Simulation Ontology
type: Ontology
contributor: Aldo Gangemi
contributor: Marieke van Erp
creator: Bruno Sartini
created: September 13th, 2021
issued: September 13th, 2021
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
publisher: Bruno Sartini
preferred namespace prefix: sim
citation: Cite this Ontology as: Sartini, B. The Simulation ontology. https://www.w3id.org/simulation/ontology/
is specialization of: semiotics.owl
is specialization of: situation.owl
related c ps: informationrealization.owl
comment: This ontology was designed to conceptualize symbolic meanings following Baudrillard's Simulacra and Simulation theory. Symbols, their meaning, the context in which the symbolic meaning (or simulation) exists and the source of the simulation are linked to a N-ary Simulation Class.
version info: 1.2 (hasSource property deprecated and replaced by prov:wasDerivedFrom)

was derived from
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: had derivation
domain: Entity
range: Entity
comment: A derivation is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity. In the context of the Simulation ontology this property links a Simulation to its source

had derivation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Entity
range: Entity
comment: Inverse of wasDerivedFrom

Eased reality counterpart
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Has reality counterpart
inverse of: Is eased reality counterpart of
domain: Simulation
range: Reality Counterpart
comment: A specific relationship that links a simulation to a reality counterpart that is symbolically eased by the simulacrum. Like the Onyx, which in Indic-Persian context is believed to symbolically ease childbirth.

Elicited reality counterpart
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Has reality counterpart
inverse of: Is elicited reality counterpart of
domain: Simulation
range: Reality Counterpart
comment: A specific relationship that links a simulation to a reality counterpart that is symbolically elicited by the simulacrum.

has Context
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isSettingFor
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: Is context of
domain: Simulation
range: Context
comment: This property links a Simulation to its context

Has personified variant
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has variant
inverse of: Is personified variant of
domain: Class
  union of: Reality Counterpart
  union of: Simulacrum
range: Class
  union of: Reality Counterpart
  union of: Simulacrum
comment: This property is used when a variant is intended as the personified variant of the other entity. Like "Air" has personified variant "Air personified"

Has reality counterpart
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isSettingFor
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: Is reality counterpart of
domain: Simulation
range: Reality Counterpart
comment: This property links a Simulation to its reality counterpart. More specific relationships between a simulation and its reality counterpart are available as subproperties of this property.

Has simulacrum
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isSettingFor
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: Is simulacrum of
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Simulation
range: Simulacrum
comment: This property links a simulation to its simulacrum.

Has source
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property links a Simulation with its source
deprecated: deprecated on the 1.2 version

has variant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: Is variant of
domain: Class
  union of: Reality Counterpart
  union of: Simulacrum
range: Class
  union of: Reality Counterpart
  union of: Simulacrum
comment: This property links a simulacrum or a reality counterpart to a variant of theirs. A variant is intended as a narrower concept than one of those two elements. It is also used to define a set of elements in relation to a single element that is part of that set. I.e. "man and woman" is a variant of "woman", "golden apple" is a variant of "apple".

Healed reality counterpart
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Has reality counterpart
inverse of: Is healed reality counterpart of
domain: Healing Simulation
range: Reality Counterpart
comment: A specific relationship that links a simulation (usually a Healing Simulation) to a reality counterpart of which a simulacrum is the symbolic cure.

Is context of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasSetting
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Context
range: Simulation
comment: inverse property of has context

Is eased reality counterpart of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Is reality counterpart of
domain: Reality Counterpart
range: Simulation
comment: Inverse property of eased reality counterpart

Is elicited reality counterpart of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Is reality counterpart of
domain: Reality Counterpart
range: Simulation
comment: Inverse property of elicited reality counterpart

Is healed reality counterpart of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Is reality counterpart of
domain: Reality Counterpart
range: Healing Simulation
comment: Inverse property of healed reality counterpart

Is personified variant of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Is variant of
domain: Class
  union of: Reality Counterpart
  union of: Simulacrum
range: Class
  union of: Reality Counterpart
  union of: Simulacrum
comment: Inverse property of has personified variant

Is prevented reality counterpart of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Is reality counterpart of
inverse of: Prevented reality counterpart
domain: Reality Counterpart
range: Protection Simulation
comment: Inversed property of prevented reality counterpart

Is reality counterpart of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasSetting
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Reality Counterpart
range: Simulation
comment: Inversed property of has reality counterpart

Is restored reality counterpart of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Is reality counterpart of
inverse of: Restored reality counterpart
domain: Reality Counterpart
range: Simulation
comment: Inverse property of restored reality counterpart

Is simulacrum of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasSetting
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Simulacrum
range: Simulation
comment: Inversed property of has simulacrum

Is source of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of has source
deprecated: deprecated on the 1.2 version

Is symbolic meaning of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isDenotedBy
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: Symbolic Meaning
domain: Reality Counterpart
range: Simulacrum
comment: Inverse property of symbolic meaning

Is variant of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Reality Counterpart
  union of: Simulacrum
range: Class
  union of: Reality Counterpart
  union of: Simulacrum
comment: Inverse property of has variant

Prevented reality counterpart
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Has reality counterpart
domain: Protection Simulation
range: Reality Counterpart
comment: A specific relationship that links a simulation (usually a Protection Simulation) to a reality counterpart that is symbolically prevented by the simulacrum.

Restored reality counterpart
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Has reality counterpart
domain: Simulation
range: Reality Counterpart
comment: A specific relationship that links a simulation to a reality counterpart that is symbolically restored by the simulacrum. Like the red valerian (simulacrum), which, in flower language, is symbolically believed to restore strenght (restored reality counterpart).

Symbolic Meaning
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denotes
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Simulacrum
range: Reality Counterpart
property chain axiom: Is simulacrum of
property chain axiom: Has reality counterpart
comment: This property is a chain property that links a simulacrum with its reality counterpart. This direct relationship does not consider neither the context or the source of the simulation

Entity
type: Class

Allusion Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Simulation
comment: A specific kind of simulation in which the simulacrum alludes to the reality counterpart. Is a more subtle symbolic relationship than the normal simulation.

Association Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Simulation
comment: A simulation in which the simulacrum is associated with the reality counterpart. It is a very general relationship and should be used only when the association is explicitly stated by the source. I.E. in a dictionary of symbols it is written that X "is associated with" Y.

Attribute Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Simulation
comment: A specific kind of simulation in which the simulacrum is a symbolic attribute of the reality counterpart. Like "keys" as an attribute of Saint Peter.

Context
type: Class
subclass of: Reference
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Is context of
  some values from: Simulation
disjoint with: Simulation
disjoint with: Source
comment: The context is the setting (either social, historical, cultural etc...) in which a Simulation exists. An ash tree, in the Norse context is a symbol of Odin. On the other hand, a tree in a Celtic context is a symbol of connection.

Correspondence Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Simulation
comment: A simulation in which the simulacrum corresponds to the reality counterpart. It is a very general relationship and should be used only when the correspondence is explicitly state by the source. I.E. in a dictionary of symbols it is written that X "corresponds to" Y.

Emblematic Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Simulation
comment: A specific kind of simulation in which the simulacrum is an emblem of the reality counterpart. Emblems are usually used as a graphical representation of something.

Healing Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Simulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Healed reality counterpart
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Reality Counterpart
has key: Has simulacrum
has key: Healed reality counterpart
comment: A specific kind of simulation in which the simulacrum is a symbolic cure for the reality counterpart. The reality counterpart in this kind of simulation is in fact usually something negative like a disease or a curse.

Manifestation Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Simulation
comment: A simulation in which the simulacrum is a manifestation of the reality counterpart. It is a very general relationship and should be used only when the manifestation is explicitly stated by the source. I.E. in a dictionary of symbols it is written than X "is a manifestation of" Y.

Protection Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Simulation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Prevented reality counterpart
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Reality Counterpart
has key: Has simulacrum
has key: Prevented reality counterpart
comment: A specific kind of simulation in which the simulacrum is a symbolic protection against the reality counterpart. Like agate as a protection against the evil eye.

Reality Counterpart
type: Class
subclass of: Reference
subclass of: Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Is reality counterpart of
  some values from: Simulation
disjoint with: Simulation
comment: A reality counterpart is the symbolic meaning associated to a simulacrum. It's the element that is symbolically referred by the simulacrum in a simulation. The term is taken from Baudrillard's Simulacra and Simulation theory

Relatedness Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Simulation
comment: A simulation in which the simulacrum is related to the reality counterpart. It is a very general relationship and should be used only when the relatedness is explicitly stated by the source. I.E. in a dictionary of symbols it is written that X "is related to" Y.

Simulacrum
type: Class
subclass of: InformationObject
subclass of: Expression
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Is simulacrum of
  some values from: Simulation
comment: A simulacrum is something that carries a secondary meaning (the first being its literal meaning), of symbolic nature. i.e. a skull is the set of bones of a head (literal meaning), but it is also the symbol of death (secondary, symbolic meaning). The term is taken from Baudrillard's Simulacra and Simulation theory. The plural of simulacrum is simulacra.

Simulation
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Situation
  intersection of: Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: was derived from
  some values from: Source
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has Context
  some values from: Context
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Has reality counterpart
  some values from: Reality Counterpart
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Has simulacrum
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Simulacrum
disjoint with: Source
has key: Has reality counterpart
has key: Has simulacrum
comment: A simulation is the symbolic relationship that happens between a symbol and its symbolic meaning. The term is taken from Baudrillard's Simulacra and Simulation philosophical theory.

Source
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: had derivation
  some values from: Simulation
comment: This class represents the source of a simulation. It is intended as the entity that acknowledges a simulation as a legitimate symbolic relationship. A source can either be a dictionary of symbols or a knowledge graph in which symbolic information are present.