUMP1GrtRkHB0haNKQgCCQkJ3HbbFezatYvDh6uxWIx0\n6zaKhIQEXC5XRJ/d5XJRUVGB2WwmLi4u4p00lncMBAKRcOXgwX1Zt24usvkoHgAAIABJREFU+flz\nyM+vApKRpG/QaBR0usEIgoXa2rdZunQpgwcPBo6HlEVR5K9/fYyUlGS++GI21dVf0qtXKrfe+hBj\nxoyJMP75fD6uvvpKkpMTWbVqA7W1e8nJSWPs2GtOUDGrj/Dhr7WYMGECXbv+nfz8K5GkPyIIKUjS\nF4jijzz88IdNfkdRFO69937mzfsJuB61Op2lS+exevXtfPzx9FOyp50OduzYiSyfjygeJ3IRBC2K\nMo7t2+fg9/uZN2/esa6AyfU+E4ui3M2iRY8SDAYbpCGSk5P5+OPpPPzwYxw8eAOKAh07RvPYY3+L\n9K7/knG6h/imIiHh968xPW3jAruzgaaoX91ud7tB/08v4JcMQTi5SlpLiWLOhod+JsIqrWF5a4z6\nBX8Qqpw+FUFOSKdYwOXahU7XCVFUI8tB3O6dmEwKXbt2PeWc9YvRzGZzxKgryk4kKYBGc/xVdrlK\n6dnzRIKUk8FqtUYq8MP5co/HE7m+b7+dzaJFm6itlTEYFAYNymDSpGtPYP0SRRGdThdRHTvvvPPw\neDzMnv0jgcAqFCUZrXYgUVGTEcVoBCFkZCAUygxrPNf31idPnszkyZORJAmNRhPhETAajQ3CokOG\nDGHIkCGRsdRqdbPh7zOBXq9nzpyvmTr1MebPn4osS2RmpvP44+82WxS2ceNGFixYjlY7HZ3uUgQB\nFOVunM4beOmlV8+KQU9KSkSlWoeiyJFiQQBB2EFKSiImk+mUNQNN/WYHDBjAsmUL2bNnDz6fj9zc\n3HMiN/xLwslSHcFgsNVEQae7hvqoq6s7pcjQfzvaDfpJ0Fyuubn+7pONE/5eWyAcdj5dYZXTRf1W\nOJ1OFymYORXS09MZNSqHuXO/pbZWiyimIsulwLcMH971pMQbjSVP67f+hYqUlnLgwFd06TIRtdrI\n4cPr0Wh2NEsGcyo0lS+fO/d7Pv10M2bzeBITu+PxHGHBgnl4PJ/y4IP3nrRWQaPRMGbMGC644AIk\n6QHmzNmNxfI+KlUciiLj8axCEPYxbNgUVCpVJP8e5ucOG+z666v/HjVXINa4avlMRT0ao2PHjnz4\n4fu4XC7cbjcJCQknfRfWrVuHLMdgMBw3+IKgQqu9gR077sfhcES6CU4X4dRTmI3upptu4uOPv8Dt\n7gM4AS2imIIobuSOO95EEAQuueQSXnvtDSRpBmp1qIYgRA/7HhdffBE+n68Bu2Lo/xVWrVrFwoUL\nCQaDXHTRRYwePbrNpW7PFs7GXlE//67T6c56/r25HHq7h96OBjhV29qZ9He3lUEPG1KLxXJam8jp\nHDAat8Kp1Wp8Pl+LxhAEgccee5hA4P/YtGk6Pp8Znc5Jv34defDB3zR7/07VfhcbG8udd17JV18t\noLT0ZYJBiI8XuOGGYQwcOLBF11X/GdcP6VssFlQqFV6vl0WL1qPXX0hq6gWAgMnUAY3GxKZN0yko\nKCArK+uU8xgMBp544gm2bp1ESckEBGHsMcOxhDFjBjNo0KAI6UpTxXX1PfewUQ8EAg3C/vW9pvq5\n/rDHFN5URVFsM1IRs9ncopa0UNW/F0WpQxCO97nLchVarfqMPFxZlnn77bd5550Pqa6uwmKxMHny\nzVxzzTUYjSZsNj8haVU3kvQ58fHRjB49GoB+/fpxxx23MGPG/QSDM1GUTojiQqxWeOqpj9BqtQ2q\n52VZ5oEH/sDMmXMJyanq+PjjWYwePZwPP/znL95TP1fUr2dCT9tSNH5v20Pu7Qb9lKj/AzhdLva2\nOBGHw85AxJifCy52aJinD7fCtXZjSElJ4a23prFx40aOHj1Khw4d6N27d8SLbIzq6mrWrl1LbW0t\niYmJDBw48ASDDqEK7yee6EZ5eTl+v5+MjIxWi1+E763H44mE9CG0eVdXV2OzBYiJySIkyhGCxZJB\naalIVVVViww6QGpqKnPmfMVHH33EihVrMZuNXHbZn7jhhhsiRXXhP+FNLxw6D//xeDwoihJ59+p7\n72HjXN/AN65aDuc8z4Xmdn2MHz+ev/1tGm73c5jNf0MQNASDBwkGp3PVVWPOyBC+9NJLvPrqu8Dt\nqNUjqa3dwCuvTOe77+bg9cZhsawiGAxt9IIwGZttBLNmzWLy5JAU7LRp0zj//PP58suvqK7ex/nn\n38Dtt9/Oxo0bmT59OjExMVx//fWkpaUxb948vvpqDirV22g01yIIAoHAMpYsuYlPP/20xZ0C/0to\nKVFQayJJ7R5602g36E0g7LXV92RbE2I/2Zing/qFd2EP7kw23pZ66C3J07fmmrRabQOmuHBYuP4Y\niqKQn5/P229/SkGBgErVCVhH586ruffeSQ3oTsPQaDTk5OS0eB2N1x82oOGQPhDxhi0WCxaLGofj\nEFbr8QIzp7MEo1FuVqGsOSQlJTF16lSmTj3x/8KMXuH56xfX1T/4aLVadDodoihGPJ8wuU39mo/6\nxXXhv4cPRc0VNZ2tnGdSUhLPP/8Ef/nLk7jd/wZSUJRddOuWwmOPNXEzWgibzcY773yAIPwJvf5R\nADSaifh8ndiz5w9oNA8giv/P3nnHWVGd//99y97tu7B0QUBEIQoiqKioKCBlWcCGiB2NsUSNRqIm\nUTF8408sMcZeMXZjNBoWEASkSBMFjYooKEhT6lK23j6/P9YznB1m7p3b5y7zfr18xeBy75nZmfOc\np32eMg6cBXsSCAxg2bJlXH11YyGc0+nkvPPO47zzzgMaD5MjR47h22+/xu0+hnD4Jx5++GEmTJjA\n3r37gBPxeMapa8jJGUwgUM6///0+l156acZbuqKR6TVpD5qRIkniQKt3L/Vy6LZBtzFEGGEjKdN4\nPitWtFEBoR+eakKhELW1tYZ5+lRsCuFwmJqaGv71r/dZv/4wfvWrCXg8hQSDPtate4tXX/0P9977\nh6iV/Hv27KG2tpY2bdqoCml6CEMINOkvl/PUBQUFDBnSl1dfncf27YWUlf2Kurqf2bp1Gqed1tq0\ndx4rcnGdaBESf+73+/H7/WroPCcnp0lvvFi/OKwATbx2bXgeDtb81uY8hWJYIr/38ePHc8wxxzBr\n1iz2799Pnz5jGTNmTEK9w2vXrqWhwY/Hc36TP8/JOQ+v9xbC4d1N/rxR0W8PBQXGv7d77/0L69b9\nBKwgGHwZmArk8PLLr/0SQh6DHK1pFCEqo75+DYCh8l+6ImqRSFfIPRaM+t/Fc6j3LIbDYdug62Ab\n9AiIzT4YDOrmcFOJUVQgGaIw0Tx0cYgQueRIefpk9LKLfHBtbS07d+7khx+q6dx5LB6PUCHLpXPn\nEaxf/wQbNmxoIvYh34/q6moqKz9g1aqteL1QVuZk8OA+DBo0SFePva6uDqCJQRRGXvYIRo2qoKHB\ny/z577Jxo4P8fIVBgzpw5ZUXp3STFsp/Pp8Pt9utigUJz1pseMKAyKF5oTNvVFyn9dxF5Mco5+n3\n+5PSknTkkUfyhz/8IWkFZGVlZTidEA6vx+Xqqf55OLwBlwuczmkEg5fhdg+kUcv8FRyO1Zxzzm26\nnxcKhXj77X8TCv0R+Bh4GXgUuBzYTCBwITCHYHA9bveRv3xXFQ7HDIYMGUV+fn7Elq5kFyc2R6Ll\n3+V0USAQoKGhQXV2bINuo4tok4JGzzjRDSgWQxypsjuZaNcTb/V+ovj9ftVo5eXlEQ47yclp+mJ6\nPIUEAk29H+3a33zzXZYtC9G+/Tm0aNGG3bvX8dZbS8jJyVHbouRrzMnJUU/6ctGZNryXk5PDJZeM\nZ/jwKrZv305paSkdO3ZM6YYs8vqio0COkIjQuTiECOMRCATUZzZacV2s3nukliSjkGg6OOqoozjh\nhL589tm9OJ3dcLl+RSj0I4HAHXTvfjRdunRi4cLzCAZ/hcPhBX7kqqsuaSL9KrNs2TJ8vgagA/Ag\ncAXwWxq98O7AdKAXDQ1DcbsvB3KBf9G2LVx77bWAcc44lcWJZmmMUGQ+UmAWo3vp9XrVd7lfv360\natWKoqIivvzyS0466aRD1rDbBl2DoihUV1cTCATIyclRK4kTxaxBlyu79Qrvkumhy8RbvZ/IWsTf\n9fl8qlxtoxb9FubPf5127QbRoUM7Dj+8E9u2fUbbti5V7lTLjz/+yJdf7qFLl8spKTkMgM6dT+XH\nH/0sXPg5AwYMwOVyHaTHLlrUhPcaaWNt1arVQRrxqUD8LsLhsKpCZ4S84Yne92jFdfJBQK6cF0Qq\nrpNbkvRCorKBShdPP/0YF110GRs2nIbT2ZZQaCcdOrTm5Zdf5+ijj2bu3LnMnz8fj8dDRcX9nHrq\nqbq/41AoxPXX30SjkX4J2Ar0++W/Nj6rbndXHI7uHHOMi3373iYUCjNixFnccssthqNw5fsnp0Lk\n4sTGz7ZWeN6KiHspDpMOh4O//vWvLFiwgJkzZ3Lrrbdy++23M2DAAIYOHcoNN9wQc51LNmMbdA3C\nsxEeUbJmh0czxCK8Wl9fH9E7jiZ2Y3Yt4jshentYtM+Jh1AopIa8c3NzKSwspKqqigcffJKffnKx\nf//X7N7tZ926Elq3rqNHjxrOOWfgQaM9xX3ds2cP9fU5qjEXtGjRhT17PmH//v2qcIucLxfXL0Rr\nMt1LLORjoTGvH+twHTl0DvrFdbKBEZtjrMV18fS+pyp/27VrVxYvns+HH37IDz/8QOfOnRk5cqRa\nP1FeXm5qCtrKlSvZsmUrUAh8SuP2+HvgTmAIcDcORwtCoR+4+uoHueqqq2JeqzgoRStOTGV4vjmE\n+sWz5PF4uPjiixk/fjwdO3bko48+4ptvvmHu3Lk88sgj3HTTTRleaXqxDboOQoFLljdNJXLhXbTB\nKslGryUt1cg5ekA1PnPmzOWrr9ycdNLjVFf/yNatS9m1ay2BwBpGjbpCnUqmR2lpKXl5AWprd1JU\n1Fb98+rqrbRo4SAUCjWRxxVeeU5ODg6Ho0koVGvs0vW7EMVvLpeLgoKCpHhpWuU6OfQrF9olo7gu\nUu+77HWm4n3yeDyMHj06oc9Yu3YtEAIeAf4fsAe4BigFXgEGEg63p127towdOzbBFTeS7vC8FYvi\n4kW+ByJFdfzxxzN48GBuvvlm9Z0/lLANug7iQUmmwpuRZx2rd5xMT0eoYMUqHRvvWrT564KCAvbv\n369+xqeffktx8al4PMW0bn0crVsfB8A33/wtaoX1kUceybHHlrJy5XQOP3wohYVt2LXrO6qrlzFk\nSDfy8/MpLCxUvVHxj2zE5GIzORctjF2qZkOL++L3+/F4PCmrmTDqS4+3uG7Pnj2sXLmSgoICBgwY\noK7bKLwsjJPP51M3WyuFl7ds2UJj9frPwGbgC+AYGsPtNwLH0aLFPmbMmH1QpChZ6N0/YeDt8PwB\ntPuOeKbk3PmhZszBNugRSbZB13sI0+0dQ9Pq/YKCArX3OpXotf9pcTodhMOhg/6eogQNNy1xUHI6\nnVx66fnk5Ezjm2/eYscOyM/3M3z4EQwZMkQVi5Fb1WRPJ1ouWpsnTtbwiXA4TENDgzrcJ51KY/EW\n14XDYf7+97/zyCOP4/X6cTigdetWPPHE3xk8eLAakteGl6uqqpg6dSpLlnxCQUEeo0aNZPTo0eTk\n5Fhi3najIJEC/Bc4DThW+q8lwKW4XK8fNFI1Vch1DPK9TzQ8n+0hd7GPytdRX1+Px+MxLfbVXLEN\negZQFPOzy7Uk6qHLfe25ubkJGXOzaxH66HL+Gg68mOJ/TzvtOFavXkFDwwDy8xuHLOzatYri4h0c\nd1z0cGqrVq244Yar2bx5Mzt37qRVq1Z07NhRt788mlejl4sWxi5SLjoWQqEQ9fX1KIpialBIKoml\nuK6yspL77/8bcBs5Ob8B9rF7971cddW1LFo0Ty1clMPyu3fvZuTIc9m4cReKMgSHYy/z5v2RhQs/\n5vHH/5Gy3vdYOOuss375t69plHUVz7b4310ZrZ5ORni+OYXcZerq6g75WehgG3RdUhVyFy+gEGwp\nLCyM2SOL16Brw93Jqt6Pht/vp7a2FqfTedB4V+1GPXToUL78ci2ffvoAitIDRamjoGATF1zQlx49\nepj+vuLiYkpKSprI1Or1l8eC1pvVq/IWnpQZ7z0QCFBfX4/T6YxLeTDVRCque/75l4BhuN1/JBSq\nRFFWA6fj9S7jnXfe4c477zwoPP+3v/2NTZvqyMn5BKezCw4HBAL/Zdq0CYwfP44hQ4Y0Ka5LZu+7\nWXr16sXQocOYO/cjYC3wGHAT4AQ+xuX6FxdeaJ0iq0iCLHJ4Xr5/zQmth57O2iOrYhv0CKQih75/\n//6EBqvEg15fu5y7jpdIhwtRpKIdeRqJ4uJi/vjHW1m+fDlr1/6Ax1PICSdcRp8+fQz/rliD9sCi\nly9PVoGbvJE29s2Hm3iyotJbzr3LBWF+vx+v19tELMbqyMV1mzdvRVHOwusdjKJsBo4EfgLqWbZs\nmXp/5BzwzJnzUJRLcDo7AwqKAi7XOYTDPZg1axZnn322bnGdXu97Knu3X3nlJf7857t49dXXCIcn\nAn/H6SxFUb6lf/8B3HDDDUn9vmRipvsAGlNtcttXtqG359geeiO2QY9CMorQhBIaEHcBWrzrMSq6\nS2Ubkaw9H00YR7uO/Px8Bg8ebCj8oYdRfl72EFNZrW7kvetVkgsjpRWLySZ69OjO4sWvoigdgEU4\nHN1RlP3Ab/j884Xs3LlTTSEI49tYtyA8RAeg0HjpLvVeme19T2VxWFFREY8//hj/7//dx0cffcTi\nxYsJBoMMGfInBg8enDVerl73gTDs4XBYrZHIhLhNspDXKgx6Nq0/FdgGPQqJGj45xA4k/NDJUYNo\nn5Pqoju9yv1owjjJRhZIMdJjT2ceVhsGFRupXEUOqKIimVRZi5crrriUjz++CfgL0BVF8dPY7nUP\nweBiPvnkEyoqKpoU1w0bdiZvvvkm4fD1uFztAQfB4BwUZQ1Dh/6uSe+7bNgj9b6ncrBMcXEx5557\nLueee676Z+Jwlo2I51KIOLlcrqjheaulgQR6+7Et+9qIbdB1SNbmKs/XzsvLw+v1pmXjVpQDU9KM\niu5S4aHHc4BIZB2yrrO2vzyZIfZEEMZJGB2h9S0bO+EliX8yueZwOMzHH3/MZ599RmlpKaNHj6ZD\nhw5NfubUU08lL68Ar7cVUAU0GoKSkm54vR5qamrIzc0lJydHVby75ZZbmD9/Mdu398fvH4XDsRf4\nkOHDB1FRUdGkPU5Ok0Dig2Wy0ftMJfJhKZo4ULrqF+JBz0M/1LENehTiMTja/HFhYWETkZpUeuiJ\nFt3FuhaRJ402ZjWZyPlyYQhEWDfZ+fJEMRKLiVZJLufe03UdtbW1XHbZBJYsWQG0RVH2M3nyA9x/\n/720aNGCHTt2cPrpp3P00UfTtWsnNm2aQ15euXog8XrfJScnwEknndRECbCoqIjS0lLmz/+Q559/\nnnnzFlFQkM+YMXdx4YUXquqIesp12uI6OFi5Ti7gk3/eaO57pg9NmcJoHzMSB7Kidj/YHnokbIMe\nhVgNeiz540TQW5McEYhWdJcsD11RFGpqatSe9lTnhbX5clFklq58eSzrFGIxOTk5utr42kpyeQPV\nCtvE2xoXCw899BCLF68mJ+dd3O4zUZRqampG8Nvf3kpj/lvB4VA49tieTJhwCfff/w98vmrc7hE0\nNKwB3uDCC8s56qij1M4GUZwI0L59eyZNmsSkSQfuUTTlOm1xXSzKdfJ3yAbK5/PFbZwy/Vylg0j1\nC1bQ7pfXKbANeiO2QddBflBiMXza2eVy/jhZFfN6G4peRCAdL5jwhhRFibtq3+FwUF9fz4IFC1ix\n4iuCwRAnnXQsgwcP/kXo4wBy9EHky4XuuVxUlelNV0QshFiMx+MxtSZtH7hQV0ulsI285jfffBeH\n4xpycs4CwO//kFDoGxr1zK8BGlCUyaxe/QHPPPMiTz75EM8+O5Vvv72Dtm1bc+WV13LttdeqHne0\nehG9tiuzynXxDJYR3yGMe6zGKdHomlWI9RqsFp63q9yNsQ16FPQKv7TIIWCjwSrJNujic+IdtWrm\nuoxQlMZBMnL+Ot4DhM/n48knn+eTT2rIyTkRh8PNZ5+tZMWKr7jrrttUiU05+iDny8V6amtrm2z8\nmapGTpZYjJGxS6awjXbdNTU1OJ1d1D/zel8ABgOTAKHs9yrwK7Zu3UooFGLu3A8IhUI4nc6E5Wvj\nVa4T60/lYJnmQLLab60Ynrc99EZsg54gZseOJrOnXXxOuivKxfcKlTtRKZuIIVm5ciXLl++ma9c/\nU1jYOCnN5zubzz+fwoIFCxg9enTE/nKXy0VhYaHqcWWy0EwWiyksLEzqocJsa5xZYRstbrebPn16\ns3Lle3g8l+FwOAmHfwSu5EC7GTQa9j7AEtatW6d+r4hI5Ofnm57WFwnZcMQ6Fjae4rpog2XEAbI5\nKK0l810wCs9HioAkGkUzkn5Nlb5+NmEb9ChECrnHO3Y00fUAqoBJvC1p8eTQtQV3cj9rvHz33VrC\n4R6qMQfIzW2J2308n3/+LYMHD8bv9xv2l4sNQmwo8sYfKWybzE0t3WIxkULVWmEb4cmaOXTdfvvv\nueyyX1NfPw63exyNc8EXA3+QfqoaWAX4OPzww2Oa3Z4I2nqDWMfCmi2uMxosI56jUCiE1+vNysEo\n6TiMpCs8r/079fX1tG/fPinXkM3YBl2HaDl0EXKur683bVCT7aFHakkzSyxr0Su483q9CV9P4+YZ\nOOjPw2Ef4XCjgYqlv1ze+LUqbnph20S9d1G/IEbfZkIsRi9ULYyd1+vF6/WailgMHTqUV199gQce\neIQ1a35LYWGYurofUZTfA9cCtcD9wH5atWrBqFGj1JqReGa3J3rNsYyFlY208NqjFdc5HE3nltfX\n16upqlT0vjc3UhWeN8qh2yF326AbIgy51qDLIedYDGoyDLrIc0Jj21MiD7DZjcdIUjVZ9OlzHLNm\nvcuePaspK+sFwN69PxAIrOSEEwYf1F++adMm3nrrLZYv/x/FxQWMGTOC888/X9czNBu2jdd7D4fD\n1NfXEwqFkhZqThSjHm0R/ox2zcOHD2f48OHU1taSm5vLa6+9xp133kN9/asIdbcOHdrz6qtT1b+b\nrNnt8RJPcZ0w8LEU1wHqsySHlq0wWCYWMrWmWMLz0e6hnoduG3TboJtCLrxJV4+3FtlDBhLWgTcT\nco9WHyAfUuLdJI4//nhGjPiaefOe4+efuxIOO3C7v2fw4MMZPnx4E2O+fv16Jky4kZ9+KsTtHkIo\ntItPPnmaTz9dycMPPxjTBDW56Coe7z0YDKoV9pmelBaJeK9ZjJu9+uqrueSSS5g7dy7r16+nd+/e\nnHzyyYRCIcN2vEwTT3Gd8LwjFddpv0MvtCzC8+keLGMGq+X/472Hdh+6MdbchSyEeAmFCpre1LBY\nPidRkZqCgoKkDFaJRrrqA1wuF1deeRmnn76ezz77jEAgQO/eFzBgwABycnKaeE4vvDCVrVtb0b79\na7hcjS9vbe0iZsyYyIUXfsopp5xi+ntjKbrSirwYicVYnVgLzUTuPS8vj9GjR1sivRArySquk/Pw\nYlKhXnEdNO19T+dgmWwmlnsoR07FPbQNeiO2QTdJXV1d2gerpFKkJtJaxMjTaPUByfDQxed0796d\nI444ImK+fMGCT8jLu0415gCFhQOpqenE8uXLYzLoemswI/IiPLlsmpRmRCyFZi6XSxXwsUp6IR7i\nKa4TqRXx54BucZ34d6PQcqoHy8RyD6xOpPB8MBhUU58PPPAAHTp0UJ2dQx3boBvgcDiabObJMKix\nGPRILWnxVKgbIRtjORqQDglXOFCxLo+UlXObsifT+N98mk9QAH/SQ956Xl1DQ4Mahg0Gg9TV1WVE\nojVV6BWaaYVtROV4MBi0RBg5UcwU10HjO5eXl6eGh80W14nviDZYRj44peq+Wi3kHgvyPRSHK6fT\nyerVq3n22Wfx+/1cfvnljBo1imHDhjFkyBBatWqV6WWnHdugG+D3+9UCNMC02leiaCvoS0pKdE/v\nyVack6MBZiVcEyn0E8V2YkMT1yl75lojWVExiBdf/A9+/yg8no4oisK+ff8mL28ngwYNinkNZhHt\neYqiUFBQgMvlalJFDgc2ZGHgs93Qyd6oyGXm5uaq+c1kC9tYAW1xndfrVa8TGqetCfGoRIrr9ELL\nRr3vdnheH/E8/ve//6WmpoaBAwdy6qmnsnz5cqZOnYrD4WDt2rUcddRRmV5qWrENug6iRUWEe4Sn\nnCjRPGuzFfTJfrkzMfJUFqcRUQI5V6m3iV177W/45JMv+OabsYTDJwG7yMv7nuuuu4BevXqlZK2i\n+E0UiomNOJonq81DZ+OGLGoFtOkFM21i2ey9i0O1GDaUl5cHYFhcJ67ZbHFdrL3v8iEg0cNitv5O\ntMjXUVRURFVVFZMnT6Zbt25s3bqVhQsX0r179wyuMDPYBl0Hh6NRXlR72k7G5xoZ9Fgq6JMRchcv\nhGhJixQNiEYsa9HqsYu8opwvNzKAbdq04c03X2L69Ol8/vnnFBV1YfjwaxPKnRthVixGr2UqUk5W\nbPpWRkRPjGRcY20TMytsYwXkwj+tDn+k4jo9rX1tcZ1ssMFc73syB8tkc8hdJlqVe6dOnbjsssvS\nvSxLYBt0A+RqSkjtyxDLlLRk09DQELdATaw/L4bXyNcpClyCwaAp76O4uJhLLrmESy65JKbvjgV5\nU49VlzxaHlocnmTNeSsZeBGdimWwTLKEbTKNiByZ0RWIp7jOrHKd+He9g1O8g2WaG/LzIw6RotXy\nUMY26FFIpkHXetbalrSioiJTG12iHrqo2oXGYj8hqRov0dZiJE4j/p4wIolokSeLZIrFGHmyqRqw\nkijytccr46qXI063FG88yBK28egKxKJcJ6IW0YrrhOeezMEymb7PyUC734i9I526IFbFNuhRSLZB\nF/m0RFrSEjHo8ohXIKF8uZn1yvlyrR67aP8qLi421CKXq8hTTSixcD3QAAAgAElEQVQUoq6uDkiN\nWIzRgBU9byvdhxr52pMp4yp7spGkeDNZUJjsa481JWFUXJeMwTJy73u80xWthNzGKhDh9kMlOhEJ\n26AbkIpNRRjiSHPTU4XsJbvdbvLy8poY9kQ/Ww+9+eWyWIe8OaVykpgZ0i0WI2/6sqHLhPeunRKX\nqu+RjZCZPHQ6CgpF+2Eqr92scl204jqzg2WAJt673PsOjb/v5hSer6+vz3pNiGRhG/QoJNNDFy9z\nTU0Nbrf+3HSza4rltK3nJYu/n8h1RXqB9PLlRv3l2s808m5S0S4lVzRnUso0E9672cK/VBFvHjpZ\nGFXxp5JYDzXxFNeBfnhetF6KCFg2D5aR11pbW2uLyvyCbdBNkIyqcvECKoqS8JS0WNaj5yUnG21d\ngFG+XHgbsXhdRoZO9t7jNXTxFIClAyPvPZmHmmiV7JnAKA+d7EONVQ5xoH+oMROpiVZcp9f7Lp6R\nvLy8JsI22TRYxqjC3TbojdgG3QBtm04iBl0YVeEVp0tzOFL1fDIiD9oXPlq+PFZjrvd9Rt57rB5d\nuuZ4JwMzh5pYUhLyQcaqMq5mDjUQe52FfJCxoh692d91tOI6Ofcue+7i/2sH9lh9sIwWvRy61daY\nCWyDboJEDLrQRRfehzaflYr1aKvn9XKDyX74I+XLo/WXx0u8YWojsZhswExKAmgyPU3+3SdazZ0p\nYjF0RsI22XCQkUmkuE6OiMm5eIfDQSgU0i2ug8hDUeLpfU820XrQD3Wy423OQmSjKnTRfT5f0vrZ\njT5HHnlqpno+GR66bCD18uWyh5AqzBaZifqDVBeApYtYvHeHw6H2hGfbQUYmHkPncDgSbsnLNEbF\ndUYdA+J3HgqF1Py5y+UyXVwXbWZ5Jnvf5T2trq7ODrn/gm3QDUgk5G6kiy6HuRM54Rr9XVnC1Wy+\nPBGDLv6uz+drUuQXb748mWg3P7HpyW2DQt43m+VZZaKlJAROp7OJl5btmKkiF+Tl5WVNVCISsRTX\niXsiD5dJpLgu1t73ZKK3X9XV1dke+i9k/5OdBmIx6JFa0pJp0LXrEfPao4081a4lXkS+HFB7ySF5\n+fJkIoqgxOhPt9ttWHjUXIarwAHPXBxihFfVHPXXBVpDJ1ryxH8TynV6c+6zGaOOAflA4/P5CIVC\nBxXXxTNYJlLvezoGy2hz6LaH3oht0E1gpk1MGA3h9cXbkhYLwqjX19ergyRiKQ6JtzZAzpcDTTYR\ncZ+sskkaicVow9R6w1WyfcOXJWy1BWCRwtTpFPNJJcKYC20B8R5bTdgmVYhnWVy7meI6QHewjGzY\n4x0sk4zwvJ1Dj4xt0E1gpghNW91t1GMtfj7R9cCBfHksI08TRdtfLkL8WrEYK2BGMEUvTK03GlUu\nMsuGDT+ahG0k/fXm4L37fD7d/vpYe8Cz7brhwL4gUm8iWpeM4rpIynUOR+TBMpCa3nc75H4A26Ab\nYPZBC4VC1NTUEA6Ho+atk23Qq6urgfjV5mLx0LVKc3IEQry0Vtn8Eukz1vZCyxu+2Pis7r2HQiHq\n6+tRFMVUJbtepbMcscim6Wny7z5af328PeBWRhuR0ku9xVtcZ2awTDTlukR73/WkXxsaGigrK4v3\nljUrbINuAiPDJ+etS0tL01I1LDZbaHyJiouL0xLaN+ovdzgc6uZvhbCl3JqUaJ+xdsOX84VW9d5l\nKdNElAizcXqanGLIy8uLeVhHsvv9043cbWK2gyOW4jo9791osIzZ4rp4et+1f2576AewDXoEhCHX\nGnRhNGLNWyfqocuGFUi47cqMh643p11+kbdu3cpbb/2LNWvW065dGWPGVHDyyScn5MVu2rSJHTt2\ncMQRR9CmTRvTfy/VYjGRNj69sGW628JSIWWq573Lvf5W8d7Fu5GstjSz/f5WqTmQ6wUSEVmJJ2oh\nCi/jKa6DyL3vcmuc0X5l59APYBt0E8gPklFLmtnPgfgMumxY8/LyDmrHiZdIazHSYxc5tU8//ZQb\nb/wje/a0w+U6hVBoLfPmTeb2269m/PjxMXuxu3bt4u67/8Lixf/D74eCAicXXjiCO++8PWoLnvBO\nILnTwoyQNz6jsGW6vNh0yrgaXbeoqM6E9y7njFMllhOrgls6oxap1KSPR7kOaLJPyMV14ufN9L5r\nB8uI/UeLbdAPYBt0E4gXREipQnx563gNutawAkkx6EYvvlHFvrb47aGHHmPPnr506PAEDkfjvdi1\n6wmeeOJlzj33XMrKyiIW38jenKIo3Hrr7SxdWk1x8UO0bNmT2trFvPTSY+Tlebj99tsNryPdk9K0\nRApbptqLlVMM6dajj/W6UxG1MJMzTjZa7z1a1CKVtRai+C8dmvSRohbJKq4D/fC8qJ4Xf6++vp73\n33+f1q1b4/V6bYP+C7ZBj4DwzIUBrq2tTVtLGhgXoolwVjKK67SfESlfLveXb9myhe++20Jp6e2q\nMQcoK5vAzp0v88knn1BRUaE7C1vPm1u9ejUrV35PixbPUlBwEgAtW46nqqqef/3rea6//nq11117\nf6w0YASMZ4An24u1mh59tOuG5Hqxcr1AJlX/zERrkl1rEUvxX6pIZXGd+HdteL6hoUHdg55++mm+\n/vprPB4PNTU1bNy4keHDh3PMMcdYYh/IBLZBj4J4cYCkTEkTn2nme2tra9UCH73Td6IGPRwOs3bt\nWsLhMMcccwyFhYUR8+VAk9O0wwGKou3PP3DyljHy5oRX88MPP9DQoNCiRV8UJfzL33dQUHAidXVP\nsWPHjiYGXW7LiqcAKl1Eu+54vXfZM7WijGs83nssXmwmRp+aIVqRWTI6JeSDrFWe/XQV10HjHpSX\nl8fixYtZs2YNN9xwA263m7vuuouJEyfSsWNH5s2bR8+ePTNyLzKJbdAjEAwGqa6uVo1ZMk7BZgvR\nIrXCJWPz+vbbb5k48U98++1WFMVBaamHq666kCuvvPKgfLlYr/xSdezYkWOPPYLPPnuZgoL+OJ2N\nL3FV1fOUlbk59dRTI36/1qs58sgjyc0Fr/d/5OX1BRQcDqiv/5zCQneT4rhY27KsRCw5aKP+bzP9\n9VbDyHuP1YtNpCUxE5jtlDDbGienWKw8YCZVxXWyyqbT6eTYY49l7969/Pe//6Vnz54sXryYuXPn\ncsQRR2TkujNN9uyEaUZ4yKIFRBTdpBp5OptRK1yi1fLV1dVcc83v+PHHwygtvRe3uy379k3j0Udf\nomPHjlx44YVNcl56HoTD4eDPf57Iddfdxvbto3E4TkZR1lJQsJ477vgdLVu2NL0eh8PBiSeeSN++\nR/Lpp5NRlNvJzW3Moft8L3DRRWfhcDjUlhy/359QW5ZViMV7F8ZdGAKreaaxYNaL1TNyVh59agbt\ndRupFOoJ2yS7kj+dxFNcJ4fntSk/sQeIfaGwsJD8/HyGDRvGsGHDMny1mcM26AaIAjTx8EHiIW7x\nuXqfI3poRYFLUVFRyjarDz74gM2ba2nT5h+4XK0AaN36Znbu3MbLL/+LCy64gHA4zK5du1i4cCF1\ndXUcd9xx9OvXr8ma+vbtyzvvvMy///1vvvlmHZ06deH882+lX79+Ma/J6XTy2GMP8cc/3sOKFb+n\nrg7y8+GSSwZzxx2343K5CAQCTYQlAoGAZcVd4kHPe9eqt8GBzbG5YDYHDY3viVXCzIkSqchM68W6\nXC78fn/Wjb3VI57iOofDod4PYewVRaGmpoZ9+/apYfpDnex9KtKAGDWYTGOhZ9BjHXmaqIe+ZcsW\noKtqzIVBzM8/kQ0bZhMMBpk3bx6TJj1MVZUTKMTjeYUhQ/ry0EP3q4VyiqKwevVqVqz4kg0bfuLn\nn3dxxBFd6d27d1zeQ4cOHXj55RdYt24dO3fu5Mgjj+Swww5TDzuKouDxeHA6nZYWd0kGshcre2Yu\nl0utHwDjuefZip73LtIR4nn3er0EAgFLq/XFg5EXK48tFc8+YDlhm3gxU1wnECmHsrIy9u7dy/jx\n4+nZsycdO3bM0OqthW3QTZCoAdUif04weGDkaSytcGZy8Ua0b98eRdlIMFiF291Kvb6Ghs859tiO\n7Ny5k7vvfpB9+4bRvv1tOJ1F1NUtZ9asu+nZ8yVuvPFGAP7zn//wl788jd8/hIKCq1i37ismTfon\nH3+8hOeee4a8vLyY1+ZwOOjRowc9evQAjCu5zYRqrSxRahb5+oVnlo0qZvESDofVotSioiKAQ2K4\nirgmkWIC1B5trbBNc3nW4eADnehkgMbne/r06Vx33XUcf/zxeL1eOnbsyPz58+Paa5ojrgkTJvzF\nzA927do1pQuxIrIgggiFJxrqEhKHHo8Hn8+n5suLi4tj+myRR43FExYFRWVlZXz44XR27PgMt7sr\nDgfs3fsa8C8mTryGdevWMXv2t7Ru/TjhsOeXl6szDQ01bNkygyuvvJhAIMBtt91NVdUwnM7fsG1b\nDnV1PfD727J27essWjSfgQMH0KJFizjuUiPyy1xUVHTQ/REvf05ODh6PR93URF7S7/cTCATUvnnx\nT7Ygrl/UcYjrF1W/brdb9WxErYW4br/frxY0Ztt1C2QpU1HJL193bm6uenAREqI+n49gMNjkurPx\n2uHg6xdpCfGsixyz9lkH60w7TATx/LtcLoqKisjLy6NNmzZ06NCBdevW8e2337Ju3TqefvppVq1a\nhdvt5le/+lWml50SNm7caOrnsv9Il0aSlUMXXlddXR0ej4eSkpKY245i9dBF2La+vp527doxdeqT\nHHvsburrr2Lv3pEUFb3ExImXM27cOLZu3cr+/W7Wrt3Md9/9wHffrWPPnr14PIezf39j9f2WLVvY\nuHEXe/b8ip9+2oHPl0co1JVQ6GJCofasXr2f3/1uYhOlp1gQIj6i+M3MfHdxqi8qKqKkpISCggI1\n915XV0d1dbXaYx9tHG6mka8/mmCKCFkWFBRQXFxMYWEhHo+HcDhMQ0MDNTU11NbW4vV6VWNndcTv\nLNqkPFHpXlxcTHFxsZqu8nq91NbWUlNTQ319fZP6i2xAvn5t8ad41vPy8po86263W+2AEM+6mIGe\nTdcOTY25/PsPBoNMnTqVk046ierqapYuXcrNN9/M5s2bWbRoUYZXnXnskLsJkh1yFyHDREaexmLQ\n9fTYe/XqxXvvvcmqVavw+Xz06tWLNm3a4Pf7qaychde7F7e7HqezFz7fXjZv/omiohkMH94Tl8tF\nQ0MDu3ZtJxDYDnQFRJHWLBRlMzU1RSxY8DNnnDGMyZP/yIgRIw5a148//sj69etp06YNvXv3VttS\nRCVzIm1JZgrMrBiiTrQtK5ZCK6vm3o1Gn0ZDOykvUgW5iOZY4XeuJdYe+2S1BFoFcSjRXv+GDRsY\nPXo0F110Effffz9Op5MBAwYwYMAAJk+enHWHllRgG/QIyA99Ml4Aubgl3pGn8XynkR67x+PhhBNO\nUAcj1NTUMGfOHH76yUtBQW+83r8AF+NwtCMY/Bd+/zyuueZl9u7dyy23/JFAwAlMA44DHMAKYCJw\nOnAD4XADmzbN47bbJtOmTRtOOOEEoFG28f/+7//x4YcrqK934PEo9OnTmSlTJqtyscmUMdWqTekN\n2rCCkRPFf4FAIGltWWYKraxi5JKp/Kd3sBHGXe9gI0LYmSZRKddYhG2s8DvXYmTM165dy+jRo7n2\n2mu55557dNdrlWvIJLZBN0kiRWiyNrrI6SVjGlSk9ZjRY3c6nU2kXYPBID/++CNOZxcOO+wF9ux5\nktra51GUAHl5+RQX59C/f39ee+011q8PkZPzGOHwm4RCVwHtgfVAW+BBIASEyM09gbq6Hbz++luq\nQf/LXybz5puLKCg4h7ZtryYU2seKFQ9z6613MnXq07r58mRiRSMnK9+lSjBENmBaadZMGzn5MJOK\ntrRo3ruYBZApI5cqKVc9gZdIB5tMRmxEZEJ7mFm9ejVjxozh9ttv57bbbrMNdwRsg26SeA26rI0u\nNilhNBLFaD16euwidy+LM8gvhjByje0fO3A63bRtO4nWre8kHPaxZ8+THHbYhwSDQZYuXUlu7mA8\nnqPx+68mFLoR6Efj49QbOALYDlQTDoPHczJr137EihUreOKJJ5kxYwnh8JHU1S1l377FdOx4E2Vl\nd/Ltt9fz3XffccoppyTl/pjBrJFLZbgyU8p3egebTBi5dAumGKUlIqmYpdLIpVPKVe9gY3SYTWcq\nysiYr1q1ivPPP5/Jkydzww032MY8CrZBN0k8Bl0vdy027mSsx+x3yl45HKiA/f7771myZAmKojBg\nwAB69uxJeXk5f//7s+za9WfKyu7C7W5LXd2HOBzvMW7ceHw+Hy6XA0Wpp23bMrZseQ84DJgC3At8\nAfiBEqAat9uF3/8/1q9fx9ixN7Bvn49wuASXqz1u998IBv/Lli2P0b37MwQCTnbv3p3wvUkErZFL\n9cxzecBIJpXvYglRJ7M9LB2jT6MRS8Qm2UYuk1KuRodZ7cz3VGsdiDSDNjKxdOlSLrroIh555BEm\nTJhgG3MT2AY9Aok8QKJKWc5dJ/qZ2rVpK7Uj5ctlPXZFUXj88cd58cX3qKsroXEIyqtcfnkFf/jD\nRJ566mFuu+0ufv65nFDIQUGBwqWXDlOHIAwdehaLFr1AYeG5lJUVs3PndmAmcBYwB5gEXALUEg5P\no6FhAaFQJ4LBPwEbgQ8JhT6noWEseXlvEwotZdeuFygsVOjSpUtS7k8y0IYr9XS4E5keZtUBI2C+\nwCwRcZdMjD6NRqxpiUSMnNWkXGORZzWaMxALcppBWzMyf/58Lr/8cp599lnGjRtnqXfDytgG3SRm\nPXR55GlOTs5BLTeJ5OIjfWekfLm2F3nx4sU8++x7uFy30rHjWMDBvn2VvPTSg/TpcxzDhw/no49m\nsGTJEmpqaujTpw9HHnmk+n3nnHMOy5at4O23L6amRhwq/gh0xOm8gHD4HeAtcnPdFBQUEQ67aNFi\nCps3v044vBEYBgxHUabh812Dw3EYtbWzGDr0DHr16pXUe5NMzE4Pk42cHlYd+2pEJO893ipqq4w+\njUaqvHe5ZsKKUq6RuiUSmRIo0BpzIQyjKAqzZs3iN7/5Da+88gqjR4+29LthNaz1FFkYPY9Yi5mR\np3ILXCIPqjgYaHP0wtOLlC+fOXMWPl8vOnW6SP2zli3P5aefPuKDD+YwfPhw8vPzGTp06EHfu2XL\nFtasWUNBQS5OZwuKi6/F4TiN2tpNBIMv4XA8Q0lJLjk5DjyeYoJBB/X1XvLyvkFR1gEP4HQOQFG8\nKEo/wuFHcTjmM2BAP6ZM+b+seXn1WoXMtMXJIdZkVvKnE633bmawinyNVo5MRMJMiNqM9y6nGaw4\n+lYPI3lWvSmB0Q51RjUDiqLw/vvvc/PNN/P2228f0kNW4sU26BHQtq1F8qxF25d4SVOdCxNGu7q6\nWnd+uRgooxcK3bevBoejvc5ndmDPnm91v8/v93Pffffz7rtzqKtT2L9/Gw7HlXTvfiV5eXmEQr9i\n796j2bPnHAoKFBRlKOHwMGpqqvF632Pbtr/hcPTF6eyLoviAfTgcHpzOkyko+IyXX36J0tLSpN+n\ndGC2LU7MBlAUxRIh1mRgJi0hfkZcf6IaA1bBbIhaPtQJYw7WSTPESqTWuGiz7uVuBrlmQFEU3nzz\nTe68806mTZvGwIEDM3mJWYtt0E0SyaCLkacul4vi4uKIL2myPPRwOKx66Eb5cjnMLtO3by/mzZtJ\nMLgft7vRiIZCtYRCS+jXT/9Fev7553nttYXk599N27Znsn//2QSDPdm0aQtHHdUdl8tF69ZHsWeP\ni/r6w3C5fkddnQsoxensQzh8LYqyhpwcL6FQDeHwNtzuMIWFQY4++ihKSkrivhdWQ2+jF9KcAqHg\nZbU+4EQxs9E7HI3SteFwOCsNmh6RQtRygZn4WaFi2BwwK2zjdrtVZ0NrzKdOncpf//pXZs2axckn\nn5zJy8lqbIMehUiGXB556vF4KCwsjLoxywY9HkTuSWyOJSUluv3lkdZx/vnn85//zGL9+t9QWDgW\ncFFX9y5dugQYN27cQT8fDAZ5881puN2XUlp6Poqi/KLt/iM+3ynU1FRTWlqK37+ZYHAfLtdoGhoU\ncnKOwOnMJyenA/X1A1CU1wgGH8PjqaBt2zaUlQWoqlrOyJEDqampsUQvbLIRz08gEFDlOkV4PpXV\n41ZAzqsL8SKh3CeuPZGiQiujPdSJ64UDxXBWVCpMlEjeuywDvWjRIlasWMGwYcNYvnw5jz32GHPn\nzuX444/P4OqzH9ugm0Rr2MPhMLW1tWq7SToKm+R8udvtJhgMqp6OUb5cj7Zt2/Lii4/z1FPPMH/+\nP1AUhWHDTuK3v71HdwxhbW0t+/fXkZt7DNB4L8rKLmPbtr/90kM9CqfTy969T+Jy+aivX4uihAiF\nNpCT04pQyIuirKdRTe4lgsGPqa3tgsu1iVNO6cjVV1+Nx+NpEqq0qpJVLCiKgt/v15UxNer9hsSr\nx62EXPwlpxmihWmby/QwQD28iWdAa+TkyWnRCiqzDXFYFb9fsU9+9913PPHEE0yZMgW3282IESNY\nvXo1hx12GG3bts3wqrMX26CbRDbo8Y48FZ8DsXvo4XCYmpoaNV8uNgW9/nIzdOnShYceekAdWhEp\n519SUkK7dmVs3PgJxcVDACgtHYvf/wO7dz9GMDidujoHDQ3baGhog6L8ACwjHB6Jz7cBmAH8jNP5\nJoWFAFMJBmdxzTW/44Ybbmgy+jATwi6pwEwlu5nq8Wz2YOW2NG3xl1GYVq/IKhktUplCT8rV4XCk\ntT0sk8iteXI1/4033sjOnTtZvnw5ffr0YcWKFVx++eUATJo0icmTJ2dy2VmLbdCjIAy5eKG8Xi/1\n9fWm8uVGnwexGXS9/nKx4Qsv3ShfHg0zh5G6ujpOOOFXfPfd62zfnkeLFiMJBDYTDC7j1FP70LZt\nKdOmzSMYLANewOFYjKL8E3gL2A34cLvvxuHoQYsWrSguHsGOHRewb9++g+YYxyLsYlUvLl6xEKPq\n8Wz0YOXRn9Ha0ozCtKI1LNuuHcxLucbSHpZt3rtRa144HOaOO+7go48+Yu7cuXTu3BmA7du3M2fO\nHLp3757JZWc1tkGPkfr6+ibtYbESi0GP1F8uSHUu7uOPP+aOO/7C9u1egkEf9fUPUl39OG43lJXl\ns2uXh08/XU0odDRQBpwEnIjDMRpF+QB4DihHUc6guDiP4uKSXw5Jndi7d1/E75a9uEitMlbKQ4oq\n5nA4nFB/sVkP1krXLhADNsToy1jXpfd7lyMXVvfeE5Fy1WsP02uHtOq1C4xa80KhELfccgufffYZ\nCxcupEOHDurfad++PVdccUWmltwssA26CcRcaYD8/Hx1oEkqidZf7nQ6KS4uNuyDTUaB1c6dO7nt\ntnuoqjqDNm3+hNPZgs2bL6Wm5mNcrjOoqenG1q2zUZQALtepBIOfAXtQlDJcru6EQiNonMa2CkXx\nA4WAQjC4B4djBccdd7npteh5cWKj0+sBzsT0LNkrTWZ/sZlrh9RLdJoh0WlhWrQtgfK1W9GDNWrL\niodYrt1KkQutnK9YfyAQ4LrrruOHH35gwYIFtG7dOsMrbX7YBj0KgUCA6upq9f8n2l9uxkPX5ssj\n9ZdHU7FK5GWfPXs2u3e7aNduMk5nIQ0Nn1Nfvx54AJ+vL+Gwi3B4HPA7gsF1OBwlKMo9wG2EQm2A\nRTid1TidDYTDk9i//2wUxYXTOY3u3Qs5//zz47iDjUS7djFYJF3FZUIsxeVyUVBQkNKN1UwONt0D\nNtKlfqe9divNuU+1lGuka49V3CVVaOsmxHvg8/mYMGECu3fvZt68ebRo0SKt6zpUsA16FEToMC8v\nTy2ESwZGn2NGj10vX66nYpVomLKqqgqnsz1OZ6Nn/fPPMwkGWwPlBIPbCAb3AguAMLAMRbkOh+Nb\nFGUCUAfso3XrcbRqdRk7djzN/v0P4fU2cPnlFzBx4q2UlZUldhMjXLscnhY/k4rCOjlXmgmxlEg5\n2HS1xaV69KkRZgR9ID2Ri3RLuep575muOxDGXFs3UV9fz6WXXkogEGD27NkUFxendB2HMrZBj0JJ\nSYka5ob4+8cFkeQQzcwvN7sZ6xVYyS+7mfB0z549gXfw+TYQDLajocEPOGk01mHgURqL3k4HjgGm\nSfdnJ507/x9t294IQLduL7B795vk5j7Oo4/+LaVGz6iwLtkhWtmQaYdLZIpoI1EhuW1xVhowYka5\nLRWRCytIuZqtN0mV925kzGtqahg3bhyFhYW8//77FBQUJO07bQ7GNuhREEY1UUEYGW1Pu6iKFoMK\nRL5c9swT2Xi1L3u08LTYkAYPHkzv3v/kf/+7iUDgAqAYWEfjZLUAsB94gcZxqX5gFHAb7dr5CIc7\nUlIynHDYR1XVG+zdO5uGhq846qhC1q1bR48ePRK4g/Fdu9Z7TyREK3tk6R57aRYzbXGJRC6sMPrU\nCDPKbfLPxHuws+rEuFi6BuR3Ph7EoB1tumnfvn2cf/75dOzYkbfeesuS70hzwzVhwoS/mPnBrl27\npnQhVkWcdkWO0OPxJPzSNs4UbzSgIl8eCAQoLCxUC+6E4QVjCdd4ELKbbreb3NxcPB6Pemjx+/2q\nRGk4HMbtdjNkyJns2/cda9a8iNe74pc1rwI+BwYCvQAf0BbIIydnCxdddBwtWhSxbt377NjxNnv2\nfILP1xeH40RCoSCLFr3HKaf0pU2bNkm5pniuXXhycsGOuP5IOvjAL2I69aohyxZNdmHAPB4Pubm5\n6uFFbPRCjtbMAVJryKxkzPUQRi4nJwePx6MeXuTITTAYVCNxZt65VBVBJhvttYvwu4jeyO88xKZn\nIRtz2TPfvXs3o0ePpmfPnrz++uu2MU+QjRs3mvo526BHQRh0QK3eTXTzEpKXDoeDmpoaAIqLi5uE\nCmPZWBJBb5MXJ3oxROPss4fQo8cRLFv2OS1aPEFNTTcUZc4zwicAACAASURBVAXQFTgeaI3D0QrY\nRUHBZ5x4YiFTpvyVjRtX8OWXX+B03klJSQVduw6hffsL+fnnpdTVfcPw4ZmdphRpk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      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<skbio._base.OrdinationResults at 0x10ca97f60>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "coordinates"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style='height:500px'></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from emperor import Emperor"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "        '<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/css/slick.grid.min.css\">',\n",
       "        '<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/css/spectrum.min.css\">',\n",
       "        '<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/css/chosen.min.css\">',\n",
       "        '<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/css/jquery.contextMenu.min.css\">'\n",
       "    ]);\n",
       "}}\n",
       "</script>\n",
       "\n",
       "<div id='emperor-notebook-0x69a3643a' style=\"position: relative; width:100%; height:500px;\">\n",
       "  <div class='loading' style=\"position: absolute;top: 50%;left: 50%;margin-left: -229px; margin-top: -59px; z-index: 10000;height:118px;width:458px;padding:0px\"><img src='/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/img/emperor.png' alt='Emperor resources missing. Expected them to be found in /nbextensions/emperor/support_files'></div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "</div>\n",
       "\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "requirejs.config({\n",
       "// the left side is the module name, and the right side is the path\n",
       "// relative to the baseUrl attribute, do NOT include the .js extension\n",
       "'paths': {\n",
       "  /* jQuery */\n",
       "  'jquery': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/jquery-2.1.4.min',\n",
       "  'jqueryui': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/jquery-ui.min',\n",
       "  'jquery_drag': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/jquery.event.drag-2.2.min',\n",
       "\n",
       "  /* jQuery plugins */\n",
       "  'chosen': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/chosen.jquery.min',\n",
       "  'spectrum': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/spectrum.min',\n",
       "  'position': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/jquery.ui.position.min',\n",
       "  'contextmenu': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/jquery.contextMenu.min',\n",
       "\n",
       "  /* other libraries */\n",
       "  'underscore': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/underscore-min',\n",
       "  'chroma': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/chroma.min',\n",
       "  'filesaver': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/FileSaver.min',\n",
       "  'blob': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/Blob',\n",
       "  'd3': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/d3.min',\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "  /* THREE.js and plugins */\n",
       "  'three': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/three.min',\n",
       "  'orbitcontrols': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/three.js-plugins/OrbitControls',\n",
       "\n",
       "  /* SlickGrid */\n",
       "  'slickcore': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/slick.core.min',\n",
       "  'slickgrid': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/slick.grid.min',\n",
       "  'slickformatters': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/slick.editors.min',\n",
       "  'slickeditors': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/vendor/js/slick.formatters.min',\n",
       "\n",
       "  /* Emperor's objects */\n",
       "  'util': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/util',\n",
       "  'model': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/model',\n",
       "  'view': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/view',\n",
       "  'controller': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/controller',\n",
       "  'draw': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/draw',\n",
       "  'scene3d': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/sceneplotview3d',\n",
       "  'viewcontroller': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/view-controller',\n",
       "  'colorviewcontroller': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/color-view-controller',\n",
       "  'visibilitycontroller': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/visibility-controller',\n",
       "  'scaleviewcontroller': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/scale-view-controller',\n",
       "  'shapecontroller': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/shape-controller',\n",
       "  'axescontroller': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/axes-controller',\n",
       "  'shape-editor': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/shape-editor',\n",
       "  'color-editor': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/color-editor',\n",
       "  'scale-editor': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/scale-editor',\n",
       "  'shapes': '/nbextensions/emperor/support_files/js/shapes'\n",
       "},\n",
       "/*\n",
       "   Libraries that are not AMD compatible need shim to declare their\n",
       "   dependencies.\n",
       " */\n",
       "'shim': {\n",
       "  'jquery_drag': {\n",
       "    'deps': ['jquery', 'jqueryui']\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  'chosen': {\n",
       "    'deps': ['jquery'],\n",
       "    'exports': 'jQuery.fn.chosen'\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  'contextmenu' : {\n",
       "    'deps': ['jquery', 'jqueryui', 'position']\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  'filesaver' : {\n",
       "    'deps': ['blob']\n",
       "  },\n",
       "  'orbitcontrols': {\n",
       "    'deps': ['three']\n",
       "  },\n",
       "'slickcore': ['jqueryui'],\n",
       "'slickgrid': ['slickcore', 'jquery_drag', 'slickformatters',\n",
       "              'slickeditors']\n",
       "}\n",
       "});\n",
       "\n",
       "requirejs(\n",
       "[\"jquery\", \"model\", \"controller\"],\n",
       "function($, model, EmperorController) {\n",
       "  var DecompositionModel = model.DecompositionModel;\n",
       "\n",
       "  var div = $('#emperor-notebook-0x69a3643a');\n",
       "\n",
       "  var ids = ['449.F21Plml', '449.M22Pinr', '449.M11Glns', '449.F33Fotr', '449.M54Plml', '449.F32Fotl', '449.M22Plml', '449.M24Fotl', '449.M21Glns', '449.M21Plmr', '449.M23Knee', '449.M43Plmr', '449.M63Plmr', '449.M64Plml', '449.F23Plml', '449.M44Plml', '449.F23Plmr', '449.M23Nost', '449.M54Plmr', '449.M53Plml', '449.M44Plmr', '449.M43Plml', '449.M63Plml', '449.M53Fotr', '449.F14Plmr', '449.F24Plmr', '449.M31Plmr', '449.F22Knel', '449.M31Knel', '449.F22Mout', '449.F21Navl', '449.F22Plmr', '449.F12Plmr', '449.F22Indr', '449.M31Plml', '449.M31Indr', '449.F12Indl', '449.F12Plml', '449.F21Fotl', '449.M32Mout', '449.F12Pinl', '449.F12Nstl', '449.M21Indr', '449.M21Mout', '449.M42Indl', '449.M21Indl', '449.F32Plmr', '449.F31Mout', '449.M42Frhd', '449.M21Nstr', '449.M21Plml', '449.F32Nstl', '449.M21Forl', '449.M42Plml', '449.F32Indr', '449.F32Nstr', '449.F32Forl', '449.F32Mout', '449.M22Forl', '449.F32Indl', '449.M22Indr', '449.F32Plml', '449.M21Forr', '449.M22Mout', '449.M42Mout', '449.M53Fotl', '449.F33Plml', '449.F31Fotr', '449.F32Nose', '449.M53Fcsw', '449.M14Fcsw', '449.M33Fcsw', '449.M13Fcsw', '449.M63Fcsw', '449.M24Fcsw', '449.M54Fcsw', '449.F21Fcsw', '449.F22Fcsw', '449.M31Fcsw', '449.M22Nstl', '449.M22Indl', '449.M21Fcsp', '449.F32Fcsw', '449.M41Fcsw', '449.M22Fcsw', '449.M42Fcsw', '449.M34Tong', '449.M44Urin', '449.M53Tong', '449.M43Frhd', '449.M54Tong', '449.F23Tong', '449.M53Uric', '449.M54Uric', '449.M23Ewax', '449.F23Knee', '449.F34Fotr', '449.M64Fotl', '449.M14Tong', '449.M44Knee', '449.F24Frhd', '449.M44Uric', '449.F23Nost', '449.M33Nost', '449.F24Nost', '449.M13Plml', '449.F21Indl', '449.M23Plml', '449.M54Fotr', '449.F21Tong', '449.F21Mout', '449.F21Hair', '449.F21Forr', '449.M31Mout', '449.F21Forl', '449.F12Indr', '449.M32Ewxl', '449.M31Fotr', '449.M31Tong', '449.M32Tong', '449.F22Forl', '449.M32Nose', '449.M32Plmr', '449.M31Hair', '449.F12Aptl', '449.F22Indl', '449.F21Nstl', '449.F21Plmr', '449.M32Pinl', '449.F22Tong', '449.M32Hair', '449.F12Mout', '449.F21Aptr', '449.F22Plml', '449.F22Hair', '449.M41Urin', '449.M41Tong', '449.M42Indr', '449.M42Tong', '449.M41Nose', '449.M42Urin', '449.M42Plmr', '449.M22Nose', '449.M22Nstr', '449.M21Ewxr', '449.M41Plml', '449.M42Hair', '449.M21Pinl', '449.M21Knel', '449.M21Frhd', '449.F31Ewxr', '449.M42Nose', '449.M42Pinl', '449.M41Navl', '449.M21Navl', '449.M41Mout', '449.M22Forr', '449.F31Indl', '449.M41Forr', '449.M22Hair', '449.M22Ewxl', '449.M41Kner', '449.M41Pinl', '449.F31Plmr', '449.M42Forl', '449.M21Nstl', '449.M41Frhd', '449.M22Plmr', '449.F33Plmr', '449.M23Fotr', '449.F33Fotl', '449.F34Fotl', '449.M11Fotl', '449.M22Fotr', '449.M42Knel', '449.M21Fotl', '449.M21Fotr', '449.F31Indr', '449.F14Fotr', '449.F13Fotr', '449.F12Fotl', '449.M42Glns', '449.M64Plmr', '449.M32Fotr', '449.F34Plmr', '449.M23Frhd', '449.F13Plml', '449.M43Nost', '449.M64Knee', '449.F33Nost', '449.F23Frhd', '449.F13Knee', '449.M44Frhd', '449.F34Frhd', '449.F14Frhd', '449.M44Ewax', '449.M63Frhd', '449.M24Nost', '449.F34Nost', '449.M24Knee', '449.M64Frhd', '449.F11Pinr', '449.M44Nost', '449.F13Ewax', '449.M31Pinl', '449.M32Forl', '449.F12Nose', '449.F12Pinr', '449.M31Pinr', '449.F22Pinl', '449.F21Knel', '449.M32Frhd', '449.F22Ewxr', '449.F12Navl', '449.F32Hair', '449.F31Forr', '449.M22Ewxr', '449.F31Knel', '449.M22Navl', '449.F31Frhd', '449.M22Fotl', '449.M21Aptr', '449.F32Forr', '449.M22Frhd', '449.M41Plmr', '449.M22Pinl', '449.M41Pinr', '449.F31Fotl', '449.M21Pinr', '449.M32Indr', '449.F13Tong', '449.M54Urin', '449.M23Fcsw', '449.F24Fcsw', '449.F23Fcsw', '449.M21Fcsw', '449.M22Fcsp', '449.M11Fcsp', '449.M32Nstl', '449.F31Labi', '449.F32Labi', '449.M34Plml', '449.M53Knee', '449.M64Fotr', '449.M14Fotr', '449.F24Plml', '449.M32Forr', '449.M12Ewxr', '449.M32Plml', '449.F32Kner', '449.M31Indl', '449.M31Nose', '449.M32Indl', '449.M21Ewxl', '449.M22Tong', '449.F31Forl', '449.F13Fcsw', '449.M41Knel', '449.F33Fcsw', '449.F34Fcsw', '449.M32Fcsp', '449.F22Fcsp', '449.F32Fcsp', '449.F31Fcsw', '449.M64Fcsw', '449.F31Fcsp', '449.M44Fcsw', '449.M41Fcsp', '449.F21Nstr', '449.M44Fotl', '449.F22Labi', '449.F21Labi', '449.F21Ewxr', '449.F21Kner', '449.F22Urin', '449.F21Urin', '449.M21Urin', '449.M22Urin', '449.M13Frhd', '449.M54Knee', '449.F33Tong', '449.M43Fotr', '449.M14Knee', '449.M42Pinr', '449.F32Fotr', '449.M43Fcsw', '449.M33Frhd', '449.M14Fotl', '449.M43Knee', '449.F12Labi', '449.F22Nose', '449.M12Frhd', '449.M41Nstl', '449.F32Navl', '449.M14Nost', '449.M14Frhd', '449.M12Fotl', '449.F14Fcsw', '449.M32Nstr', '449.M33Tong', '449.M53Urin', '449.M23Tong', '449.M43Tong', '449.M64Tong', '449.M13Tong', '449.M63Tong', '449.F24Tong', '449.M12Tong', '449.M11Tong', '449.M21Tong', '449.F31Tong', '449.F24Fotr', '449.F12Fotr', '449.M42Ewxr', '449.M32Fcsw', '449.M22Aptr', '449.M14Plml', '449.M24Frhd', '449.M34Ewax', '449.F32Frhd', '449.F12Nstr', '449.F14Tong', '449.M64Nost', '449.M44Tong', '449.F22Aptr', '449.M54Nost', '449.M63Nost', '449.M63Ewax', '449.M53Nost', '449.M64Ewax', '449.M34Nost', '449.M13Nost', '449.F13Nost', '449.M34Frhd', '449.M53Ewax', '449.M54Frhd', '449.F22Nstl', '449.F21Aptl', '449.F22Nstr', '449.M31Aptr', '449.M12Nstr', '449.M31Nstr', '449.M32Aptr', '449.M12Nose', '449.F11Nstr', '449.F11Navl', '449.F21Nose', '449.M31Frhd', '449.F32Aptr', '449.M42Aptl', '449.M42Aptr', '449.M41Aptl', '449.M41Aptr', '449.M32Ewxr', '449.F21Ewxl', '449.M43Ewax', '449.F11Urin', '449.F31Nose', '449.M42Ewxl', '449.M23Urin', '449.F32Ewxr', '449.F34Urin', '449.M24Ewax', '449.F12Urin', '449.M23Uric', '449.F22Pinr', '449.F22Fotl', '449.M11Ewxl', '449.F34Uric', '449.M63Urin', '449.F24Uric', '449.F24Urin', '449.M24Urin', '449.F33Uric', '449.F23Uric', '449.F23Urin', '449.F33Urin', '449.F24Ewax', '449.F31Urin', '449.F32Urin', '449.F32Tong', '449.F34Tong', '449.M14Urin', '449.M43Fotl', '449.F11Tong', '449.F12Tong', '449.F22Fotr', '449.F13Urin', '449.F21Frhd', '449.F22Frhd', '449.M41Ewxr', '449.F23Fotr', '449.M13Knee', '449.M53Frhd', '449.M12Aptl', '449.M41Fotr', '449.M41Fotl', '449.M42Fotl', '449.F14Urin', '449.M13Ewax', '449.F24Fotl', '449.F21Pinr', '449.M31Aptl', '449.M32Aptl', '449.M33Ewax', '449.M31Ewxl', '449.F23Ewax', '449.F14Ewax', '449.F23Fotl', '449.F22Ewxl', '449.M14Ewax', '449.M31Ewxr', '449.M41Ewxl'];\n",
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-0.0554483842518, 0.364961613828, 0.274004772579], [0.274750303384, -0.223431138814, -0.0541489919244, 0.385561829494, 0.199223530375], [0.161479238638, -0.13830861157, 0.175069749876, 0.0684702805847, 0.0393944038314], [0.275365112425, -0.188144259744, -0.0518736742277, 0.26503708168, 0.242494443756], [0.271728532467, -0.224109062908, -0.0542430213343, 0.381885197897, 0.240084383123], [-0.113417968645, -0.153693422598, 0.361570141643, -0.014720236651, -0.0587696993099], [-0.122446502567, -0.215953279587, 0.37471773422, 0.00871835010618, 0.00679389556888], [-0.0932325148546, -0.0554845519843, 0.277893463811, -0.0406874721261, 0.0877389041354], [-0.0534272007197, 0.193337728599, -0.0498035418981, 0.0426592749658, -0.00703427498583], [-0.0874931253759, -0.227560309846, 0.332949734489, 0.0242868997782, 0.034192579632], [-0.101464668289, -0.227826308043, 0.339966647978, 0.029076733199, 0.0288219680494], [0.0369856423431, 0.15254223011, 0.0127312352535, -0.0363948975454, 0.000871939957364], [0.140853517496, -0.160342173623, 0.0679952809602, -0.0914619117866, 0.366948746795], [0.317686231605, 0.0597529191674, -0.00358617356109, -0.0277285447268, -0.0318482693653], [0.194894017464, 0.0730304541955, 0.0574963059791, -0.126550873589, -0.00471823657505], [0.334305240286, -0.081051160366, 0.0248748302451, -0.0453181201338, 0.0249176749223], [0.395101226263, -0.121062080685, 0.00195656595555, 0.246567779522, -0.0881837630044], [0.0713629053459, 0.0515183179978, -0.0699721471804, -0.0660435538208, 0.125958759136], [0.289585495718, 0.118978539226, -0.0303753234466, -0.0554432744569, -0.120372501826], [0.266626337541, 0.142079197399, -0.0730741663053, -0.0485314327318, -0.0982300240404], [0.261546502546, 0.0602806221005, -0.0283029957508, 0.0608206741383, -0.142944408491], [0.360350082148, 0.0491637116576, -0.0183564977531, -0.0142855605272, 0.00192125858303], [0.188987545048, 0.0971015526591, -0.0440430153097, -0.0194707704069, -0.0468152469389], [0.211404362274, -0.153322492372, 0.0668998291139, -0.0308896332635, 0.342316486512], [0.453770404053, -0.136335480579, 0.000296170068617, 0.293775770095, -0.162169839067], [0.306669256352, -0.0301922171454, 0.0190689406366, 0.0847354819185, -0.137426182399], [0.399103206959, -0.0312430621704, 0.0463055286867, 0.135886685014, -0.142403902302], [0.398222683646, 0.0733166730477, -0.0349157365999, -0.0707620319614, -0.118151796159], [0.378997360724, 0.0939037785448, -0.0367380509788, -0.0537966506605, -0.142933560138], [0.179100732157, -0.0832746292489, 0.155039007986, 0.0495735894639, -0.0594094663987], [0.413584473544, -0.0318995309822, 0.042690126923, 0.117115004879, -0.216071546981], [0.461485309696, -0.141663937487, 0.0236325966034, 0.290241176323, -0.149545236976], [0.319795228131, -0.0410986073778, 0.00475882836592, 0.174115035744, -0.162305908872], [0.402584987113, -0.0196598389556, 0.00938205780319, 0.111633018464, -0.186733421847], [0.459940329389, -0.125854630123, 0.00887246303222, 0.259519794553, -0.164858326135], [0.464759013852, -0.144182325383, 0.00223406860158, 0.300819019316, -0.157920263677], [0.368677459555, -0.116742732815, 0.0571128180172, 0.029996967433, 0.061586167184], [0.456764913568, -0.0868741922781, -0.000848658352481, 0.231349295248, -0.229325094823]];\n",
       "  var pct_var = [12.2074583847, 10.0247517917, 8.60483771442, 3.9847746522699996, 2.91478655472];\n",
       "  var md_headers = ['SampleID', 'BarcodeSequence', 'LinkerPrimerSequence', 'barcode_read_group_tag', 'dna_extracted_prep', 'experiment_alias', 'experiment_center', 'experiment_design_description', 'experiment_title', 'key_seq', 'library_construction_protocol', 'linker', 'nucl_acid_amp', 'nucl_acid_ext', 'pcr_cond', 'pcr_primers', 'physical_specimen_remaining_prep', 'platform', 'pool_member_name', 'pool_proportion', 'primer_read_group_tag', 'region', 'run_alias', 'run_center', 'run_date', 'run_prefix', 'samp_collect_device_prep', 'samp_size', 'sample_center', 'sample_type_prep', 'sequencing_meth', 'study_center', 'study_ref', 'target_gene', 'target_subfragment', 'url', 'age', 'age_unit', 'altitude', 'anatomical_sample_site', 'anonymized_name', 'assigned_from_geo', 'body_habitat', 'body_product', 'body_site', 'collection_date', 'common_name', 'common_sample_site', 'country', 'depth', 'dna_extracted', 'elevation', 'env_biome', 'env_feature', 'env_matter', 'hiv', 'host_common_name', 'host_individual', 'host_subject_id', 'host_taxid', 'latitude', 'longitude', 'original_sample_site', 'physical_specimen_remaining', 'public', 'samp_collect_device', 'sample_type', 'sex', 'taxon_id', 'title', 'qiita_study_title', 'qiita_study_alias', 'qiita_owner', 'qiita_principal_investigator', 'Description'];\n",
       "  var metadata = [['449.F21Plml', 'ATGCACTGGCGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Plml', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample193', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Pinr', 'CGCACATGTTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Pinr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Pinr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right pinna', 'sample394', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M11Glns', 'ACACTAGATCCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M11Glns', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M11Glns', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Glans penis', 'sample065', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:glans penis', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'glans penis', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'glans penis', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F33Fotr', 'GTATGTTGCTCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F33Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F33Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample454', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M54Plml', 'TAGCACACCTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample218', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Fotl', 'GCTTGCGAGACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample230', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Plml', 'CGATCGAGTGTT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample206', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M24Fotl', 'GCAGCCGAGTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M24Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M24Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample240', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Glns', 'CAGTGCATATGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Glns', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Glns', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Glans penis', 'sample067', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:glans penis', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'glans penis', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'glans penis', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Plmr', 'CATCTGTAGCGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample428', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M23Knee', 'GATCTATCCGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample009', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M43Plmr', 'GTGAGGTCGCTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample438', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M63Plmr', 'TAGTTGCGAGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M63Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M63Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample442', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M64Plml', 'TCACTATGGTCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample220', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F23Plml', 'GCATCGTCAACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample195', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M44Plml', 'GTTGTATACTCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample216', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F23Plmr', 'GCATATAGTCTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample418', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M23Nost', 'GATCGTCCAGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample287', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M54Plmr', 'TAGATCCTCGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample441', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M53Plml', 'TACGGTATGTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M44Plmr', 'GTTGACGACAGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample439', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M43Plml', 'GTGATAGTGCCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample215', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M63Plml', 'TATACGCGCATT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M63Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M63Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample219', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M53Fotr', 'TACTGCGACAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample472', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F14Plmr', 'GAGCATTCTCTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F14Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F14Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample415', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F24Plmr', 'GCGTATCTTGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample419', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Plmr', 'CGTTACTAGAGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Plmr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample432', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Knel', 'ATGTGCACGACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Knel', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Knel', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left popliteal fossa', 'sample110', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Knel', 'CGCTAGAACGCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Knel', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Knel', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left popliteal fossa', 'sample117', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Mout', 'CACATTGTGAGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Mout', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample256', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F21Navl', 'ATGACCATCGTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Navl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Navl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Umbilicus', 'sample269', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of abdomen', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'navel', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'umbilicus', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Plmr', 'CACTCAACAGAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Plmr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample417', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Plmr', 'ATACACGTGGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Plmr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample413', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Indr', 'CACAGTGGACGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Indr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Indr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right index finger', 'sample360', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Plml', 'CGTGTGATCAGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Plml', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample209', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Indr', 'CGTCAGACGGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Indr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Indr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right index finger', 'sample367', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Indl', 'AGTGAGAGAAGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Indl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample136', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Plml', 'ATAATCTCGTCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Plml', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample190', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F21Fotl', 'ATGGATACGCTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Fotl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample225', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Mout', 'CTCCTACTGTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Mout', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample264', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F12Pinl', 'ATACAGAGCTCC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Pinl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Pinl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left pinna', 'sample164', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Nstl', 'AGTTCAGACGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Nstl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Nstl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample150', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'left nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M21Indr', 'CATAGACGTTCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Indr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Indr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right index finger', 'sample365', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Mout', 'CATAGCGAGTTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Mout', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample261', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M42Indl', 'GAGAGCTCTACG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Indl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample148', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Indl', 'CATACCAGTAGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Indl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample143', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Plmr', 'GCTGTGTAGGAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample421', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F31Mout', 'GCACTCGTTAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Mout', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample257', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M42Frhd', 'GAGAATACGTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample058', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Nstr', 'CATCATGAGGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Nstr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample379', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M21Plml', 'CATCGTATCAAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample205', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Nstl', 'GCTGCTGCAATA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Nstl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Nstl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample154', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'left nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M21Forl', 'CAGTCACTAACG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Forl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Forl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left arm', 'sample129', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Plml', 'GAGTATGCAGCC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample214', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Indr', 'GCTATCACGAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Indr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Indr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right index finger', 'sample362', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Nstr', 'GCTGGTATCTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Nstr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample376', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F32Forl', 'GCGTATCTTGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Forl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Forl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left arm', 'sample126', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Mout', 'GCTCAGTGCAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Mout', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample258', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M22Forl', 'CGAAGACTGCTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Forl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Forl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left arm', 'sample130', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Indl', 'GCTAGTCTGAAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Indl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample140', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Indr', 'CGAGCAGCACAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Indr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Indr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right index finger', 'sample366', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Plml', 'GCTGTAGTATGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample198', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Forr', 'CAGTCGAAGCTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Forr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Forr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right arm', 'sample351', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Mout', 'CGAGGCTCAGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Mout', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample262', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M42Mout', 'GAGCAGATGCCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Mout', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample266', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M53Fotl', 'TACTGGACGCGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample249', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F33Plml', 'GTATATCCGCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F33Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F33Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample199', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F31Fotr', 'GCATCGTCAACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample452', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Nose', 'GCTGATGAGCTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Nose', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample024', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M53Fcsw', 'TAGATAGCAGGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample517', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M14Fcsw', 'GACTAGACCAGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample499', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M33Fcsw', 'GGTATACGCAGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M33Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M33Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample510', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M13Fcsw', 'GACAGCGTTGAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M13Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M13Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample498', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M63Fcsw', 'TCACAGATCCGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M63Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M63Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample519', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M24Fcsw', 'GCATAGTAGCCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M24Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M24Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample505', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M54Fcsw', 'TAGTGTGCTTCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample518', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F21Fcsw', 'ATCGATCTGTGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Fcsw', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample483', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F22Fcsw', 'CAACTATCAGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Fcsw', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample485', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M31Fcsw', 'CGTACAGTTATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Fcsw', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample507', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M22Nstl', 'CGATAGATCTTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Nstl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Nstl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample158', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'left nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M22Indl', 'CGAGAGTTACGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Indl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample144', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Fcsp', 'CAGGTGCTACTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Fcsp', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Fcsp', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample500', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F32Fcsw', 'GCGTACAACTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample491', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M41Fcsw', 'CTGTGGATCGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample512', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M22Fcsw', 'CCTCTCGTGATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample503', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M42Fcsw', 'GACTGCATCTTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample514', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M34Tong', 'GTAGATGCTTCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M34Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M34Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample544', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M44Urin', 'TACATCACCACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample594', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M53Tong', 'TACTTCGCTCGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample549', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M43Frhd', 'GTGCAATCGACG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample059', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M54Tong', 'TAGGTATCTCAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample550', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F23Tong', 'GCGAGATCCAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample527', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M53Uric', 'TAGAGAGAGTGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Uric', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Uric', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample595', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M54Uric', 'TAGTGCTGCGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Uric', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Uric', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample597', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M23Ewax', 'GATGATCGCCGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample305', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F23Knee', 'GCCACTGATAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample003', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F34Fotr', 'GTCTCATGTAGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F34Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F34Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample455', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M64Fotl', 'TCAGCCATGACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample252', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M14Tong', 'GACGCTAGTTCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample536', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M44Knee', 'TAAGCGCAGCAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample014', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F24Frhd', 'GCTAAGAGAGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample040', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M44Uric', 'TACCGCTAGTAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Uric', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Uric', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample593', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F23Nost', 'GCATTGCGTGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample281', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M33Nost', 'GCTTCATAGTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M33Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M33Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample289', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F24Nost', 'GCTAGATGCCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample282', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M13Plml', 'CTTAGCACATCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M13Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M13Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample203', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F21Indl', 'ATCTCTGGCATA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Indl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample137', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M23Plml', 'GATCCGACACTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample207', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M54Fotr', 'TAGCGGATCACG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample473', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F21Tong', 'ATGGCGTGCACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Tong', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample525', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F21Mout', 'ATCTTAGACTGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Mout', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample255', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F21Hair', 'ATCTACTACACG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Hair', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Hair', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Head hair', 'sample075', 'False', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', '2008-2009', 'human hair metagenome', 'hair on head', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'hair on head', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human hair metagenome'], ['449.F21Forr', 'ATCGCTCGAGGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Forr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Forr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right arm', 'sample345', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Mout', 'CGTCGATCTCTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Mout', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample263', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F21Forl', 'ATCGCGGACGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Forl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Forl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left arm', 'sample123', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Indr', 'AGTGCGATGCGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Indr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Indr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right index finger', 'sample358', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Ewxl', 'CTAGCGAACATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Ewxl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Ewxl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left external auditory canal', 'sample186', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:ear canal', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'left outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M31Fotr', 'CTACACAAGCAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Fotr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample464', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Tong', 'CTACATCTAAGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Tong', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample541', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M32Tong', 'CTGAGCAGAGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Tong', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample542', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F22Forl', 'CAACTCATCGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Forl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Forl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left arm', 'sample124', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Nose', 'CTCGATTAGATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Nose', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample030', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Plmr', 'CTCTGAAGTCTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Plmr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample433', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Hair', 'CGTCAACGATGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Hair', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Hair', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Head hair', 'sample083', 'False', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', '2008-2009', 'human hair metagenome', 'hair on head', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'hair on head', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human hair metagenome'], ['449.F12Aptl', 'AGCTGACTAGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Aptl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Aptl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left axilla', 'sample094', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Indl', 'CACAGCTCGAAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Indl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample138', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F21Nstl', 'ATGAGACTCCAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Nstl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Nstl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample151', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'left nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F21Plmr', 'ATGCAGCTCAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Plmr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample416', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Pinl', 'CTCTGCTAGCCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Pinl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Pinl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left pinna', 'sample173', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Tong', 'CAGACTCGCAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Tong', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample526', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M32Hair', 'CTCAGTATGCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Hair', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Hair', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Head hair', 'sample084', 'False', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', '2008-2009', 'human hair metagenome', 'hair on head', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'hair on head', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human hair metagenome'], ['449.F12Mout', 'AGTGGATGCTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Mout', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample254', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F21Aptr', 'ATATGCCAGTGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Aptr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Aptr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right axilla', 'sample317', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Plml', 'CACTACTGTTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Plml', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample194', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Hair', 'CACACGTGAGCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Hair', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Hair', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Head hair', 'sample076', 'False', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', '2008-2009', 'human hair metagenome', 'hair on head', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'hair on head', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human hair metagenome'], ['449.M41Urin', 'GACGCAGTAGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample565', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M41Tong', 'GACGATATCGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample545', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M42Indr', 'GAGATGCCGACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Indr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Indr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right index finger', 'sample370', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Tong', 'GATAGTGCCACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample546', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M41Nose', 'GAATGATGAGTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Nose', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample031', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Urin', 'GATATGCGGCTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample566', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M42Plmr', 'GAGTCTGAGTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample437', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Nose', 'CGAGTTGTAGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Nose', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample028', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Nstr', 'CGATATTCATCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Nstr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample380', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M21Ewxr', 'CAGCTAGAACGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Ewxr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample406', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M41Plml', 'GACAGGAGATAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample213', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Hair', 'GAGAGAATGATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Hair', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Hair', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Head hair', 'sample086', 'False', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', '2008-2009', 'human hair metagenome', 'hair on head', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'hair on head', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human hair metagenome'], ['449.M21Pinl', 'CATGAGTGCTAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Pinl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Pinl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left pinna', 'sample170', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Knel', 'CAGCACTAAGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Knel', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Knel', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left popliteal fossa', 'sample115', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Frhd', 'CAGTGATCCTAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample049', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F31Ewxr', 'GATCTCATAGGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Ewxr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample403', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M42Nose', 'GAGCTGGCTGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Nose', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample032', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Pinl', 'GAGTGAGTACAA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Pinl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Pinl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left pinna', 'sample175', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Navl', 'GAAGTCTCGCAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Navl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Navl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Umbilicus', 'sample277', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of abdomen', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'navel', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'umbilicus', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Navl', 'CATATACTCGCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Navl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Navl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Umbilicus', 'sample274', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of abdomen', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'navel', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'umbilicus', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Mout', 'GAAGCTACTGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Mout', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Mout', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Oral cavity', 'sample265', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:mouth', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'mouth', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'oral cavity', 'False', 'True', 'water_rinse', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M22Forr', 'CGAATCGACACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Forr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Forr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right arm', 'sample352', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F31Indl', 'GCAATAGCTGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Indl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample139', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Forr', 'CTTAGCACATCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Forr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Forr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right arm', 'sample355', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Hair', 'CGACTTATGTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Hair', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Hair', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Head hair', 'sample082', 'False', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', '2008-2009', 'human hair metagenome', 'hair on head', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'hair on head', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human hair metagenome'], ['449.M22Ewxl', 'CCGACTGAGATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Ewxl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Ewxl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left external auditory canal', 'sample184', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:ear canal', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'left outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M41Kner', 'CTGGCTGTATGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Kner', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Kner', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right popliteal fossa', 'sample341', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Pinl', 'GACATCGGCTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Pinl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Pinl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left pinna', 'sample174', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F31Plmr', 'GCAGTATCACTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample420', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Forl', 'GACTGTCATGCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Forl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Forl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left arm', 'sample134', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Nstl', 'CATCAGCGTGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Nstl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Nstl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample157', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'left nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M41Frhd', 'CTTGATGCGTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample057', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Plmr', 'CGATGCACCAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample429', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F33Plmr', 'GTAGTGTCTAGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F33Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F33Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample422', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M23Fotr', 'GATCTCATAGGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample462', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F33Fotl', 'GTCAACGCGATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F33Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F33Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample231', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F34Fotl', 'GTCTCTCTACGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F34Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F34Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample232', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M11Fotl', 'ACCAGACGATGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M11Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M11Fotl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample233', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Fotr', 'CGCAGACAGACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample461', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Knel', 'GACTAACGTCAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Knel', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Knel', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left popliteal fossa', 'sample120', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Fotl', 'CATGGCTACACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample237', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Fotr', 'CATGTAATGCTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample460', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F31Indr', 'GCACATCGAGCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Indr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Indr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right index finger', 'sample361', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F14Fotr', 'GAGTCTGAGTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F14Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F14Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample447', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F13Fotr', 'GACTTCAGTGTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F13Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F13Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample446', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Fotl', 'ATACTATTGCGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Fotl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample222', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Glns', 'GAGACAGCTTGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Glns', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Glns', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Glans penis', 'sample072', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:glans penis', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'glans penis', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'glans penis', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M64Plmr', 'TCACGATTAGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample443', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Fotr', 'CTGAGATACGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Fotr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample465', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F34Plmr', 'GTCGCTGTCTTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F34Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F34Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample423', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M23Frhd', 'GATCGCAGGTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample051', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F13Plml', 'GACTCGAATCGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F13Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F13Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample191', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M43Nost', 'GTGCACATTATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample291', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M64Knee', 'TCAGACAGACCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample018', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F33Nost', 'GTATGACTGGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F33Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F33Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample283', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F23Frhd', 'GCATGTGCATGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample039', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F13Knee', 'GACTGTCATGCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F13Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F13Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample001', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M44Frhd', 'TAACAGTCGCTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample060', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F34Frhd', 'GTCGTGTGTCAA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F34Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F34Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample044', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F14Frhd', 'GAGGCTCATCAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F14Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F14Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample036', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M44Ewax', 'TACAGATGGCTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample310', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M63Frhd', 'TATCAGGTGTGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M63Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M63Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample063', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M24Nost', 'GCACTCGTTAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M24Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M24Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample288', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F34Nost', 'GTCTACACACAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F34Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F34Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample284', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M24Knee', 'GCACTGAGACGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M24Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M24Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample010', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M64Frhd', 'TCACTGGCAGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample064', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F11Pinr', 'TGCGCGAATACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F11Pinr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F11Pinr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right pinna', 'sample385', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M44Nost', 'TAACTCTGATGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample292', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F13Ewax', 'GAGACAGCTTGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F13Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F13Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample297', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M31Pinl', 'CGTTATGTACAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Pinl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Pinl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left pinna', 'sample172', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Forl', 'CTATCAGTGTAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Forl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Forl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left arm', 'sample132', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Nose', 'AGTGTTCGATCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Nose', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample020', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Pinr', 'ATACGTCTTCGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Pinr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Pinr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right pinna', 'sample386', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Pinr', 'CGTTCGCATAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Pinr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Pinr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right pinna', 'sample395', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Pinl', 'CACTCTGATTAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Pinl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Pinl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left pinna', 'sample165', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F21Knel', 'ATCACGTAGCGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Knel', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Knel', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left popliteal fossa', 'sample109', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Frhd', 'CTATGCTTGATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Frhd', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample054', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Ewxr', 'ATTCTGTGAGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Ewxr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample402', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F12Navl', 'AGTGTCACGGTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Navl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Navl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Umbilicus', 'sample268', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of abdomen', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'navel', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'umbilicus', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Hair', 'GCTAGATGCCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Hair', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Hair', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Head hair', 'sample078', 'False', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', 'UBERON:hair', '2008-2009', 'human hair metagenome', 'hair on head', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'hair on head', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human hair metagenome'], ['449.F31Forr', 'GATGTCGTGTCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Forr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Forr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right arm', 'sample347', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Ewxr', 'CCGATGTCAGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Ewxr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample407', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F31Knel', 'GATCGCAGGTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Knel', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Knel', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left popliteal fossa', 'sample111', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Navl', 'CGAGTCTAGTTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Navl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Navl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Umbilicus', 'sample275', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of abdomen', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'navel', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'umbilicus', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F31Frhd', 'GATGTGAGCGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample041', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Fotl', 'CGCACTCTAGAA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample238', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Aptr', 'CAGATCGGATCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Aptr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Aptr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right axilla', 'sample323', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Forr', 'GCGTTACACACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Forr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Forr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right arm', 'sample348', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Frhd', 'CGACAGCTGACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample050', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Plmr', 'GACAGTTACTGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Plmr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Plmr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right palm', 'sample436', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M22Pinl', 'CGATGTCGTCAA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Pinl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Pinl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left pinna', 'sample171', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Pinr', 'GACCACTACGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Pinr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Pinr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right pinna', 'sample397', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F31Fotl', 'GCATATAGTCTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample229', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Pinr', 'CATGCAGACTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Pinr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Pinr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right pinna', 'sample393', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Indr', 'CTCCACATGAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Indr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Indr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right index finger', 'sample368', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F13Tong', 'GAGAGAATGATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F13Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F13Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample523', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M54Urin', 'TAGTCGTCTAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample598', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M23Fcsw', 'GATTAGCACTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample504', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F24Fcsw', 'GCTGGTATCTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample487', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F23Fcsw', 'GCGTACAACTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample486', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M21Fcsw', 'CAGTACGATCTT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample501', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M22Fcsp', 'CCTAGTACTGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Fcsp', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Fcsp', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample502', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M11Fcsp', 'AATCGTGACTCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M11Fcsp', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M11Fcsp', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample494', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M32Nstl', 'CTCGCACATATA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Nstl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Nstl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample160', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'left nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F31Labi', 'GCACGACAACAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Labi', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Labi', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Frenulum of labia minora', 'sample091', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:labia minora', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'labia minora', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:mucus', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'labia minora', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Labi', 'GCTATTCGACAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Labi', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Labi', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Frenulum of labia minora', 'sample092', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:labia minora', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'labia minora', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:mucus', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'labia minora', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M34Plml', 'GGTCGTAGCGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M34Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M34Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample212', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M53Knee', 'TACTACATGGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample015', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M64Fotr', 'TCAGATCCGATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample475', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M14Fotr', 'GACGAGTCAGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample459', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F24Plml', 'GCGTTACACACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample196', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Forr', 'CTATCTAGCGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Forr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Forr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right arm', 'sample354', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M12Ewxr', 'ACGCGATACTGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M12Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M12Ewxr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample405', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M32Plml', 'CTCTCTACCTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Plml', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample210', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Kner', 'GCGACTTGTGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Kner', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Kner', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right popliteal fossa', 'sample334', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Indl', 'CGTCACGACTAA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Indl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample145', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Nose', 'CGTGATCTCTCC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Nose', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample029', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Indl', 'CTCATGTACAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Indl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Indl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left index finger', 'sample146', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of finger', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left index finger', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palmar index finger', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M21Ewxl', 'CAGCGGTGACAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Ewxl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Ewxl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left external auditory canal', 'sample183', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:ear canal', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'left outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M22Tong', 'CGCAGCGGTATA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample538', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F31Forl', 'GATGCATGACGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Forl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Forl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of left arm', 'sample125', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of forearm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left forearm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left volar forearm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F13Fcsw', 'GAGCAGATGCCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F13Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F13Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample480', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M41Knel', 'CTGGAGCATGAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Knel', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Knel', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left popliteal fossa', 'sample119', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F33Fcsw', 'GTCGACTCCTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F33Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F33Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample492', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F34Fcsw', 'GTGACTGCGGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F34Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F34Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample493', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M32Fcsp', 'CTAGTCAGCTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Fcsp', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Fcsp', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample508', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F22Fcsp', 'CAACACGCACGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Fcsp', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Fcsp', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample484', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F32Fcsp', 'GCGGATGTGACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Fcsp', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Fcsp', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample490', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F31Fcsw', 'GATGATCGCCGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample489', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M64Fcsw', 'TCAGTGACGTAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample520', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F31Fcsp', 'GATCTTCAGTAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Fcsp', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Fcsp', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample488', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M44Fcsw', 'TACGATGACCAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample516', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M41Fcsp', 'CTGTGACATTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Fcsp', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Fcsp', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample511', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.F21Nstr', 'TCATCGCGATAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Nstr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample373', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M44Fotl', 'TACACGATCTAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample248', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Labi', 'CACATCTAACAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Labi', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Labi', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Frenulum of labia minora', 'sample090', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:labia minora', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'labia minora', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:mucus', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'labia minora', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F21Labi', 'ATCTGGTGCTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Labi', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Labi', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Frenulum of labia minora', 'sample089', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:labia minora', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'labia minora', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:mucus', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'labia minora', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F21Ewxr', 'ATCCGATCACAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Ewxr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample401', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F21Kner', 'ATCACTAGTCAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Kner', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Kner', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right popliteal fossa', 'sample331', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right popliteal fossa', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Urin', 'CAGAGGAGCTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample556', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F21Urin', 'ATGGTCTACTAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample555', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M21Urin', 'CATTCGATGACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample563', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M22Urin', 'CGCATGAGGATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample564', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M13Frhd', 'CTTGATGCGTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M13Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M13Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample047', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M54Knee', 'TAGCGACATCTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample016', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F33Tong', 'GTCATATCGTAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F33Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F33Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample531', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M43Fotr', 'GTGTACCTATCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample470', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M14Knee', 'GACCGAGCTATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample008', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Pinr', 'GAGTGGTAGAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Pinr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Pinr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right pinna', 'sample398', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Fotr', 'GGACGTCACAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample453', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M43Fcsw', 'GTTCGCGTATAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample515', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M33Frhd', 'GCTTACATCGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M33Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M33Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample055', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M14Fotl', 'GACGATATCGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample236', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M43Knee', 'GTGGCGATACAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample013', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Labi', 'AGTTAGTGCGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Labi', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Labi', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Frenulum of labia minora', 'sample088', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:labia minora', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'labia minora', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:mucus', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'labia minora', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Nose', 'CACGGACTATAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Nose', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample022', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M12Frhd', 'ACGGTGAGTGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M12Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M12Frhd', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample046', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Nstl', 'GACACTCGAATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Nstl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Nstl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample161', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'left nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F32Navl', 'GCTCGCTACTTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Navl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Navl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Umbilicus', 'sample271', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of abdomen', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'navel', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'umbilicus', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M14Nost', 'GACCACTACGAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample286', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M14Frhd', 'GACATCGGCTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample048', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M12Fotl', 'ACTCTTCTAGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M12Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M12Fotl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample234', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F14Fcsw', 'GATATGCGGCTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F14Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F14Fcsw', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample481', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M32Nstr', 'CTCGTGGAGTAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Nstr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample382', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M33Tong', 'GGCGACATGTAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M33Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M33Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample543', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M53Urin', 'TAGACTGTACTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample596', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M23Tong', 'GATGCATGACGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample539', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M43Tong', 'GTGTGTGTCAGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample547', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M64Tong', 'TCAGGACTGTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample552', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M13Tong', 'GAAGTCTCGCAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M13Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M13Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample535', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M63Tong', 'TATTCGTGTCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M63Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M63Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample551', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F24Tong', 'GCTCGCTACTTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample528', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M12Tong', 'ACTGATCCTAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M12Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M12Tong', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample534', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M11Tong', 'ACCGCAGAGTCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M11Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M11Tong', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample533', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M21Tong', 'CATGTCTCTCCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M21Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M21Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample537', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F31Tong', 'GCATGTGCATGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample529', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F24Fotr', 'GCTATCACGAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample451', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Fotr', 'ATACTCACTCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Fotr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample445', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Ewxr', 'GACTCGAATCGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Ewxr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample411', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M32Fcsw', 'CTATAGTCGTGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Fcsw', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Fcsw', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Feces', 'sample509', 'False', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', 'UBERON:feces', '2008-2009', 'human gut metagenome', 'stool', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:feces', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'stool', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '408170', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human gut metagenome'], ['449.M22Aptr', 'CCAGATGATCGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M22Aptr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M22Aptr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right axilla', 'sample324', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M14Plml', 'GACAGTTACTGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Plml', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Plml', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left palm', 'sample204', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of hand', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left palm', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left palm', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M24Frhd', 'GCACGACAACAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M24Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M24Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample052', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M34Ewax', 'GTAGAGCTGTTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M34Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M34Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample308', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F32Frhd', 'GCTAAGAGAGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample042', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F12Nstr', 'AGTTCTACGTCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Nstr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample372', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F14Tong', 'GATACGTCCTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F14Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F14Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample524', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M64Nost', 'TCACTTCTCGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample296', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M44Tong', 'TACAGTCTCATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M44Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M44Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample548', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F22Aptr', 'ATGTCACCGTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Aptr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Aptr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right axilla', 'sample318', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M54Nost', 'TAGCCTCTCTGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample294', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M63Nost', 'TATCGCGCGATA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M63Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M63Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample295', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M63Ewax', 'TATGGCACACAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M63Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M63Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample313', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M53Nost', 'TACTAATCTGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample293', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M64Ewax', 'TCAGCTCAACTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M64Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M64Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample314', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M34Nost', 'GTACAAGAGTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M34Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M34Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample290', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M13Nost', 'CTTGTGTCGATA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M13Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M13Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample285', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F13Nost', 'GACTGCATCTTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F13Nost', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F13Nost', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample279', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'nostrils', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'nares', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M34Frhd', 'GGTGCGTGTATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M34Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M34Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample056', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M53Ewax', 'TACTTACTGCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample311', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M54Frhd', 'TAGCATCGTGGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M54Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M54Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample062', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Nstl', 'CACGTCGATGGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Nstl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Nstl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample152', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'left nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F21Aptl', 'ATATCGCTACTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Aptl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Aptl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left axilla', 'sample095', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Nstr', 'CACGTGACATGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Nstr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample374', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M31Aptr', 'CGCGTAACTGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Aptr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Aptr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right axilla', 'sample325', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M12Nstr', 'ACTATTGTCACG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M12Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M12Nstr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample378', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M31Nstr', 'CGTGTACATCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Nstr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample381', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.M32Aptr', 'CTACTGATATCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Aptr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Aptr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right axilla', 'sample326', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M12Nose', 'ACTACGTGTGGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M12Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M12Nose', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample026', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F11Nstr', 'AGCATATGAGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F11Nstr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F11Nstr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Nares', 'sample371', 'False', 'UBERON:nostril', 'UBERON:mucus', 'UBERON:nostril', '2008-2009', 'human nose metagenome', 'right nostril', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right naris', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human nose metagenome'], ['449.F11Navl', 'AGCACGAGCCTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F11Navl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F11Navl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Umbilicus', 'sample267', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of abdomen', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'navel', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'umbilicus', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F21Nose', 'ATGACTCATTCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Nose', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample021', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Frhd', 'CGTATCTGCGAA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Frhd', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample053', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F32Aptr', 'GCCAGAGTCGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Aptr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Aptr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right axilla', 'sample320', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Aptl', 'GACGCTAGTTCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Aptl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Aptl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left axilla', 'sample106', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Aptr', 'GACGTTGCACAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Aptr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Aptr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right axilla', 'sample328', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Aptl', 'CTGCTGCGAAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Aptl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Aptl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left axilla', 'sample105', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Aptr', 'CTGGACTCATAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Aptr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Aptr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right axilla', 'sample327', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Ewxr', 'CTAGGTCACTAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Ewxr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample409', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F21Ewxl', 'ATCAGGCGTGTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Ewxl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Ewxl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left external auditory canal', 'sample178', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:ear canal', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'left outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M43Ewax', 'GTGTGCTATCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample309', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F11Urin', 'AGCTCTCAGAGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F11Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F11Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample553', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F31Nose', 'GCAGCACGTTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Nose', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Nose', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External nose', 'sample023', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:nose', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'external nose', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external nose', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Ewxl', 'GACTCACTCAAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Ewxl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Ewxl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left external auditory canal', 'sample188', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:ear canal', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'left outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M23Urin', 'GATGTCGTGTCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample584', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F32Ewxr', 'GCGATATATCGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Ewxr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample404', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F34Urin', 'GTCTTCGTCGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F34Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F34Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample578', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M24Ewax', 'GCAGGATAGATA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M24Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M24Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample306', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F12Urin', 'ATAGGCGATCTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample554', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M23Uric', 'GATGTGAGCGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M23Uric', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M23Uric', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample583', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F22Pinr', 'CACTGGTATATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Pinr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Pinr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right pinna', 'sample388', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Fotl', 'CACTGTAGGACG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Fotl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample226', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M11Ewxl', 'AAGCTGCAGTCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M11Ewxl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M11Ewxl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left external auditory canal', 'sample181', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:ear canal', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'left outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F34Uric', 'GTGACCTGATGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F34Uric', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F34Uric', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample577', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M63Urin', 'TCAACAGCATCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M63Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M63Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample600', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M6', 'M6', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F24Uric', 'GCTGCTGCAATA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Uric', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Uric', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample573', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F24Urin', 'GCTGATGAGCTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample574', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M24Urin', 'GCAGTATCACTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M24Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M24Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample586', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M2', 'M2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F33Uric', 'GTCCATAGCTAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F33Uric', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F33Uric', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample575', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F23Uric', 'GCGGATGTGACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Uric', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Uric', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample571', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F23Urin', 'GCGATATATCGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample572', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F33Urin', 'GTCATTCACGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F33Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F33Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample576', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F24Ewax', 'GCTCAGTGCAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample300', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F31Urin', 'GCATTGCGTGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F31Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F31Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample561', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F32Urin', 'GGCAGTGTATCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample562', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F32Tong', 'GGATCGCAGATC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F32Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F32Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample530', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F34Tong', 'GTCTGGATAGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F34Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F34Tong', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample532', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F3', 'F3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.M14Urin', 'GACGTTGCACAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample582', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M43Fotl', 'GTGTCTACATTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M43Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M43Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample247', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F11Tong', 'AGCTCCATACAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F11Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F11Tong', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample521', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F12Tong', 'ATAGCTCCATAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F12Tong', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F12Tong', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Dorsal surface of tongue', 'sample522', 'False', 'UBERON:oral cavity', 'UBERON:saliva', 'UBERON:tongue', '2008-2009', 'human oral metagenome', 'tongue', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:saliva', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'dorsal surface of tongue', 'False', 'True', 'swab', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '447426', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human oral metagenome'], ['449.F22Fotr', 'CAGACATTGCGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Fotr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample449', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F13Urin', 'GAGAGCTCTACG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F13Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F13Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample568', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.F21Frhd', 'ATCGTACAACTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Frhd', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample037', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Frhd', 'CAAGTGAGAGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Frhd', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample038', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Ewxr', 'CTGTCTCTCCTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Ewxr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample410', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F23Fotr', 'GCCAGAGTCGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample450', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M13Knee', 'GAACATGATGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M13Knee', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M13Knee', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Popliteal fossa', 'sample007', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of knee', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'back of knees', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'popliteal fossae', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M53Frhd', 'TACGTGTACGTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M53Frhd', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M53Frhd', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '60.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Forehead', 'sample061', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of head', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'forehead', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M5', 'M5', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'forehead', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M12Aptl', 'ACCTGTCTCTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M12Aptl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M12Aptl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left axilla', 'sample100', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Fotr', 'GACGAGTCAGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Fotr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Fotr', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right foot surface', 'sample468', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M41Fotl', 'GACCGAGCTATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample245', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M42Fotl', 'GATACGTCCTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M42Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M42Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample246', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F14Urin', 'GATAGCTGTCTT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F14Urin', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F14Urin', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Urine', 'sample570', 'False', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', 'UBERON:urine', '2008-2009', 'human urine metagenome', 'urine', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:urine', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'urine', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human urine metagenome'], ['449.M13Ewax', 'GAAGCTACTGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M13Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M13Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample303', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F24Fotl', 'GCTATTCGACAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F24Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F24Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample228', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F21Pinr', 'ATGCGTAGTGCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F21Pinr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F21Pinr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Surface of right pinna', 'sample387', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'right outer ear', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right lateral pinna', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M31Aptl', 'CGCGATAGCAGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Aptl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Aptl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left axilla', 'sample103', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M32Aptl', 'CTACTACAGGTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M32Aptl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M32Aptl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left axilla', 'sample104', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin of arm', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left armpit', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sweat', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left axilla', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.M33Ewax', 'GGCAGTGTATCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M33Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M33Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample307', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M31Ewxl', 'CGGAGTGTCTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Ewxl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Ewxl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left external auditory canal', 'sample185', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:ear canal', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'left outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F23Ewax', 'GCGACTTGTGTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample299', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F14Ewax', 'GAGTGGTAGAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F14Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F14Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample298', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F1', 'F1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.F23Fotl', 'GCCTATACTACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F23Fotl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F23Fotl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left foot surface', 'sample227', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:zone of skin of foot', '2008-2009', 'human skin metagenome', 'left sole of foot', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:sebum', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left plantar foot', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '539655', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human skin metagenome'], ['449.F22Ewxl', 'ATTATCGTGCAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'F22Ewxl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'F22Ewxl', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left external auditory canal', 'sample179', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:ear canal', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'left outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'F2', 'F2', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'female', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M14Ewax', 'GACGCAGTAGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M14Ewax', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M14Ewax', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FKB0RMH', 'CGS-GL', '11/14/2008', 'FKB0RMH', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '36.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:External auditory canal', 'sample304', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M1', 'M1', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M31Ewxr', 'CGGCGATGTACA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M31Ewxr', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M31Ewxr', '0.005', 'V2', '0', 'FFLHOYS', 'CGS-GL', '8/18/2008', 'FFLHOYS', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '33.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Right external auditory canal', 'sample408', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:zone of skin of outer ear', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'right outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M3', 'M3', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'right external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome'], ['449.M41Ewxl', 'CTGTATCGTATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'M41Ewxl', 'True', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'CCME', 'Healthy adults were recruited to donate samples on two consecutive days in June and again three months later on two consecutive days in September 2008. Volunteers were unrelated individuals of both sexes and most lived in Boulder, CO. Female subjects F1, F2, F3 and male subjects M1, M2, M3, M4, and M6 were 30-35 years old. Subject M5 was approximately 60 years old. The health status of the volunteers was self-reported. None of the volunteers indicated that they had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0708.12). On the day of sampling, participants were instructed to bathe in the morning using their choice of personal hygiene products, but to avoid wearing deodorant or antiperspirant. The interval between subject bathing and the collection of most samples likely ranged from around several hours to half an hour. Participants were asked to avoid eating or drinking for one hour prior to oral sampling. Skin surfaces, hair on top of the head, and nostrils (nares) were sampled using autoclaved cotton-tipped swabs (Puritan) pre-moistened with a sterile solution of 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20 (S1, S2). Swabbing has been shown to be a suitable method for skin sample collection for microbial community analysis (S3). Dry cotton-tipped swabs were used to sample the external auditory canal [and earwax (cerumen) if present], the dorsal surface of the tongue, and stool. Stool samples have been shown to provide an adequately representative sample of the gut microbiota (S4). Stool was swabbed using two different methods for comparison: i) off of used bathroom tissue and ii) by stabbing the swab directly into the largest piece of feces (see Fig. S22 for comparison). We found that swabbing off of used bathroom tissue was adequate for obtaining material for microbial community analysis. Swabs were placed in sterile 15 ml plastic tubes and stored at -80C within 10 minutes of sampling. Volunteers sampled stool on the same days that the other samples were collected (within 24 hours). If needed, the subjects were provided dry ice for the transport of their stool samples back to the lab. Liquid samples were also collected. The oral cavity was rinsed by swishing 10 ml of sterile water for 10 seconds, and then spitting the water into a sterile 50 ml plastic tube (see Fig. S22 for comparison to dorsal tongue swabs). Liquids were stored at 4C for several hours before sterile filtration onto 0.2micro-m pore size cellulose-nitrate filters (Nalgene). Filtered samples were immediately placed at -80C. Volunteers sampled themselves while wearing sterile gloves after first having their palms and index fingers swabbed by another person wearing sterile gloves. Replicate samples from the right and left sides of the body were taken when possible. All but one subject had not taken antibiotics in the 6 months prior to the June sampling dates, and none took antibiotics during the study period. Figure S1 lists the sample types, dates, and subjects. Samples were stored at -80C for <1 week prior to DNA extraction. We performed a follow-up study aimed at addressing whether skin location influences bacterial community assembly. Our approach involved transplanting foreign bacteria from various donor sites (dorsal tongue, forehead, and volar forearm) onto disinfected recipient skin sites (forehead and volar forearm) both within and between individuals. All individuals were made aware of the nature of the experiment and gave written informed consent in accordance with the sampling protocol approved by the University of Colorado Human Research Committee (protocol 0109.23).', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'TCAG', 'Amplicon DNA concentrations were determined using the Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent and kit (Invitrogen). Assays were carried out using 5-10 _l of cleaned PCR product in a total reaction volume of 200 _l in black, 96-well microtiter plates. Fluorescence was measured on a BioTek Synergy HT plate reader using the 480/520-nm excitation/emission filter pair. Following quantitation, cleaned amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios into a single tube. The final pool of DNA was precipitated on ice for 45 minutes following theaddition of 5 M NaCl (0.2 M final concentration) and 2 volumes of ice-cold 100% ethanol. The precipitated DNA was centrifuged at 7,800 x g for 40 minutes at 4C, and the resulting pellet was washed with an equal volume of ice-cold 70% ethanol and centrifuged again at 7,800 x g for 20 minutes at 4C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and then resuspended in 100 micro-l of nuclease-free water (MO BIO). The final concentration of the pooled DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher). Pyrosequencing was carried out using primer A on a 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX instrument (Roche).', 'CA', 'PMID: 19892944', 'http://www.mobio.com/soil-dna-isolation/powersoil-dna-isolation-kit.html', 'initial denaturation: 94; annealing: 50_0.5; elongation: 72_1.5; final elongation: 72_10; 35', 'FWD:GCCTTGCCAGCCCGCTCAGTCAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG;REV:CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'False', 'FLX', 'M41Ewxl', '0.006', 'V2', '0', 'FFO92CG', 'CGS-GL', '8/20/2008', 'FFO92CG', 'swab with sterile saline', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'XXQIITAXX', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', 'costello_whole_body_sites', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/1177486', '31.0', 'years', '0', 'FMA:Left external auditory canal', 'sample187', 'False', 'UBERON:external auditory canal', 'UBERON:cerumen', 'UBERON:ear canal', '2008-2009', 'human metagenome', 'left outer ear canal/earwax', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624.097656', 'ENVO:urban biome', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:ear wax', 'Negative', 'human', 'M4', 'M4', '9606', '40.0149856', '-105.2705456', 'left external auditory canal', 'False', 'True', '', 'XXQIITAXX', 'male', '646099', 'Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time', 'Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time', 'CostelloWholeBodySites', 'Gail Ackermann', 'Rob Knight', 'human metagenome']];\n",
       "  var axesNames = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n",
       "\n",
       "  var dm, ec;\n",
       "\n",
       "  function init() {\n",
       "    // Initialize the DecompositionModel\n",
       "    dm = new DecompositionModel(name, ids, coords, pct_var,\n",
       "                                md_headers, metadata, axesNames);\n",
       "    // Initialize the EmperorController\n",
       "    ec = new EmperorController(dm, 'emperor-notebook-0x69a3643a');\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function animate() {\n",
       "    requestAnimationFrame(animate);\n",
       "    ec.render();\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  $(window).resize(function() {\n",
       "    ec.resize(div.innerWidth(), div.innerHeight());\n",
       "  });\n",
       "\n",
       "  $(function(){\n",
       "    init();\n",
       "    animate();\n",
       "\n",
       "  });\n",
       "\n",
       "}); // END REQUIRE.JS block\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<emperor.core.Emperor at 0x1176da710>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Emperor(coordinates, metadata, remote=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "<!-- RISE has some scrolling bugs, so we pre-allocate some space to display the emperor plot -->\n",
    "<div style='height:500px'></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Outline\n",
    "\n",
    "- ~~Background (why $\\beta$-diversity).~~\n",
    "\n",
    "- **What is Emperor.**\n",
    "\n",
    "- How can we use Emperor.\n",
    "    \n",
    "- Analyzing a use case."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# What is Emperor?\n",
    "\n",
    "- A Python 2/3 package that powers a JavaScript UI.\n",
    "    - https://github.com/biocore/emperor\n",
    "    \n",
    "- Originated in the context of Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology http://2.qiime.org"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Scatter plot viewer.\n",
    "\n",
    "    - Visualize\n",
    "    - Interact\n",
    "    - Share"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Other applications"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Qiita\n",
    "    - https://qiita.ucsd.edu\n",
    "    ![qiita](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/biocore/qiita/master/qiita_pet/static/img/logo.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- American Gut (participant's results).\n",
    "    - http://americangut.org/\n",
    "    <img src='https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/88tkWe8K-u_ZUgO3GVIrnDSeJE65QGHOlCY_-WQ3mFxmmskkxEZGEmj6GxYilVe5f5gnEx2K_EdOZngTeY750V4rtNLt0n5rVA6pj1ow9oFHltwYlbQ' style='height:80px'></img>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Illumina's BaseSpace processing results for the QIIME app.\n",
    "- Metabolomic analysis, IPython notebook ..."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "    ... kinda"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Kinda?\n",
    "\n",
    "- https://github.com/jupyter/nbviewer/issues/316\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src='./images/glitch.gif' style='height:500px;'>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Nowadays"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Python API.\n",
    "    - Python 2 and 3.\n",
    "    - Integration with scikit-bio.\n",
    "    - Jupyter integration.\n",
    "    - Pandas 🐼 Integration."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- JavaScript API."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Command Line Interface (powered by QIIME 2)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Outline\n",
    "\n",
    "- ~~Background (why $\\beta$-diversity).~~\n",
    "\n",
    "- ~~What is Emperor.~~\n",
    "\n",
    "- **How can we use Emperor**.\n",
    "    \n",
    "- Analyzing a use case."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Python"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- 1 main class `Emperor`, depends on `scikit-bio` and `pandas`.\n",
    "\n",
    "- Format Python data into JSON and display it using JavaScript."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from emperor import Emperor\n",
    "\n",
    "Emperor?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style='height:500px'></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# http://emperor.microbio.me/uno/\n",
    "\n",
    "![emperor](./images/main-doc.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# http://emperor.microbio.me/uno/\n",
    "\n",
    "![emperor](./images/python-doc.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# http://emperor.microbio.me/uno/\n",
    "\n",
    "![emperor](./images/python-doc-2.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# 🐼s integration - experimental"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.read_csv('./tips.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>total_bill</th>\n",
       "      <th>tip</th>\n",
       "      <th>sex</th>\n",
       "      <th>smoker</th>\n",
       "      <th>day</th>\n",
       "      <th>time</th>\n",
       "      <th>size</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>16.99</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>10.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.66</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>21.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>23.68</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.31</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>24.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.61</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>25.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.71</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>8.77</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.88</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.12</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <td>15.04</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.96</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "      <td>14.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.23</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>10</th>\n",
       "      <td>10.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.71</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>11</th>\n",
       "      <td>35.26</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>12</th>\n",
       "      <td>15.42</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13</th>\n",
       "      <td>18.43</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>14</th>\n",
       "      <td>14.83</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.02</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>15</th>\n",
       "      <td>21.58</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.92</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>16</th>\n",
       "      <td>10.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.67</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>17</th>\n",
       "      <td>16.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.71</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>18</th>\n",
       "      <td>16.97</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sun</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>19</th>\n",
       "      <td>20.65</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.35</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20</th>\n",
       "      <td>17.92</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.08</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21</th>\n",
       "      <td>20.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.75</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>22</th>\n",
       "      <td>15.77</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.23</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>23</th>\n",
       "      <td>39.42</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.58</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>24</th>\n",
       "      <td>19.82</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.18</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25</th>\n",
       "      <td>17.81</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>26</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.37</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>27</th>\n",
       "      <td>12.69</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>28</th>\n",
       "      <td>21.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>29</th>\n",
       "      <td>19.65</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>214</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.17</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>215</th>\n",
       "      <td>12.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.10</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>216</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.15</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>217</th>\n",
       "      <td>11.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>218</th>\n",
       "      <td>7.74</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.44</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>219</th>\n",
       "      <td>30.14</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.09</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>220</th>\n",
       "      <td>12.16</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.20</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Fri</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lunch</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>221</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.42</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.48</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Fri</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lunch</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>222</th>\n",
       "      <td>8.58</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.92</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Fri</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lunch</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>223</th>\n",
       "      <td>15.98</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Fri</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lunch</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>224</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.42</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.58</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Fri</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lunch</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>225</th>\n",
       "      <td>16.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Fri</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lunch</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>226</th>\n",
       "      <td>10.09</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Fri</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lunch</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>227</th>\n",
       "      <td>20.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>228</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.28</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.72</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>229</th>\n",
       "      <td>22.12</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.88</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>230</th>\n",
       "      <td>24.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>231</th>\n",
       "      <td>15.69</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>232</th>\n",
       "      <td>11.61</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.39</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>233</th>\n",
       "      <td>10.77</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>234</th>\n",
       "      <td>15.53</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>235</th>\n",
       "      <td>10.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.25</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>236</th>\n",
       "      <td>12.60</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>237</th>\n",
       "      <td>32.83</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.17</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>238</th>\n",
       "      <td>35.83</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.67</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>239</th>\n",
       "      <td>29.03</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.92</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>240</th>\n",
       "      <td>27.18</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>241</th>\n",
       "      <td>22.67</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>242</th>\n",
       "      <td>17.82</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.75</td>\n",
       "      <td>Male</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>243</th>\n",
       "      <td>18.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>Female</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Thur</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dinner</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>244 rows × 7 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     total_bill   tip     sex smoker   day    time  size\n",
       "0         16.99  1.01  Female     No   Sun  Dinner     2\n",
       "1         10.34  1.66    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     3\n",
       "2         21.01  3.50    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     3\n",
       "3         23.68  3.31    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     2\n",
       "4         24.59  3.61  Female     No   Sun  Dinner     4\n",
       "5         25.29  4.71    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     4\n",
       "6          8.77  2.00    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     2\n",
       "7         26.88  3.12    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     4\n",
       "8         15.04  1.96    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     2\n",
       "9         14.78  3.23    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     2\n",
       "10        10.27  1.71    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     2\n",
       "11        35.26  5.00  Female     No   Sun  Dinner     4\n",
       "12        15.42  1.57    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     2\n",
       "13        18.43  3.00    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     4\n",
       "14        14.83  3.02  Female     No   Sun  Dinner     2\n",
       "15        21.58  3.92    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     2\n",
       "16        10.33  1.67  Female     No   Sun  Dinner     3\n",
       "17        16.29  3.71    Male     No   Sun  Dinner     3\n",
       "18        16.97  3.50  Female     No   Sun  Dinner     3\n",
       "19        20.65  3.35    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     3\n",
       "20        17.92  4.08    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "21        20.29  2.75  Female     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "22        15.77  2.23  Female     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "23        39.42  7.58    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     4\n",
       "24        19.82  3.18    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "25        17.81  2.34    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     4\n",
       "26        13.37  2.00    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "27        12.69  2.00    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "28        21.70  4.30    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "29        19.65  3.00  Female     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "..          ...   ...     ...    ...   ...     ...   ...\n",
       "214       28.17  6.50  Female    Yes   Sat  Dinner     3\n",
       "215       12.90  1.10  Female    Yes   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "216       28.15  3.00    Male    Yes   Sat  Dinner     5\n",
       "217       11.59  1.50    Male    Yes   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "218        7.74  1.44    Male    Yes   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "219       30.14  3.09  Female    Yes   Sat  Dinner     4\n",
       "220       12.16  2.20    Male    Yes   Fri   Lunch     2\n",
       "221       13.42  3.48  Female    Yes   Fri   Lunch     2\n",
       "222        8.58  1.92    Male    Yes   Fri   Lunch     1\n",
       "223       15.98  3.00  Female     No   Fri   Lunch     3\n",
       "224       13.42  1.58    Male    Yes   Fri   Lunch     2\n",
       "225       16.27  2.50  Female    Yes   Fri   Lunch     2\n",
       "226       10.09  2.00  Female    Yes   Fri   Lunch     2\n",
       "227       20.45  3.00    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     4\n",
       "228       13.28  2.72    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "229       22.12  2.88  Female    Yes   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "230       24.01  2.00    Male    Yes   Sat  Dinner     4\n",
       "231       15.69  3.00    Male    Yes   Sat  Dinner     3\n",
       "232       11.61  3.39    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "233       10.77  1.47    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "234       15.53  3.00    Male    Yes   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "235       10.07  1.25    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "236       12.60  1.00    Male    Yes   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "237       32.83  1.17    Male    Yes   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "238       35.83  4.67  Female     No   Sat  Dinner     3\n",
       "239       29.03  5.92    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     3\n",
       "240       27.18  2.00  Female    Yes   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "241       22.67  2.00    Male    Yes   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "242       17.82  1.75    Male     No   Sat  Dinner     2\n",
       "243       18.78  3.00  Female     No  Thur  Dinner     2\n",
       "\n",
       "[244 rows x 7 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style='height:500px'></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# 🐼s integration - experimental"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Coordinates are inferred from the numerical data, see additional `x`, `y` and `z` parameters."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "  var pct_var = [7925.293861397826, 191.44546380624726, 90.45908385616922];\n",
       "  var md_headers = ['#SampleID', 'total_bill', 'tip', 'sex', 'smoker', 'day', 'time', 'size'];\n",
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'Female', 'No', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['146', '18.64', '1.36', 'Female', 'No', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '3'], ['147', '11.87', '1.63', 'Female', 'No', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['148', '9.78', '1.73', 'Male', 'No', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['149', '7.51', '2.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['150', '14.07', '2.5', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['151', '13.13', '2.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['152', '17.26', '2.74', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '3'], ['153', '24.55', '2.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '4'], ['154', '19.77', '2.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '4'], ['155', '29.85', '5.14', 'Female', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '5'], ['156', '48.17', '5.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '6'], ['157', '25.0', '3.75', 'Female', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '4'], ['158', '13.39', '2.61', 'Female', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['159', '16.49', '2.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '4'], ['160', '21.5', '3.5', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '4'], ['161', '12.66', '2.5', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['162', '16.21', '2.0', 'Female', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '3'], ['163', '13.81', '2.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['164', '17.51', '3.0', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['165', '24.52', '3.48', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '3'], ['166', '20.76', '2.24', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['167', '31.71', '4.5', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '4'], ['168', '10.59', '1.61', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['169', '10.63', '2.0', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['170', '50.81', '10.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '3'], ['171', '15.81', '3.16', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['172', '7.25', '5.15', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['173', '31.85', '3.18', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['174', '16.82', '4.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['175', '32.9', '3.11', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['176', '17.89', '2.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['177', '14.48', '2.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['178', '9.6', '4.0', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['179', '34.63', '3.55', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['180', '34.65', '3.68', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '4'], ['181', '23.33', '5.65', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['182', '45.35', '3.5', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '3'], ['183', '23.17', '6.5', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '4'], ['184', '40.55', '3.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['185', '20.69', '5.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '5'], ['186', '20.9', '3.5', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '3'], ['187', '30.46', '2.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '5'], ['188', '18.15', '3.5', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '3'], ['189', '23.1', '4.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '3'], ['190', '15.69', '1.5', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sun', 'Dinner', '2'], ['191', '19.81', '4.19', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['192', '28.44', '2.56', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['193', '15.48', '2.02', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['194', '16.58', '4.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['195', '7.56', '1.44', 'Male', 'No', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['196', '10.34', '2.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['197', '43.11', '5.0', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '4'], ['198', '13.0', '2.0', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['199', '13.51', '2.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['200', '18.71', '4.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '3'], ['201', '12.74', '2.01', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['202', '13.0', '2.0', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['203', '16.4', '2.5', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '2'], ['204', '20.53', '4.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '4'], ['205', '16.47', '3.23', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Thur', 'Lunch', '3'], ['206', '26.59', '3.41', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '3'], ['207', '38.73', '3.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '4'], ['208', '24.27', '2.03', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['209', '12.76', '2.23', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['210', '30.06', '2.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '3'], ['211', '25.89', '5.16', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '4'], ['212', '48.33', '9.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '4'], ['213', '13.27', '2.5', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['214', '28.17', '6.5', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '3'], ['215', '12.9', '1.1', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['216', '28.15', '3.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '5'], ['217', '11.59', '1.5', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['218', '7.74', '1.44', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['219', '30.14', '3.09', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '4'], ['220', '12.16', '2.2', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Fri', 'Lunch', '2'], ['221', '13.42', '3.48', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Fri', 'Lunch', '2'], ['222', '8.58', '1.92', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Fri', 'Lunch', '1'], ['223', '15.98', '3.0', 'Female', 'No', 'Fri', 'Lunch', '3'], ['224', '13.42', '1.58', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Fri', 'Lunch', '2'], ['225', '16.27', '2.5', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Fri', 'Lunch', '2'], ['226', '10.09', '2.0', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Fri', 'Lunch', '2'], ['227', '20.45', '3.0', 'Male', 'No', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '4'], ['228', '13.28', '2.72', 'Male', 'No', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['229', '22.12', '2.88', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['230', '24.01', '2.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '4'], ['231', '15.69', '3.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '3'], ['232', '11.61', '3.39', 'Male', 'No', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['233', '10.77', '1.47', 'Male', 'No', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['234', '15.53', '3.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['235', '10.07', '1.25', 'Male', 'No', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['236', '12.6', '1.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['237', '32.83', '1.17', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['238', '35.83', '4.67', 'Female', 'No', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '3'], ['239', '29.03', '5.92', 'Male', 'No', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '3'], ['240', '27.18', '2.0', 'Female', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['241', '22.67', '2.0', 'Male', 'Yes', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['242', '17.82', '1.75', 'Male', 'No', 'Sat', 'Dinner', '2'], ['243', '18.78', '3.0', 'Female', 'No', 'Thur', 'Dinner', '2']];\n",
       "  var axesNames = ['total_bill', 'tip', 'size'];\n",
       "\n",
       "  var dm, ec;\n",
       "\n",
       "  function init() {\n",
       "    // Initialize the DecompositionModel\n",
       "    dm = new DecompositionModel(name, ids, coords, pct_var,\n",
       "                                md_headers, metadata, axesNames);\n",
       "    // Initialize the EmperorController\n",
       "    ec = new EmperorController(dm, 'emperor-notebook-0xc5a5f7a5');\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function animate() {\n",
       "    requestAnimationFrame(animate);\n",
       "    ec.render();\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  $(window).resize(function() {\n",
       "    ec.resize(div.innerWidth(), div.innerHeight());\n",
       "  });\n",
       "\n",
       "  $(function(){\n",
       "    init();\n",
       "    animate();\n",
       "\n",
       "  });\n",
       "\n",
       "}); // END REQUIRE.JS block\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<emperor.core.Emperor at 0x1176b74e0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from emperor import scatterplot\n",
    "scatterplot(df, remote=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style='height:500px'></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Outline\n",
    "\n",
    "- ~~Background (why $\\beta$-diversity).~~\n",
    "\n",
    "- ~~What is Emperor.~~\n",
    "\n",
    "- **How can we use Emperor.**\n",
    "    \n",
    "- Analyzing a use case."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Emperor and Jupyter 📓\n",
    "\n",
    "- nbviewer\n",
    "    See the examples folder in our repo: https://github.com/biocore/emperor/tree/new-api/examples\n",
    "\n",
    "- Jupyter notebook\n",
    "\n",
    "- Standalone HTML plot\n",
    "    - Generate a standalone HTML file with the needed resources."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style='height:500px'></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# JavaScript"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Isn't this Sci**Py**."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "    SciJS?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Thoroughly unit tested."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Public API ready to be used:\n",
    "\n",
    "    http://emperor.microbio.me/uno/build/jsdoc/index.html"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# JavaScript"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![JS-DOC](./images/js-doc.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# JavaScript"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Integration with SAGE2:\n",
    "\n",
    "    http://sage2.sagecommons.org/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style='height:500px'></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# JavaScript"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- Integration with SAGE2:\n",
    "\n",
    "    http://sage2.sagecommons.org/\n",
    "\n",
    "![sage](./images/vroom.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# QIIME 2 integration"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- 1.5 hours to implement."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- In less than 80 lines of code we got a CLI, GUI and provenance tracking."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Consider QIIME 2 as a gateway to an expanded user base."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- CLI Provided through QIIME 2\n",
    "\n",
    "    https://github.com/qiime2/qiime2\n",
    "    \n",
    "    https://github.com/qiime2/q2-emperor/\n",
    "\n",
    "```bash\n",
    "qiime emperor plot --help\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Outline\n",
    "\n",
    "- ~~Background (why $\\beta$-diversity).~~\n",
    "\n",
    "- ~~What is Emperor.~~\n",
    "\n",
    "- ~~How can we use Emperor.~~\n",
    "    \n",
    "- **Analyzing a use case.**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Use case"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Let's leverage the technology we have available."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Create a small interface to:\n",
    "\n",
    "    - Subsample.\n",
    "    - Compute a distance matrix.\n",
    "        * Use all the cores in our machine.\n",
    "    - Visualize.\n",
    "    \n",
    "    - This was kinda possible through E-vident https://github.com/biocore/evident"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# biocore\n",
    "from emperor.qiime_backports.parse import parse_mapping_file\n",
    "from emperor import Emperor, nbinstall\n",
    "\n",
    "nbinstall()\n",
    "\n",
    "from skbio.stats.ordination import pcoa\n",
    "from skbio.diversity import beta_diversity\n",
    "from skbio import TreeNode\n",
    "from skbio.io.util import open_file\n",
    "\n",
    "from biom import load_table\n",
    "from biom.util import biom_open\n",
    "\n",
    "import qiime_default_reference\n",
    "\n",
    "# pydata/scipy\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "\n",
    "from scipy.spatial.distance import braycurtis, canberra\n",
    "from ipywidgets import interact\n",
    "from sklearn.metrics import pairwise_distances\n",
    "from functools import partial"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import warnings\n",
    "# don't try this at home\n",
    "warnings.filterwarnings(action='ignore', category=Warning)\n",
    "\n",
    "# -1 means all the processors available\n",
    "pw_dists = partial(pairwise_distances, n_jobs=-1)\n",
    "\n",
    "def load_mf(fn):\n",
    "    with open_file(fn) as f:\n",
    "        mapping_data, header, _ = parse_mapping_file(f)\n",
    "        _mapping_file = pd.DataFrame(mapping_data, columns=header)\n",
    "        _mapping_file.set_index('SampleID', inplace=True)\n",
    "    return _mapping_file"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Load the data (table and tree)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mf = load_mf('keyboard/mapping-file.txt')\n",
    "bt = load_table('keyboard/otu-table.biom')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tree = TreeNode.read(qiime_default_reference.get_reference_tree())\n",
    "\n",
    "for n in tree.traverse():\n",
    "    if n.length is None:\n",
    "        n.length = 0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Interaction function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def evident(n, metric):\n",
    "    rarefied = bt.subsample(n)\n",
    "    data = np.array([rarefied.data(i) for i in rarefied.ids()], dtype='int64')\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # phylogenetic\n",
    "    if metric in ['unweighted_unifrac', 'weighted_unifrac']:\n",
    "        res = pcoa(beta_diversity(metric, data, rarefied.ids(),\n",
    "                                  otu_ids=rarefied.ids('observation'),\n",
    "                                  tree=tree, pairwise_func=pw_dists))\n",
    "    # non-phylogenetic\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        res = pcoa(beta_diversity(metric, data, rarefied.ids(),\n",
    "                                  pairwise_func=pw_dists))\n",
    "    return Emperor(res, mf, remote=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "\n",
       "if ($(\"#emperor-css\").length == 0){{\n",
       "    $(\"head\").append([\n",
       "\n",
       "        '<link id=\"emperor-css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"https://cdn.rawgit.com/biocore/emperor/new-api/emperor/support_files/css/emperor.css\">',\n",
       "        '<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"https://cdn.rawgit.com/biocore/emperor/new-api/emperor/support_files/vendor/css/jquery-ui.min.css\">',\n",
       "        '<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"https://cdn.rawgit.com/biocore/emperor/new-api/emperor/support_files/vendor/css/slick.grid.min.css\">',\n",
       "        '<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"https://cdn.rawgit.com/biocore/emperor/new-api/emperor/support_files/vendor/css/spectrum.min.css\">',\n",
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       "  var ids = ['232.M9Thmr217', '232.M3Rinr217', '232.M2Enter217', '232.M3Midr217', '232.M3Tkey217', '232.M2Okey217', '232.M9Hkey217', '232.M9Pinl217', '232.M9Midl217', '232.M9Rinl217', '232.M2Midr217', '232.M2Lsft217', '232.M9Mkey217', '232.M3Wkey217', '232.M9Gkey217', '232.M3Midl217', '232.M3Pinl217', '232.M9Vkey217', '232.M2Tkey217', '232.M9Dkey217', '232.M2Gkey217', '232.M3Lkey217', '232.M9Pkey217', '232.M2Ykey217', '232.M2Ikey217', '232.M9Midr217', '232.M9Rinr217', '232.M2Lkey217', '232.M2Vkey217', '232.M3Gkey217', '232.M9Indr217', '232.M3Ykey217', '232.M2Bkey217', '232.M3Pinr217', '232.M2Akey217', '232.M3Thmr217', '232.M2Skey217', '232.M3Rinl217'];\n",
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       "  var pct_var = [57.76677409980787, 7.908201592271172, 6.507455218533565, 3.6518880627434247, 2.960429398562099];\n",
       "  var md_headers = ['SampleID', 'BarcodeSequence', 'LinkerPrimerSequence', 'center_name', 'center_project_name', 'emp_status', 'experiment_design_description', 'key_seq', 'library_construction_protocol', 'linker', 'platform', 'region', 'run_center', 'run_date', 'run_prefix', 'samp_size', 'sample_center', 'sequencing_meth', 'study_center', 'target_gene', 'target_subfragment', 'age', 'age_unit', 'altitude', 'anonymized_name', 'assigned_from_geo', 'body_habitat', 'body_product', 'body_site', 'collection_timestamp', 'country', 'depth', 'dna_extracted', 'elevation', 'env_biome', 'env_feature', 'env_matter', 'has_physical_specimen', 'host_subject_id', 'host_taxid', 'latitude', 'longitude', 'physical_specimen_remaining', 'project_name', 'required_sample_info_status', 'sample_type', 'sex', 'taxon_id', 'title', 'Description'];\n",
       "  var metadata = [['232.M9Thmr217', 'ACTACGTGTGGT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '25', 'years', '0', 'M9Thmr217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M9', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M3Rinr217', 'AGGTGTGATCGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '33', 'years', '0', 'M3Rinr217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M3', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M2Enter217', 'ACGGTGAGTGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Enter217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Ente', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Ente'], ['232.M3Midr217', 'AGGCTACACGAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '33', 'years', '0', 'M3Midr217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M3', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M3Tkey217', 'AGTCTACTCTGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M3Tkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M3', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Tkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Tkey'], ['232.M2Okey217', 'ACAGTTGCGCGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Okey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Okey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Okey'], ['232.M9Hkey217', 'AGAGTAGCTAAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M9Hkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M9', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Hkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Hkey'], ['232.M9Pinl217', 'ACTACAGCCTAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '25', 'years', '0', 'M9Pinl217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M9', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M9Midl217', 'ACGTGCCGTAGA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '25', 'years', '0', 'M9Midl217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M9', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M9Rinl217', 'ACGTTAGCACAC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '25', 'years', '0', 'M9Rinl217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M9', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M2Midr217', 'ACACACTATGGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '36', 'years', '0', 'M2Midr217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M2', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M2Lsft217', 'ACGGATCGTCAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Lsft217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Left_shift', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Left_shift'], ['232.M9Mkey217', 'AGCATATGAGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M9Mkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M9', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Mkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Mkey'], ['232.M3Wkey217', 'AGTAGTATCCTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M3Wkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M3', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Wkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Wkey'], ['232.M9Gkey217', 'AGAGCAAGAGCA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M9Gkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M9', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Gkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Gkey'], ['232.M3Midl217', 'AGCTCCATACAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '33', 'years', '0', 'M3Midl217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M3', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M3Pinl217', 'AGCTGACTAGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '33', 'years', '0', 'M3Pinl217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M3', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M9Vkey217', 'AGCACGAGCCTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M9Vkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M9', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Vkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Vkey'], ['232.M2Tkey217', 'ACAGAGTCGGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Tkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Tkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Tkey'], ['232.M9Dkey217', 'AGACTGCGTACT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M9Dkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M9', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Dkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Dkey'], ['232.M2Gkey217', 'ACCAGACGATGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Gkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Gkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Gkey'], ['232.M3Lkey217', 'ATACTATTGCGC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M3Lkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M3', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Lkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Lkey'], ['232.M9Pkey217', 'AGAACACGTCTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M9Pkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M9', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Pkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Pkey'], ['232.M2Ykey217', 'ACAGCAGTGGTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Ykey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Ykey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Ykey'], ['232.M2Ikey217', 'ACAGTGCTTCAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Ikey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Ikey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Ikey'], ['232.M9Midr217', 'ACTATTGTCACG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '25', 'years', '0', 'M9Midr217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M9', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M9Rinr217', 'ACTCACGGTATG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '25', 'years', '0', 'M9Rinr217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M9', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M2Lkey217', 'ACCTGTCTCTCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Lkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Lkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Lkey'], ['232.M2Vkey217', 'ACGCAACTGCTA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Vkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Vkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Vkey'], ['232.M3Gkey217', 'ATAATCTCGTCG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M3Gkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M3', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Gkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Gkey'], ['232.M9Indr217', 'ACTAGCTCCATA', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '25', 'years', '0', 'M9Indr217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M9', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M3Ykey217', 'AGTCTCGCATAT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M3Ykey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M3', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Ykey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Ykey'], ['232.M2Bkey217', 'ACGCGATACTGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Bkey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Bkey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Bkey'], ['232.M3Pinr217', 'AGTACGCTCGAG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '33', 'years', '0', 'M3Pinr217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M3', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M2Akey217', 'ACATGATCGTTC', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Akey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Akey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Akey'], ['232.M3Thmr217', 'AGCTTGACAGCT', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '33', 'years', '0', 'M3Thmr217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M3', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip'], ['232.M2Skey217', 'ACATGTCACGTG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', 'unknown', 'years', '0', 'M2Skey217', 'False', 'unknown', 'unknown', 'unknown', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'ENVO:surface', 'True', 'M2', '36244', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'Skey', 'male', '408169', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'Skey'], ['232.M3Rinl217', 'AGCTCTCAGAGG', 'CATGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT', 'CCME', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'EMP', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'TCAG', '16S_rRNA_gene_sequences_were_processed_according_to_the_methods_described_in_our_previous_publications_(Fierer_et_al.,_2008;_Hamady_et_al.,_2008)._Briefly,_sequences_<200_or_>300gnt_or_with_average_quality_scores_of_<25_were_removed_from_the_dataset,_as_were_those_with_uncorrectable_barcodes,_ambiguous_bases,_or_if_the_bacterial_16S_rRNA_gene-specific_primer_was_absent._Sequences_were_then_assigned_to_the_specific_subsamples_based_on_their_unique_12nt_barcode_and_then_grouped_into_phylotypes_at_the_97%_level_of_sequence_identity_using_cd-hit_(Li_&_Godzik,_2006)_with_a_minimum_coverage_of_97%._We_chose_to_group_the_phylotypes_at_97%_identity_because_this_matches_the_limits_of_resolution_of_pyrosequencing_(Kunin_et_al.,_2010)_and_because_the_branch_length_so_omitted_contributes_little_to_the_tree_and_therefore_to_phylogenetic_estimates_of___diversity_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009)._A_representative_for_each_phylotype_was_chosen_by_selecting_the_most_abundant_sequence_in_the_phylotype,_with_ties_being_broken_by_choosing_the_longest_sequence._A_phylogenetic_tree_of_the_representative_sequences_was_constructed_using_the_Kimura_2-parameter_model_in_Fast_Tree_(Price_et_al.,_2009)_after_sequences_were_aligned_with_NAST_(minimum_150nt_at_75%_minimum_identity)_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006a)_against_the_GreenGenes_database_(DeSantis_et_al.,_2006b)._Hypervariable_regions_were_screened_out_of_the_alignment_using_PH_Lane_mask_(http://greengenes.lbl.gov/)._Differences_in_the_community_composition_for_each_pair_of_samples_were_determined_from_the_phylogenetic_tree_using_the_weighted_and_unweighted_UniFrac_algorithms_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2005;_Lozupone_et_al.,_2006)._UniFrac_is_a_tree-based_metric_that_measures_the_distance_between_two_communities_as_the_fraction_of_branch_length_in_a_phylogenetic_tree_that_is_unique_to_one_of_the_communities_(as_opposed_to_being_shared_by_both)._This_method_of_community_comparison_accounts_for_the_relative_similarities_and_differences_among_phylotypes_(or_higher_taxa)_rather_than_treating_all_taxa_at_a_given_level_of_divergence_as_equal_(Lozupone_&_Knight,_2008)._Although_UniFrac_depends_on_a_phylogenetic_tree,_it_is_relatively_robust_to_differences_in_the_tree_reconstruction_method_or_to_the_approximation_of_using_phylotypes_to_represent_groups_of_very_similar_sequences_(Hamady_et_al.,_2009).', 'CA', 'FLX', '0', 'CCME', '8/14/08', 'FFCKVMW', '1, swab', 'CCME', 'pyrosequencing', 'CCME', '16S rRNA', 'V2', '33', 'years', '0', 'M3Rinl217', 'False', 'UBERON:skin', 'UBERON:sebum', 'UBERON:skin', '7/15/08', 'GAZ:United States of America', '0', 'True', '1624', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'ENVO:human-associated habitat', 'True', 'M3', '9606', '40.0083', '-105.2705', 'False', 'fierer_forensic_keyboard', 'completed', 'finger_tip', 'male', '539655', 'Forensic_identification_using_skin_bacterial_communities', 'finger_tip']];\n",
       "  var axesNames = ['PC1', 'PC2', 'PC3', 'PC4', 'PC5'];\n",
       "\n",
       "  var dm, ec;\n",
       "\n",
       "  function init() {\n",
       "    // Initialize the DecompositionModel\n",
       "    dm = new DecompositionModel(name, ids, coords, pct_var,\n",
       "                                md_headers, metadata, axesNames);\n",
       "    // Initialize the EmperorController\n",
       "    ec = new EmperorController(dm, 'emperor-notebook-0xc38db72e');\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function animate() {\n",
       "    requestAnimationFrame(animate);\n",
       "    ec.render();\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  $(window).resize(function() {\n",
       "    ec.resize(div.innerWidth(), div.innerHeight());\n",
       "  });\n",
       "\n",
       "  $(function(){\n",
       "    init();\n",
       "    animate();\n",
       "\n",
       "  });\n",
       "\n",
       "}); // END REQUIRE.JS block\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<emperor.core.Emperor at 0x118882278>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "interact(evident, n=(200, 2000, 50),\n",
    "         metric=['unweighted_unifrac', 'weighted_unifrac', 'braycurtis', 'euclidean'],\n",
    "         __manual=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div style='height:500px'></div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Summarizing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Ready to be used!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "👍\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(b'\\xF0\\x9F\\x91\\x8D'.decode('utf-8'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## version 1.0 $\\beta$ is out!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "```bash\n",
    "pip install jupyter\n",
    "pip install emperor --pre\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "conda install -c biocore emperor jupyter\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Acknowledments"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Thanks to all our users (**cited 99 times since 2013**)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from knightlab.members import current\n",
    "from knightlab.members import past\n",
    "from caporasolab.members import current as c_current\n",
    "\n",
    "__credits__ = ['Antonio Gonzalez', 'Joshua Shorenstein', 'Jamie Morton',\n",
    "               'Jose Navas', 'Rob Knight'] + current + past + c_current"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'We are hiring, contact robknight@ucsd.edu'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "one_more_thing()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "<table style='border:none; width:100%;' cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n",
    "<tr style='border:none;'>\n",
    "<td style='border:none;'>\n",
    "<img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/UCSD_logo.png\" alt=\"ucsd\" style=\"height: 50px;\"/>\n",
    "</td>\n",
    "<td style='border:none;'>\n",
    "<img src=\"./images/knight-logo.png\" alt=\"knight-lab\" style=\"height: 100px;\"/>\n",
    "</td>\n",
    "</tr>\n",
    "</table>"
   ]
  }
 ],
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