{ "name":"biases", "children":[ { "name":"1. Too Much Information", "children":[ { "name":"We notice things already primed in memory or repeated often.", "children":[ { "name":"Availability heuristic" }, { "name":"Attentional bias" }, { "name":"Illusory truth effect" }, { "name":"Mere exposure effect" }, { "name":"Context effect" }, { "name":"Cue-dependent forgetting" }, { "name":"Mood-congruent memory bias" }, { "name":"Frequency illusion" }, { "name":"Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon" }, { "name":"Empathy gap" }, { "name":"Omission bias" }, { "name":"Base rate fallacy" } ] }, { "name":"Bizarre/funny/visually-striking/anthropomorphic things stick out more than non-bizarre/unfunny things.", "children":[ { "name":"Bizarreness effect" }, { "name":"Humor effect" }, { "name":"Von Restorff effect" }, { "name":"Picture superiority effect" }, { "name":"Self-relevance effect" }, { "name":"Negativity bias" } ] }, { "name":"We notice when something has changed.", "children":[ { "name":"Anchoring" }, { "name":"Conservatism" }, { "name":"Contrast effect" }, { "name":"Distinction bias" }, { "name":"Focusing effect" }, { "name":"Framing effect" }, { "name":"Money illusion" }, { "name":"Weber–Fechner law" } ] }, { "name":"We are drawn to details that confirm our own existing beliefs", "children":[ { "name":"Confirmation bias" }, { "name":"Congruence bias" }, { "name":"Post-purchase rationalization" }, { "name":"Choice-supportive bias" }, { "name":"Selective perception" }, { "name":"Observer-expectancy effect" }, { "name":"Experimenter's bias" }, { "name":"Observer effect" }, { "name":"Expectation bias" }, { "name":"Ostrich effect" }, { "name":"Subjective validation" }, { "name":"Continued influence effect" }, { "name":"Semmelweis reflex" } ] }, { "name":"We notice flaws in others more easily than flaws in ourselves.", "children":[ { "name":"Bias blind spot" }, { "name":"Naïve cynicism" }, { "name":"Naïve realism" } ] } ] }, { "name":"2. Not Enough Meaning", "children":[ { "name":"We find stories and patterns even in sparse data", "children":[ { "name":"Confabulation" }, { "name":"Clustering illusion" }, { "name":"Insensitivity to sample size" }, { "name":"Neglect of probability" }, { "name":"Anecdotal fallacy" }, { "name":"Illusion of validity" }, { "name":"Masked man fallacy" }, { "name":"Recency illusion" }, { "name":"Gambler's fallacy" }, { "name":"Hot-hand fallacy" }, { "name":"Illusory correlation" }, { "name":"Pareidolia" }, { "name":"Anthropomorphism" } ] }, { "name":"We fill in characteristics from stereotypes, generalities, and prior histories", "children":[ { "name":"Group attribution error" }, { "name":"Ultimate attribution error" }, { "name":"Stereotyping" }, { "name":"Essentialism" }, { "name":"Functional fixedness" }, { "name":"Moral credential effect" }, { "name":"Just-world hypothesis" }, { "name":"Argument from fallacy" }, { "name":"Authority bias" }, { "name":"Automation bias" }, { "name":"Bandwagon effect" }, { "name":"Placebo effect" } ] }, { "name":"We imagine things and people we're familiar with or fond of as better", "children":[ { "name":"Out-group homogeneity bias" }, { "name":"Cross-race effect" }, { "name":"In-group bias" }, { "name":"Halo effect" }, { "name":"Cheerleader effect" }, { "name":"Positivity effect" }, { "name":"Not invented here" }, { "name":"Reactive devaluation" }, { "name":"Well-traveled road effect" } ] }, { "name":"We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about", "children":[ { "name":"Mental accounting" }, { "name":"Appeal to probability fallacy" }, { "name":"Normalcy bias" }, { "name":"Murphy's Law" }, { "name":"Zero sum bias" }, { "name":"Survivorship bias" }, { "name":"Subadditivity effect" }, { "name":"Denomination effect" }, { "name":"Magic number 7+-2" } ] }, { "name":"We think we know what other people are thinking", "children":[ { "name":"Illusion of transparency" }, { "name":"Curse of knowledge" }, { "name":"Spotlight effect" }, { "name":"Extrinsic incentive error" }, { "name":"Illusion of external agency" }, { "name":"Illusion of asymmetric insight" } ] }, { "name":"We project our current mindset and assumptions onto the past and future", "children":[ { "name":"Telescoping effect" }, { "name":"Rosy retrospection" }, { "name":"Hindsight bias" }, { "name":"Outcome bias" }, { "name":"Moral luck" }, { "name":"Declinism" }, { "name":"Impact bias" }, { "name":"Pessimism bias" }, { "name":"Planning fallacy" }, { "name":"Time-saving bias" }, { "name":"Pro-innovation bias" }, { "name":"Projection bias" }, { "name":"Restraint bias" }, { "name":"Self-consistency bias" } ] } ] }, { "name":"3. Need To Act Fast", "children":[ { "name":"To act, we must be confident we can make an impact and feel what we do is important", "children":[ { "name":"Overconfidence effect" }, { "name":"Social desirability bias" }, { "name":"Third-person effect" }, { "name":"False consensus effect" }, { "name":"Hard-easy effect" }, { "name":"Lake Wobegone effect" }, { "name":"Dunning-Kruger effect" }, { "name":"Egocentric bias" }, { "name":"Optimism bias" }, { "name":"Forer effect" }, { "name":"Barnum effect" }, { "name":"Self-serving bias" }, { "name":"Actor-observer bias" }, { "name":"Illusion of control" }, { "name":"Illusory superiority" }, { "name":"Fundamental attribution error" }, { "name":"Defensive attribution hypothesis" }, { "name":"Trait ascription bias" }, { "name":"Effort justification" }, { "name":"Risk compensation" }, { "name":"Peltzman effect" } ] }, { "name":"To stay focused, we favor the immediate, relatable thing in front of us", "children":[ { "name":"Hyperbolic discounting" }, { "name":"Appeal to novelty" }, { "name":"Identifiable victim effect" } ] }, { "name":"To get anything done, we tend to complete things we've invested time & energy in.", "children":[ { "name":"Sunk cost fallacy" }, { "name":"Irrational escalation" }, { "name":"Escalation of commitment" }, { "name":"Generation effect" }, { "name":"Loss aversion" }, { "name":"IKEA effect" }, { "name":"Unit bias" }, { "name":"Zero-risk bias" }, { "name":"Disposition effect" }, { "name":"Pseudocertainty effect" }, { "name":"Processing difficulty effect" }, { "name":"Endowment effect" }, { "name":"Backfire effect" } ] }, { "name":"To avoid mistakes, we tend to preserve our autonomy and group status, and avoid irreversible decisions.", "children":[ { "name":"System justification" }, { "name":"Reverse psychology" }, { "name":"Reactance" }, { "name":"Decoy effect" }, { "name":"Social comparison bias" }, { "name":"Status quo bias" } ] }, { "name":"We favor options that appear simple or have more complete information over more complex, ambiguous options.", "children":[ { "name":"Ambiguity bias" }, { "name":"Information bias" }, { "name":"Belief bias" }, { "name":"Rhyme as reason effect" }, { "name":"Bike-shedding effect" }, { "name":"Law of Triviality" }, { "name":"Delmore effect" }, { "name":"Conjunction fallacy" }, { "name":"Occam's razor" }, { "name":"Less-is-better effect" } ] } ] }, { "name":"4. What Should We Remember?", "children":[ { "name":"We edit and reinforce some memories after the fact", "children":[ { "name":"Misattribution of memory" }, { "name":"Source confusion" }, { "name":"Cryptomnesia" }, { "name":"False memory" }, { "name":"Suggestibility" }, { "name":"Spacing effect" } ] }, { "name":"We discard specifics to form generalities", "children":[ { "name":"Implicit associations" }, { "name":"Implicit stereotypes" }, { "name":"Stereotypical bias" }, { "name":"Prejudice" }, { "name":"Negativity bias" }, { "name":"Fading affect bias" } ] }, { "name":"We reduce events and lists to their key elements", "children":[ { "name":"Peak–end rule" }, { "name":"Leveling and sharpening" }, { "name":"Misinformation effect" }, { "name":"Serial recall effect" }, { "name":"List-length effect" }, { "name":"Duration neglect" }, { "name":"Modality effect" }, { "name":"Memory inhibition" }, { "name":"Primacy effect" }, { "name":"Recency effect" }, { "name":"Part-list cueing effect" }, { "name":"Serial position effect" }, { "name":"Suffix effect" } ] }, { "name":"We store memories differently based on how they were experienced", "children":[ { "name":"Levels of processing effect" }, { "name":"Absent-mindedness" }, { "name":"Testing effect" }, { "name":"Next-in-line effect" }, { "name":"Google effect" }, { "name":"Tip of the tongue phenomenon" } ] } ] } ] }