/*
 * Copyright (c) 2017 Kotlin Algorithm Club
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
 * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 * SOFTWARE.
 */

package io.uuddlrlrba.ktalgs.sorts

/**
 * Developed by Tony Hoare in 1959, with his work published in 1961, Quicksort is an efficient sort algorithm using
 * divide and conquer approach. Quicksort first divides a large array into two smaller sub-arrays: the low elements
 * and the high elements. Quicksort can then recursively sort the sub-arrays. The steps are:
 * 1) Pick an element, called a pivot, from the array.
 * 2) Partitioning: reorder the array so that all elements with values less than the pivot come before the pivot,
 * while all elements with values greater than the pivot come after it (equal values can go either way).
 * After this partitioning, the pivot is in its final position. This is called the partition operation.
 * 3) Recursively apply the above steps to the sub-array of elements with smaller values and separately to
 * the sub-array of elements with greater values.
 */
@ComparisonSort
@UnstableSort
class QuickSort: AbstractSortStrategy() {
    override fun <T : Comparable<T>> perform(arr: Array<T>) {
        sort(arr, 0, arr.size - 1)
    }

    private fun <T : Comparable<T>> sort(arr: Array<T>, lo: Int, hi: Int) {
        if (hi <= lo) return
        val j = partition(arr, lo, hi)
        sort(arr, lo, j - 1)
        sort(arr, j + 1, hi)
    }

    private fun <T : Comparable<T>> partition(arr: Array<T>, lo: Int, hi: Int): Int {
        var i = lo
        var j = hi + 1
        val v = arr[lo]
        while (true) {
            while (arr[++i] < v) {
                if (i == hi) break
            }
            while (v < arr[--j]) {
                if (j == lo) break
            }
            if (j <= i) break
            arr.exch(j, i)
        }
        arr.exch(j, lo)
        return j
    }
}