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"description": "Abdou Rockikz. (2020, July). How to Execute Shell Commands in a Remote Machine in Python. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
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"source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History",
"description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
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"source_name": "Powershell Remote Commands",
"description": "Microsoft. (2020, August 21). Running Remote Commands. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1526",
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"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/resources/"
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"description": "Microsoft. (2016, March 26). Operations overview | Graph API concepts. Retrieved June 18, 2020.",
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"source_name": "Azure - Stormspotter",
"description": "Microsoft. (2020). Azure Stormspotter GitHub. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://github.com/Azure/Stormspotter"
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"source_name": "GitHub Pacu",
"description": "Rhino Security Labs. (2019, August 22). Pacu. Retrieved October 17, 2019.",
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"description": "An adversary may use a cloud service dashboard GUI with stolen credentials to gain useful information from an operational cloud environment, such as specific services, resources, and features. For example, the GCP Command Center can be used to view all assets, findings of potential security risks, and to run additional queries, such as finding public IP addresses and open ports.(Citation: Google Command Center Dashboard)\n\nDepending on the configuration of the environment, an adversary may be able to enumerate more information via the graphical dashboard than an API. This allows the adversary to gain information without making any API requests.",
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"source_name": "Google Command Center Dashboard",
"description": "Google. (2019, October 3). Quickstart: Using the dashboard. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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"description": "Amazon. (n.d.). AWS Console Sign-in Events. Retrieved October 23, 2019.",
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"name": "Account Access Removal",
"description": "Adversaries may interrupt availability of system and network resources by inhibiting access to accounts utilized by legitimate users. Accounts may be deleted, locked, or manipulated (ex: changed credentials) to remove access to accounts. Adversaries may also subsequently log off and/or perform a [System Shutdown/Reboot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529) to set malicious changes into place.(Citation: CarbonBlack LockerGoga 2019)(Citation: Unit42 LockerGoga 2019)\n\nIn Windows, [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, Set-LocalUser and Set-ADAccountPassword [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets may be used by adversaries to modify user accounts. In Linux, the passwd utility may be used to change passwords. Accounts could also be disabled by Group Policy. \n\nAdversaries who use ransomware may first perform this and other Impact behaviors, such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491), before completing the [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) objective. ",
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"created": "2019-10-09T18:48:31.906Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1531",
"external_id": "T1531"
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{
"source_name": "CarbonBlack LockerGoga 2019",
"description": "CarbonBlack Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, March 22). TAU Threat Intelligence Notification – LockerGoga Ransomware. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
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"source_name": "Unit42 LockerGoga 2019",
"description": "Harbison, M. (2019, March 26). Born This Way? Origins of LockerGoga. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
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"created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.988Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087",
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/575.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-575"
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{
"source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
"description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 30, 2020.",
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Account Manipulation",
"description": "Adversaries may manipulate accounts to maintain access to victim systems. Account manipulation may consist of any action that preserves adversary access to a compromised account, such as modifying credentials or permission groups. These actions could also include account activity designed to subvert security policies, such as performing iterative password updates to bypass password duration policies and preserve the life of compromised credentials. \n\nIn order to create or manipulate accounts, the adversary must already have sufficient permissions on systems or the domain. However, account manipulation may also lead to privilege escalation where modifications grant access to additional roles, permissions, or higher-privileged [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
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"source_name": "Microsoft Security Event 4670",
"description": "Franklin Smith, R. (n.d.). Windows Security Log Event ID 4670. Retrieved November 4, 2019.",
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},
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"source_name": "Microsoft User Modified Event",
"description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4738(S): A user account was changed. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
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},
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"source_name": "InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017",
"description": "Warren, J. (2017, July 11). Manipulating User Passwords with Mimikatz. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
"url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM"
},
{
"source_name": "GitHub Mimikatz Issue 92 June 2017",
"description": "Warren, J. (2017, June 22). lsadump::changentlm and lsadump::setntlm work, but generate Windows events #92. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
"url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/issues/92"
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"modified": "2022-05-19T14:16:53.885Z",
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"description": "Adversaries may add adversary-controlled credentials to a cloud account to maintain persistent access to victim accounts and instances within the environment.\n\nAdversaries may add credentials for Service Principals and Applications in addition to existing legitimate credentials in Azure AD.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death Video) These credentials include both x509 keys and passwords.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) With sufficient permissions, there are a variety of ways to add credentials including the Azure Portal, Azure command line interface, and Azure or Az PowerShell modules.(Citation: Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals)\n\nIn infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environments, after gaining access through [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/004), adversaries may generate or import their own SSH keys using either the CreateKeyPair or ImportKeyPair API in AWS or the gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add command in GCP.(Citation: GCP SSH Key Add) This allows persistent access to instances within the cloud environment without further usage of the compromised cloud accounts.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)(Citation: Expel Behind the Scenes)",
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"source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
"description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
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"source_name": "Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals",
"description": "Bellavance, Ned. (2019, July 16). Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals. Retrieved January 19, 2020.",
"url": "https://nedinthecloud.com/2019/07/16/demystifying-azure-ad-service-principals/"
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"description": "Kunz, Bruce. (2018, October 14). Blue Cloud of Death: Red Teaming Azure. Retrieved November 21, 2019.",
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"description": "Kunz, Bryce. (2018, May 11). Blue Cloud of Death: Red Teaming Azure. Retrieved October 23, 2019.",
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"source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
"description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
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"source_name": "Expel Behind the Scenes",
"description": "S. Lipton, L. Easterly, A. Randazzo and J. Hencinski. (2020, July 28). Behind the scenes in the Expel SOC: Alert-to-fix in AWS. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
"url": "https://expel.io/blog/behind-the-scenes-expel-soc-alert-aws/"
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"description": "An adversary may add additional roles or permissions to an adversary-controlled cloud account to maintain persistent access to a tenant. For example, they may update IAM policies in cloud-based environments or add a new global administrator in Office 365 environments.(Citation: AWS IAM Policies and Permissions)(Citation: Google Cloud IAM Policies)(Citation: Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019)(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) With sufficient permissions, a compromised account can gain almost unlimited access to data and settings (including the ability to reset the passwords of other admins).(Citation: Expel AWS Attacker)\n(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) \n\nThis account modification may immediately follow [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or other malicious account activity. Adversaries may also modify an existing [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that they have compromised. This could lead to privilege escalation, particularly if the roles added allow for lateral movement to additional accounts. For example, in Azure AD environments, an adversary with the Application Administrator role can add [Additional Cloud Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001) to their application's service principal. In doing so the adversary would be able to gain the service principal’s roles and permissions, which may be different from those of the Application Administrator.(Citation: SpecterOps Azure Privilege Escalation)",
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"source_name": "Expel AWS Attacker",
"description": " Brian Bahtiarian, David Blanton, Britton Manahan and Kyle Pellett. (2022, April 5). Incident report: From CLI to console, chasing an attacker in AWS. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
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"source_name": "SpecterOps Azure Privilege Escalation",
"description": "Andy Robbins. (2021, October 12). Azure Privilege Escalation via Service Principal Abuse. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
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"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add Another Admin. Retrieved October 18, 2019.",
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"description": "Adversaries may grant additional permission levels to maintain persistent access to an adversary-controlled email account. \n\nFor example, the Add-MailboxPermission [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlet, available in on-premises Exchange and in the cloud-based service Office 365, adds permissions to a mailbox.(Citation: Microsoft - Add-MailboxPermission)(Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hiding in Plain Sight 2018) In Google Workspace, delegation can be enabled via the Google Admin console and users can delegate accounts via their Gmail settings.(Citation: Gmail Delegation)(Citation: Google Ensuring Your Information is Safe) \n\nAdversaries may also assign mailbox folder permissions through individual folder permissions or roles. In Office 365 environments, adversaries may assign the Default or Anonymous user permissions or roles to the Top of Information Store (root), Inbox, or other mailbox folders. By assigning one or both user permissions to a folder, the adversary can utilize any other account in the tenant to maintain persistence to the target user’s mail folders.(Citation: Remediation and Hardening Strategies for Microsoft 365 to Defend Against UNC2452)\n\nThis may be used in persistent threat incidents as well as BEC (Business Email Compromise) incidents where an adversary can add [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003) to the accounts they wish to compromise. This may further enable use of additional techniques for gaining access to systems. For example, compromised business accounts are often used to send messages to other accounts in the network of the target business while creating inbox rules (ex: [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534)), so the messages evade spam/phishing detection mechanisms.(Citation: Bienstock, D. - Defending O365 - 2019)",
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"source_name": "Bienstock, D. - Defending O365 - 2019",
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"description": "Crowdstrike. (2018, July 18). Hiding in Plain Sight: Using the Office 365 Activities API to Investigate Business Email Compromises. Retrieved January 19, 2020.",
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"description": "Kuzmenko, A.. (2021, March 10). Ad blocker with miner included. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
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"description": "Tu, L. Ma, Y. Ye, G. (2020, October 1). Ttint: An IoT Remote Access Trojan spread through 2 0-day vulnerabilities. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
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"name": "Application Exhaustion Flood",
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"description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities that can cause an application or system to crash and deny availability to users. (Citation: Sucuri BIND9 August 2015) Some systems may automatically restart critical applications and services when crashes occur, but they can likely be re-exploited to cause a persistent denial of service (DoS) condition.\n\nAdversaries may exploit known or zero-day vulnerabilities to crash applications and/or systems, which may also lead to dependent applications and/or systems to be in a DoS condition. Crashed or restarted applications or systems may also have other effects such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485), [Firmware Corruption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1495), [Service Stop](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489) etc. which may further cause a DoS condition and deny availability to critical information, applications and/or systems. ",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Attacks targeting web applications may generate logs in the web server, application server, and/or database server that can be used to identify the type of attack. Externally monitor the availability of services that may be targeted by an Endpoint DoS.",
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"IaaS",
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"id": "attack-pattern--2bee5ffb-7a7a-4119-b1f2-158151b19ac0",
"created": "2020-02-20T15:37:27.052Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004",
"external_id": "T1499.004"
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"source_name": "Sucuri BIND9 August 2015",
"description": "Cid, D.. (2015, August 2). BIND9 – Denial of Service Exploit in the Wild. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.sucuri.net/2015/08/bind9-denial-of-service-exploit-in-the-wild.html"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Archive Collected Data",
"description": "An adversary may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing the data can help to obfuscate the collected data and minimize the amount of data sent over the network. Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender.\n\nBoth compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, 3rd party library, or custom method.",
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"id": "attack-pattern--53ac20cd-aca3-406e-9aa0-9fc7fdc60a5a",
"created": "2020-02-20T20:53:45.725Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560",
"external_id": "T1560"
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"source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Archive via Library",
"description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using 3rd party libraries. Many libraries exist that can archive data, including [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006) rarfile (Citation: PyPI RAR), libzip (Citation: libzip), and zlib (Citation: Zlib Github). Most libraries include functionality to encrypt and/or compress data.\n\nSome archival libraries are preinstalled on systems, such as bzip2 on macOS and Linux, and zip on Windows. Note that the libraries are different from the utilities. The libraries can be linked against when compiling, while the utilities require spawning a subshell, or a similar execution mechanism.",
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"id": "attack-pattern--41868330-6ee2-4d0f-b743-9f2294c3c9b6",
"created": "2020-02-20T21:08:52.529Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/002",
"external_id": "T1560.002"
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"source_name": "PyPI RAR",
"description": "mkz. (2020). rarfile 3.1. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://pypi.org/project/rarfile/"
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{
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"description": "D. Baron, T. Klausner. (2020). libzip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://libzip.org/"
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{
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"description": "madler. (2017). zlib. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://github.com/madler/zlib"
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"source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Archive via Custom Method",
"description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using a custom method. Adversaries may choose to use custom archival methods, such as encryption with XOR or stream ciphers implemented with no external library or utility references. Custom implementations of well-known compression algorithms have also been used.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Custom archival methods can be very difficult to detect, since many of them use standard programming language concepts, such as bitwise operations.",
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"created": "2020-02-20T21:09:55.995Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/003",
"external_id": "T1560.003"
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"source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 2",
"description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 2: Observing the Comings and Goings. Retrieved November 21, 2016.",
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"modified": "2022-10-07T18:10:24.684Z",
"name": "Archive via Utility",
"description": "Adversaries may use utilities to compress and/or encrypt collected data prior to exfiltration. Many utilities include functionalities to compress, encrypt, or otherwise package data into a format that is easier/more secure to transport.\n\nAdversaries may abuse various utilities to compress or encrypt data before exfiltration. Some third party utilities may be preinstalled, such as tar on Linux and macOS or zip on Windows systems. On Windows, diantz or makecab may be used to package collected files into a cabinet (.cab) file. diantz may also be used to download and compress files from remote locations (i.e. [Remote Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002)).(Citation: diantz.exe_lolbas) Additionally, xcopy on Windows can copy files and directories with a variety of options.\n\nAdversaries may use also third party utilities, such as 7-Zip, WinRAR, and WinZip, to perform similar activities.(Citation: 7zip Homepage)(Citation: WinRAR Homepage)(Citation: WinZip Homepage)",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--00f90846-cbd1-4fc5-9233-df5c2bf2a662",
"created": "2020-02-20T21:01:25.428Z",
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"revoked": false,
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/001",
"external_id": "T1560.001"
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{
"source_name": "WinRAR Homepage",
"description": "A. Roshal. (2020). RARLAB. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.rarlab.com/"
},
{
"source_name": "WinZip Homepage",
"description": "Corel Corporation. (2020). WinZip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.winzip.com/win/en/"
},
{
"source_name": "7zip Homepage",
"description": "I. Pavlov. (2019). 7-Zip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.7-zip.org/"
},
{
"source_name": "diantz.exe_lolbas",
"description": "Living Off The Land Binaries, Scripts and Libraries (LOLBAS). (n.d.). Diantz.exe. Retrieved October 25, 2021.",
"url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Diantz/"
},
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"source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "ARP Cache Poisoning",
"description": "Adversaries may poison Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) caches to position themselves between the communication of two or more networked devices. This activity may be used to enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002).\n\nThe ARP protocol is used to resolve IPv4 addresses to link layer addresses, such as a media access control (MAC) address.(Citation: RFC826 ARP) Devices in a local network segment communicate with each other by using link layer addresses. If a networked device does not have the link layer address of a particular networked device, it may send out a broadcast ARP request to the local network to translate the IP address to a MAC address. The device with the associated IP address directly replies with its MAC address. The networked device that made the ARP request will then use as well as store that information in its ARP cache.\n\nAn adversary may passively wait for an ARP request to poison the ARP cache of the requesting device. The adversary may reply with their MAC address, thus deceiving the victim by making them believe that they are communicating with the intended networked device. For the adversary to poison the ARP cache, their reply must be faster than the one made by the legitimate IP address owner. Adversaries may also send a gratuitous ARP reply that maliciously announces the ownership of a particular IP address to all the devices in the local network segment.\n\nThe ARP protocol is stateless and does not require authentication. Therefore, devices may wrongly add or update the MAC address of the IP address in their ARP cache.(Citation: Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003)(Citation: Cylance Cleaver)\n\nAdversaries may use ARP cache poisoning as a means to intercept network traffic. This activity may be used to collect and/or relay data such as credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol.(Citation: Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003)\n",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for unusual ARP traffic, gratuitous ARP replies may be suspicious. \n\nConsider collecting changes to ARP caches across endpoints for signs of ARP poisoning. For example, if multiple IP addresses map to a single MAC address, this could be an indicator that the ARP cache has been poisoned.",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--cabe189c-a0e3-4965-a473-dcff00f17213",
"created": "2020-10-15T12:05:58.755Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/002",
"external_id": "T1557.002"
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{
"source_name": "RFC826 ARP",
"description": "Plummer, D. (1982, November). An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc826"
},
{
"source_name": "Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003",
"description": "Siles, R. (2003, August). Real World ARP Spoofing. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://pen-testing.sans.org/resources/papers/gcih/real-world-arp-spoofing-105411"
},
{
"source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
"description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "At",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility exists as an executable within Windows, Linux, and macOS for scheduling tasks at a specified time and date. Although deprecated in favor of [Scheduled Task](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/005)'s [schtasks](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0111) in Windows environments, using [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) requires that the Task Scheduler service be running, and the user to be logged on as a member of the local Administrators group.\n\nOn Linux and macOS, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may be invoked by the superuser as well as any users added to the at.allow file. If the at.allow file does not exist, the at.deny file is checked. Every username not listed in at.deny is allowed to invoke [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110). If the at.deny exists and is empty, global use of [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) is permitted. If neither file exists (which is often the baseline) only the superuser is allowed to use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110).(Citation: Linux at)\n\nAdversaries may use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003). [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) can also be abused to conduct remote [Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0002) as part of [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) and/or to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as SYSTEM).\n\nIn Linux environments, adversaries may also abuse [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to break out of restricted environments by using a task to spawn an interactive system shell or to run system commands. Similarly, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may also be used for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) if the binary is allowed to run as superuser via sudo.(Citation: GTFObins at)",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "execution"
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution from the svchost.exe in Windows 10 and the Windows Task Scheduler taskeng.exe for older versions of Windows. (Citation: Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task) If scheduled tasks are not used for persistence, then the adversary is likely to remove the task when the action is complete. Monitor Windows Task Scheduler stores in %systemroot%\\System32\\Tasks for change entries related to scheduled tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc.\n\nConfigure event logging for scheduled task creation and changes by enabling the \"Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational\" setting within the event logging service. (Citation: TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting) Several events will then be logged on scheduled task activity, including: (Citation: TechNet Scheduled Task Events)(Citation: Microsoft Scheduled Task Events Win10)\n\n* Event ID 106 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 - Scheduled task registered\n* Event ID 140 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 / 4702 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task updated\n* Event ID 141 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 / 4699 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task deleted\n* Event ID 4698 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task created\n* Event ID 4700 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task enabled\n* Event ID 4701 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task disabled\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current scheduled tasks. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)\n\nRemote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Tasks may also be created through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.\n\nIn Linux and macOS environments, monitor scheduled task creation using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. \n\nReview all jobs using the atq command and ensure IP addresses stored in the SSH_CONNECTION and SSH_CLIENT variables, machines that created the jobs, are trusted hosts. All [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) jobs are stored in /var/spool/cron/atjobs/.(Citation: rowland linux at 2019)\n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011), learning details about the environment through [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), and [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008).",
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"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "2.0",
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--f3d95a1f-bba2-44ce-9af7-37866cd63fd0",
"created": "2019-11-27T13:52:45.853Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/002",
"external_id": "T1053.002"
},
{
"source_name": "rowland linux at 2019",
"description": "Craig Rowland. (2019, July 25). Getting an Attacker IP Address from a Malicious Linux At Job. Retrieved October 15, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/getting-attacker-ip-address-from-malicious-linux-job-craig-rowland/"
},
{
"source_name": "GTFObins at",
"description": "Emilio Pinna, Andrea Cardaci. (n.d.). gtfobins at. Retrieved September 28, 2021.",
"url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/at/"
},
{
"source_name": "Linux at",
"description": "IEEE/The Open Group. (2017). at(1p) — Linux manual page. Retrieved February 25, 2022.",
"url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/at.1p.html"
},
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"source_name": "Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task",
"description": "Loobeek, L. (2017, December 8). leoloobeek Status. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
"url": "https://twitter.com/leoloobeek/status/939248813465853953"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Scheduled Task Events Win10",
"description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 28). Audit Other Object Access Events. Retrieved June 27, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/audit-other-object-access-events"
},
{
"source_name": "TechNet Scheduled Task Events",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). General Task Registration. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
"url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd315590.aspx"
},
{
"source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
"description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
"url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
},
{
"source_name": "TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting",
"description": "Satyajit321. (2015, November 3). Scheduled Tasks History Retention settings. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
"url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e5bca729-52e7-4fcb-ba12-3225c564674c/scheduled-tasks-history-retention-settings?forum=winserver8gen"
}
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Automated Collection",
"description": "Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. Methods for performing this technique could include use of a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) to search for and copy information fitting set criteria such as file type, location, or name at specific time intervals. In cloud-based environments, adversaries may also use cloud APIs, command line interfaces, or extract, transform, and load (ETL) services to automatically collect data. This functionality could also be built into remote access tools. \n\nThis technique may incorporate use of other techniques such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) and [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570) to identify and move files, as well as [Cloud Service Dashboard](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1538) and [Cloud Storage Object Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1619) to identify resources in cloud environments.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "collection"
}
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"x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used, actions could include common file system commands and parameters on the command-line interface within batch files or scripts. A sequence of actions like this may be unusual, depending on the system and network environment. Automated collection may occur along with other techniques such as [Data Staged](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074). As such, file access monitoring that shows an unusual process performing sequential file opens and potentially copy actions to another location on the file system for many files at once may indicate automated collection behavior. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), as well as through cloud APIs and command line interfaces.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"macOS",
"Windows",
"IaaS",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"id": "attack-pattern--30208d3e-0d6b-43c8-883e-44462a514619",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:31:27.985Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119",
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},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Automated Exfiltration",
"description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data, such as sensitive documents, through the use of automated processing after being gathered during Collection. \n\nWhen automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).",
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],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process file access patterns and network behavior. Unrecognized processes or scripts that appear to be traversing file systems and sending network traffic may be suspicious.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Bash History",
"description": "Adversaries may search the bash command history on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Bash keeps track of the commands users type on the command-line with the \"history\" utility. Once a user logs out, the history is flushed to the user’s .bash_history file. For each user, this file resides at the same location: ~/.bash_history. Typically, this file keeps track of the user’s last 500 commands. Users often type usernames and passwords on the command-line as parameters to programs, which then get saved to this file when they log out. Adversaries can abuse this by looking through the file for potential credentials. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)",
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"phase_name": "credential-access"
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"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring when the user's .bash_history is read can help alert to suspicious activity. While users do typically rely on their history of commands, they often access this history through other utilities like \"history\" instead of commands like cat ~/.bash_history.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--8187bd2a-866f-4457-9009-86b0ddedffa3",
"created": "2020-02-04T13:02:11.685Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003",
"external_id": "T1552.003"
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{
"source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
"description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
"url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way"
}
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"modified": "2021-10-15T13:53:02.135Z",
"name": "Binary Padding",
"description": "Adversaries may use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware. This can be done without affecting the functionality or behavior of a binary, but can increase the size of the binary beyond what some security tools are capable of handling due to file size limitations. \n\nBinary padding effectively changes the checksum of the file and can also be used to avoid hash-based blocklists and static anti-virus signatures.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus) The padding used is commonly generated by a function to create junk data and then appended to the end or applied to sections of malware.(Citation: Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017) Increasing the file size may decrease the effectiveness of certain tools and detection capabilities that are not designed or configured to scan large files. This may also reduce the likelihood of being collected for analysis. Public file scanning services, such as VirusTotal, limits the maximum size of an uploaded file to be analyzed.(Citation: VirusTotal FAQ) ",
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"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used to pad files, a file-based signature may be capable of detecting padding using a scanning or on-access based tool. When executed, the resulting process from padded files may also exhibit other behavior characteristics of being used to conduct an intrusion such as system and network information Discovery or Lateral Movement, which could be used as event indicators that point to the source file. ",
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"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"created": "2020-02-05T14:04:25.865Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/001",
"external_id": "T1027.001"
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{
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/572.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-572"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/655.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-655"
},
{
"source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
"description": "Foltýn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
},
{
"source_name": "Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017",
"description": "Ishimaru, S.. (2017, April 13). Old Malware Tricks To Bypass Detection in the Age of Big Data. Retrieved May 30, 2019.",
"url": "https://securelist.com/old-malware-tricks-to-bypass-detection-in-the-age-of-big-data/78010/"
},
{
"source_name": "VirusTotal FAQ",
"description": "VirusTotal. (n.d.). VirusTotal FAQ. Retrieved May 23, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.virustotal.com/en/faq/"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Boot or Logon Autostart Execution",
"description": "Adversaries may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. Operating systems may have mechanisms for automatically running a program on system boot or account logon.(Citation: Microsoft Run Key)(Citation: MSDN Authentication Packages)(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)(Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming) These mechanisms may include automatically executing programs that are placed in specially designated directories or are referenced by repositories that store configuration information, such as the Windows Registry. An adversary may achieve the same goal by modifying or extending features of the kernel.\n\nSince some boot or logon autostart programs run with higher privileges, an adversary may leverage these to elevate privileges.",
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"phase_name": "persistence"
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{
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"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
}
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for additions or modifications of mechanisms that could be used to trigger autostart execution, such as relevant additions to the Registry. Look for changes that are not correlated with known updates, patches, or other planned administrative activity. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system autostart configuration changes that could be attempts at persistence.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Changes to some autostart configuration settings may happen under normal conditions when legitimate software is installed. \n\nSuspicious program execution as autostart programs may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.To increase confidence of malicious activity, data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nMonitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Look for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL.\n\nMonitor for abnormal usage of utilities and command-line parameters involved in kernel modification or driver installation.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"Administrator",
"root"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"created": "2020-01-23T17:46:59.535Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547",
"external_id": "T1547"
},
{
"source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
"description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
"url": "https://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
},
{
"source_name": "MSDN Authentication Packages",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authentication Packages. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
"url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
"url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376977"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
"url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx"
},
{
"source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
"description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
"description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
"url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
},
{
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/564.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-564"
}
],
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},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts",
"description": "Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. Initialization scripts can be used to perform administrative functions, which may often execute other programs or send information to an internal logging server. These scripts can vary based on operating system and whether applied locally or remotely. \n\nAdversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a single system. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate their privileges since some boot or logon initialization scripts run with higher privileges.",
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"phase_name": "persistence"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logon scripts for unusual access by abnormal users or at abnormal times. Look for files added or modified by unusual accounts outside of normal administration duties. Monitor running process for actions that could be indicative of abnormal programs or executables running upon logon.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
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"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.910Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037",
"external_id": "T1037"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/564.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-564"
}
],
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],
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},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Brute Force",
"description": "Adversaries may use brute force techniques to gain access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained. Without knowledge of the password for an account or set of accounts, an adversary may systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism. Brute forcing passwords can take place via interaction with a service that will check the validity of those credentials or offline against previously acquired credential data, such as password hashes.\n\nBrute forcing credentials may take place at various points during a breach. For example, adversaries may attempt to brute force access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) within a victim environment leveraging knowledge gathered from other post-compromise behaviors such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087), or [Password Policy Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201). Adversaries may also combine brute forcing activity with behaviors such as [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) as part of Initial Access.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "credential-access"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). If authentication failures are high, then there may be a brute force attempt to gain access to a system using legitimate credentials. Also monitor for many failed authentication attempts across various accounts that may result from password spraying attempts. It is difficult to detect when hashes are cracked, since this is generally done outside the scope of the target network.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers",
"Network"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "2.4",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Alfredo Oliveira, Trend Micro",
"Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
"Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
"Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
"Mohamed Kmal"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:31:22.767Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110",
"external_id": "T1110"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/49.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-49"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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]
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Build Image on Host",
"description": "Adversaries may build a container image directly on a host to bypass defenses that monitor for the retrieval of malicious images from a public registry. A remote build request may be sent to the Docker API that includes a Dockerfile that pulls a vanilla base image, such as alpine, from a public or local registry and then builds a custom image upon it.(Citation: Docker Build Image)\n\nAn adversary may take advantage of that build API to build a custom image on the host that includes malware downloaded from their C2 server, and then they then may utilize [Deploy Container](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610) using that custom image.(Citation: Aqua Build Images on Hosts)(Citation: Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021) If the base image is pulled from a public registry, defenses will likely not detect the image as malicious since it’s a vanilla image. If the base image already resides in a local registry, the pull may be considered even less suspicious since the image is already in the environment. ",
"kill_chain_phases": [
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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"description": "Docker. ( null). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference - Build an Image. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
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"description": "Assaf Morag. (2020, July 15). Threat Alert: Attackers Building Malicious Images on Your Hosts. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
"url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/malicious-container-image-docker-container-host"
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"description": "Team Nautilus. (2021, June). Attacks in the Wild on the Container Supply Chain and Infrastructure. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
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"description": "Marcel. (2018, April 19). 12 Critical Linux Log Files You Must be Monitoring. Retrieved March 29, 2020.",
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"description": "jak. (2020, June 27). Live Discover - PowerShell command audit. Retrieved August 21, 2020.",
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},
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"description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 13). About History. Retrieved September 4, 2020.",
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"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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"source_name": "GitHub Raindance",
"description": "Stringer, M.. (2018, November 21). RainDance. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
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"description": "Felch, M.. (2018, August 31). Red Teaming Microsoft Part 1 Active Directory Leaks via Azure. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
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"description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Users. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
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},
{
"source_name": "Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API",
"description": "Google. (2020, June 23). gcloud iam service-accounts list. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
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"name": "Cloud Account",
"description": "Adversaries may create a cloud account to maintain access to victim systems. With a sufficient level of access, such accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that does not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles)(Citation: Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019)(Citation: AWS Create IAM User)(Citation: GCP Create Cloud Identity Users)(Citation: Microsoft Azure AD Users)\n\nAdversaries may create accounts that only have access to specific cloud services, which can reduce the chance of detection.",
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"description": "Ako-Adjei, K., Dickhaus, M., Baumgartner, P., Faigel, D., et. al.. (2019, October 8). About admin roles. Retrieved October 18, 2019.",
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"url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
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"description": "Chen, J.. (2020, January 29). Attacker's Tactics and Techniques in Unsecured Docker Daemons Revealed. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
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"description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality provided by container orchestration tools such as Kubernetes to schedule deployment of containers configured to execute malicious code. Container orchestration jobs run these automated tasks at a specific date and time, similar to cron jobs on a Linux system. Deployments of this type can also be configured to maintain a quantity of containers over time, automating the process of maintaining persistence within a cluster.\n\nIn Kubernetes, a CronJob may be used to schedule a Job that runs one or more containers to perform specific tasks.(Citation: Kubernetes Jobs)(Citation: Kubernetes CronJob) An adversary therefore may utilize a CronJob to schedule deployment of a Job that executes malicious code in various nodes within a cluster.(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes)",
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"description": "Microsoft. (2019, June 4). Monitor at scale by using Azure Monitor. Retrieved May 1, 2020.",
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"description": "Adversaries may create or modify system-level processes to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When operating systems boot up, they can start processes that perform background system functions. On Windows and Linux, these system processes are referred to as services.(Citation: TechNet Services) On macOS, launchd processes known as [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) are run to finish system initialization and load user specific parameters.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons) \n\nAdversaries may install new services, daemons, or agents that can be configured to execute at startup or a repeatable interval in order to establish persistence. Similarly, adversaries may modify existing services, daemons, or agents to achieve the same effect. \n\nServices, daemons, or agents may be created with administrator privileges but executed under root/SYSTEM privileges. Adversaries may leverage this functionality to create or modify system processes in order to escalate privileges.(Citation: OSX Malware Detection) ",
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"description": "Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing insecurely stored credentials. These can be files created by users to store their own credentials, shared credential stores for a group of individuals, configuration files containing passwords for a system or service, or source code/binary files containing embedded passwords.\n\nIt is possible to extract passwords from backups or saved virtual machines through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). (Citation: CG 2014) Passwords may also be obtained from Group Policy Preferences stored on the Windows Domain Controller. (Citation: SRD GPP)\n\nIn cloud and/or containerized environments, authenticated user and service account credentials are often stored in local configuration and credential files.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware) They may also be found as parameters to deployment commands in container logs.(Citation: Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons) In some cases, these files can be copied and reused on another machine or the contents can be read and then used to authenticate without needing to copy any files.(Citation: Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage)",
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"id": "attack-pattern--837f9164-50af-4ac0-8219-379d8a74cefc",
"created": "2020-02-04T12:52:13.006Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001",
"external_id": "T1552.001"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/639.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-639"
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{
"source_name": "CG 2014",
"description": "CG. (2014, May 20). Mimikatz Against Virtual Machine Memory Part 1. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
"url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2014/05/mimikatz-against-virtual-machine-memory.html"
},
{
"source_name": "SRD GPP",
"description": "Security Research and Defense. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: An Update for Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
"url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2014/05/13/ms14-025-an-update-for-group-policy-preferences.aspx"
},
{
"source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
"description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
},
{
"source_name": "Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons",
"description": "Chen, J.. (2020, January 29). Attacker's Tactics and Techniques in Unsecured Docker Daemons Revealed. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/attackers-tactics-and-techniques-in-unsecured-docker-daemons-revealed/"
},
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"source_name": "Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage",
"description": "Maddalena, C.. (2018, September 12). Head in the Clouds. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://posts.specterops.io/head-in-the-clouds-bd038bb69e48"
}
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Cron",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the cron utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) The cron utility is a time-based job scheduler for Unix-like operating systems. The crontab file contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and the specified times for execution. Any crontab files are stored in operating system-specific file paths.\n\nAn adversary may use cron in Linux or Unix environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003). ",
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"phase_name": "execution"
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
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"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor scheduled task creation from common utilities using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. \n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
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"id": "attack-pattern--2acf44aa-542f-4366-b4eb-55ef5747759c",
"created": "2019-12-03T14:25:00.538Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/003",
"external_id": "T1053.003"
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"source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
"description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
"url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
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"description": "Adversaries may destroy data and files on specific systems or in large numbers on a network to interrupt availability to systems, services, and network resources. Data destruction is likely to render stored data irrecoverable by forensic techniques through overwriting files or data on local and remote drives.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Common operating system file deletion commands such as del and rm often only remove pointers to files without wiping the contents of the files themselves, making the files recoverable by proper forensic methodology. This behavior is distinct from [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001) and [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) because individual files are destroyed rather than sections of a storage disk or the disk's logical structure.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to overwrite files and directories with randomly generated data to make it irrecoverable.(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) In some cases politically oriented image files have been used to overwrite data.(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware designed for destroying data may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018).\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may leverage access to delete cloud storage, cloud storage accounts, machine images, and other infrastructure crucial to operations to damage an organization or their customers.(Citation: Data Destruction - Threat Post)(Citation: DOJ - Cisco Insider)",
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"Linux",
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],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"x_mitre_impact_type": [
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"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"id": "attack-pattern--d45a3d09-b3cf-48f4-9f0f-f521ee5cb05c",
"created": "2019-03-14T18:47:17.701Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485",
"external_id": "T1485"
},
{
"source_name": "Symantec Shamoon 2012",
"description": "Symantec. (2012, August 16). The Shamoon Attacks. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
},
{
"source_name": "FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016",
"description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html"
},
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"source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
"description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
"url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
},
{
"source_name": "Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017",
"description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
"description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
},
{
"source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
"description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Data Destruction - Threat Post",
"description": "Mimoso, M.. (2014, June 18). Hacker Puts Hosting Service Code Spaces Out of Business. Retrieved December 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://threatpost.com/hacker-puts-hosting-service-code-spaces-out-of-business/106761/"
},
{
"source_name": "DOJ - Cisco Insider",
"description": "DOJ. (2020, August 26). San Jose Man Pleads Guilty To Damaging Cisco’s Network. Retrieved December 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/san-jose-man-pleads-guilty-damaging-cisco-s-network"
}
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Data Encoding",
"description": "Adversaries may encode data to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data encoding system. Use of data encoding may adhere to existing protocol specifications and includes use of ASCII, Unicode, Base64, MIME, or other binary-to-text and character encoding systems.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.",
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"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"id": "attack-pattern--cc7b8c4e-9be0-47ca-b0bb-83915ec3ee2f",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:31:43.540Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132",
"external_id": "T1132"
},
{
"source_name": "Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding"
},
{
"source_name": "Wikipedia Character Encoding",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). Character Encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Data Encrypted for Impact",
"description": "Adversaries may encrypt data on target systems or on large numbers of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. They can attempt to render stored data inaccessible by encrypting files or data on local and remote drives and withholding access to a decryption key. This may be done in order to extract monetary compensation from a victim in exchange for decryption or a decryption key (ransomware) or to render data permanently inaccessible in cases where the key is not saved or transmitted.(Citation: US-CERT Ransomware 2016)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017)(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017)(Citation: US-CERT SamSam 2018)\n\nIn the case of ransomware, it is typical that common user files like Office documents, PDFs, images, videos, audio, text, and source code files will be encrypted (and often renamed and/or tagged with specific file markers). Adversaries may need to first employ other behaviors, such as [File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222) or [System Shutdown/Reboot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529), in order to unlock and/or gain access to manipulate these files.(Citation: CarbonBlack Conti July 2020) In some cases, adversaries may encrypt critical system files, disk partitions, and the MBR.(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017) \n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for encrypting data may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other attack techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017)(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017) Encryption malware may also leverage [Internal Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001), such as changing victim wallpapers, or otherwise intimidate victims by sending ransom notes or other messages to connected printers (known as \"print bombing\").(Citation: NHS Digital Egregor Nov 2020)\n\nIn cloud environments, storage objects within compromised accounts may also be encrypted.(Citation: Rhino S3 Ransomware Part 1)",
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}
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"x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and command line parameters of binaries involved in data destruction activity, such as vssadmin, wbadmin, and bcdedit. Monitor for the creation of suspicious files as well as unusual file modification activity. In particular, look for large quantities of file modifications in user directories.\n\nIn some cases, monitoring for unusual kernel driver installation activity can aid in detection.\n\nIn cloud environments, monitor for events that indicate storage objects have been anomalously replaced by copies.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"IaaS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.3",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
"Harshal Tupsamudre, Qualys",
"Travis Smith, Qualys"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--b80d107d-fa0d-4b60-9684-b0433e8bdba0",
"created": "2019-03-15T13:59:30.390Z",
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"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486",
"external_id": "T1486"
},
{
"source_name": "CarbonBlack Conti July 2020",
"description": "Baskin, B. (2020, July 8). TAU Threat Discovery: Conti Ransomware. Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/blog/tau-threat-discovery-conti-ransomware/"
},
{
"source_name": "FireEye WannaCry 2017",
"description": "Berry, A., Homan, J., and Eitzman, R. (2017, May 23). WannaCry Malware Profile. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/wannacry-malware-profile.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Rhino S3 Ransomware Part 1",
"description": "Gietzen, S. (n.d.). S3 Ransomware Part 1: Attack Vector. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
"url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/s3-ransomware-part-1-attack-vector/"
},
{
"source_name": "NHS Digital Egregor Nov 2020",
"description": "NHS Digital. (2020, November 26). Egregor Ransomware The RaaS successor to Maze. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
"url": "https://digital.nhs.uk/cyber-alerts/2020/cc-3681#summary"
},
{
"source_name": "US-CERT Ransomware 2016",
"description": "US-CERT. (2016, March 31). Alert (TA16-091A): Ransomware and Recent Variants. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA16-091A"
},
{
"source_name": "US-CERT NotPetya 2017",
"description": "US-CERT. (2017, July 1). Alert (TA17-181A): Petya Ransomware. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-181A"
},
{
"source_name": "US-CERT SamSam 2018",
"description": "US-CERT. (2018, December 3). Alert (AA18-337A): SamSam Ransomware. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/AA18-337A"
}
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Data from Cloud Storage Object",
"description": "Adversaries may access data objects from improperly secured cloud storage.\n\nMany cloud service providers offer solutions for online data storage such as Amazon S3, Azure Storage, and Google Cloud Storage. These solutions differ from other storage solutions (such as SQL or Elasticsearch) in that there is no overarching application. Data from these solutions can be retrieved directly using the cloud provider's APIs. Solution providers typically offer security guides to help end users configure systems.(Citation: Amazon S3 Security, 2019)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019)(Citation: Google Cloud Storage Best Practices, 2019)\n\nMisconfiguration by end users is a common problem. There have been numerous incidents where cloud storage has been improperly secured (typically by unintentionally allowing public access by unauthenticated users or overly-broad access by all users), allowing open access to credit cards, personally identifiable information, medical records, and other sensitive information.(Citation: Trend Micro S3 Exposed PII, 2017)(Citation: Wired Magecart S3 Buckets, 2019)(Citation: HIPAA Journal S3 Breach, 2017) Adversaries may also obtain leaked credentials in source repositories, logs, or other means as a way to gain access to cloud storage objects that have access permission controls.",
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"phase_name": "collection"
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unusual queries to the cloud provider's storage service. Activity originating from unexpected sources may indicate improper permissions are set that is allowing access to data. Additionally, detecting failed attempts by a user for a certain object, followed by escalation of privileges by the same user, and access to the same object may be an indication of suspicious activity.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_contributors": [
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],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--3298ce88-1628-43b1-87d9-0b5336b193d7",
"created": "2019-08-30T18:07:27.741Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1530",
"external_id": "T1530"
},
{
"source_name": "Amazon S3 Security, 2019",
"description": "Amazon. (2019, May 17). How can I secure the files in my Amazon S3 bucket?. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/secure-s3-resources/"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019",
"description": "Amlekar, M., Brooks, C., Claman, L., et. al.. (2019, March 20). Azure Storage security guide. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-security-guide"
},
{
"source_name": "Google Cloud Storage Best Practices, 2019",
"description": "Google. (2019, September 16). Best practices for Cloud Storage. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/best-practices"
},
{
"source_name": "Trend Micro S3 Exposed PII, 2017",
"description": "Trend Micro. (2017, November 6). A Misconfigured Amazon S3 Exposed Almost 50 Thousand PII in Australia. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/virtualization-and-cloud/a-misconfigured-amazon-s3-exposed-almost-50-thousand-pii-in-australia"
},
{
"source_name": "Wired Magecart S3 Buckets, 2019",
"description": "Barrett, B.. (2019, July 11). Hack Brief: A Card-Skimming Hacker Group Hit 17K Domains—and Counting. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.wired.com/story/magecart-amazon-cloud-hacks/"
},
{
"source_name": "HIPAA Journal S3 Breach, 2017",
"description": "HIPAA Journal. (2017, October 11). 47GB of Medical Records and Test Results Found in Unsecured Amazon S3 Bucket. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.hipaajournal.com/47gb-medical-records-unsecured-amazon-s3-bucket/"
}
],
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Data from Information Repositories",
"description": "Adversaries may leverage information repositories to mine valuable information. Information repositories are tools that allow for storage of information, typically to facilitate collaboration or information sharing between users, and can store a wide variety of data that may aid adversaries in further objectives, or direct access to the target information. Adversaries may also abuse external sharing features to share sensitive documents with recipients outside of the organization. \n\nThe following is a brief list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on an information repository:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n\nInformation stored in a repository may vary based on the specific instance or environment. Specific common information repositories include web-based platforms such as [Sharepoint](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002) and [Confluence](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/001), specific services such as Code Repositories, IaaS databases, enterprise databases, and other storage infrastructure such as SQL Server.",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "collection"
}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "As information repositories generally have a considerably large user base, detection of malicious use can be non-trivial. At minimum, access to information repositories performed by privileged users (for example, Active Directory Domain, Enterprise, or Schema Administrators) should be closely monitored and alerted upon, as these types of accounts should generally not be used to access information repositories. If the capability exists, it may be of value to monitor and alert on users that are retrieving and viewing a large number of documents and pages; this behavior may be indicative of programmatic means being used to retrieve all data within the repository. In environments with high-maturity, it may be possible to leverage User-Behavioral Analytics (UBA) platforms to detect and alert on user based anomalies.\n\nThe user access logging within Microsoft's SharePoint can be configured to report access to certain pages and documents. (Citation: Microsoft SharePoint Logging) Sharepoint audit logging can also be configured to report when a user shares a resource. (Citation: Sharepoint Sharing Events) The user access logging within Atlassian's Confluence can also be configured to report access to certain pages and documents through AccessLogFilter. (Citation: Atlassian Confluence Logging) Additional log storage and analysis infrastructure will likely be required for more robust detection capabilities. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS",
"SaaS",
"Office 365",
"Google Workspace",
"IaaS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "3.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Naveen Vijayaraghavan, Nilesh Dherange (Gurucul)",
"Regina Elwell",
"Praetorian",
"Milos Stojadinovic",
"Isif Ibrahima, Mandiant"
],
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--d28ef391-8ed4-45dc-bc4a-2f43abf54416",
"created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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"revoked": false,
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213",
"external_id": "T1213"
},
{
"source_name": "Atlassian Confluence Logging",
"description": "Atlassian. (2018, January 9). How to Enable User Access Logging. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
"url": "https://confluence.atlassian.com/confkb/how-to-enable-user-access-logging-182943.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft SharePoint Logging",
"description": "Microsoft. (2017, July 19). Configure audit settings for a site collection. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
"url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/configure-audit-settings-for-a-site-collection-a9920c97-38c0-44f2-8bcb-4cf1e2ae22d2"
},
{
"source_name": "Sharepoint Sharing Events",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Sharepoint Sharing Events. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/compliance/use-sharing-auditing?view=o365-worldwide#sharepoint-sharing-events"
}
],
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Data from Network Shared Drive",
"description": "Adversaries may search network shares on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Sensitive data can be collected from remote systems via shared network drives (host shared directory, network file server, etc.) that are accessible from the current system prior to Exfiltration. Interactive command shells may be in use, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) may be used to gather information.",
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"phase_name": "collection"
}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect files from a network share. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_system_requirements": [
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],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--ae676644-d2d2-41b7-af7e-9bed1b55898c",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.022Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1039",
"external_id": "T1039"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/639.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-639"
}
],
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Data Manipulation",
"description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data in order to influence external outcomes or hide activity, thus threatening the integrity of the data. By manipulating data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nThe type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "impact"
}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Where applicable, inspect important file hashes, locations, and modifications for suspicious/unexpected values. With some critical processes involving transmission of data, manual or out-of-band integrity checking may be useful for identifying manipulated data.",
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"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_impact_type": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--ac9e6b22-11bf-45d7-9181-c1cb08360931",
"created": "2020-03-02T14:19:22.609Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565",
"external_id": "T1565"
}
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],
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Data Obfuscation",
"description": "Adversaries may obfuscate command and control traffic to make it more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) communications are hidden (but not necessarily encrypted) in an attempt to make the content more difficult to discover or decipher and to make the communication less conspicuous and hide commands from being seen. This encompasses many methods, such as adding junk data to protocol traffic, using steganography, or impersonating legitimate protocols. ",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--ad255bfe-a9e6-4b52-a258-8d3462abe842",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:18.931Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001",
"external_id": "T1001"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
}
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"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Data Staged",
"description": "Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017)\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nAdversaries may choose to stage data from a victim network in a centralized location prior to Exfiltration to minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.",
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "collection"
}
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"x_mitre_detection": "Processes that appear to be reading files from disparate locations and writing them to the same directory or file may be an indication of data being staged, especially if they are suspected of performing encryption or compression on the files, such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib. Monitor publicly writeable directories, central locations, and commonly used staging directories (recycle bin, temp folders, etc.) to regularly check for compressed or encrypted data that may be indicative of staging.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect and combine files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather and copy to a location. Data may also be acquired and staged through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nConsider monitoring accesses and modifications to storage repositories (such as the Windows Registry), especially from suspicious processes that could be related to malicious data collection.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.4",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Praetorian",
"Shane Tully, @securitygypsy"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--7dd95ff6-712e-4056-9626-312ea4ab4c5e",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:58.938Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074",
"external_id": "T1074"
},
{
"source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017",
"description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper. Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.pwc.co.uk/cyber-security/pdf/cloud-hopper-report-final-v4.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
"description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.",
"url": "https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020"
}
],
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"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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},
{
"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Data Transfer Size Limits",
"description": "An adversary may exfiltrate data in fixed size chunks instead of whole files or limit packet sizes below certain thresholds. This approach may be used to avoid triggering network data transfer threshold alerts.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "exfiltration"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). If a process maintains a long connection during which it consistently sends fixed size data packets or a process opens connections and sends fixed sized data packets at regular intervals, it may be performing an aggregate data transfer. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--c3888c54-775d-4b2f-b759-75a2ececcbfd",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.523Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1030",
"external_id": "T1030"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
}
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Dead Drop Resolver",
"description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to host information that points to additional command and control (C2) infrastructure. Adversaries may post content, known as a dead drop resolver, on Web services with embedded (and often obfuscated/encoded) domains or IP addresses. Once infected, victims will reach out to and be redirected by these resolvers.\n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of a dead drop resolver may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Host data that can relate unknown or suspicious process activity using a network connection is important to supplement any existing indicators of compromise based on malware command and control signatures and infrastructure or the presence of strong encryption. Packet capture analysis will require SSL/TLS inspection if data is encrypted. User behavior monitoring may help to detect abnormal patterns of activity.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--f7827069-0bf2-4764-af4f-23fae0d181b7",
"created": "2020-03-14T22:24:21.841Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102/001",
"external_id": "T1102.001"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
}
],
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"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Debugger Evasion",
"description": "Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid debuggers. Debuggers are typically used by defenders to trace and/or analyze the execution of potential malware payloads.(Citation: ProcessHacker Github)\n\nDebugger evasion may include changing behaviors based on the results of the checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a debugged environment. Similar to [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497), if the adversary detects a debugger, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for debugger artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads.\n\nSpecific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) function calls such as IsDebuggerPresent() and NtQueryInformationProcess(), or manually checking the BeingDebugged flag of the Process Environment Block (PEB). Other checks for debugging artifacts may also seek to enumerate hardware breakpoints, interrupt assembly opcodes, time checks, or measurements if exceptions are raised in the current process (assuming a present debugger would “swallow” or handle the potential error).(Citation: hasherezade debug)(Citation: AlKhaser Debug)(Citation: vxunderground debug)\n\nAdversaries may use the information learned from these debugger checks during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. Debuggers can also be evaded by detaching the process or flooding debug logs with meaningless data via messages produced by looping [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) function calls such as OutputDebugStringW().(Citation: wardle evilquest partii)(Citation: Checkpoint Dridex Jan 2021)",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "discovery"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Debugger related system checks will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to debugger identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) function calls as well as processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection.\n\nMonitor debugger logs for signs of abnormal and potentially malicious activity.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"TruKno"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--e4dc8c01-417f-458d-9ee0-bb0617c1b391",
"created": "2022-04-01T17:59:46.156Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1622",
"external_id": "T1622"
},
{
"source_name": "Checkpoint Dridex Jan 2021",
"description": "Check Point Research. (2021, January 4). Stopping Serial Killer: Catching the Next Strike. Retrieved September 7, 2021.",
"url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/stopping-serial-killer-catching-the-next-strike/"
},
{
"source_name": "hasherezade debug",
"description": "hasherezade. (2021, June 30). Module 3 - Understanding and countering malware's evasion and self-defence. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://github.com/hasherezade/malware_training_vol1/blob/main/slides/module3/Module3_2_fingerprinting.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "AlKhaser Debug",
"description": "Noteworthy. (2019, January 6). Al-Khaser. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://github.com/LordNoteworthy/al-khaser/tree/master/al-khaser/AntiDebug"
},
{
"source_name": "wardle evilquest partii",
"description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, July 3). OSX.EvilQuest Uncovered part ii: insidious capabilities. Retrieved March 21, 2021.",
"url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x60.html"
},
{
"source_name": "ProcessHacker Github",
"description": "ProcessHacker. (2009, October 27). Process Hacker. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
"url": "https://github.com/processhacker/processhacker"
},
{
"source_name": "vxunderground debug",
"description": "vxunderground. (2021, June 30). VX-API. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://github.com/vxunderground/VX-API/tree/main/Anti%20Debug"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Defacement",
"description": "Adversaries may modify visual content available internally or externally to an enterprise network, thus affecting the integrity of the original content. Reasons for [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) include delivering messaging, intimidation, or claiming (possibly false) credit for an intrusion. Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. \n",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor internal and external websites for unplanned content changes. Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.\n\n",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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"id": "attack-pattern--5909f20f-3c39-4795-be06-ef1ea40d350b",
"created": "2019-04-08T17:51:41.390Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Default Accounts",
"description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a default account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Default accounts are those that are built-into an OS, such as the Guest or Administrator accounts on Windows systems. Default accounts also include default factory/provider set accounts on other types of systems, software, or devices, including the root user account in AWS and the default service account in Kubernetes.(Citation: Microsoft Local Accounts Feb 2019)(Citation: AWS Root User)(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes)\n\nDefault accounts are not limited to client machines, rather also include accounts that are preset for equipment such as network devices and computer applications whether they are internal, open source, or commercial. Appliances that come preset with a username and password combination pose a serious threat to organizations that do not change it post installation, as they are easy targets for an adversary. Similarly, adversaries may also utilize publicly disclosed or stolen [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) or credential materials to legitimately connect to remote environments via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021).(Citation: Metasploit SSH Module)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor whether default accounts have been activated or logged into. These audits should also include checks on any appliances and applications for default credentials or SSH keys, and if any are discovered, they should be updated immediately.",
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"id": "attack-pattern--6151cbea-819b-455a-9fa6-99a1cc58797d",
"created": "2020-03-13T20:15:31.974Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/001",
"external_id": "T1078.001"
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/70.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-70"
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"source_name": "Microsoft Local Accounts Feb 2019",
"description": "Microsoft. (2018, December 9). Local Accounts. Retrieved February 11, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/access-control/local-accounts"
},
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"source_name": "AWS Root User",
"description": "Amazon. (n.d.). AWS Account Root User. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
"url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_root-user.html"
},
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"source_name": "Threat Matrix for Kubernetes",
"description": "Weizman, Y. (2020, April 2). Threat Matrix for Kubernetes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/04/02/attack-matrix-kubernetes/"
},
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"source_name": "Metasploit SSH Module",
"description": "undefined. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2019.",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Delete Cloud Instance",
"description": "An adversary may delete a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in an attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. Deleting an instance or virtual machine can remove valuable forensic artifacts and other evidence of suspicious behavior if the instance is not recoverable.\n\nAn adversary may also [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and later terminate the instance after achieving their objectives.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "The deletion of a new instance or virtual machine is a common part of operations within many cloud environments. Events should then not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities. For example, detecting a sequence of events such as the creation of an instance, mounting of a snapshot to that instance, and deletion of that instance by a new user account may indicate suspicious activity.\n\nIn AWS, CloudTrail logs capture the deletion of an instance in the TerminateInstances event, and in Azure the deletion of a VM may be captured in Azure activity logs.(Citation: AWS CloudTrail Search)(Citation: Azure Activity Logs) Google's Admin Activity audit logs within their Cloud Audit logs can be used to detect the usage of gcloud compute instances delete to delete a VM.(Citation: Cloud Audit Logs)",
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"id": "attack-pattern--70857657-bd0b-4695-ad3e-b13f92cac1b4",
"created": "2020-06-16T17:23:06.508Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/003",
"external_id": "T1578.003"
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"source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
"description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.",
"url": "https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020"
},
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"source_name": "AWS CloudTrail Search",
"description": "Amazon. (n.d.). Search CloudTrail logs for API calls to EC2 Instances. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/cloudtrail-search-api-calls/"
},
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"source_name": "Azure Activity Logs",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). View Azure activity logs. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/management/view-activity-logs"
},
{
"source_name": "Cloud Audit Logs",
"description": "Google. (n.d.). Audit Logs. Retrieved June 1, 2020.",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#admin-activity"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Deploy Container",
"description": "Adversaries may deploy a container into an environment to facilitate execution or evade defenses. In some cases, adversaries may deploy a new container to execute processes associated with a particular image or deployment, such as processes that execute or download malware. In others, an adversary may deploy a new container configured without network rules, user limitations, etc. to bypass existing defenses within the environment.\n\nContainers can be deployed by various means, such as via Docker's create and start APIs or via a web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard or Kubeflow.(Citation: Docker Containers API)(Citation: Kubernetes Dashboard)(Citation: Kubeflow Pipelines) Adversaries may deploy containers based on retrieved or built malicious images or from benign images that download and execute malicious payloads at runtime.(Citation: Aqua Build Images on Hosts)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious or unknown container images and pods in your environment. Deploy logging agents on Kubernetes nodes and retrieve logs from sidecar proxies for application pods to detect malicious activity at the cluster level. In Docker, the daemon log provides insight into remote API calls, including those that deploy containers. Logs for management services or applications used to deploy containers other than the native technologies themselves should also be monitored.",
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"id": "attack-pattern--56e0d8b8-3e25-49dd-9050-3aa252f5aa92",
"created": "2021-03-29T16:51:26.020Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610",
"external_id": "T1610"
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"source_name": "Docker Containers API",
"description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference - Container. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
"url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/#tag/Container"
},
{
"source_name": "Kubernetes Dashboard",
"description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubernetes Web UI (Dashboard). Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
"url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/web-ui-dashboard/"
},
{
"source_name": "Kubeflow Pipelines",
"description": "The Kubeflow Authors. (n.d.). Overview of Kubeflow Pipelines. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.kubeflow.org/docs/components/pipelines/overview/pipelines-overview/"
},
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"source_name": "Aqua Build Images on Hosts",
"description": "Assaf Morag. (2020, July 15). Threat Alert: Attackers Building Malicious Images on Your Hosts. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
"url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/malicious-container-image-docker-container-host"
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"modified": "2022-05-24T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information",
"description": "Adversaries may use [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware or by using utilities present on the system.\n\nOne such example is use of [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) to decode a remote access tool portable executable file that has been hidden inside a certificate file. (Citation: Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia) Another example is using the Windows copy /b command to reassemble binary fragments into a malicious payload. (Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)\n\nSometimes a user's action may be required to open it for deobfuscation or decryption as part of [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary. (Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the action of deobfuscating or decoding files or information may be difficult depending on the implementation. If the functionality is contained within malware and uses the Windows API, then attempting to detect malicious behavior before or after the action may yield better results than attempting to perform analysis on loaded libraries or API calls. If scripts are used, then collecting the scripts for analysis may be necessary. Perform process and command-line monitoring to detect potentially malicious behavior related to scripts and system utilities such as [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160).\n\nMonitor the execution file paths and command-line arguments for common archive file applications and extensions, such as those for Zip and RAR archive tools, and correlate with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives from normal user and administrator behavior.",
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
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"id": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
"created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140",
"external_id": "T1140"
},
{
"source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
"description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
},
{
"source_name": "Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia",
"description": "Malwarebytes Labs. (2017, March 27). New targeted attack against Saudi Arabia Government. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
"url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/social-engineering-cybercrime/2017/03/new-targeted-attack-saudi-arabia-government/"
},
{
"source_name": "Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016",
"description": "Tedesco, B. (2016, September 23). Security Alert Summary. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Direct Network Flood",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service (DoS) by directly sending a high-volume of network traffic to a target. This DoS attack may also reduce the availability and functionality of the targeted system(s) and network. [Direct Network Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/001)s are when one or more systems are used to send a high-volume of network packets towards the targeted service's network. Almost any network protocol may be used for flooding. Stateless protocols such as UDP or ICMP are commonly used but stateful protocols such as TCP can be used as well.\n\nBotnets are commonly used to conduct network flooding attacks against networks and services. Large botnets can generate a significant amount of traffic from systems spread across the global Internet. Adversaries may have the resources to build out and control their own botnet infrastructure or may rent time on an existing botnet to conduct an attack. In some of the worst cases for distributed DoS (DDoS), so many systems are used to generate the flood that each one only needs to send out a small amount of traffic to produce enough volume to saturate the target network. In such circumstances, distinguishing DDoS traffic from legitimate clients becomes exceedingly difficult. Botnets have been used in some of the most high-profile DDoS flooding attacks, such as the 2012 series of incidents that targeted major US banks.(Citation: USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Detection of a network flood can sometimes be achieved before the traffic volume is sufficient to cause impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness or services provided by an upstream network service provider. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow), SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in network or service utilization. Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect a network flood event as it starts. Often, the lead time may be small and the indicator of an event availability of the network or service drops. The analysis tools mentioned can then be used to determine the type of DoS causing the outage and help with remediation.",
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"created": "2020-03-02T20:07:18.651Z",
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"source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
"description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
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"source_name": "USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016",
"description": "Preet Bharara, US Attorney. (2016, March 24). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seven-iranians-working-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-affiliated-entities-charged"
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{
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"external_id": "CAPEC-125"
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{
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/486.html",
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Disable Cloud Logs",
"description": "An adversary may disable cloud logging capabilities and integrations to limit what data is collected on their activities and avoid detection. \n\nCloud environments allow for collection and analysis of audit and application logs that provide insight into what activities a user does within the environment. If an adversary has sufficient permissions, they can disable logging to avoid detection of their activities. For example, in AWS an adversary may disable CloudWatch/CloudTrail integrations prior to conducting further malicious activity.(Citation: Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logs for API calls to disable logging. In AWS, monitor for: StopLogging and DeleteTrail.(Citation: Stopping CloudTrail from Sending Events to CloudWatch Logs) In GCP, monitor for: google.logging.v2.ConfigServiceV2.UpdateSink.(Citation: Configuring Data Access audit logs) In Azure, monitor for az monitor diagnostic-settings delete.(Citation: az monitor diagnostic-settings) Additionally, a sudden loss of a log source may indicate that it has been disabled.",
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
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"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--cacc40da-4c9e-462c-80d5-fd70a178b12d",
"created": "2020-10-12T13:52:32.846Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/008",
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"source_name": "Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic",
"description": "Dan Whalen. (2019, September 10). Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
"url": "https://expel.io/blog/following-cloudtrail-generating-aws-security-signals-sumo-logic/"
},
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"source_name": "Stopping CloudTrail from Sending Events to CloudWatch Logs",
"description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Stopping CloudTrail from Sending Events to CloudWatch Logs. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
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},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "External Defacement",
"description": "An adversary may deface systems external to an organization in an attempt to deliver messaging, intimidate, or otherwise mislead an organization or users. [External Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002) may ultimately cause users to distrust the systems and to question/discredit the system’s integrity. Externally-facing websites are a common victim of defacement; often targeted by adversary and hacktivist groups in order to push a political message or spread propaganda.(Citation: FireEye Cyber Threats to Media Industries)(Citation: Kevin Mandia Statement to US Senate Committee on Intelligence)(Citation: Anonymous Hackers Deface Russian Govt Site) [External Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002) may be used as a catalyst to trigger events, or as a response to actions taken by an organization or government. Similarly, website defacement may also be used as setup, or a precursor, for future attacks such as [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).(Citation: Trend Micro Deep Dive Into Defacement)",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "impact"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor external websites for unplanned content changes. Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_impact_type": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--0cfe31a7-81fc-472c-bc45-e2808d1066a3",
"created": "2020-02-20T14:34:08.496Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002",
"external_id": "T1491.002"
},
{
"source_name": "FireEye Cyber Threats to Media Industries",
"description": "FireEye. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/ib-entertainment.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Kevin Mandia Statement to US Senate Committee on Intelligence",
"description": "Kevin Mandia. (2017, March 30). Prepared Statement of Kevin Mandia, CEO of FireEye, Inc. before the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-kmandia-033017.pdf"
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{
"source_name": "Anonymous Hackers Deface Russian Govt Site",
"description": "Andy. (2018, May 12). ‘Anonymous’ Hackers Deface Russian Govt. Site to Protest Web-Blocking (NSFW). Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
"url": "https://torrentfreak.com/anonymous-hackers-deface-russian-govt-site-to-protest-web-blocking-nsfw-180512/"
},
{
"source_name": "Trend Micro Deep Dive Into Defacement",
"description": "Marco Balduzzi, Ryan Flores, Lion Gu, Federico Maggi, Vincenzo Ciancaglini, Roel Reyes, Akira Urano. (n.d.). A Deep Dive into Defacement: How Geopolitical Events Trigger Web Attacks. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
"url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/white_papers/wp-a-deep-dive-into-defacement.pdf"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Forge Web Credentials",
"description": "Adversaries may forge credential materials that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services. Web applications and services (hosted in cloud SaaS environments or on-premise servers) often use session cookies, tokens, or other materials to authenticate and authorize user access.\n\nAdversaries may generate these credential materials in order to gain access to web resources. This differs from [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539), [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528), and other similar behaviors in that the credentials are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users. The generation of web credentials often requires secret values, such as passwords, [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004), or other cryptographic seed values.(Citation: GitHub AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator)\n\nOnce forged, adversaries may use these web credentials to access resources (ex: [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550)), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "credential-access"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous authentication activity, such as logons or other user session activity associated with unknown accounts. Monitor for unexpected and abnormal access to resources, including access of websites and cloud-based applications by the same user in different locations or by different systems that do not match expected configurations.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"SaaS",
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"Google Workspace",
"IaaS"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
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"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--94cb00a4-b295-4d06-aa2b-5653b9c1be9c",
"created": "2020-12-17T02:13:46.247Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606",
"external_id": "T1606"
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{
"source_name": "GitHub AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator",
"description": "Damian Hickey. (2017, January 28). AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator. Retrieved December 16, 2020.",
"url": "https://github.com/damianh/aws-adfs-credential-generator"
},
{
"source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
"description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
"url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
"description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges’ Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
"description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Implant Internal Image",
"description": "Adversaries may implant cloud or container images with malicious code to establish persistence after gaining access to an environment. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Images, and Azure Images as well as popular container runtimes such as Docker can be implanted or backdoored. Unlike [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001), this technique focuses on adversaries implanting an image in a registry within a victim’s environment. Depending on how the infrastructure is provisioned, this could provide persistent access if the infrastructure provisioning tool is instructed to always use the latest image.(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019)\n\nA tool has been developed to facilitate planting backdoors in cloud container images.(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Backdoor September 2019) If an adversary has access to a compromised AWS instance, and permissions to list the available container images, they may implant a backdoor such as a [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003).(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019)",
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"phase_name": "persistence"
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],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor interactions with images and containers by users to identify ones that are added or modified anomalously.\n\nIn containerized environments, changes may be detectable by monitoring the Docker daemon logs or setting up and monitoring Kubernetes audit logs depending on registry configuration. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS",
"Containers"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
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"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
"Praetorian"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--4fd8a28b-4b3a-4cd6-a8cf-85ba5f824a7f",
"created": "2019-09-04T12:04:03.552Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1525",
"external_id": "T1525"
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"source_name": "Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019",
"description": "Rhino Labs. (2019, August). Exploiting AWS ECR and ECS with the Cloud Container Attack Tool (CCAT). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
"url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/cloud-container-attack-tool/"
},
{
"source_name": "Rhino Labs Cloud Backdoor September 2019",
"description": "Rhino Labs. (2019, September). Cloud Container Attack Tool (CCAT). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
"url": "https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/ccat"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Indicator Removal on Host",
"description": "Adversaries may delete or modify artifacts generated on a host system to remove evidence of their presence or hinder defenses. Various artifacts may be created by an adversary or something that can be attributed to an adversary’s actions. Typically these artifacts are used as defensive indicators related to monitored events, such as strings from downloaded files, logs that are generated from user actions, and other data analyzed by defenders. Location, format, and type of artifact (such as command or login history) are often specific to each platform.\n\nRemoval of these indicators may interfere with event collection, reporting, or other processes used to detect intrusion activity. This may compromise the integrity of security solutions by causing notable events to go unreported. This activity may also impede forensic analysis and incident response, due to lack of sufficient data to determine what occurred.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring may be used to detect improper deletion or modification of indicator files. Events not stored on the file system may require different detection mechanisms.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"Windows",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.3",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs"
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"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.892Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070",
"external_id": "T1070"
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"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/93.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-93"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Malicious Image",
"description": "Adversaries may rely on a user running a malicious image to facilitate execution. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Images, and Azure Images as well as popular container runtimes such as Docker can be backdoored. Backdoored images may be uploaded to a public repository via [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001), and users may then download and deploy an instance or container from the image without realizing the image is malicious, thus bypassing techniques that specifically achieve Initial Access. This can lead to the execution of malicious code, such as code that executes cryptocurrency mining, in the instance or container.(Citation: Summit Route Malicious AMIs)\n\nAdversaries may also name images a certain way to increase the chance of users mistakenly deploying an instance or container from the image (ex: [Match Legitimate Name or Location](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005)).(Citation: Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021)",
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{
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"phase_name": "execution"
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"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the local image registry to make sure malicious images are not added. Track the deployment of new containers, especially from newly built images. Monitor the behavior of containers within the environment to detect anomalous behavior or malicious activity after users deploy from malicious images.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"Containers"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Center for Threat-Informed Defense (CTID)",
"Vishwas Manral, McAfee"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--b0c74ef9-c61e-4986-88cb-78da98a355ec",
"created": "2021-03-30T17:20:05.789Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/003",
"external_id": "T1204.003"
},
{
"source_name": "Summit Route Malicious AMIs",
"description": "Piper, S.. (2018, September 24). Investigating Malicious AMIs. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
"url": "https://summitroute.com/blog/2018/09/24/investigating_malicious_amis/"
},
{
"source_name": "Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021",
"description": "Team Nautilus. (2021, June). Attacks in the Wild on the Container Supply Chain and Infrastructure. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
"url": "https://info.aquasec.com/hubfs/Threat%20reports/AquaSecurity_Cloud_Native_Threat_Report_2021.pdf?utm_campaign=WP%20-%20Jun2021%20Nautilus%202021%20Threat%20Research%20Report&utm_medium=email&_hsmi=132931006&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_8oopT5Uhqab8B7kE0l3iFo1koirxtyfTehxF7N-EdGYrwk30gfiwp5SiNlW3G0TNKZxUcDkYOtwQ9S6nNVNyEO-Dgrw&utm_content=132931006&utm_source=hs_automation"
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"modified": "2022-05-20T17:19:50.801Z",
"name": "Malicious File",
"description": "An adversary may rely upon a user opening a malicious file in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to open a file that will lead to code execution. This user action will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001). Adversaries may use several types of files that require a user to execute them, including .doc, .pdf, .xls, .rtf, .scr, .exe, .lnk, .pif, and .cpl.\n\nAdversaries may employ various forms of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) and [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to increase the likelihood that a user will open and successfully execute a malicious file. These methods may include using a familiar naming convention and/or password protecting the file and supplying instructions to a user on how to open it.(Citation: Password Protected Word Docs) \n\nWhile [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534).",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution of and command-line arguments for applications that may be used by an adversary to gain initial access that require user interaction. This includes compression applications, such as those for zip files, that can be used to [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) in payloads.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and files that are downloaded and executed on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the file is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning powershell.exe).",
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"x_mitre_remote_support": false,
"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--232b7f21-adf9-4b42-b936-b9d6f7df856e",
"created": "2020-03-11T14:49:36.954Z",
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"revoked": false,
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002",
"external_id": "T1204.002"
},
{
"source_name": "Password Protected Word Docs",
"description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2017, July 12). PSA: Don't Open SPAM Containing Password Protected Word Docs. Retrieved January 5, 2022.",
"url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/psa-dont-open-spam-containing-password-protected-word-docs/"
}
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"modified": "2022-05-24T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Masquerading",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate features of their artifacts to make them appear legitimate or benign to users and/or security tools. Masquerading occurs when the name or location of an object, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may include manipulating file metadata, tricking users into misidentifying the file type, and giving legitimate task or service names.\n\nRenaming abusable system utilities to evade security monitoring is also a form of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036).(Citation: LOLBAS Main Site)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Collect file hashes; file names that do not match their expected hash are suspect. Perform file monitoring; files with known names but in unusual locations are suspect. Likewise, files that are modified outside of an update or patch are suspect.\n\nIf file names are mismatched between the file name on disk and that of the binary's PE metadata, this is a likely indicator that a binary was renamed after it was compiled. Collecting and comparing disk and resource filenames for binaries by looking to see if the InternalName, OriginalFilename, and/or ProductName match what is expected could provide useful leads, but may not always be indicative of malicious activity. (Citation: Elastic Masquerade Ball) Do not focus on the possible names a file could have, but instead on the command-line arguments that are known to be used and are distinct because it will have a better rate of detection.(Citation: Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update)\n\nLook for indications of common characters that may indicate an attempt to trick users into misidentifying the file type, such as a space as the last character of a file name or the right-to-left override characters\"\\u202E\", \"[U+202E]\", and \"%E2%80%AE”.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Containers"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.4",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Nick Carr, Mandiant",
"David Lu, Tripwire",
"Felipe Espósito, @Pr0teus",
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.511Z",
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"revoked": false,
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036",
"external_id": "T1036"
},
{
"source_name": "Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update",
"description": "Carr, N.. (2018, October 25). Nick Carr Status Update Masquerading. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
"url": "https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
},
{
"source_name": "Elastic Masquerade Ball",
"description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
"url": "http://pages.endgame.com/rs/627-YBU-612/images/EndgameJournal_The%20Masquerade%20Ball_Pages_R2.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "LOLBAS Main Site",
"description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and also Libraries). Retrieved February 10, 2020.",
"url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/177.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-177"
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"modified": "2022-05-24T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Match Legitimate Name or Location",
"description": "Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files or resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may be done by placing an executable in a commonly trusted directory (ex: under System32) or giving it the name of a legitimate, trusted program (ex: svchost.exe). In containerized environments, this may also be done by creating a resource in a namespace that matches the naming convention of a container pod or cluster. Alternatively, a file or container image name given may be a close approximation to legitimate programs/images or something innocuous.\n\nAdversaries may also use the same icon of the file they are trying to mimic.",
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"source_name": "Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update",
"description": "Carr, N.. (2018, October 25). Nick Carr Status Update Masquerading. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
"url": "https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
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"source_name": "Docker Images",
"description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Images. Retrieved April 6, 2021.",
"url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/images/"
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"description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
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"description": "An adversary may attempt to modify a cloud account's compute service infrastructure to evade defenses. A modification to the compute service infrastructure can include the creation, deletion, or modification of one or more components such as compute instances, virtual machines, and snapshots.\n\nPermissions gained from the modification of infrastructure components may bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing infrastructure. Modifying infrastructure components may also allow an adversary to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging for the activity of cloud compute infrastructure components. Monitor for suspicious sequences of events, such as the creation of multiple snapshots within a short period of time or the mount of a snapshot to a new instance by a new or unexpected user. To reduce false positives, valid change management procedures could introduce a known identifier that is logged with the change (e.g., tag or header) if supported by the cloud provider, to help distinguish valid, expected actions from malicious ones.",
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"source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
"description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.",
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to bypass multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanisms and gain access to accounts by generating MFA requests sent to users.\n\nAdversaries in possession credentials to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) may be unable to complete the login process if they lack access to the 2FA or MFA mechanisms required as an additional credential and security control. To circumvent this, adversaries may abuse the automatic generation of push notifications to MFA services such as Duo Push, Microsoft Authenticator, Okta, or similar services to have the user grant access to their account.\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may continuously repeat login attempts in order to bombard users with MFA push notifications, SMS messages, and phone calls, potentially resulting in the user finally accepting the authentication request in response to “MFA fatigue.”(Citation: Russian 2FA Push Annoyance - Cimpanu)(Citation: MFA Fatigue Attacks - PortSwigger)(Citation: Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor user account logs as well as 2FA/MFA application logs for suspicious events: unusual login attempt source location, mismatch in location of login attempt and smart device receiving 2FA/MFA request prompts, and high volume of repeated login attempts, all of which may indicate user's primary credentials have been compromised minus 2FA/MFA mechanism. ",
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"external_id": "T1621"
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"source_name": "Russian 2FA Push Annoyance - Cimpanu",
"description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2021, December 9). Russian hackers bypass 2FA by annoying victims with repeated push notifications. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
"url": "https://therecord.media/russian-hackers-bypass-2fa-by-annoying-victims-with-repeated-push-notifications/"
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"source_name": "MFA Fatigue Attacks - PortSwigger",
"description": "Jessica Haworth. (2022, February 16). MFA fatigue attacks: Users tricked into allowing device access due to overload of push notifications. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
"url": "https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/mfa-fatigue-attacks-users-tricked-into-allowing-device-access-due-to-overload-of-push-notifications"
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"source_name": "Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe",
"description": "Luke Jenkins, Sarah Hawley, Parnian Najafi, Doug Bienstock. (2021, December 6). Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe. Retrieved April 15, 2022.",
"url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/russian-targeting-gov-business"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Network Denial of Service",
"description": "Adversaries may perform Network Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of targeted resources to users. Network DoS can be performed by exhausting the network bandwidth services rely on. Example resources include specific websites, email services, DNS, and web-based applications. Adversaries have been observed conducting network DoS attacks for political purposes(Citation: FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016) and to support other malicious activities, including distraction(Citation: FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012), hacktivism, and extortion.(Citation: Symantec DDoS October 2014)\n\nA Network DoS will occur when the bandwidth capacity of the network connection to a system is exhausted due to the volume of malicious traffic directed at the resource or the network connections and network devices the resource relies on. For example, an adversary may send 10Gbps of traffic to a server that is hosted by a network with a 1Gbps connection to the internet. This traffic can be generated by a single system or multiple systems spread across the internet, which is commonly referred to as a distributed DoS (DDoS).\n\nTo perform Network DoS attacks several aspects apply to multiple methods, including IP address spoofing, and botnets.\n\nAdversaries may use the original IP address of an attacking system, or spoof the source IP address to make the attack traffic more difficult to trace back to the attacking system or to enable reflection. This can increase the difficulty defenders have in defending against the attack by reducing or eliminating the effectiveness of filtering by the source address on network defense devices.\n\nFor DoS attacks targeting the hosting system directly, see [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499).",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Detection of Network DoS can sometimes be achieved before the traffic volume is sufficient to cause impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness or services provided by an upstream network service provider. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow), SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in network or service utilization. Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect an Network DoS event as it starts. Often, the lead time may be small and the indicator of an event availability of the network or service drops. The analysis tools mentioned can then be used to determine the type of DoS causing the outage and help with remediation.",
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"created": "2019-04-17T20:23:15.105Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498",
"external_id": "T1498"
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"source_name": "FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016",
"description": "Ned Moran, Mike Scott, Mike Oppenheim of FireEye. (2014, November 3). Operation Poisoned Handover: Unveiling Ties Between APT Activity in Hong Kong’s Pro-Democracy Movement. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/11/operation-poisoned-handover-unveiling-ties-between-apt-activity-in-hong-kongs-pro-democracy-movement.html"
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"source_name": "FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012",
"description": "FS-ISAC. (2012, September 17). Fraud Alert – Cyber Criminals Targeting Financial Institution Employee Credentials to Conduct Wire Transfer Fraud. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.ic3.gov/media/2012/FraudAlertFinancialInstitutionEmployeeCredentialsTargeted.pdf"
},
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"source_name": "Symantec DDoS October 2014",
"description": "Wueest, C.. (2014, October 21). The continued rise of DDoS attacks. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-continued-rise-of-ddos-attacks.pdf"
},
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"source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
"description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Network Service Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts and local network infrastructure devices, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Common methods to acquire this information include port and/or vulnerability scans using tools that are brought onto a system.(Citation: CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021) \n\nWithin cloud environments, adversaries may attempt to discover services running on other cloud hosts. Additionally, if the cloud environment is connected to a on-premises environment, adversaries may be able to identify services running on non-cloud systems as well.\n\nWithin macOS environments, adversaries may use the native Bonjour application to discover services running on other macOS hosts within a network. The Bonjour mDNSResponder daemon automatically registers and advertises a host’s registered services on the network. For example, adversaries can use a mDNS query (such as dns-sd -B _ssh._tcp .) to find other systems broadcasting the ssh service.(Citation: apple doco bonjour description)(Citation: macOS APT Activity Bradley)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events from legitimate remote service scanning may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Legitimate open port and vulnerability scanning may be conducted within the environment and will need to be deconflicted with any detection capabilities developed. Network intrusion detection systems can also be used to identify scanning activity. Monitor for process use of the networks and inspect intra-network flows to detect port scans.",
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"source_name": "apple doco bonjour description",
"description": "Apple Inc. (2013, April 23). Bonjour Overview. Retrieved October 11, 2021.",
"url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/NetServices/Introduction.html"
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"source_name": "CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021",
"description": "CISA. (2021, May 6). Analysis Report (AR21-126A) FiveHands Ransomware. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
"url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar21-126a"
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"source_name": "macOS APT Activity Bradley",
"description": "Jaron Bradley. (2021, November 14). What does APT Activity Look Like on macOS?. Retrieved January 19, 2022.",
"url": "https://themittenmac.com/what-does-apt-activity-look-like-on-macos/"
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"modified": "2022-05-20T17:32:27.146Z",
"name": "Network Sniffing",
"description": "Adversaries may sniff network traffic to capture information about an environment, including authentication material passed over the network. Network sniffing refers to using the network interface on a system to monitor or capture information sent over a wired or wireless connection. An adversary may place a network interface into promiscuous mode to passively access data in transit over the network, or use span ports to capture a larger amount of data.\n\nData captured via this technique may include user credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol. Techniques for name service resolution poisoning, such as [LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/001), can also be used to capture credentials to websites, proxies, and internal systems by redirecting traffic to an adversary.\n\nNetwork sniffing may also reveal configuration details, such as running services, version numbers, and other network characteristics (e.g. IP addresses, hostnames, VLAN IDs) necessary for subsequent Lateral Movement and/or Defense Evasion activities.\n\nIn cloud-based environments, adversaries may still be able to use traffic mirroring services to sniff network traffic from virtual machines. For example, AWS Traffic Mirroring, GCP Packet Mirroring, and Azure vTap allow users to define specified instances to collect traffic from and specified targets to send collected traffic to.(Citation: AWS Traffic Mirroring) (Citation: GCP Packet Mirroring) (Citation: Azure Virtual Network TAP) Often, much of this traffic will be in cleartext due to the use of TLS termination at the load balancer level to reduce the strain of encrypting and decrypting traffic.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring) (Citation: SpecterOps AWS Traffic Mirroring) The adversary can then use exfiltration techniques such as Transfer Data to Cloud Account in order to access the sniffed traffic. (Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring)",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040",
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"source_name": "AWS Traffic Mirroring",
"description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). How Traffic Mirroring works. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
"url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/mirroring/traffic-mirroring-how-it-works.html"
},
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"source_name": "GCP Packet Mirroring",
"description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Packet Mirroring overview. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/packet-mirroring"
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"source_name": "SpecterOps AWS Traffic Mirroring",
"description": "Luke Paine. (2020, March 11). Through the Looking Glass — Part 1. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
"url": "https://posts.specterops.io/through-the-looking-glass-part-1-f539ae308512"
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"source_name": "Azure Virtual Network TAP",
"description": "Microsoft. (2022, February 9). Virtual network TAP. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
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"source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring",
"description": "Spencer Gietzen. (2019, September 17). Abusing VPC Traffic Mirroring in AWS. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
"url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/abusing-vpc-traffic-mirroring-in-aws/"
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"description": "Adversaries may attempt to access detailed information about the password policy used within an enterprise network or cloud environment. Password policies are a way to enforce complex passwords that are difficult to guess or crack through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110). This information may help the adversary to create a list of common passwords and launch dictionary and/or brute force attacks which adheres to the policy (e.g. if the minimum password length should be 8, then not trying passwords such as 'pass123'; not checking for more than 3-4 passwords per account if the lockout is set to 6 as to not lock out accounts).\n\nPassword policies can be set and discovered on Windows, Linux, and macOS systems via various command shell utilities such as net accounts (/domain), Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy, chage -l , cat /etc/pam.d/common-password, and pwpolicy getaccountpolicies (Citation: Superuser Linux Password Policies) (Citation: Jamf User Password Policies). Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to discover password policy information.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)\n\nPassword policies can be discovered in cloud environments using available APIs such as GetAccountPasswordPolicy in AWS (Citation: AWS GetPasswordPolicy).",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201",
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"description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). AWS API GetAccountPasswordPolicy. Retrieved June 8, 2021.",
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"description": "Matutiae, M. (2014, August 6). How to display password policy information for a user (Ubuntu)?. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Revert Cloud Instance",
"description": "An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs.\n\nAnother variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)",
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"description": "Hardiman, N.. (2012, March 20). Backing up and restoring snapshots on Amazon EC2 machines. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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"name": "Revert Cloud Instance",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring process resource usage to determine anomalous activity associated with malicious hijacking of computer resources such as CPU, memory, and graphics processing resources. Monitor for suspicious use of network resources associated with cryptocurrency mining software. Monitor for common cryptomining software process names and files on local systems that may indicate compromise and resource usage.",
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"created": "2019-04-17T14:50:05.682Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496",
"external_id": "T1496"
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"source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
"description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
},
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"source_name": "CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions",
"description": "CloudSploit. (2019, June 8). The Danger of Unused AWS Regions. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.cloudsploit.com/the-danger-of-unused-aws-regions-af0bf1b878fc"
},
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"source_name": "Kaspersky Lazarus Under The Hood Blog 2017",
"description": "GReAT. (2017, April 3). Lazarus Under the Hood. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
"url": "https://securelist.com/lazarus-under-the-hood/77908/"
},
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"source_name": "Trend Micro Exposed Docker APIs",
"description": "Oliveira, A. (2019, May 30). Infected Containers Target Docker via Exposed APIs. Retrieved April 6, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/e/infected-cryptocurrency-mining-containers-target-docker-hosts-with-exposed-apis-use-shodan-to-find-additional-victims.html"
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"source_name": "Trend Micro War of Crypto Miners",
"description": "Oliveira, A., Fiser, D. (2020, September 10). War of Linux Cryptocurrency Miners: A Battle for Resources. Retrieved April 6, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/i/war-of-linux-cryptocurrency-miners-a-battle-for-resources.html"
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"source_name": "GoBotKR",
"description": "Zuzana Hromcová. (2019, July 8). Malicious campaign targets South Korean users with backdoor‑laced torrents. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
"url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/07/08/south-korean-users-backdoor-torrents/"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Reflection Amplification",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service (DoS) by reflecting a high-volume of network traffic to a target. This type of Network DoS takes advantage of a third-party server intermediary that hosts and will respond to a given spoofed source IP address. This third-party server is commonly termed a reflector. An adversary accomplishes a reflection attack by sending packets to reflectors with the spoofed address of the victim. Similar to Direct Network Floods, more than one system may be used to conduct the attack, or a botnet may be used. Likewise, one or more reflectors may be used to focus traffic on the target.(Citation: Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017) This Network DoS attack may also reduce the availability and functionality of the targeted system(s) and network.\n\nReflection attacks often take advantage of protocols with larger responses than requests in order to amplify their traffic, commonly known as a Reflection Amplification attack. Adversaries may be able to generate an increase in volume of attack traffic that is several orders of magnitude greater than the requests sent to the amplifiers. The extent of this increase will depending upon many variables, such as the protocol in question, the technique used, and the amplifying servers that actually produce the amplification in attack volume. Two prominent protocols that have enabled Reflection Amplification Floods are DNS(Citation: Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS) and NTP(Citation: Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS), though the use of several others in the wild have been documented.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) In particular, the memcache protocol showed itself to be a powerful protocol, with amplification sizes up to 51,200 times the requesting packet.(Citation: Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Detection of reflection amplification can sometimes be achieved before the traffic volume is sufficient to cause impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness or services provided by an upstream network service provider. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow), SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in network or service utilization. Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect a reflection amplification DoS event as it starts. Often, the lead time may be small and the indicator of an event availability of the network or service drops. The analysis tools mentioned can then be used to determine the type of DoS causing the outage and help with remediation.",
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"source_name": "Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017",
"description": "Marek Majkowsk, Cloudflare. (2017, May 24). Reflections on reflection (attacks). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/reflections-on-reflections/"
},
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"source_name": "Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS",
"description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a DNS amplification attack?. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
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"source_name": "Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS",
"description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a NTP amplificaiton attack?. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/ntp-amplification-ddos-attack/"
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"source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
"description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
"url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
},
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"source_name": "Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018",
"description": "Marek Majkowski of Cloudflare. (2018, February 27). Memcrashed - Major amplification attacks from UDP port 11211. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/memcrashed-major-amplification-attacks-from-port-11211/"
},
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"source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
"description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "SAML Tokens",
"description": "An adversary may forge SAML tokens with any permissions claims and lifetimes if they possess a valid SAML token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Steps) The default lifetime of a SAML token is one hour, but the validity period can be specified in the NotOnOrAfter value of the conditions ... element in a token. This value can be changed using the AccessTokenLifetime in a LifetimeTokenPolicy.(Citation: Microsoft SAML Token Lifetimes) Forged SAML tokens enable adversaries to authenticate across services that use SAML 2.0 as an SSO (single sign-on) mechanism.(Citation: Cyberark Golden SAML)\n\nAn adversary may utilize [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) to compromise an organization's token-signing certificate to create forged SAML tokens. If the adversary has sufficient permissions to establish a new federation trust with their own Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) server, they may instead generate their own trusted token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) This differs from [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528) and other similar behaviors in that the tokens are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users.\n\nAn adversary may gain administrative Azure AD privileges if a SAML token is forged which claims to represent a highly privileged account. This may lead to [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "This technique may be difficult to detect as SAML tokens are signed by a trusted certificate. The forging process may not be detectable since it is likely to happen outside of a defender's visibility, but subsequent usage of the forged token may be seen. Monitor for anomalous logins using SAML tokens created by a compromised or adversary generated token-signing certificate. These logins may occur on any on-premises resources as well as from any cloud environment that trusts the certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) Search for logins to service providers using SAML SSO which do not have corresponding 4769, 1200, and 1202 events in the Domain.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)\n\nConsider modifying SAML responses to include custom elements for each service provider. Monitor these custom elements in service provider access logs to detect any anomalous requests.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"created": "2020-12-17T15:24:12.240Z",
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"external_id": "T1606.002"
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{
"source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Steps",
"description": "Lambert, J. (2020, December 13). Important steps for customers to protect themselves from recent nation-state cyberattacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/12/13/customers-protect-nation-state-cyberattacks/"
},
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"source_name": "Microsoft SAML Token Lifetimes",
"description": "Microsoft. (2020, December 14). Configurable token lifetimes in Microsoft Identity Platform. Retrieved December 22, 2020.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-configurable-token-lifetimes"
},
{
"source_name": "Cyberark Golden SAML",
"description": "Reiner, S. (2017, November 21). Golden SAML: Newly Discovered Attack Technique Forges Authentication to Cloud Apps. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/golden-saml-newly-discovered-attack-technique-forges-authentication-to-cloud-apps"
},
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"source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
"description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
},
{
"source_name": "Sygnia Golden SAML",
"description": "Sygnia. (2020, December). Detection and Hunting of Golden SAML Attack. Retrieved January 6, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.sygnia.co/golden-saml-advisory"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Scheduled Task/Job",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality to facilitate initial or recurring execution of malicious code. Utilities exist within all major operating systems to schedule programs or scripts to be executed at a specified date and time. A task can also be scheduled on a remote system, provided the proper authentication is met (ex: RPC and file and printer sharing in Windows environments). Scheduling a task on a remote system typically may require being a member of an admin or otherwise privileged group on the remote system.(Citation: TechNet Task Scheduler Security)\n\nAdversaries may use task scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. These mechanisms can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as one with elevated permissions/privileges). Similar to [System Binary Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218), adversaries have also abused task scheduling to potentially mask one-time execution under a trusted system process.(Citation: ProofPoint Serpent)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "execution"
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor scheduled task creation from common utilities using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. \n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Containers"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Prashant Verma, Paladion",
"Leo Loobeek, @leoloobeek",
"Travis Smith, Tripwire",
"Alain Homewood, Insomnia Security",
"Andrew Northern, @ex_raritas",
"Bryan Campbell, @bry_campbell",
"Zachary Abzug, @ZackDoesML",
"Selena Larson, @selenalarson"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM",
"User"
],
"x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
"SYSTEM",
"Administrator",
"User"
],
"x_mitre_remote_support": true,
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:46.977Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053",
"external_id": "T1053"
},
{
"source_name": "ProofPoint Serpent",
"description": "Campbell, B. et al. (2022, March 21). Serpent, No Swiping! New Backdoor Targets French Entities with Unique Attack Chain. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
"url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/serpent-no-swiping-new-backdoor-targets-french-entities-unique-attack-chain"
},
{
"source_name": "TechNet Task Scheduler Security",
"description": "Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Task Scheduler and security. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
"url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785125.aspx"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/557.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-557"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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]
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Security Software Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on a system or in a cloud environment. This may include things such as firewall rules and anti-virus. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nExample commands that can be used to obtain security software information are [netsh](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0108), reg query with [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), dir with [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), and [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), but other indicators of discovery behavior may be more specific to the type of software or security system the adversary is looking for. It is becoming more common to see macOS malware perform checks for LittleSnitch and KnockKnock software.\n\nAdversaries may also utilize cloud APIs to discover the configurations of firewall rules within an environment.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS) For example, the permitted IP ranges, ports or user accounts for the inbound/outbound rules of security groups, virtual firewalls established within AWS for EC2 and/or VPC instances, can be revealed by the DescribeSecurityGroups action with various request parameters. (Citation: DescribeSecurityGroups - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "discovery"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nIn cloud environments, additionally monitor logs for the usage of APIs that may be used to gather information about security software configurations within the environment.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.3",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Isif Ibrahima, Mandiant"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--cba37adb-d6fb-4610-b069-dd04c0643384",
"created": "2020-02-21T21:16:18.066Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001",
"external_id": "T1518.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
"description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
},
{
"source_name": "DescribeSecurityGroups - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud",
"description": "Amazon Web Services, Inc. . (2022). DescribeSecurityGroups. Retrieved January 28, 2022.",
"url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/APIReference/API_DescribeSecurityGroups.html"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/581.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-581"
}
],
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]
},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Software Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of software and software versions that are installed on a system or in a cloud environment. Adversaries may use the information from [Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to enumerate software for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or if the compromised system has a version of software that is vulnerable to [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
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"phase_name": "discovery"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.3",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
"Administrator"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--e3b6daca-e963-4a69-aee6-ed4fd653ad58",
"created": "2019-09-16T17:52:44.147Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518",
"external_id": "T1518"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/580.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-580"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Steal Web Session Cookie",
"description": "An adversary may steal web application or service session cookies and use them to gain access to web applications or Internet services as an authenticated user without needing credentials. Web applications and services often use session cookies as an authentication token after a user has authenticated to a website.\n\nCookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. Cookies can be found on disk, in the process memory of the browser, and in network traffic to remote systems. Additionally, other applications on the targets machine might store sensitive authentication cookies in memory (e.g. apps which authenticate to cloud services). Session cookies can be used to bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nThere are several examples of malware targeting cookies from web browsers on the local system.(Citation: Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019) There are also open source frameworks such as Evilginx 2 and Muraena that can gather session cookies through a malicious proxy (ex: [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557)) that can be set up by an adversary and used in phishing campaigns.(Citation: Github evilginx2)(Citation: GitHub Mauraena)\n\nAfter an adversary acquires a valid cookie, they can then perform a [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004) technique to login to the corresponding web application.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "credential-access"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for attempts to access files and repositories on a local system that are used to store browser session cookies. Monitor for attempts by programs to inject into or dump browser process memory.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
"Johann Rehberger"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--10ffac09-e42d-4f56-ab20-db94c67d76ff",
"created": "2019-10-08T20:04:35.508Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539",
"external_id": "T1539"
},
{
"source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
"description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
"url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019",
"description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Project TajMahal – a sophisticated new APT framework. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://securelist.com/project-tajmahal/90240/"
},
{
"source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
"description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges’ Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
},
{
"source_name": "Github evilginx2",
"description": "Gretzky, Kuba. (2019, April 10). Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
"url": "https://github.com/kgretzky/evilginx2"
},
{
"source_name": "GitHub Mauraena",
"description": "Orrù, M., Trotta, G.. (2019, September 11). Muraena. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://github.com/muraenateam/muraena"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
]
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to subvert Kerberos authentication by stealing or forging Kerberos tickets to enable [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003). Kerberos is an authentication protocol widely used in modern Windows domain environments. In Kerberos environments, referred to as “realms”, there are three basic participants: client, service, and Key Distribution Center (KDC).(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos Ring Decoder) Clients request access to a service and through the exchange of Kerberos tickets, originating from KDC, they are granted access after having successfully authenticated. The KDC is responsible for both authentication and ticket granting. Adversaries may attempt to abuse Kerberos by stealing tickets or forging tickets to enable unauthorized access.\n\nOn Windows, the built-in klist utility can be used to list and analyze cached Kerberos tickets.(Citation: Microsoft Klist)\n\nLinux systems on Active Directory domains store Kerberos credentials locally in the credential cache file referred to as the \"ccache\". The credentials are stored in the ccache file while they remain valid and generally while a user's session lasts.(Citation: MIT ccache) On modern Redhat Enterprise Linux systems, and derivative distributions, the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) handles Kerberos tickets. By default SSSD maintains a copy of the ticket database that can be found in /var/lib/sss/secrets/secrets.ldb as well as the corresponding key located in /var/lib/sss/secrets/.secrets.mkey. Both files require root access to read. If an adversary is able to access the database and key, the credential cache Kerberos blob can be extracted and converted into a usable Kerberos ccache file that adversaries may use for [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003). The ccache file may also be converted into a Windows format using tools such as Kekeo.(Citation: Linux Kerberos Tickets)(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)(Citation: Kekeo)\n\n\nKerberos tickets on macOS are stored in a standard ccache format, similar to Linux. By default, access to these ccache entries is federated through the KCM daemon process via the Mach RPC protocol, which uses the caller's environment to determine access. The storage location for these ccache entries is influenced by the /etc/krb5.conf configuration file and the KRB5CCNAME environment variable which can specify to save them to disk or keep them protected via the KCM daemon. Users can interact with ticket storage using kinit, klist, ktutil, and kcc built-in binaries or via Apple's native Kerberos framework. Adversaries can use open source tools to interact with the ccache files directly or to use the Kerberos framework to call lower-level APIs for extracting the user's TGT or Service Tickets.(Citation: SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019)(Citation: macOS kerberos framework MIT)\n",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "credential-access"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous Kerberos activity, such as malformed or blank fields in Windows logon/logoff events (Event ID 4624, 4672, 4634), RC4 encryption within ticket granting tickets (TGTs), and ticket granting service (TGS) requests without preceding TGT requests.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)(Citation: Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019)(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)\n\nMonitor the lifetime of TGT tickets for values that differ from the default domain duration.(Citation: Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket)\n\nMonitor for indications of [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) being used to move laterally. \n\nEnable Audit Kerberos Service Ticket Operations to log Kerberos TGS service ticket requests. Particularly investigate irregular patterns of activity (ex: accounts making numerous requests, Event ID 4769, within a small time frame, especially if they also request RC4 encryption [Type 0x17]).(Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018) (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nMonitor for unexpected processes interacting with lsass.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details, including Kerberos tickets, are stored.\n\nMonitor for unusual processes accessing secrets.ldb and .secrets.mkey located in /var/lib/sss/secrets/.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.4",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown",
"Cody Thomas, SpecterOps"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
"root"
],
"x_mitre_system_requirements": [
"Kerberos authentication enabled"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--3fc01293-ef5e-41c6-86ce-61f10706b64a",
"created": "2020-02-11T19:12:46.830Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558",
"external_id": "T1558"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/652.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-652"
},
{
"source_name": "ADSecurity Kerberos Ring Decoder",
"description": "Sean Metcalf. (2014, September 12). Kerberos, Active Directory’s Secret Decoder Ring. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
"url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=227"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Klist",
"description": "Microsoft. (2021, March 3). klist. Retrieved October 14, 2021.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/klist"
},
{
"source_name": "MIT ccache",
"description": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (n.d.). MIT Kerberos Documentation: Credential Cache. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://web.mit.edu/kerberos/krb5-1.12/doc/basic/ccache_def.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Linux Kerberos Tickets",
"description": "Trevor Haskell. (2020, April 1). Kerberos Tickets on Linux Red Teams. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/04/kerberos-tickets-on-linux-red-teams.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
"description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
"url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Kekeo",
"description": "Benjamin Delpy. (n.d.). Kekeo. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo"
},
{
"source_name": "SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019",
"description": "Cody Thomas. (2019, November 14). When Kirbi walks the Bifrost. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
"url": "https://posts.specterops.io/when-kirbi-walks-the-bifrost-4c727807744f"
},
{
"source_name": "macOS kerberos framework MIT",
"description": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2007, October 27). Kerberos for Macintosh Preferences Documentation. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
"url": "http://web.mit.edu/macdev/KfM/Common/Documentation/preferences.html"
},
{
"source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
"description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
"url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515"
},
{
"source_name": "Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019",
"description": "Jeff Warren. (2019, February 19). How to Detect Pass-the-Ticket Attacks. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
"url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/detect-pass-the-ticket-attacks"
},
{
"source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
"description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
"url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket",
"description": "Microsoft. (2015, March 24). Kerberos Golden Ticket Check (Updated). Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
"url": "https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Kerberos-Golden-Ticket-b4814285"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
"description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
"url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/"
},
{
"source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
"description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast – Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
"url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
},
{
"source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
"description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
"url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
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"description": "Adversaries can steal application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user or service and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud and container-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. Adversaries who steal account API tokens in cloud and containerized environments may be able to access data and perform actions with the permissions of these accounts, which can lead to privilege escalation and further compromise of the environment.\n\nIn Kubernetes environments, processes running inside a container communicate with the Kubernetes API server using service account tokens. If a container is compromised, an attacker may be able to steal the container’s token and thereby gain access to Kubernetes API commands.(Citation: Kubernetes Service Accounts)\n\nToken theft can also occur through social engineering, in which case user action may be required to grant access. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry using OAuth 2.0 through a variety of authorization protocols. An example commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested by the application without obtaining user credentials. \n \nAdversaries can leverage OAuth authorization by constructing a malicious application designed to be granted access to resources with the target user's OAuth token.(Citation: Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017) The adversary will need to complete registration of their application with the authorization server, for example Microsoft Identity Platform using Azure Portal, the Visual Studio IDE, the command-line interface, PowerShell, or REST API calls.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019) Then, they can send a [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) to the target user to entice them to grant access to the application. Once the OAuth access token is granted, the application can gain potentially long-term access to features of the user account through [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019)\n\nApplication access tokens may function within a limited lifetime, limiting how long an adversary can utilize the stolen token. However, in some cases, adversaries can also steal application refresh tokens(Citation: Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens), allowing them to obtain new access tokens without prompting the user. \n\n",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528",
"external_id": "T1528"
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"source_name": "Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019",
"description": "Amnesty International. (2019, August 16). Evolving Phishing Attacks Targeting Journalists and Human Rights Defenders from the Middle-East and North Africa. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2019/08/evolving-phishing-attacks-targeting-journalists-and-human-rights-defenders-from-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/"
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"source_name": "Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens",
"description": "Auth0 Inc.. (n.d.). Understanding Refresh Tokens. Retrieved December 16, 2021.",
"url": "https://auth0.com/learn/refresh-tokens/"
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"source_name": "Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019",
"description": "Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
"url": "https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"
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"source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
"description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
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"source_name": "Kubernetes Service Accounts",
"description": "Kubernetes. (2022, February 26). Configure Service Accounts for Pods. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/"
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"source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019",
"description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 29). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
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"description": "Microsoft. (2019, May 8). Quickstart: Register an application with the Microsoft identity platform. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
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"source_name": "Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow"
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"source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
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"description": "\nAdversaries may gather information in an attempt to calculate the geographical location of a victim host. Adversaries may use the information from [System Location Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to infer the location of a system using various system checks, such as time zone, keyboard layout, and/or language settings.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)(Citation: Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020) Windows API functions such as GetLocaleInfoW can also be used to determine the locale of the host.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020) In cloud environments, an instance's availability zone may also be discovered by accessing the instance metadata service from the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Identity Documents)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to infer the location of a victim host using IP addressing, such as via online geolocation IP-lookup services.(Citation: Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)",
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"source_name": "FBI Ragnar Locker 2020",
"description": "FBI. (2020, November 19). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Ragnar Locker Ransomware. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
"url": "https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/20413525/fbi-flash-indicators-of-compromise-ragnar-locker-ransomware-11192020-bc.pdf"
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"description": "Wisniewski, C. (2016, May 3). Location-based threats: How cybercriminals target you based on where you live. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
"url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2016/05/03/location-based-ransomware-threat-research/"
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"description": "Abrams, L. (2020, October 23). New RAT malware gets commands via Discord, has ransomware feature. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
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"description": "Microsoft. (2021, February 21). Azure Instance Metadata Service (Windows). Retrieved April 2, 2021.",
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"description": "Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
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"description": "An adversary may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, hotfixes, service packs, and architecture. Adversaries may use the information from [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nTools such as [Systeminfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0096) can be used to gather detailed system information. If running with privileged access, a breakdown of system data can be gathered through the systemsetup configuration tool on macOS. As an example, adversaries with user-level access can execute the df -aH command to obtain currently mounted disks and associated freely available space. Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather detailed system information.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082) combined with information gathered from other forms of discovery and reconnaissance can drive payload development and concealment.(Citation: OSX.FairyTale)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n\nInfrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud providers such as AWS, GCP, and Azure allow access to instance and virtual machine information via APIs. Successful authenticated API calls can return data such as the operating system platform and status of a particular instance or the model view of a virtual machine.(Citation: Amazon Describe Instance)(Citation: Google Instances Resource)(Citation: Microsoft Virutal Machine API)",
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"description": "Amazon. (n.d.). describe-instance-information. Retrieved March 3, 2020.",
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"description": "Microsoft. (2019, March 1). Virtual Machines - Get. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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"description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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"description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data by transferring the data, including backups of cloud environments, to another cloud account they control on the same service to avoid typical file transfers/downloads and network-based exfiltration detection.\n\nA defender who is monitoring for large transfers to outside the cloud environment through normal file transfers or over command and control channels may not be watching for data transfers to another account within the same cloud provider. Such transfers may utilize existing cloud provider APIs and the internal address space of the cloud provider to blend into normal traffic or avoid data transfers over external network interfaces.\n\nIncidents have been observed where adversaries have created backups of cloud instances and transferred them to separate accounts.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018) ",
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"description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Share an Amazon EBS snapshot. Retrieved March 2, 2022.",
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},
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"source_name": "Azure Shared Access Signature",
"description": "Delegate access with a shared access signature. (2019, December 18). Delegate access with a shared access signature. Retrieved March 2, 2022.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/storageservices/delegate-access-with-shared-access-signature"
},
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"source_name": "Azure Blob Snapshots",
"description": "Microsoft Azure. (2021, December 29). Blob snapshots. Retrieved March 2, 2022.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/blobs/snapshots-overview"
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"source_name": "DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018",
"description": "Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved September 13, 2018.",
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"name": "Unsecured Credentials",
"description": "Adversaries may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials. These credentials can be stored and/or misplaced in many locations on a system, including plaintext files (e.g. [Bash History](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003)), operating system or application-specific repositories (e.g. [Credentials in Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/002)), or other specialized files/artifacts (e.g. [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004)).",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor system logs to review activities occurring across all cloud environments and regions. Configure alerting to notify of activity in normally unused regions or if the number of instances active in a region goes above a certain threshold.(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions)",
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"description": "CloudSploit. (2019, June 8). The Danger of Unused AWS Regions. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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"description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of existing accounts as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Compromised credentials may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on systems within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems and externally available services, such as VPNs, Outlook Web Access and remote desktop. Compromised credentials may also grant an adversary increased privilege to specific systems or access to restricted areas of the network. Adversaries may choose not to use malware or tools in conjunction with the legitimate access those credentials provide to make it harder to detect their presence.\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may abuse inactive accounts: for example, those belonging to individuals who are no longer part of an organization. Using these accounts may allow the adversary to evade detection, as the original account user will not be present to identify any anomalous activity taking place on their account.(Citation: CISA MFA PrintNightmare)\n\nThe overlap of permissions for local, domain, and cloud accounts across a network of systems is of concern because the adversary may be able to pivot across accounts and systems to reach a high level of access (i.e., domain or enterprise administrator) to bypass access controls set within the enterprise.(Citation: TechNet Credential Theft)",
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"description": "Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2022, March 15). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Gain Network Access by Exploiting Default Multifactor Authentication Protocols and “PrintNightmare” Vulnerability. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
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"description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
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"name": "Web Cookies",
"description": "Adversaries may forge web cookies that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services. Web applications and services (hosted in cloud SaaS environments or on-premise servers) often use session cookies to authenticate and authorize user access.\n\nAdversaries may generate these cookies in order to gain access to web resources. This differs from [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539) and other similar behaviors in that the cookies are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users. Most common web applications have standardized and documented cookie values that can be generated using provided tools or interfaces.(Citation: Pass The Cookie) The generation of web cookies often requires secret values, such as passwords, [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004), or other cryptographic seed values.\n\nOnce forged, adversaries may use these web cookies to access resources ([Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004)), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: Pass The Cookie)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous authentication activity, such as logons or other user session activity associated with unknown accounts. Monitor for unexpected and abnormal access to resources, including access of websites and cloud-based applications by the same user in different locations or by different systems that do not match expected configurations.",
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"description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
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"description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges’ Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Web Service",
"description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
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"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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"name": "Web Protocols",
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"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "XDG Autostart Entries",
"description": "Adversaries may modify XDG autostart entries to execute programs or commands during system boot. Linux desktop environments that are XDG compliant implement functionality for XDG autostart entries. These entries will allow an application to automatically start during the startup of a desktop environment after user logon. By default, XDG autostart entries are stored within the /etc/xdg/autostart or ~/.config/autostart directories and have a .desktop file extension.(Citation: Free Desktop Application Autostart Feb 2006)\n\nWithin an XDG autostart entry file, the Type key specifies if the entry is an application (type 1), link (type 2) or directory (type 3). The Name key indicates an arbitrary name assigned by the creator and the Exec key indicates the application and command line arguments to execute.(Citation: Free Desktop Entry Keys)\n\nAdversaries may use XDG autostart entries to maintain persistence by executing malicious commands and payloads, such as remote access tools, during the startup of a desktop environment. Commands included in XDG autostart entries with execute after user logon in the context of the currently logged on user. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make XDG autostart entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
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{
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"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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"x_mitre_detection": "Malicious XDG autostart entries may be detected by auditing file creation and modification events within the /etc/xdg/autostart and ~/.config/autostart directories. Depending on individual configurations, defenders may need to query the environment variables $XDG_CONFIG_HOME or $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS to determine the paths of Autostart entries. Autostart entry files not associated with legitimate packages may be considered suspicious. Suspicious entries can also be identified by comparing entries to a trusted system baseline.\n \nSuspicious processes or scripts spawned in this manner will have a parent process of the desktop component implementing the XDG specification and will execute as the logged on user.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Tony Lambert, Red Canary"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--e0232cb0-ded5-4c2e-9dc7-2893142a5c11",
"created": "2019-09-10T18:13:12.195Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/013",
"external_id": "T1547.013"
},
{
"source_name": "Free Desktop Application Autostart Feb 2006",
"description": "Free Desktop. (2006, February 13). Desktop Application Autostart Specification. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
"url": "https://specifications.freedesktop.org/autostart-spec/autostart-spec-latest.html"
},
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"source_name": "Free Desktop Entry Keys",
"description": "Free Desktop. (2017, December 24). Recognized Desktop Entry Keys. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
"url": "https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/1.2/ar01s06.html"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "SSH",
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into remote machines using Secure Shell (SSH). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nSSH is a protocol that allows authorized users to open remote shells on other computers. Many Linux and macOS versions come with SSH installed by default, although typically disabled until the user enables it. The SSH server can be configured to use standard password authentication or public-private keypairs in lieu of or in addition to a password. In this authentication scenario, the user’s public key must be in a special file on the computer running the server that lists which keypairs are allowed to login as that user.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Use of SSH may be legitimate depending on the environment and how it’s used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with SSH. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.\n\nOn macOS systems log show --predicate 'process = \"sshd\"' can be used to review incoming SSH connection attempts for suspicious activity. The command log show --info --predicate 'process = \"ssh\" or eventMessage contains \"ssh\"' can be used to review outgoing SSH connection activity.(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)\n\nOn Linux systems SSH activity can be found in the logs located in /var/log/auth.log or /var/log/secure depending on the distro you are using.",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_system_requirements": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--2db31dcd-54da-405d-acef-b9129b816ed6",
"created": "2020-02-11T18:27:15.774Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004",
"external_id": "T1021.004"
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"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-555"
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"source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
"description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] – Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
"url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "SSH Authorized Keys",
"description": "Adversaries may modify the SSH authorized_keys file to maintain persistence on a victim host. Linux distributions and macOS commonly use key-based authentication to secure the authentication process of SSH sessions for remote management. The authorized_keys file in SSH specifies the SSH keys that can be used for logging into the user account for which the file is configured. This file is usually found in the user's home directory under <user-home>/.ssh/authorized_keys.(Citation: SSH Authorized Keys) Users may edit the system’s SSH config file to modify the directives PubkeyAuthentication and RSAAuthentication to the value “yes” to ensure public key and RSA authentication are enabled. The SSH config file is usually located under /etc/ssh/sshd_config.\n\nAdversaries may modify SSH authorized_keys files directly with scripts or shell commands to add their own adversary-supplied public keys. In cloud environments, adversaries may be able to modify the SSH authorized_keys file of a particular virtual machine via the command line interface or rest API. For example, by using the Google Cloud CLI’s “add-metadata” command an adversary may add SSH keys to a user account.(Citation: Google Cloud Add Metadata)(Citation: Google Cloud Privilege Escalation) Similarly, in Azure, an adversary may update the authorized_keys file of a virtual machine via a PATCH request to the API.(Citation: Azure Update Virtual Machines) This ensures that an adversary possessing the corresponding private key may log in as an existing user via SSH.(Citation: Venafi SSH Key Abuse)(Citation: Cybereason Linux Exim Worm)\n\nWhere authorized_keys files are modified via cloud APIs or command line interfaces, an adversary may achieve privilege escalation on the target virtual machine if they add a key to a higher-privileged user. ",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Use file integrity monitoring to detect changes made to the authorized_keys file for each user on a system. Monitor for suspicious processes modifying the authorized_keys file. In cloud environments, monitor instances for modification of metadata and configurations.\n\nMonitor for changes to and suspicious processes modifiying /etc/ssh/sshd_config.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Dror Alon, Palo Alto Networks",
"Or Kliger, Palo Alto Networks"
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--6b57dc31-b814-4a03-8706-28bc20d739c4",
"created": "2020-06-24T12:42:35.144Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004",
"external_id": "T1098.004"
},
{
"source_name": "Venafi SSH Key Abuse",
"description": "Blachman, Y. (2020, April 22). Growing Abuse of SSH Keys: Commodity Malware Campaigns Now Equipped with SSH Capabilities. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.venafi.com/blog/growing-abuse-ssh-keys-commodity-malware-campaigns-now-equipped-ssh-capabilities"
},
{
"source_name": "Google Cloud Privilege Escalation",
"description": "Chris Moberly. (2020, February 12). Tutorial on privilege escalation and post exploitation tactics in Google Cloud Platform environments. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2020/02/12/plundering-gcp-escalating-privileges-in-google-cloud-platform/"
},
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"source_name": "Cybereason Linux Exim Worm",
"description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2019, June 13). New Pervasive Worm Exploiting Linux Exim Server Vulnerability. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/new-pervasive-worm-exploiting-linux-exim-server-vulnerability"
},
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"source_name": "Google Cloud Add Metadata",
"description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). gcloud compute instances add-metadata. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/instances/add-metadata"
},
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"source_name": "Azure Update Virtual Machines",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Virtual Machines - Update. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/compute/virtual-machines/update"
},
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"source_name": "SSH Authorized Keys",
"description": "ssh.com. (n.d.). Authorized_keys File in SSH. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh/authorized_keys/"
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "SSH Hijacking",
"description": "Adversaries may hijack a legitimate user's SSH session to move laterally within an environment. Secure Shell (SSH) is a standard means of remote access on Linux and macOS systems. It allows a user to connect to another system via an encrypted tunnel, commonly authenticating through a password, certificate or the use of an asymmetric encryption key pair.\n\nIn order to move laterally from a compromised host, adversaries may take advantage of trust relationships established with other systems via public key authentication in active SSH sessions by hijacking an existing connection to another system. This may occur through compromising the SSH agent itself or by having access to the agent's socket. If an adversary is able to obtain root access, then hijacking SSH sessions is likely trivial.(Citation: Slideshare Abusing SSH)(Citation: SSHjack Blackhat)(Citation: Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking)(Citation: Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack)\n\n[SSH Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/001) differs from use of [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004) because it hijacks an existing SSH session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Use of SSH may be legitimate, depending upon the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with SSH. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time. Also monitor user SSH-agent socket files being used by different users.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"x_mitre_system_requirements": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--4d2a5b3e-340d-4600-9123-309dd63c9bf8",
"created": "2020-02-25T18:34:38.290Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/001",
"external_id": "T1563.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Slideshare Abusing SSH",
"description": "Duarte, H., Morrison, B. (2012). (Mis)trusting and (ab)using ssh. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.slideshare.net/morisson/mistrusting-and-abusing-ssh-13526219"
},
{
"source_name": "SSHjack Blackhat",
"description": "Adam Boileau. (2005, August 5). Trust Transience: Post Intrusion SSH Hijacking. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf"
},
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"source_name": "Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking",
"description": "Beuchler, B. (2012, September 28). SSH Agent Hijacking. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.clockwork.com/news/2012/09/28/602/ssh_agent_hijacking"
},
{
"source_name": "Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack",
"description": "Hodgson, M. (2019, May 8). Post-mortem and remediations for Apr 11 security incident. Retrieved February 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://matrix.org/blog/2019/05/08/post-mortem-and-remediations-for-apr-11-security-incident"
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Standard Encoding",
"description": "Adversaries may encode data with a standard data encoding system to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data encoding system that adheres to existing protocol specifications. Common data encoding schemes include ASCII, Unicode, hexadecimal, Base64, and MIME.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.",
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{
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"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
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"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--04fd5427-79c7-44ea-ae13-11b24778ff1c",
"created": "2020-03-14T23:36:52.095Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132/001",
"external_id": "T1132.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding"
},
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"source_name": "Wikipedia Character Encoding",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). Character Encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Steganography",
"description": "Adversaries may use steganographic techniques to hide command and control traffic to make detection efforts more difficult. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital messages that are transferred between systems. This hidden information can be used for command and control of compromised systems. In some cases, the passing of files embedded using steganography, such as image or document files, can be used for command and control. ",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--eec23884-3fa1-4d8a-ac50-6f104d51e235",
"created": "2020-03-15T00:37:58.963Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/002",
"external_id": "T1001.002"
},
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"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Steganography",
"description": "Adversaries may use steganography techniques in order to prevent the detection of hidden information. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital media such as images, audio tracks, video clips, or text files.\n\n[Duqu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0038) was an early example of malware that used steganography. It encrypted the gathered information from a victim's system and hid it within an image before exfiltrating the image to a C2 server.(Citation: Wikipedia Duqu) \n\nBy the end of 2017, a threat group used Invoke-PSImage to hide [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands in an image file (.png) and execute the code on a victim's system. In this particular case the [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) code downloaded another obfuscated script to gather intelligence from the victim's machine and communicate it back to the adversary.(Citation: McAfee Malicious Doc Targets Pyeongchang Olympics) ",
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"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
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"x_mitre_detection": "Detection of steganography is difficult unless artifacts are left behind by the obfuscation process that are detectable with a known signature. Look for strings or other signatures left in system artifacts related to decoding steganography.",
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--c2e147a9-d1a8-4074-811a-d8789202d916",
"created": "2020-02-05T14:28:16.719Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/003",
"external_id": "T1027.003"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/636.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-636"
},
{
"source_name": "Wikipedia Duqu",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 29). Duqu. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqu"
},
{
"source_name": "McAfee Malicious Doc Targets Pyeongchang Olympics",
"description": "Saavedra-Morales, J., Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, January 6). Malicious Document Targets Pyeongchang Olympics. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
"url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/mcafee-labs/malicious-document-targets-pyeongchang-olympics/"
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"modified": "2022-05-24T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Subvert Trust Controls",
"description": "Adversaries may undermine security controls that will either warn users of untrusted activity or prevent execution of untrusted programs. Operating systems and security products may contain mechanisms to identify programs or websites as possessing some level of trust. Examples of such features would include a program being allowed to run because it is signed by a valid code signing certificate, a program prompting the user with a warning because it has an attribute set from being downloaded from the Internet, or getting an indication that you are about to connect to an untrusted site.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to subvert these trust mechanisms. The method adversaries use will depend on the specific mechanism they seek to subvert. Adversaries may conduct [File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222) or [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112) in support of subverting these controls.(Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017) Adversaries may also create or steal code signing certificates to acquire trust on target systems.(Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates)(Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates) ",
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}
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"x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata on software that executes within the environment to look for unusual certificate characteristics and outliers. Periodically baseline registered SIPs and trust providers (Registry entries and files on disk), specifically looking for new, modified, or non-Microsoft entries. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017) A system's root certificates are unlikely to change frequently. Monitor new certificates installed on a system that could be due to malicious activity.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nAnalyze Autoruns data for oddities and anomalies, specifically malicious files attempting persistent execution by hiding within auto-starting locations. Autoruns will hide entries signed by Microsoft or Windows by default, so ensure \"Hide Microsoft Entries\" and \"Hide Windows Entries\" are both deselected.(Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017) \n\nMonitor and investigate attempts to modify extended file attributes with utilities such as xattr. Built-in system utilities may generate high false positive alerts, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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"Digital Certificate Validation",
"User Mode Signature Validation",
"Windows User Account Control",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--b83e166d-13d7-4b52-8677-dff90c548fd7",
"created": "2020-02-05T14:54:07.588Z",
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"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553",
"external_id": "T1553"
},
{
"source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
"description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
"url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec"
},
{
"source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
"description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
"url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
},
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"source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
"description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn’t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
"url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
},
{
"source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
"description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
"url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates"
}
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Stored Data Manipulation",
"description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data at rest in order to influence external outcomes or hide activity, thus threatening the integrity of the data.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating stored data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "impact"
}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Where applicable, inspect important file hashes, locations, and modifications for suspicious/unexpected values.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--1cfcb312-b8d7-47a4-b560-4b16cc677292",
"created": "2020-03-02T14:22:24.410Z",
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"revoked": false,
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/001",
"external_id": "T1565.001"
},
{
"source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
"description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
},
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"source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
"description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
"url": "https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Sudo and Sudo Caching",
"description": "Adversaries may perform sudo caching and/or use the sudoers file to elevate privileges. Adversaries may do this to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges.\n\nWithin Linux and MacOS systems, sudo (sometimes referred to as \"superuser do\") allows users to perform commands from terminals with elevated privileges and to control who can perform these commands on the system. The sudo command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\"(Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a timestamp_timeout, which is the amount of time in minutes between instances of sudo before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because sudo has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at /var/db/sudo with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a tty_tickets variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nThe sudoers file, /etc/sudoers, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the principle of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL.(Citation: OSX.Dok Malware) Elevated privileges are required to edit this file though.\n\nAdversaries can also abuse poor configurations of these mechanisms to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. For example, /var/db/sudo's timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the timestamp_timeout range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. Additional, if tty_tickets is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user.\n\nIn the wild, malware has disabled tty_tickets to potentially make scripting easier by issuing echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers.(Citation: cybereason osx proton) In order for this change to be reflected, the malware also issued killall Terminal. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has tty_tickets enabled by default.",
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"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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"x_mitre_detection": "On Linux, auditd can alert every time a user's actual ID and effective ID are different (this is what happens when you sudo). This technique is abusing normal functionality in macOS and Linux systems, but sudo has the ability to log all input and output based on the LOG_INPUT and LOG_OUTPUT directives in the /etc/sudoers file.",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"x_mitre_effective_permissions": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--1365fe3b-0f50-455d-b4da-266ce31c23b0",
"created": "2020-01-30T14:34:44.992Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/003",
"external_id": "T1548.003"
},
{
"source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
"description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.sudo.ws/"
},
{
"source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
"description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
"url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
},
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"source_name": "cybereason osx proton",
"description": "Amit Serper. (2018, May 10). ProtonB What this Mac Malware Actually Does. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does"
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],
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "System Binary Proxy Execution",
"description": "Adversaries may bypass process and/or signature-based defenses by proxying execution of malicious content with signed, or otherwise trusted, binaries. Binaries used in this technique are often Microsoft-signed files, indicating that they have been either downloaded from Microsoft or are already native in the operating system.(Citation: LOLBAS Project) Binaries signed with trusted digital certificates can typically execute on Windows systems protected by digital signature validation. Several Microsoft signed binaries that are default on Windows installations can be used to proxy execution of other files or commands.\n\nSimilarly, on Linux systems adversaries may abuse trusted binaries such as split to proxy execution of malicious commands.(Citation: split man page)(Citation: GTFO split)",
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}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line parameters for signed binaries that may be used to proxy execution of malicious files. Compare recent invocations of signed binaries that may be used to proxy execution with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Legitimate programs used in suspicious ways, like msiexec.exe downloading an MSI file from the Internet, may be indicative of an intrusion. Correlate activity with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives that may be due to normal benign use by users and administrators.\n\nMonitor for file activity (creations, downloads, modifications, etc.), especially for file types that are not typical within an environment and may be indicative of adversary activity.",
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"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "3.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Hans Christoffer Gaardløs",
"Praetorian",
"Wes Hurd"
],
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"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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"Digital Certificate Validation"
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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"revoked": false,
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218",
"external_id": "T1218"
},
{
"source_name": "GTFO split",
"description": "GTFOBins. (2020, November 13). split. Retrieved April 18, 2022.",
"url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/split/"
},
{
"source_name": "LOLBAS Project",
"description": "Oddvar Moe et al. (2022, February). Living Off The Land Binaries, Scripts and Libraries. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
"url": "https://github.com/LOLBAS-Project/LOLBAS#criteria"
},
{
"source_name": "split man page",
"description": "Torbjorn Granlund, Richard M. Stallman. (2020, March null). split(1) — Linux manual page. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
"url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/split.1.html"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "System Checks",
"description": "Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nSpecific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047), [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082), and [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) to obtain system information and search for VME artifacts. Adversaries may search for VME artifacts in memory, processes, file system, hardware, and/or the Registry. Adversaries may use scripting to automate these checks into one script and then have the program exit if it determines the system to be a virtual environment. \n\nChecks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. \n\nOther common checks may enumerate services running that are unique to these applications, installed programs on the system, manufacturer/product fields for strings relating to virtual machine applications, and VME-specific hardware/processor instructions.(Citation: McAfee Virtual Jan 2017) In applications like VMWare, adversaries can also use a special I/O port to send commands and receive output. \n \nHardware checks, such as the presence of the fan, temperature, and audio devices, could also be used to gather evidence that can be indicative a virtual environment. Adversaries may also query for specific readings from these devices.(Citation: Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018)",
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"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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"x_mitre_detection": "Virtualization/sandbox related system checks will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to virtualization and sandbox identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection.",
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"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
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"x_mitre_contributors": [
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],
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"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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"Host forensic analysis",
"Anti-virus"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--29be378d-262d-4e99-b00d-852d573628e6",
"created": "2020-03-06T20:57:37.959Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/001",
"external_id": "T1497.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
"description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved May 18, 2021.",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc"
},
{
"source_name": "McAfee Virtual Jan 2017",
"description": "Roccia, T. (2017, January 19). Stopping Malware With a Fake Virtual Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
"url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/stopping-malware-fake-virtual-machine/"
},
{
"source_name": "Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018",
"description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, September 04). OilRig Targets a Middle Eastern Government and Adds Evasion Techniques to OopsIE. Retrieved September 24, 2018.",
"url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/09/unit42-oilrig-targets-middle-eastern-government-adds-evasion-techniques-oopsie/"
}
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Symmetric Cryptography",
"description": "Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish, and RC4.",
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"phase_name": "command-and-control"
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"x_mitre_detection": "With symmetric encryption, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures.\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--24bfaeba-cb0d-4525-b3dc-507c77ecec41",
"created": "2020-03-16T15:45:17.032Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/001",
"external_id": "T1573.001"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "System Language Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information about the system language of a victim in order to infer the geographical location of that host. This information may be used to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether the adversary infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. This decision may be employed by malware developers and operators to reduce their risk of attracting the attention of specific law enforcement agencies or prosecution/scrutiny from other entities.(Citation: Malware System Language Check)\n\nThere are various sources of data an adversary could use to infer system language, such as system defaults and keyboard layouts. Specific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) and calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.(Citation: CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019) \n\nFor example, on a Windows system adversaries may attempt to infer the language of a system by querying the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Nls\\Language or parsing the outputs of Windows API functions GetUserDefaultUILanguage, GetSystemDefaultUILanguage, GetKeyboardLayoutList and GetUserDefaultLangID.(Citation: Darkside Ransomware Cybereason)(Citation: Securelist JSWorm)(Citation: SecureList SynAck Doppelgänging May 2018)\n\nOn a macOS or Linux system, adversaries may query locale to retrieve the value of the $LANG environment variable.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system language information. This may include calls to various API functions and interaction with system configuration settings such as the Windows Registry.",
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],
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
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"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--c1b68a96-3c48-49ea-a6c0-9b27359f9c19",
"created": "2021-08-18T14:06:45.244Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614/001",
"external_id": "T1614.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Malware System Language Check",
"description": "Pierre-Marc Bureau. (2009, January 15). Malware Trying to Avoid Some Countries. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2009/01/15/malware-trying-to-avoid-some-countries/"
},
{
"source_name": "CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019",
"description": "Hanel, A. (2019, January 10). Big Game Hunting with Ryuk: Another Lucrative Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/big-game-hunting-with-ryuk-another-lucrative-targeted-ransomware/"
},
{
"source_name": "Darkside Ransomware Cybereason",
"description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2021, April 1). Cybereason vs. Darkside Ransomware. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/cybereason-vs-darkside-ransomware"
},
{
"source_name": "Securelist JSWorm",
"description": "Fedor Sinitsyn. (2021, May 25). Evolution of JSWorm Ransomware. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
"url": "https://securelist.com/evolution-of-jsworm-ransomware/102428/"
},
{
"source_name": "SecureList SynAck Doppelgänging May 2018",
"description": "Ivanov, A. et al. (2018, May 7). SynAck targeted ransomware uses the Doppelgänging technique. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
"url": "https://securelist.com/synack-targeted-ransomware-uses-the-doppelganging-technique/85431/"
}
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"modified": "2022-05-20T17:34:15.406Z",
"name": "System Network Configuration Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses, of systems they access or through information discovery of remote systems. Several operating system administration utilities exist that can be used to gather this information. Examples include [Arp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0099), [ipconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0100)/[ifconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0101), [nbtstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0102), and [route](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0103).\n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather information about configurations and settings, such as IP addresses of configured interfaces and static/dynamic routes.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion )\n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. ",
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"source_name": "Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ",
"description": "Gyler, C.,Perez D.,Jones, S.,Miller, S.. (2021, February 25). This is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
"url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/apt41-initiates-global-intrusion-campaign-using-multiple-exploits"
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"source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
"description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
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"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised system they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\nAn adversary who gains access to a system that is part of a cloud-based environment may map out Virtual Private Clouds or Virtual Networks in order to determine what systems and services are connected. The actions performed are likely the same types of discovery techniques depending on the operating system, but the resulting information may include details about the networked cloud environment relevant to the adversary's goals. Cloud providers may have different ways in which their virtual networks operate.(Citation: Amazon AWS VPC Guide)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview)(Citation: Google VPC Overview) Similarly, adversaries who gain access to network devices may also perform similar discovery activities to gather information about connected systems and services.\n\nUtilities and commands that acquire this information include [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104), \"net use,\" and \"net session\" with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039). In Mac and Linux, [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104) and lsof can be used to list current connections. who -a and w can be used to show which users are currently logged in, similar to \"net session\". Additionally, built-in features native to network devices and [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) may be used.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1049",
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"source_name": "Amazon AWS VPC Guide",
"description": "Amazon. (n.d.). What Is Amazon VPC?. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/what-is-amazon-vpc.html"
},
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"source_name": "Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview",
"description": "Annamalai, N., Casey, C., Almeida, M., et. al.. (2019, June 18). What is Azure Virtual Network?. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-networks-overview"
},
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"source_name": "Google VPC Overview",
"description": "Google. (2019, September 23). Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network overview. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/vpc"
},
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"source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
"description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "System Owner/User Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, set of users that commonly uses a system, or whether a user is actively using the system. They may do this, for example, by retrieving account usernames or by using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). The information may be collected in a number of different ways using other Discovery techniques, because user and username details are prevalent throughout a system and include running process ownership, file/directory ownership, session information, and system logs. Adversaries may use the information from [System Owner/User Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nVarious utilities and commands may acquire this information, including whoami. In macOS and Linux, the currently logged in user can be identified with w and who. On macOS the dscl . list /Users | grep -v '_' command can also be used to enumerate user accounts. Environment variables, such as %USERNAME% and $USER, may also be used to access this information.",
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/577.html",
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "System Service Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may try to gather information about registered local system services. Adversaries may obtain information about services using tools as well as OS utility commands such as sc query, tasklist /svc, systemctl --type=service, and net start.\n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.",
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"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:21.315Z",
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/574.html",
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "System Services",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse system services or daemons to execute commands or programs. Adversaries can execute malicious content by interacting with or creating services either locally or remotely. Many services are set to run at boot, which can aid in achieving persistence ([Create or Modify System Process](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543)), but adversaries can also abuse services for one-time or temporary execution.",
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"phase_name": "execution"
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],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for command line invocations of tools capable of modifying services that doesn’t correspond to normal usage patterns and known software, patch cycles, etc. Also monitor for changes to executables and other files associated with services. Changes to Windows services may also be reflected in the Registry.",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--d157f9d2-d09a-4efa-bb2a-64963f94e253",
"created": "2020-03-10T18:23:06.482Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569",
"external_id": "T1569"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "System Shutdown/Reboot",
"description": "Adversaries may shutdown/reboot systems to interrupt access to, or aid in the destruction of, those systems. Operating systems may contain commands to initiate a shutdown/reboot of a machine or network device. In some cases, these commands may also be used to initiate a shutdown/reboot of a remote computer or network device.(Citation: Microsoft Shutdown Oct 2017)(Citation: alert_TA18_106A) Shutting down or rebooting systems may disrupt access to computer resources for legitimate users.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to shutdown/reboot a system after impacting it in other ways, such as [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) or [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490), to hasten the intended effects on system availability.(Citation: Talos Nyetya June 2017)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)",
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],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and command line parameters of binaries involved in shutting down or rebooting systems. Windows event logs may also designate activity associated with a shutdown/reboot, ex. Event ID 1074 and 6006. Unexpected or unauthorized commands from network cli on network devices may also be associated with shutdown/reboot, e.g. the reload command.",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--ff73aa03-0090-4464-83ac-f89e233c02bc",
"created": "2019-10-04T20:42:28.541Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529",
"external_id": "T1529"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Shutdown Oct 2017",
"description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 15). Shutdown. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/shutdown"
},
{
"source_name": "alert_TA18_106A",
"description": "CISA. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
},
{
"source_name": "Talos Nyetya June 2017",
"description": "Chiu, A. (2016, June 27). New Ransomware Variant \"Nyetya\" Compromises Systems Worldwide. Retrieved March 26, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/06/worldwide-ransomware-variant.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
"description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
}
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Systemd Service",
"description": "Adversaries may create or modify systemd services to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. The systemd service manager is commonly used for managing background daemon processes (also known as services) and other system resources.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014)(Citation: Freedesktop.org Linux systemd 29SEP2018) Systemd is the default initialization (init) system on many Linux distributions starting with Debian 8, Ubuntu 15.04, CentOS 7, RHEL 7, Fedora 15, and replaces legacy init systems including SysVinit and Upstart while remaining backwards compatible with the aforementioned init systems.\n\nSystemd utilizes configuration files known as service units to control how services boot and under what conditions. By default, these unit files are stored in the /etc/systemd/system and /usr/lib/systemd/system directories and have the file extension .service. Each service unit file may contain numerous directives that can execute system commands:\n\n* ExecStart, ExecStartPre, and ExecStartPost directives cover execution of commands when a services is started manually by 'systemctl' or on system start if the service is set to automatically start. \n* ExecReload directive covers when a service restarts. \n* ExecStop and ExecStopPost directives cover when a service is stopped or manually by 'systemctl'.\n\nAdversaries have used systemd functionality to establish persistent access to victim systems by creating and/or modifying service unit files that cause systemd to execute malicious commands at system boot.(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019)\n\nWhile adversaries typically require root privileges to create/modify service unit files in the /etc/systemd/system and /usr/lib/systemd/system directories, low privilege users can create/modify service unit files in directories such as ~/.config/systemd/user/ to achieve user-level persistence.(Citation: Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Systemd service unit files may be detected by auditing file creation and modification events within the /etc/systemd/system, /usr/lib/systemd/system/, and /home//.config/systemd/user/ directories, as well as associated symbolic links. Suspicious processes or scripts spawned in this manner will have a parent process of ‘systemd’, a parent process ID of 1, and will usually execute as the ‘root’ user.\n\nSuspicious systemd services can also be identified by comparing results against a trusted system baseline. Malicious systemd services may be detected by using the systemctl utility to examine system wide services: systemctl list-units -–type=service –all. Analyze the contents of .service files present on the file system and ensure that they refer to legitimate, expected executables.\n\nAuditing the execution and command-line arguments of the 'systemctl' utility, as well related utilities such as /usr/sbin/service may reveal malicious systemd service execution.",
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
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"description": "Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
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"description": "Rapid7. (2016, June 22). Service Persistence. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
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"description": "Adversaries may abuse systemd timers to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. Systemd timers are unit files with file extension .timer that control services. Timers can be set to run on a calendar event or after a time span relative to a starting point. They can be used as an alternative to [Cron](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/003) in Linux environments.(Citation: archlinux Systemd Timers Aug 2020) Systemd timers may be activated remotely via the systemctl command line utility, which operates over [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).(Citation: Systemd Remote Control)\n\nEach .timer file must have a corresponding .service file with the same name, e.g., example.timer and example.service. .service files are [Systemd Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/002) unit files that are managed by the systemd system and service manager.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014) Privileged timers are written to /etc/systemd/system/ and /usr/lib/systemd/system while user level are written to ~/.config/systemd/user/.\n\nAn adversary may use systemd timers to execute malicious code at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence.(Citation: Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018)(Citation: gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018)(Citation: acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018) Timers installed using privileged paths may be used to maintain root level persistence. Adversaries may also install user level timers to achieve user level persistence.",
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"source_name": "Retwin Directory Share Pivot",
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"description": "Adversaries may employ various time-based methods to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include enumerating time-based properties, such as uptime or the system clock, as well as the use of timers or other triggers to avoid a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox, specifically those that are automated or only operate for a limited amount of time.\n\nAdversaries may employ various time-based evasions, such as delaying malware functionality upon initial execution using programmatic sleep commands or native system scheduling functionality (ex: [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053)). Delays may also be based on waiting for specific victim conditions to be met (ex: system time, events, etc.) or employ scheduled [Multi-Stage Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1104) to avoid analysis and scrutiny.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nBenign commands or other operations may also be used to delay malware execution. Loops or otherwise needless repetitions of commands, such as [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097)s, may be used to delay malware execution and potentially exceed time thresholds of automated analysis environments.(Citation: Revil Independence Day)(Citation: Netskope Nitol) Another variation, commonly referred to as API hammering, involves making various calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions in order to delay execution (while also potentially overloading analysis environments with junk data).(Citation: Joe Sec Nymaim)(Citation: Joe Sec Trickbot)\n\nAdversaries may also use time as a metric to detect sandboxes and analysis environments, particularly those that attempt to manipulate time mechanisms to simulate longer elapses of time. For example, an adversary may be able to identify a sandbox accelerating time by sampling and calculating the expected value for an environment's timestamp before and after execution of a sleep function.(Citation: ISACA Malware Tricks)",
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"source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
"description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved May 18, 2021.",
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"source_name": "Revil Independence Day",
"description": "Loman, M. et al. (2021, July 4). Independence Day: REvil uses supply chain exploit to attack hundreds of businesses. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
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"source_name": "Netskope Nitol",
"description": "Malik, A. (2016, October 14). Nitol Botnet makes a resurgence with evasive sandbox analysis technique. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/nitol-botnet-makes-resurgence-evasive-sandbox-analysis-technique"
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"source_name": "Joe Sec Nymaim",
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Timestomp",
"description": "Adversaries may modify file time attributes to hide new or changes to existing files. Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder. This is done, for example, on files that have been modified or created by the adversary so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools.\n\nTimestomping may be used along with file name [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to hide malware and tools.(Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)",
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"name": "Traffic Signaling",
"description": "Adversaries may use traffic signaling to hide open ports or other malicious functionality used for persistence or command and control. Traffic signaling involves the use of a magic value or sequence that must be sent to a system to trigger a special response, such as opening a closed port or executing a malicious task. This may take the form of sending a series of packets with certain characteristics before a port will be opened that the adversary can use for command and control. Usually this series of packets consists of attempted connections to a predefined sequence of closed ports (i.e. [Port Knocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001)), but can involve unusual flags, specific strings, or other unique characteristics. After the sequence is completed, opening a port may be accomplished by the host-based firewall, but could also be implemented by custom software.\n\nAdversaries may also communicate with an already open port, but the service listening on that port will only respond to commands or trigger other malicious functionality if passed the appropriate magic value(s).\n\nThe observation of the signal packets to trigger the communication can be conducted through different methods. One means, originally implemented by Cd00r (Citation: Hartrell cd00r 2002), is to use the libpcap libraries to sniff for the packets in question. Another method leverages raw sockets, which enables the malware to use ports that are already open for use by other programs.\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may use crafted packets to enable [Network Device Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004) for standard services offered by the device such as telnet. Such signaling may also be used to open a closed service port such as telnet, or to trigger module modification of malware implants on the device, adding, removing, or changing malicious capabilities. Adversaries may use crafted packets to attempt to connect to one or more (open or closed) ports, but may also attempt to connect to a router interface, broadcast, and network address IP on the same port in order to achieve their goals and objectives.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)(Citation: Mandiant - Synful Knock)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) To enable this traffic signaling on embedded devices, adversaries must first achieve and leverage [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) due to the monolithic nature of the architecture.\n\nAdversaries may also use the Wake-on-LAN feature to turn on powered off systems. Wake-on-LAN is a hardware feature that allows a powered down system to be powered on, or woken up, by sending a magic packet to it. Once the system is powered on, it may become a target for lateral movement.(Citation: Bleeping Computer - Ryuk WoL)(Citation: AMD Magic Packet)",
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"description": "Abrams, L. (2021, January 14). Ryuk Ransomware Uses Wake-on-Lan To Encrypt Offline Devices. Retrieved February 11, 2021.",
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"description": "Bill Hau, Tony Lee, Josh Homan. (2015, September 15). SYNful Knock - A Cisco router implant - Part I. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/synful-knock-acis"
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"source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
"description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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"source_name": "Hartrell cd00r 2002",
"description": "Hartrell, Greg. (2002, August). Get a handle on cd00r: The invisible backdoor. Retrieved October 13, 2018.",
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},
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"source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
"description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
},
{
"source_name": "GitLab WakeOnLAN",
"description": "Perry, David. (2020, August 11). WakeOnLAN (WOL). Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/wireshark/wireshark/-/wikis/WakeOnLAN"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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]
},
{
"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Trap",
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by an interrupt signal. The trap command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common keyboard interrupts like ctrl+c and ctrl+d.\n\nAdversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format trap 'command list' signals where \"command list\" will be executed when \"signals\" are received.(Citation: Trap Manual)(Citation: Cyberciti Trap Statements)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Trap commands must be registered for the shell or programs, so they appear in files. Monitoring files for suspicious or overly broad trap commands can narrow down suspicious behavior during an investigation. Monitor for suspicious processes executed through trap interrupts.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
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],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--63220765-d418-44de-8fae-694b3912317d",
"created": "2020-01-24T14:17:43.906Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/005",
"external_id": "T1546.005"
},
{
"source_name": "Trap Manual",
"description": "ss64. (n.d.). trap. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
"url": "https://ss64.com/bash/trap.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Cyberciti Trap Statements",
"description": "Cyberciti. (2016, March 29). Trap statement. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
"url": "https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Trap_statement"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Trusted Relationship",
"description": "Adversaries may breach or otherwise leverage organizations who have access to intended victims. Access through trusted third party relationship exploits an existing connection that may not be protected or receives less scrutiny than standard mechanisms of gaining access to a network.\n\nOrganizations often grant elevated access to second or third-party external providers in order to allow them to manage internal systems as well as cloud-based environments. Some examples of these relationships include IT services contractors, managed security providers, infrastructure contractors (e.g. HVAC, elevators, physical security). The third-party provider's access may be intended to be limited to the infrastructure being maintained, but may exist on the same network as the rest of the enterprise. As such, [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) used by the other party for access to internal network systems may be compromised and used.(Citation: CISA IT Service Providers)",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "initial-access"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Establish monitoring for activity conducted by second and third party providers and other trusted entities that may be leveraged as a means to gain access to the network. Depending on the type of relationship, an adversary may have access to significant amounts of information about the target before conducting an operation, especially if the trusted relationship is based on IT services. Adversaries may be able to act quickly towards an objective, so proper monitoring for behavior related to Credential Access, Lateral Movement, and Collection will be important to detect the intrusion.",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--9fa07bef-9c81-421e-a8e5-ad4366c5a925",
"created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199",
"external_id": "T1199"
},
{
"source_name": "CISA IT Service Providers",
"description": "CISA. (n.d.). APTs Targeting IT Service Provider Customers. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
"url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/APTs-Targeting-IT-Service-Provider-Customers"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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]
},
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Unix Shell",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution. Unix shells are the primary command prompt on Linux and macOS systems, though many variations of the Unix shell exist (e.g. sh, bash, zsh, etc.) depending on the specific OS or distribution.(Citation: DieNet Bash)(Citation: Apple ZShell) Unix shells can control every aspect of a system, with certain commands requiring elevated privileges.\n\nUnix shells also support scripts that enable sequential execution of commands as well as other typical programming operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of shell scripts include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems.\n\nAdversaries may abuse Unix shells to execute various commands or payloads. Interactive shells may be accessed through command and control channels or during lateral movement such as with [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004). Adversaries may also leverage shell scripts to deliver and execute multiple commands on victims or as part of payloads used for persistence.",
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "execution"
}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Unix shell usage may be common on administrator, developer, or power user systems, depending on job function. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempt to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.\n\nScripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information discovery, collection, or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script. ",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"root"
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"x_mitre_remote_support": true,
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--a9d4b653-6915-42af-98b2-5758c4ceee56",
"created": "2020-03-09T14:15:05.330Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004",
"external_id": "T1059.004"
},
{
"source_name": "DieNet Bash",
"description": "die.net. (n.d.). bash(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved June 12, 2020.",
"url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/bash"
},
{
"source_name": "Apple ZShell",
"description": "Apple. (2020, January 28). Use zsh as the default shell on your Mac. Retrieved June 12, 2020.",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208050"
}
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Unix Shell Configuration Modification",
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user’s shell. User [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004)s execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command-line interface or remotely logs in (such as via SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (/etc) and the user’s home directory (~/) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use /etc/profile when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user’s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to establish persistence by inserting commands into scripts automatically executed by shells. Using bash as an example, the default shell for most GNU/Linux systems, adversaries may add commands that launch malicious binaries into the /etc/profile and /etc/profile.d files.(Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware)(Citation: bencane blog bashrc) These files typically require root permissions to modify and are executed each time any shell on a system launches. For user level permissions, adversaries can insert malicious commands into ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, or ~/.profile which are sourced when a user opens a command-line interface or connects remotely.(Citation: anomali-rocke-tactics)(Citation: Linux manual bash invocation) Since the system only executes the first existing file in the listed order, adversaries have used ~/.bash_profile to ensure execution. Adversaries have also leveraged the ~/.bashrc file which is additionally executed if the connection is established remotely or an additional interactive shell is opened, such as a new tab in the command-line interface.(Citation: Tsunami)(Citation: anomali-rocke-tactics)(Citation: anomali-linux-rabbit)(Citation: Magento) Some malware targets the termination of a program to trigger execution, adversaries can use the ~/.bash_logout file to execute malicious commands at the end of a session. \n\nFor macOS, the functionality of this technique is similar but may leverage zsh, the default shell for macOS 10.15+. When the Terminal.app is opened, the application launches a zsh login shell and a zsh interactive shell. The login shell configures the system environment using /etc/profile, /etc/zshenv, /etc/zprofile, and /etc/zlogin.(Citation: ScriptingOSX zsh)(Citation: PersistentJXA_leopitt)(Citation: code_persistence_zsh)(Citation: macOS MS office sandbox escape) The login shell then configures the user environment with ~/.zprofile and ~/.zlogin. The interactive shell uses the ~/.zshrc to configure the user environment. Upon exiting, /etc/zlogout and ~/.zlogout are executed. For legacy programs, macOS executes /etc/bashrc on startup.",
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"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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"x_mitre_detection": "While users may customize their shell profile files, there are only certain types of commands that typically appear in these files. Monitor for abnormal commands such as execution of unknown programs, opening network sockets, or reaching out across the network when user profiles are loaded during the login process.\n\nMonitor for changes to /etc/profile and /etc/profile.d, these files should only be modified by system administrators. MacOS users can leverage Endpoint Security Framework file events monitoring these specific files.(Citation: ESF_filemonitor) \n\nFor most Linux and macOS systems, a list of file paths for valid shell options available on a system are located in the /etc/shells file.\n",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Tony Lambert, Red Canary"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
"Administrator"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--b63a34e8-0a61-4c97-a23b-bf8a2ed812e2",
"created": "2020-01-24T14:13:45.936Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004",
"external_id": "T1546.004"
},
{
"source_name": "intezer-kaiji-malware",
"description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, May 4). Kaiji: New Chinese Linux malware turning to Golang. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
},
{
"source_name": "bencane blog bashrc",
"description": "Benjamin Cane. (2013, September 16). Understanding a little more about /etc/profile and /etc/bashrc. Retrieved February 25, 2021.",
"url": "https://bencane.com/2013/09/16/understanding-a-little-more-about-etcprofile-and-etcbashrc/"
},
{
"source_name": "anomali-rocke-tactics",
"description": "Anomali Threat Research. (2019, October 15). Illicit Cryptomining Threat Actor Rocke Changes Tactics, Now More Difficult to Detect. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/illicit-cryptomining-threat-actor-rocke-changes-tactics-now-more-difficult-to-detect"
},
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"source_name": "Linux manual bash invocation",
"description": "ArchWiki. (2021, January 19). Bash. Retrieved February 25, 2021.",
"url": "https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bash#Invocation"
},
{
"source_name": "Tsunami",
"description": "Claud Xiao and Cong Zheng. (2017, April 6). New IoT/Linux Malware Targets DVRs, Forms Botnet. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-new-iotlinux-malware-targets-dvrs-forms-botnet/"
},
{
"source_name": "anomali-linux-rabbit",
"description": "Anomali Threat Research. (2018, December 6). Pulling Linux Rabbit/Rabbot Malware Out of a Hat. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/pulling-linux-rabbit-rabbot-malware-out-of-a-hat"
},
{
"source_name": "Magento",
"description": "Cesar Anjos. (2018, May 31). Shell Logins as a Magento Reinfection Vector. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://blog.sucuri.net/2018/05/shell-logins-as-a-magento-reinfection-vector.html"
},
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"source_name": "ScriptingOSX zsh",
"description": "Armin Briegel. (2019, June 5). Moving to zsh, part 2: Configuration Files. Retrieved February 25, 2021.",
"url": "https://scriptingosx.com/2019/06/moving-to-zsh-part-2-configuration-files/"
},
{
"source_name": "PersistentJXA_leopitt",
"description": "Leo Pitt. (2020, August 6). Persistent JXA - A poor man's Powershell for macOS. Retrieved January 11, 2021.",
"url": "https://posts.specterops.io/persistent-jxa-66e1c3cd1cf5"
},
{
"source_name": "code_persistence_zsh",
"description": "Leo Pitt. (2020, November 11). Github - PersistentJXA/BashProfilePersist.js. Retrieved January 11, 2021.",
"url": "https://github.com/D00MFist/PersistentJXA/blob/master/BashProfilePersist.js"
},
{
"source_name": "macOS MS office sandbox escape",
"description": "Cedric Owens. (2021, May 22). macOS MS Office Sandbox Brain Dump. Retrieved August 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://cedowens.medium.com/macos-ms-office-sandbox-brain-dump-4509b5fed49a"
},
{
"source_name": "ESF_filemonitor",
"description": "Patrick Wardle. (2019, September 17). Writing a File Monitor with Apple's Endpoint Security Framework. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x48.html"
}
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "User Activity Based Checks",
"description": "Adversaries may employ various user activity checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may search for user activity on the host based on variables such as the speed/frequency of mouse movements and clicks (Citation: Sans Virtual Jan 2016) , browser history, cache, bookmarks, or number of files in common directories such as home or the desktop. Other methods may rely on specific user interaction with the system before the malicious code is activated, such as waiting for a document to close before activating a macro (Citation: Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018) or waiting for a user to double click on an embedded image to activate.(Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) ",
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}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "User activity-based checks will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to virtualization and sandbox identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"created": "2020-03-06T21:04:12.454Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/002",
"external_id": "T1497.002"
},
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"source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
"description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved May 18, 2021.",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc"
},
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"source_name": "Sans Virtual Jan 2016",
"description": "Keragala, D. (2016, January 16). Detecting Malware and Sandbox Evasion Techniques. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/forensics/detecting-malware-sandbox-evasion-techniques-36667"
},
{
"source_name": "Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018",
"description": "Falcone, R., Lee, B.. (2018, November 20). Sofacy Continues Global Attacks and Wheels Out New ‘Cannon’ Trojan. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-sofacy-continues-global-attacks-wheels-new-cannon-trojan/"
},
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"source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
"description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "VDSO Hijacking",
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via VDSO hijacking in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Virtual dynamic shared object (vdso) hijacking is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nVDSO hijacking involves redirecting calls to dynamically linked shared libraries. Memory protections may prevent writing executable code to a process via [Ptrace System Calls](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/008). However, an adversary may hijack the syscall interface code stubs mapped into a process from the vdso shared object to execute syscalls to open and map a malicious shared object. This code can then be invoked by redirecting the execution flow of the process via patched memory address references stored in a process' global offset table (which store absolute addresses of mapped library functions).(Citation: ELF Injection May 2009)(Citation: Backtrace VDSO)(Citation: VDSO Aug 2005)(Citation: Syscall 2014)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via VDSO hijacking may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for malicious usage of system calls, such as ptrace and mmap, that can be used to attach to, manipulate memory, then redirect a processes' execution path. Monitoring for Linux specific calls such as the ptrace system call should not generate large amounts of data due to their specialized nature, and can be a very effective method to detect some of the common process injection methods.(Citation: ArtOfMemoryForensics)(Citation: GNU Acct)(Citation: RHEL auditd)(Citation: Chokepoint preload rootkits) \n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--98be40f2-c86b-4ade-b6fc-4964932040e5",
"created": "2020-01-14T01:35:00.781Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/014",
"external_id": "T1055.014"
},
{
"source_name": "ELF Injection May 2009",
"description": "O'Neill, R. (2009, May). Modern Day ELF Runtime infection via GOT poisoning. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150711051625/http://vxer.org/lib/vrn00.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Backtrace VDSO",
"description": "backtrace. (2016, April 22). ELF SHARED LIBRARY INJECTION FORENSICS. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://backtrace.io/blog/backtrace/elf-shared-library-injection-forensics/"
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"source_name": "VDSO Aug 2005",
"description": "Petersson, J. (2005, August 14). What is linux-gate.so.1?. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20051013084246/http://www.trilithium.com/johan/2005/08/linux-gate/"
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"source_name": "Syscall 2014",
"description": "Drysdale, D. (2014, July 16). Anatomy of a system call, part 2. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
"url": "https://lwn.net/Articles/604515/"
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"source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics",
"description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017."
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"source_name": "GNU Acct",
"description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
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"source_name": "RHEL auditd",
"description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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"description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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"description": "Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) such as checking for security monitoring tools (e.g., Sysinternals, Wireshark, etc.) or other system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. Additional methods include use of sleep timers or loops within malware code to avoid operating within a temporary sandbox.(Citation: Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015)\n\n",
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"external_id": "T1497"
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"source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
"description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved May 18, 2021.",
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"description": "Falcone, R., Wartell, R.. (2015, July 27). UPS: Observations on CVE-2015-3113, Prior Zero-Days and the Pirpi Payload. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Web Session Cookie",
"description": "Adversaries can use stolen session cookies to authenticate to web applications and services. This technique bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols since the session is already authenticated.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nAuthentication cookies are commonly used in web applications, including cloud-based services, after a user has authenticated to the service so credentials are not passed and re-authentication does not need to occur as frequently. Cookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. After the cookie is obtained through [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539) or [Web Cookies](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/001), the adversary may then import the cookie into a browser they control and is then able to use the site or application as the user for as long as the session cookie is active. Once logged into the site, an adversary can access sensitive information, read email, or perform actions that the victim account has permissions to perform.\n\nThere have been examples of malware targeting session cookies to bypass multi-factor authentication systems.(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)",
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"name": "Web Shell",
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"name": "Protocol Impersonation",
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Protocol Tunneling",
"description": "Adversaries may tunnel network communications to and from a victim system within a separate protocol to avoid detection/network filtering and/or enable access to otherwise unreachable systems. Tunneling involves explicitly encapsulating a protocol within another. This behavior may conceal malicious traffic by blending in with existing traffic and/or provide an outer layer of encryption (similar to a VPN). Tunneling could also enable routing of network packets that would otherwise not reach their intended destination, such as SMB, RDP, or other traffic that would be filtered by network appliances or not routed over the Internet. \n\nThere are various means to encapsulate a protocol within another protocol. For example, adversaries may perform SSH tunneling (also known as SSH port forwarding), which involves forwarding arbitrary data over an encrypted SSH tunnel.(Citation: SSH Tunneling) \n\n[Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) may also be abused by adversaries during [Dynamic Resolution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568). Known as DNS over HTTPS (DoH), queries to resolve C2 infrastructure may be encapsulated within encrypted HTTPS packets.(Citation: BleepingComp Godlua JUL19) \n\nAdversaries may also leverage [Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) in conjunction with [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or [Protocol Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/003) to further conceal C2 communications and infrastructure. ",
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"description": "SSH.COM. (n.d.). SSH tunnel. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh/tunneling"
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"description": "Gatlan, S. (2019, July 3). New Godlua Malware Evades Traffic Monitoring via DNS over HTTPS. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-godlua-malware-evades-traffic-monitoring-via-dns-over-https/"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Proxy",
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"source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
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"name": "Ptrace System Calls",
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via ptrace (process trace) system calls in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Ptrace system call injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nPtrace system call injection involves attaching to and modifying a running process. The ptrace system call enables a debugging process to observe and control another process (and each individual thread), including changing memory and register values.(Citation: PTRACE man) Ptrace system call injection is commonly performed by writing arbitrary code into a running process (ex: malloc) then invoking that memory with PTRACE_SETREGS to set the register containing the next instruction to execute. Ptrace system call injection can also be done with PTRACE_POKETEXT/PTRACE_POKEDATA, which copy data to a specific address in the target processes’ memory (ex: the current address of the next instruction). (Citation: PTRACE man)(Citation: Medium Ptrace JUL 2018) \n\nPtrace system call injection may not be possible targeting processes that are non-child processes and/or have higher-privileges.(Citation: BH Linux Inject) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via ptrace system call injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring for Linux specific calls such as the ptrace system call should not generate large amounts of data due to their specialized nature, and can be a very effective method to detect some of the common process injection methods.(Citation: ArtOfMemoryForensics) (Citation: GNU Acct) (Citation: RHEL auditd) (Citation: Chokepoint preload rootkits) \n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
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"created": "2020-01-14T01:33:19.065Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/008",
"external_id": "T1055.008"
},
{
"source_name": "PTRACE man",
"description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, February 9). PTRACE(2) - Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
"url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ptrace.2.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Medium Ptrace JUL 2018",
"description": "Jain, S. (2018, July 25). Code injection in running process using ptrace. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
"url": "https://medium.com/@jain.sm/code-injection-in-running-process-using-ptrace-d3ea7191a4be"
},
{
"source_name": "BH Linux Inject",
"description": "Colgan, T. (2015, August 15). Linux-Inject. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
"url": "https://github.com/gaffe23/linux-inject/blob/master/slides_BHArsenal2015.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics",
"description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017."
},
{
"source_name": "GNU Acct",
"description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
},
{
"source_name": "RHEL auditd",
"description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
},
{
"source_name": "Chokepoint preload rootkits",
"description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Python",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Python commands and scripts for execution. Python is a very popular scripting/programming language, with capabilities to perform many functions. Python can be executed interactively from the command-line (via the python.exe interpreter) or via scripts (.py) that can be written and distributed to different systems. Python code can also be compiled into binary executables.\n\nPython comes with many built-in packages to interact with the underlying system, such as file operations and device I/O. Adversaries can use these libraries to download and execute commands or other scripts as well as perform various malicious behaviors.",
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"phase_name": "execution"
}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor systems for abnormal Python usage and python.exe behavior, which could be an indicator of malicious activity. Understanding standard usage patterns is important to avoid a high number of false positives. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.\n\nScripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information Discovery, Collection, or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM",
"root"
],
"x_mitre_system_requirements": [
"Python is installed."
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--cc3502b5-30cc-4473-ad48-42d51a6ef6d1",
"created": "2020-03-09T14:38:24.334Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006",
"external_id": "T1059.006"
}
],
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"x_mitre_contributors": []
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "RC Scripts",
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by modifying RC scripts which are executed during a Unix-like system’s startup. These files allow system administrators to map and start custom services at startup for different run levels. RC scripts require root privileges to modify.\n\nAdversaries can establish persistence by adding a malicious binary path or shell commands to rc.local, rc.common, and other RC scripts specific to the Unix-like distribution.(Citation: IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017)(Citation: Intezer HiddenWasp Map 2019) Upon reboot, the system executes the script's contents as root, resulting in persistence.\n\nAdversary abuse of RC scripts is especially effective for lightweight Unix-like distributions using the root user as default, such as IoT or embedded systems.(Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware)\n\nSeveral Unix-like systems have moved to Systemd and deprecated the use of RC scripts. This is now a deprecated mechanism in macOS in favor of [Launchd](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/004). (Citation: Apple Developer Doco Archive Launchd)(Citation: Startup Items) This technique can be used on Mac OS X Panther v10.3 and earlier versions which still execute the RC scripts.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) To maintain backwards compatibility some systems, such as Ubuntu, will execute the RC scripts if they exist with the correct file permissions.(Citation: Ubuntu Manpage systemd rc)",
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unexpected changes to RC scripts in the /etc/ directory. Monitor process execution resulting from RC scripts for unusual or unknown applications or behavior.\n\nMonitor for /etc/rc.local file creation. Although types of RC scripts vary for each Unix-like distribution, several execute /etc/rc.local if present. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "2.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--dca670cf-eeec-438f-8185-fd959d9ef211",
"created": "2020-01-15T16:25:22.260Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/004",
"external_id": "T1037.004"
},
{
"source_name": "IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017",
"description": "Iran Threats . (2017, December 5). Flying Kitten to Rocket Kitten, A Case of Ambiguity and Shared Code. Retrieved May 28, 2020.",
"url": "https://iranthreats.github.io/resources/attribution-flying-rocket-kitten/"
},
{
"source_name": "Intezer HiddenWasp Map 2019",
"description": "Sanmillan, I. (2019, May 29). HiddenWasp Malware Stings Targeted Linux Systems. Retrieved June 24, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog-hiddenwasp-malware-targeting-linux-systems/"
},
{
"source_name": "intezer-kaiji-malware",
"description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, May 4). Kaiji: New Chinese Linux malware turning to Golang. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
},
{
"source_name": "Apple Developer Doco Archive Launchd",
"description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Daemons and Services Programming Guide - Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved February 24, 2021.",
"url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Startup Items",
"description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
"url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
"description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Ubuntu Manpage systemd rc",
"description": "Canonical Ltd.. (n.d.). systemd-rc-local-generator - Compatibility generator for starting /etc/rc.local and /usr/sbin/halt.local during boot and shutdown. Retrieved February 23, 2021.",
"url": "http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man8/systemd-rc-local-generator.8.html"
}
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Reflective Code Loading",
"description": "Adversaries may reflectively load code into a process in order to conceal the execution of malicious payloads. Reflective loading involves allocating then executing payloads directly within the memory of the process, vice creating a thread or process backed by a file path on disk. Reflectively loaded payloads may be compiled binaries, anonymous files (only present in RAM), or just snubs of fileless executable code (ex: position-independent shellcode).(Citation: Introducing Donut)(Citation: S1 Custom Shellcode Tool)(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL)\n\nReflective code injection is very similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) except that the “injection” loads code into the processes’ own memory instead of that of a separate process. Reflective loading may evade process-based detections since the execution of the arbitrary code may be masked within a legitimate or otherwise benign process. Reflectively loading payloads directly into memory may also avoid creating files or other artifacts on disk, while also enabling malware to keep these payloads encrypted (or otherwise obfuscated) until execution.(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Intezer ACBackdoor)(Citation: S1 Old Rat New Tricks)",
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"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for code artifacts associated with reflectively loading code, such as the abuse of .NET functions such as Assembly.Load() and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions such as CreateThread(), memfd_create(), execve(), and/or execveat().(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: S1 Old Rat New Tricks)\n\nMonitor for artifacts of abnormal process execution. For example, a common signature related to reflective code loading on Windows is mechanisms related to the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) -- such as mscor.dll, mscoree.dll, and clr.dll -- loading into abnormal processes (such as notepad.exe). Similarly, AMSI / ETW traces can be used to identify signs of arbitrary code execution from within the memory of potentially compromised processes.(Citation: MDSec Detecting DOTNET)(Citation: Introducing Donut)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"Linux",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"created": "2021-10-05T01:15:06.293Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620",
"external_id": "T1620"
},
{
"source_name": "00sec Droppers",
"description": "0x00pico. (2017, September 25). Super-Stealthy Droppers. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://0x00sec.org/t/super-stealthy-droppers/3715"
},
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"source_name": "S1 Custom Shellcode Tool",
"description": "Bunce, D. (2019, October 31). Building A Custom Tool For Shellcode Analysis. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/building-a-custom-tool-for-shellcode-analysis/"
},
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"source_name": "Mandiant BYOL",
"description": "Kirk, N. (2018, June 18). Bring Your Own Land (BYOL) – A Novel Red Teaming Technique. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique"
},
{
"source_name": "S1 Old Rat New Tricks",
"description": "Landry, J. (2016, April 21). Teaching an old RAT new tricks. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/teaching-an-old-rat-new-tricks/"
},
{
"source_name": "MDSec Detecting DOTNET",
"description": "MDSec Research. (n.d.). Detecting and Advancing In-Memory .NET Tradecraft. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/06/detecting-and-advancing-in-memory-net-tradecraft/"
},
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"source_name": "Intezer ACBackdoor",
"description": "Sanmillan, I. (2019, November 18). ACBackdoor: Analysis of a New Multiplatform Backdoor. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/acbackdoor-analysis-of-a-new-multiplatform-backdoor/"
},
{
"source_name": "Stuart ELF Memory",
"description": "Stuart. (2018, March 31). In-Memory-Only ELF Execution (Without tmpfs). Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://magisterquis.github.io/2018/03/31/in-memory-only-elf-execution.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Introducing Donut",
"description": "The Wover. (2019, May 9). Donut - Injecting .NET Assemblies as Shellcode. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
"url": "https://thewover.github.io/Introducing-Donut/"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Remote Access Software",
"description": "An adversary may use legitimate desktop support and remote access software, such as Team Viewer, AnyDesk, Go2Assist, LogMein, AmmyyAdmin, etc, to establish an interactive command and control channel to target systems within networks. These services are commonly used as legitimate technical support software, and may be allowed by application control within a target environment. Remote access tools like VNC, Ammyy, and Teamviewer are used frequently when compared with other legitimate software commonly used by adversaries.(Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)\n\nRemote access tools may be installed and used post-compromise as alternate communications channel for redundant access or as a way to establish an interactive remote desktop session with the target system. They may also be used as a component of malware to establish a reverse connection or back-connect to a service or adversary controlled system. Installation of many remote access tools may also include persistence (ex: the tool's installation routine creates a [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)).\n\nAdmin tools such as TeamViewer have been used by several groups targeting institutions in countries of interest to the Russian state and criminal campaigns.(Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report)(Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy)",
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"phase_name": "command-and-control"
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for applications and processes related to remote admin tools. Correlate activity with other suspicious behavior that may reduce false positives if these tools are used by legitimate users and administrators.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol for the port that is being used.\n\n[Domain Fronting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/004) may be used in conjunction to avoid defenses. Adversaries will likely need to deploy and/or install these remote tools to compromised systems. It may be possible to detect or prevent the installation of these tools with host-based solutions.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Zachary Stanford, @svch0st"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--4061e78c-1284-44b4-9116-73e4ac3912f7",
"created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219",
"external_id": "T1219"
},
{
"source_name": "CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report",
"description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence. (2016). 2015 Global Threat Report. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
"url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/15GlobalThreatReport.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "CrySyS Blog TeamSpy",
"description": "CrySyS Lab. (2013, March 20). TeamSpy – Obshie manevri. Ispolzovat’ tolko s razreshenija S-a. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
"url": "https://blog.crysys.hu/2013/03/teamspy/"
},
{
"source_name": "Symantec Living off the Land",
"description": "Wueest, C., Anand, H. (2017, July). Living off the land and fileless attack techniques. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/security-center/white-papers/istr-living-off-the-land-and-fileless-attack-techniques-en.pdf"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Remote Data Staging",
"description": "Adversaries may stage data collected from multiple systems in a central location or directory on one system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nBy staging data on one system prior to Exfiltration, adversaries can minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"id": "attack-pattern--359b00ad-9425-420b-bba5-6de8d600cbc0",
"created": "2020-03-13T21:14:58.206Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002",
"external_id": "T1074.002"
},
{
"source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
"description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.",
"url": "https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020"
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],
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Remote Service Session Hijacking",
"description": "Adversaries may take control of preexisting sessions with remote services to move laterally in an environment. Users may use valid credentials to log into a service specifically designed to accept remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and RDP. When a user logs into a service, a session will be established that will allow them to maintain a continuous interaction with that service.\n\nAdversaries may commandeer these sessions to carry out actions on remote systems. [Remote Service Session Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563) differs from use of [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) because it hijacks an existing session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium)(Citation: Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack)",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Use of these services may be legitimate, depending upon the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with that service. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.\n\nMonitor for processes and command-line arguments associated with hijacking service sessions.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"macOS",
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],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"root"
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--5b0ad6f8-6a16-4966-a4ef-d09ea6e2a9f5",
"created": "2020-02-25T18:26:16.994Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563",
"external_id": "T1563"
},
{
"source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
"description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking — how to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
"url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
},
{
"source_name": "Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack",
"description": "Hodgson, M. (2019, May 8). Post-mortem and remediations for Apr 11 security incident. Retrieved February 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://matrix.org/blog/2019/05/08/post-mortem-and-remediations-for-apr-11-security-incident"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Remote Services",
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a service specifically designed to accept remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and VNC. The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nIn an enterprise environment, servers and workstations can be organized into domains. Domains provide centralized identity management, allowing users to login using one set of credentials across the entire network. If an adversary is able to obtain a set of valid domain credentials, they could login to many different machines using remote access protocols such as secure shell (SSH) or remote desktop protocol (RDP).(Citation: SSH Secure Shell)(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services)\n\nLegitimate applications (such as [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072) and other administrative programs) may utilize [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) to access remote hosts. For example, Apple Remote Desktop (ARD) on macOS is native software used for remote management. ARD leverages a blend of protocols, including [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) to send the screen and control buffers and [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004) for secure file transfer.(Citation: Remote Management MDM macOS)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)(Citation: Apple Remote Desktop Admin Guide 3.3) Adversaries can abuse applications such as ARD to gain remote code execution and perform lateral movement. In versions of macOS prior to 10.14, an adversary can escalate an SSH session to an ARD session which enables an adversary to accept TCC (Transparency, Consent, and Control) prompts without user interaction and gain access to data.(Citation: FireEye 2019 Apple Remote Desktop)(Citation: Lockboxx ARD 2019)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Correlate use of login activity related to remote services with unusual behavior or other malicious or suspicious activity. Adversaries will likely need to learn about an environment and the relationships between systems through Discovery techniques prior to attempting Lateral Movement. \n\nUse of applications such as ARD may be legitimate depending on the environment and how it’s used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior using these applications. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time. \n\nIn macOS, you can review logs for \"screensharingd\" and \"Authentication\" event messages. Monitor network connections regarding remote management (ports tcp:3283 and tcp:5900) and for remote login (port tcp:22).(Citation: Lockboxx ARD 2019)(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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],
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.858Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021",
"external_id": "T1021"
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-555"
},
{
"source_name": "SSH Secure Shell",
"description": "SSH.COM. (n.d.). SSH (Secure Shell). Retrieved March 23, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh"
},
{
"source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
"url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
},
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"source_name": "Remote Management MDM macOS",
"description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use MDM to enable Remote Management in macOS. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT209161"
},
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"source_name": "Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands",
"description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use the kickstart command-line utility in Apple Remote Desktop. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201710"
},
{
"source_name": "Apple Remote Desktop Admin Guide 3.3",
"description": "Apple. (n.d.). Apple Remote Desktop Administrator Guide Version 3.3. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
"url": "https://images.apple.com/remotedesktop/pdf/ARD_Admin_Guide_v3.3.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "FireEye 2019 Apple Remote Desktop",
"description": "Jake Nicastro, Willi Ballenthin. (2019, October 9). Living off the Orchard: Leveraging Apple Remote Desktop for Good and Evil. Retrieved August 16, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/10/leveraging-apple-remote-desktop-for-good-and-evil.html"
},
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"source_name": "Lockboxx ARD 2019",
"description": "Dan Borges. (2019, July 21). MacOS Red Teaming 206: ARD (Apple Remote Desktop Protocol). Retrieved September 10, 2021.",
"url": "http://lockboxx.blogspot.com/2019/07/macos-red-teaming-206-ard-apple-remote.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
"description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] – Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
"url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Remote System Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of other systems by IP address, hostname, or other logical identifier on a network that may be used for Lateral Movement from the current system. Functionality could exist within remote access tools to enable this, but utilities available on the operating system could also be used such as [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097) or net view using [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039).\n\nAdversaries may also analyze data from local host files (ex: C:\\Windows\\System32\\Drivers\\etc\\hosts or /etc/hosts) or other passive means (such as local [Arp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0099) cache entries) in order to discover the presence of remote systems in an environment.\n\nAdversaries may also target discovery of network infrastructure as well as leverage [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands on network devices to gather detailed information about systems within a network.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021) \n",
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{
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"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events related to legitimate remote system discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nMonitor for processes that can be used to discover remote systems, such as ping.exe and tracert.exe, especially when executed in quick succession.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
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"Network"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "3.3",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"RedHuntLabs, @redhuntlabs",
"Austin Clark, @c2defense"
],
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--e358d692-23c0-4a31-9eb6-ecc13a8d7735",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:28.187Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018",
"external_id": "T1018"
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{
"source_name": "CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021",
"description": "CISA. (2021, May 6). Analysis Report (AR21-126A) FiveHands Ransomware. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
"url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar21-126a"
},
{
"source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
"description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 30, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
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"source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
"description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/292.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-292"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Rename System Utilities",
"description": "Adversaries may rename legitimate system utilities to try to evade security mechanisms concerning the usage of those utilities. Security monitoring and control mechanisms may be in place for system utilities adversaries are capable of abusing. (Citation: LOLBAS Main Site) It may be possible to bypass those security mechanisms by renaming the utility prior to utilization (ex: rename rundll32.exe). (Citation: Elastic Masquerade Ball) An alternative case occurs when a legitimate utility is copied or moved to a different directory and renamed to avoid detections based on system utilities executing from non-standard paths. (Citation: F-Secure CozyDuke)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "If file names are mismatched between the file name on disk and that of the binary's PE metadata, this is a likely indicator that a binary was renamed after it was compiled. Collecting and comparing disk and resource filenames for binaries by looking to see if the InternalName, OriginalFilename, and/or ProductName match what is expected could provide useful leads, but may not always be indicative of malicious activity. (Citation: Elastic Masquerade Ball) Do not focus on the possible names a file could have, but instead on the command-line arguments that are known to be used and are distinct because it will have a better rate of detection.(Citation: Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--bd5b58a4-a52d-4a29-bc0d-3f1d3968eb6b",
"created": "2020-02-10T20:03:11.691Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/003",
"external_id": "T1036.003"
},
{
"source_name": "LOLBAS Main Site",
"description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and also Libraries). Retrieved February 10, 2020.",
"url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/"
},
{
"source_name": "Elastic Masquerade Ball",
"description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
"url": "http://pages.endgame.com/rs/627-YBU-612/images/EndgameJournal_The%20Masquerade%20Ball_Pages_R2.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "F-Secure CozyDuke",
"description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, April 22). CozyDuke: Malware Analysis. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
"url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/CozyDuke"
},
{
"source_name": "Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update",
"description": "Carr, N.. (2018, October 25). Nick Carr Status Update Masquerading. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
"url": "https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
}
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Run Virtual Instance",
"description": "Adversaries may carry out malicious operations using a virtual instance to avoid detection. A wide variety of virtualization technologies exist that allow for the emulation of a computer or computing environment. By running malicious code inside of a virtual instance, adversaries can hide artifacts associated with their behavior from security tools that are unable to monitor activity inside the virtual instance. Additionally, depending on the virtual networking implementation (ex: bridged adapter), network traffic generated by the virtual instance can be difficult to trace back to the compromised host as the IP address and hostname might not match known values.(Citation: SingHealth Breach Jan 2019)\n\nAdversaries may utilize native support for virtualization (ex: Hyper-V) or drop the necessary files to run a virtual instance (ex: VirtualBox binaries). After running a virtual instance, adversaries may create a shared folder between the guest and host with permissions that enable the virtual instance to interact with the host file system.(Citation: Sophos Ragnar May 2020)",
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],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring for files and processes associated with running a virtual instance, such as binary files associated with common virtualization technologies (ex: VirtualBox, VMware, QEMU, Hyper-V). Consider monitoring the size of virtual machines running on the system. Adversaries may create virtual images which are smaller than those of typical virtual machines.(Citation: Shadowbunny VM Defense Evasion) Network adapter information may also be helpful in detecting the use of virtual instances.\n\nConsider monitoring for process command-line arguments that may be atypical for benign use of virtualization software. Usage of virtualization binaries or command-line arguments associated with running a silent installation may be especially suspect (ex. -silent, -ignore-reboot), as well as those associated with running a headless (in the background with no UI) virtual instance (ex. VBoxManage startvm $VM --type headless).(Citation: Shadowbunny VM Defense Evasion) Similarly, monitoring command line arguments which suppress notifications may highlight potentially malicious activity (ex. VBoxManage.exe setextradata global GUI/SuppressMessages \"all\").\n\nMonitor for commands which enable hypervisors such as Hyper-V. If virtualization software is installed by the adversary, the Registry may provide detection opportunities. Consider monitoring for [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003), with respect to virtualization software. \n\nBenign usage of virtualization technology is common in enterprise environments, data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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"x_mitre_contributors": [
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],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--b5327dd1-6bf9-4785-a199-25bcbd1f4a9d",
"created": "2020-06-29T15:36:41.535Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/006",
"external_id": "T1564.006"
},
{
"source_name": "SingHealth Breach Jan 2019",
"description": "Committee of Inquiry into the Cyber Attack on SingHealth. (2019, January 10). Public Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Cyber Attack on Singapore Health Services Private Limited's Patient Database. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.mci.gov.sg/-/media/mcicorp/doc/report-of-the-coi-into-the-cyber-attack-on-singhealth-10-jan-2019.ashx"
},
{
"source_name": "Sophos Ragnar May 2020",
"description": "SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
"url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/21/ragnar-locker-ransomware-deploys-virtual-machine-to-dodge-security/"
},
{
"source_name": "Shadowbunny VM Defense Evasion",
"description": "Johann Rehberger. (2020, September 23). Beware of the Shadowbunny - Using virtual machines to persist and evade detections. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
"url": "https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2020/shadowbunny-virtual-machine-red-teaming-technique/"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Runtime Data Manipulation",
"description": "Adversaries may modify systems in order to manipulate the data as it is accessed and displayed to an end user, thus threatening the integrity of the data.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating runtime data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nAdversaries may alter application binaries used to display data in order to cause runtime manipulations. Adversaries may also conduct [Change Default File Association](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/001) and [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to cause a similar effect. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Inspect important application binary file hashes, locations, and modifications for suspicious/unexpected values.",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_impact_type": [
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"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--32ad5c86-2bcf-47d8-8fdc-d7f3d79a7490",
"created": "2020-03-02T14:30:05.252Z",
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"external_references": [
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/003",
"external_id": "T1565.003"
},
{
"source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
"description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
"url": "https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38"
},
{
"source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
"description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Scheduled Transfer",
"description": "Adversaries may schedule data exfiltration to be performed only at certain times of day or at certain intervals. This could be done to blend traffic patterns with normal activity or availability.\n\nWhen scheduled exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) or [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process file access patterns and network behavior. Unrecognized processes or scripts that appear to be traversing file systems and sending network traffic may be suspicious. Network connections to the same destination that occur at the same time of day for multiple days are suspicious.",
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"Linux",
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],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"id": "attack-pattern--4eeaf8a9-c86b-4954-a663-9555fb406466",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.139Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1029",
"external_id": "T1029"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Service Exhaustion Flood",
"description": "Adversaries may target the different network services provided by systems to conduct a denial of service (DoS). Adversaries often target the availability of DNS and web services, however others have been targeted as well.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) Web server software can be attacked through a variety of means, some of which apply generally while others are specific to the software being used to provide the service.\n\nOne example of this type of attack is known as a simple HTTP flood, where an adversary sends a large number of HTTP requests to a web server to overwhelm it and/or an application that runs on top of it. This flood relies on raw volume to accomplish the objective, exhausting any of the various resources required by the victim software to provide the service.(Citation: Cloudflare HTTPflood)\n\nAnother variation, known as a SSL renegotiation attack, takes advantage of a protocol feature in SSL/TLS. The SSL/TLS protocol suite includes mechanisms for the client and server to agree on an encryption algorithm to use for subsequent secure connections. If SSL renegotiation is enabled, a request can be made for renegotiation of the crypto algorithm. In a renegotiation attack, the adversary establishes a SSL/TLS connection and then proceeds to make a series of renegotiation requests. Because the cryptographic renegotiation has a meaningful cost in computation cycles, this can cause an impact to the availability of the service when done in volume.(Citation: Arbor SSLDoS April 2012)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "impact"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Detection of Endpoint DoS can sometimes be achieved before the effect is sufficient to cause significant impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow, SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in circuit utilization.(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow) Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect an attack as it starts.\n\nIn addition to network level detections, endpoint logging and instrumentation can be useful for detection. Attacks targeting web applications may generate logs in the web server, application server, and/or database server that can be used to identify the type of attack, possibly before the impact is felt.\n\nExternally monitor the availability of services that may be targeted by an Endpoint DoS.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.3",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_impact_type": [
"Availability"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--38eb0c22-6caf-46ce-8869-5964bd735858",
"created": "2020-02-20T15:31:43.613Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002",
"external_id": "T1499.002"
},
{
"source_name": "Arbor SSLDoS April 2012",
"description": "ASERT Team, Netscout Arbor. (2012, April 24). DDoS Attacks on SSL: Something Old, Something New. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.netscout.com/blog/asert/ddos-attacks-ssl-something-old-something-new"
},
{
"source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
"description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Cloudflare HTTPflood",
"description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is an HTTP flood DDoS attack?. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/http-flood-ddos-attack/"
},
{
"source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
"description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
"url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/488.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-488"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/489.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-489"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/528.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-528"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Server Software Component",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse legitimate extensible development features of servers to establish persistent access to systems. Enterprise server applications may include features that allow developers to write and install software or scripts to extend the functionality of the main application. Adversaries may install malicious components to extend and abuse server applications.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate suspicious installation of application software components. Consider monitoring file locations associated with the installation of new application software components such as paths from which applications typically load such extensible components.\n\nProcess monitoring may be used to detect servers components that perform suspicious actions such as running cmd.exe or accessing files. Log authentication attempts to the server and any unusual traffic patterns to or from the server and internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells) ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.3",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM",
"root"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--d456de47-a16f-4e46-8980-e67478a12dcb",
"created": "2019-06-28T17:52:07.296Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505",
"external_id": "T1505"
},
{
"source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
"description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Service Stop",
"description": "Adversaries may stop or disable services on a system to render those services unavailable to legitimate users. Stopping critical services or processes can inhibit or stop response to an incident or aid in the adversary's overall objectives to cause damage to the environment.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) \n\nAdversaries may accomplish this by disabling individual services of high importance to an organization, such as MSExchangeIS, which will make Exchange content inaccessible (Citation: Novetta Blockbuster). In some cases, adversaries may stop or disable many or all services to render systems unusable.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Services or processes may not allow for modification of their data stores while running. Adversaries may stop services or processes in order to conduct [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) or [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) on the data stores of services like Exchange and SQL Server.(Citation: SecureWorks WannaCry Analysis)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "impact"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if critical processes are terminated or stop running.\n\nMonitor for edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to services of high importance. Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Windows service information is stored in the Registry at HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services. Systemd service unit files are stored within the /etc/systemd/system, /usr/lib/systemd/system/, and /home/.config/systemd/user/ directories, as well as associated symbolic links.\n\nAlterations to the service binary path or the service startup type changed to disabled may be suspicious.\n\nRemote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. For example, ChangeServiceConfigW may be used by an adversary to prevent services from starting.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_impact_type": [
"Availability"
],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM",
"User"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--20fb2507-d71c-455d-9b6d-6104461cf26b",
"created": "2019-03-29T19:00:55.901Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489",
"external_id": "T1489"
},
{
"source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
"description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
"description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
"url": "https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "SecureWorks WannaCry Analysis",
"description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, May 18). WCry Ransomware Analysis. Retrieved March 26, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/wcry-ransomware-analysis"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Setuid and Setgid",
"description": "An adversary may abuse configurations where an application has the setuid or setgid bits set in order to get code running in a different (and possibly more privileged) user’s context. On Linux or macOS, when the setuid or setgid bits are set for an application binary, the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively.(Citation: setuid man page) Normally an application is run in the current user’s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. However, there are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them may not have the specific required privileges.\n\nInstead of creating an entry in the sudoers file, which must be done by root, any user can specify the setuid or setgid flag to be set for their own applications (i.e. [Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/002)). The chmod command can set these bits with bitmasking, chmod 4777 [file] or via shorthand naming, chmod u+s [file]. This will enable the setuid bit. To enable the setgit bit, chmod 2775 and chmod g+s can be used.\n\nAdversaries can use this mechanism on their own malware to make sure they're able to execute in elevated contexts in the future.(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) This abuse is often part of a \"shell escape\" or other actions to bypass an execution environment with restricted permissions.\n\nAlternatively, adversaries may choose to find and target vulnerable binaries with the setuid or setgid bits already enabled (i.e. [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083)). The setuid and setguid bits are indicated with an \"s\" instead of an \"x\" when viewing a file's attributes via ls -l. The find command can also be used to search for such files. For example, find / -perm +4000 2>/dev/null can be used to find files with setuid set and find / -perm +2000 2>/dev/null may be used for setgid. Binaries that have these bits set may then be abused by adversaries.(Citation: GTFOBins Suid)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system for files that have the setuid or setgid bits set. Monitor for execution of utilities, like chmod, and their command-line arguments to look for setuid or setguid bits being set.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--6831414d-bb70-42b7-8030-d4e06b2660c9",
"created": "2020-01-30T14:11:41.212Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/001",
"external_id": "T1548.001"
},
{
"source_name": "GTFOBins Suid",
"description": "Emilio Pinna, Andrea Cardaci. (n.d.). GTFOBins. Retrieved January 28, 2022.",
"url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/#+suid"
},
{
"source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
"description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
},
{
"source_name": "setuid man page",
"description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2017, September 15). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
"url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setuid.2.html"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Software Deployment Tools",
"description": "Adversaries may gain access to and use third-party software suites installed within an enterprise network, such as administration, monitoring, and deployment systems, to move laterally through the network. Third-party applications and software deployment systems may be in use in the network environment for administration purposes (e.g., SCCM, HBSS, Altiris, etc.).\n\nAccess to a third-party network-wide or enterprise-wide software system may enable an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to other systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.\n\nThe permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the third-party system, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform it's intended purpose.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "execution"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "lateral-movement"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Detection methods will vary depending on the type of third-party software or system and how it is typically used. \n\nThe same investigation process can be applied here as with other potentially malicious activities where the distribution vector is initially unknown but the resulting activity follows a discernible pattern. Analyze the process execution trees, historical activities from the third-party application (such as what types of files are usually pushed), and the resulting activities or events from the file/binary/script pushed to systems. \n\nOften these third-party applications will have logs of their own that can be collected and correlated with other data from the environment. Ensure that third-party application logs are on-boarded to the enterprise logging system and the logs are regularly reviewed. Audit software deployment logs and look for suspicious or unauthorized activity. A system not typically used to push software to clients that suddenly is used for such a task outside of a known admin function may be suspicious. Monitor account login activity on these applications to detect suspicious/abnormal usage.\n\nPerform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Shane Tully, @securitygypsy"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM"
],
"x_mitre_remote_support": true,
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--92a78814-b191-47ca-909c-1ccfe3777414",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:57.201Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072",
"external_id": "T1072"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/187.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-187"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
]
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-24T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Software Packing",
"description": "Adversaries may perform software packing or virtual machine software protection to conceal their code. Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory. Virtual machine software protection translates an executable's original code into a special format that only a special virtual machine can run. A virtual machine is then called to run this code.(Citation: ESET FinFisher Jan 2018) \n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. Example packers are MPRESS and UPX. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.(Citation: Awesome Executable Packing) ",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Use file scanning to look for known software packers or artifacts of packing techniques. Packing is not a definitive indicator of malicious activity, because legitimate software may use packing techniques to reduce binary size or to protect proprietary code.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Filip Kafka, ESET"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Anti-virus",
"Heuristic detection",
"Signature-based detection"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--deb98323-e13f-4b0c-8d94-175379069062",
"created": "2020-02-05T14:17:46.686Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/002",
"external_id": "T1027.002"
},
{
"source_name": "Awesome Executable Packing",
"description": "Alexandre D'Hondt. (n.d.). Awesome Executable Packing. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
"url": "https://github.com/dhondta/awesome-executable-packing"
},
{
"source_name": "ESET FinFisher Jan 2018",
"description": "Kafka, F. (2018, January). ESET's Guide to Deobfuscating and Devirtualizing FinFisher. Retrieved August 12, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/WP-FinFisher.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/570.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-570"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
]
},
{
"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "SQL Stored Procedures",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse SQL stored procedures to establish persistent access to systems. SQL Stored Procedures are code that can be saved and reused so that database users do not waste time rewriting frequently used SQL queries. Stored procedures can be invoked via SQL statements to the database using the procedure name or via defined events (e.g. when a SQL server application is started/restarted).\n\nAdversaries may craft malicious stored procedures that can provide a persistence mechanism in SQL database servers.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures)(Citation: Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019) To execute operating system commands through SQL syntax the adversary may have to enable additional functionality, such as xp_cmdshell for MSSQL Server.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures)(Citation: Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019)(Citation: Microsoft xp_cmdshell 2017) \n\nMicrosoft SQL Server can enable common language runtime (CLR) integration. With CLR integration enabled, application developers can write stored procedures using any .NET framework language (e.g. VB .NET, C#, etc.).(Citation: Microsoft CLR Integration 2017) Adversaries may craft or modify CLR assemblies that are linked to stored procedures since these CLR assemblies can be made to execute arbitrary commands.(Citation: NetSPI SQL Server CLR) ",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "On a MSSQL Server, consider monitoring for xp_cmdshell usage.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures) Consider enabling audit features that can log malicious startup activities.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Carlos Borges, @huntingneo, CIP",
"Lucas da Silva Pereira, @vulcanunsec, CIP",
"Kaspersky"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM",
"root"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--f9e9365a-9ca2-4d9c-8e7c-050d73d1101a",
"created": "2019-12-12T14:59:58.168Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/001",
"external_id": "T1505.001"
},
{
"source_name": "NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures",
"description": "Sutherland, S. (2016, March 7). Maintaining Persistence via SQL Server – Part 1: Startup Stored Procedures. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/"
},
{
"source_name": "Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019",
"description": "Plakhov, A., Sitchikhin, D. (2019, August 22). Agent 1433: remote attack on Microsoft SQL Server. Retrieved September 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://securelist.com/malicious-tasks-in-ms-sql-server/92167/"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft xp_cmdshell 2017",
"description": "Microsoft. (2017, March 15). xp_cmdshell (Transact-SQL). Retrieved September 9, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/xp-cmdshell-transact-sql?view=sql-server-2017"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft CLR Integration 2017",
"description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 19). Common Language Runtime Integration. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/clr-integration/common-language-runtime-integration-overview?view=sql-server-2017"
},
{
"source_name": "NetSPI SQL Server CLR",
"description": "Sutherland, S. (2017, July 13). Attacking SQL Server CLR Assemblies. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
"url": "https://blog.netspi.com/attacking-sql-server-clr-assemblies/"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
]
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Masquerade Task or Service",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate the name of a task or service to make it appear legitimate or benign. Tasks/services executed by the Task Scheduler or systemd will typically be given a name and/or description.(Citation: TechNet Schtasks)(Citation: Systemd Service Units) Windows services will have a service name as well as a display name. Many benign tasks and services exist that have commonly associated names. Adversaries may give tasks or services names that are similar or identical to those of legitimate ones.\n\nTasks or services contain other fields, such as a description, that adversaries may attempt to make appear legitimate.(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Fysbis Dr Web Analysis)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to tasks and services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through scheduled tasks or services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to create tasks or services. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--7bdca9d5-d500-4d7d-8c52-5fd47baf4c0c",
"created": "2020-02-10T20:30:07.426Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/004",
"external_id": "T1036.004"
},
{
"source_name": "TechNet Schtasks",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Schtasks. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
"url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490996.aspx"
},
{
"source_name": "Systemd Service Units",
"description": "Freedesktop.org. (n.d.). systemd.service — Service unit configuration. Retrieved March 16, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
"description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
"url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
},
{
"source_name": "Fysbis Dr Web Analysis",
"description": "Doctor Web. (2014, November 21). Linux.BackDoor.Fysbis.1. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
"url": "https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=4276269"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Modify Authentication Process",
"description": "Adversaries may modify authentication mechanisms and processes to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. The authentication process is handled by mechanisms, such as the Local Security Authentication Server (LSASS) process and the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on Windows, pluggable authentication modules (PAM) on Unix-based systems, and authorization plugins on MacOS systems, responsible for gathering, storing, and validating credentials. By modifying an authentication process, an adversary may be able to authenticate to a service or system without using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).\n\nAdversaries may maliciously modify a part of this process to either reveal credentials or bypass authentication mechanisms. Compromised credentials or access may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on systems within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems and externally available services, such as VPNs, Outlook Web Access and remote desktop.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "credential-access"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for new, unfamiliar DLL files written to a domain controller and/or local computer. Monitor for changes to Registry entries for password filters (ex: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Notification Packages) and correlate then investigate the DLL files these files reference. \n\nPassword filters will also show up as an autorun and loaded DLL in lsass.exe.(Citation: Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013)\n\nMonitor for calls to OpenProcess that can be used to manipulate lsass.exe running on a domain controller as well as for malicious modifications to functions exported from authentication-related system DLLs (such as cryptdll.dll and samsrv.dll).(Citation: Dell Skeleton) \n\nMonitor PAM configuration and module paths (ex: /etc/pam.d/) for changes. Use system-integrity tools such as AIDE and monitoring tools such as auditd to monitor PAM files.\n\nMonitor for suspicious additions to the /Library/Security/SecurityAgentPlugins directory.(Citation: Xorrior Authorization Plugins)\n\nConfigure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services. (Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).\n\nMonitor property changes in Group Policy that manage authentication mechanisms (i.e. [Group Policy Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/001)). The Store passwords using reversible encryption configuration should be set to Disabled. Additionally, monitor and/or block suspicious command/script execution of -AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption $true, Set-ADUser and Set-ADAccountControl. Finally, monitor Fine-Grained Password Policies and regularly audit user accounts and group settings.(Citation: dump_pwd_dcsync)\n",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Network"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Chris Ross @xorrior"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--f4c1826f-a322-41cd-9557-562100848c84",
"created": "2020-02-11T19:01:56.887Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556",
"external_id": "T1556"
},
{
"source_name": "Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013",
"description": "Bialek, J. (2013, September 15). Intercepting Password Changes With Function Hooking. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
"url": "https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/"
},
{
"source_name": "Dell Skeleton",
"description": "Dell SecureWorks. (2015, January 12). Skeleton Key Malware Analysis. Retrieved April 8, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/skeleton-key-malware-analysis"
},
{
"source_name": "Xorrior Authorization Plugins",
"description": "Chris Ross. (2018, October 17). Persistent Credential Theft with Authorization Plugins. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
"url": "https://xorrior.com/persistent-credential-theft/"
},
{
"source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy",
"description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
"url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
},
{
"source_name": "dump_pwd_dcsync",
"description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, November 22). Dump Clear-Text Passwords for All Admins in the Domain Using Mimikatz DCSync. Retrieved November 15, 2021.",
"url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2053"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
]
},
{
"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Multi-hop Proxy",
"description": "To disguise the source of malicious traffic, adversaries may chain together multiple proxies. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy. This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source. A particular variant of this behavior is to use onion routing networks, such as the publicly available TOR network. (Citation: Onion Routing)\n\nIn the case of network infrastructure, particularly routers, it is possible for an adversary to leverage multiple compromised devices to create a multi-hop proxy chain within the Wide-Area Network (WAN) of the enterprise. By leveraging [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001), adversaries can add custom code to the affected network devices that will implement onion routing between those nodes. This custom onion routing network will transport the encrypted C2 traffic through the compromised population, allowing adversaries to communicate with any device within the onion routing network. This method is dependent upon the [Network Boundary Bridging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599) method in order to allow the adversaries to cross the protected network boundary of the Internet perimeter and into the organization’s WAN. Protocols such as ICMP may be used as a transport.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "When observing use of Multi-hop proxies, network data from the actual command and control servers could allow correlating incoming and outgoing flows to trace malicious traffic back to its source. Multi-hop proxies can also be detected by alerting on traffic to known anonymity networks (such as [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183)) or known adversary infrastructure that uses this technique.\n\nIn context of network devices, monitor traffic for encrypted communications from the Internet that is addressed to border routers. Compare this traffic with the configuration to determine whether it matches with any configured site-to-site Virtual Private Network (VPN) connections the device was intended to have. Monitor traffic for encrypted communications originating from potentially breached routers that is addressed to other routers within the organization. Compare the source and destination with the configuration of the device to determine if these channels are an authorized Virtual Private Network (VPN) connections or other encrypted modes of communication. Monitor ICMP traffic from the Internet that is addressed to border routers and is encrypted. Few if any legitimate use cases exist for sending encrypted data to a network device via ICMP.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--a782ebe2-daba-42c7-bc82-e8e9d923162d",
"created": "2020-03-14T23:23:41.770Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003",
"external_id": "T1090.003"
},
{
"source_name": "Onion Routing",
"description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Onion Routing. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Multi-Stage Channels",
"description": "Adversaries may create multiple stages for command and control that are employed under different conditions or for certain functions. Use of multiple stages may obfuscate the command and control channel to make detection more difficult.\n\nRemote access tools will call back to the first-stage command and control server for instructions. The first stage may have automated capabilities to collect basic host information, update tools, and upload additional files. A second remote access tool (RAT) could be uploaded at that point to redirect the host to the second-stage command and control server. The second stage will likely be more fully featured and allow the adversary to interact with the system through a reverse shell and additional RAT features.\n\nThe different stages will likely be hosted separately with no overlapping infrastructure. The loader may also have backup first-stage callbacks or [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008) in case the original first-stage communication path is discovered and blocked.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Host data that can relate unknown or suspicious process activity using a network connection is important to supplement any existing indicators of compromise based on malware command and control signatures and infrastructure. Relating subsequent actions that may result from Discovery of the system and network information or Lateral Movement to the originating process may also yield useful data.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--84e02621-8fdf-470f-bd58-993bb6a89d91",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.935Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1104",
"external_id": "T1104"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Native API",
"description": "Adversaries may interact with the native OS application programming interface (API) to execute behaviors. Native APIs provide a controlled means of calling low-level OS services within the kernel, such as those involving hardware/devices, memory, and processes.(Citation: NT API Windows)(Citation: Linux Kernel API) These native APIs are leveraged by the OS during system boot (when other system components are not yet initialized) as well as carrying out tasks and requests during routine operations.\n\nNative API functions (such as NtCreateProcess) may be directed invoked via system calls / syscalls, but these features are also often exposed to user-mode applications via interfaces and libraries.(Citation: OutFlank System Calls)(Citation: CyberBit System Calls)(Citation: MDSec System Calls) For example, functions such as the Windows API CreateProcess() or GNU fork() will allow programs and scripts to start other processes.(Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess)(Citation: GNU Fork) This may allow API callers to execute a binary, run a CLI command, load modules, etc. as thousands of similar API functions exist for various system operations.(Citation: Microsoft Win32)(Citation: LIBC)(Citation: GLIBC)\n\nHigher level software frameworks, such as Microsoft .NET and macOS Cocoa, are also available to interact with native APIs. These frameworks typically provide language wrappers/abstractions to API functionalities and are designed for ease-of-use/portability of code.(Citation: Microsoft NET)(Citation: Apple Core Services)(Citation: MACOS Cocoa)(Citation: macOS Foundation)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these OS API functions as a means of executing behaviors. Similar to [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), the native API and its hierarchy of interfaces provide mechanisms to interact with and utilize various components of a victimized system. While invoking API functions, adversaries may also attempt to bypass defensive tools (ex: unhooking monitored functions via [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001)).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "execution"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring API calls may generate a significant amount of data and may not be useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances, since benign use of API functions are common and may be difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Correlation of other events with behavior surrounding API function calls using API monitoring will provide additional context to an event that may assist in determining if it is due to malicious behavior. Correlation of activity by process lineage by process ID may be sufficient. \n\nUtilization of the Windows APIs may involve processes loading/accessing system DLLs associated with providing called functions (ex: ntdll.dll, kernel32.dll, advapi32.dll, user32.dll, and gdi32.dll). Monitoring for DLL loads, especially to abnormal/unusual or potentially malicious processes, may indicate abuse of the Windows API. Though noisy, this data can be combined with other indicators to identify adversary activity. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Gordon Long, Box, Inc., @ethicalhax",
"Stefan Kanthak"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_remote_support": false,
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--391d824f-0ef1-47a0-b0ee-c59a75e27670",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:31:17.472Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106",
"external_id": "T1106"
},
{
"source_name": "MACOS Cocoa",
"description": "Apple. (2015, September 16). Cocoa Application Layer. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/CocoaApplicationLayer/CocoaApplicationLayer.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067-CH274-SW1"
},
{
"source_name": "Apple Core Services",
"description": "Apple. (n.d.). Core Services. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreservices"
},
{
"source_name": "macOS Foundation",
"description": "Apple. (n.d.). Foundation. Retrieved July 1, 2020.",
"url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation"
},
{
"source_name": "OutFlank System Calls",
"description": "de Plaa, C. (2019, June 19). Red Team Tactics: Combining Direct System Calls and sRDI to bypass AV/EDR. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
"url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/06/19/red-team-tactics-combining-direct-system-calls-and-srdi-to-bypass-av-edr/"
},
{
"source_name": "GNU Fork",
"description": "Free Software Foundation, Inc.. (2020, June 18). Creating a Process. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creating-a-Process.html"
},
{
"source_name": "CyberBit System Calls",
"description": "Gavriel, H. (2018, November 27). Malware Mitigation when Direct System Calls are Used. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.cyberbit.com/blog/endpoint-security/malware-mitigation-when-direct-system-calls-are-used/"
},
{
"source_name": "GLIBC",
"description": "glibc developer community. (2020, February 1). The GNU C Library (glibc). Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/"
},
{
"source_name": "LIBC",
"description": "Kerrisk, M. (2016, December 12). libc(7) — Linux manual page. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages//man7/libc.7.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Linux Kernel API",
"description": "Linux Kernel Organization, Inc. (n.d.). The Linux Kernel API. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.12/core-api/kernel-api.html"
},
{
"source_name": "MDSec System Calls",
"description": "MDSec Research. (2020, December). Bypassing User-Mode Hooks and Direct Invocation of System Calls for Red Teams. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/12/bypassing-user-mode-hooks-and-direct-invocation-of-system-calls-for-red-teams/"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
"url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Win32",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Programming reference for the Win32 API. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft NET",
"description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is .NET Framework?. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://dotnet.microsoft.com/learn/dotnet/what-is-dotnet-framework"
},
{
"source_name": "NT API Windows",
"description": "The NTinterlnals.net team. (n.d.). Nowak, T. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://undocumented.ntinternals.net/"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
]
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Network Share Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may look for folders and drives shared on remote systems as a means of identifying sources of information to gather as a precursor for Collection and to identify potential systems of interest for Lateral Movement. Networks often contain shared network drives and folders that enable users to access file directories on various systems across a network. \n\nFile sharing over a Windows network occurs over the SMB protocol. (Citation: Wikipedia Shared Resource) (Citation: TechNet Shared Folder) [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) can be used to query a remote system for available shared drives using the net view \\\\\\\\remotesystem command. It can also be used to query shared drives on the local system using net share. For macOS, the sharing -l command lists all shared points used for smb services.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "discovery"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events related to legitimate remote system discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Linux"
],
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"source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
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"description": "Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
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"description": "Carr, N. (2016, August 14). OfficeCrackros. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
"url": "https://github.com/itsreallynick/office-crackros"
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"description": "Pierre-Marc Bureau. (2013, April 26). Linux/Cdorked.A: New Apache backdoor being used in the wild to serve Blackhole. Retrieved September 10, 2017.",
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"source_name": "Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016",
"description": "Tedesco, B. (2016, September 23). Security Alert Summary. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/"
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"modified": "2022-05-20T17:40:20.069Z",
"name": "Application Access Token",
"description": "Adversaries may use stolen application access tokens to bypass the typical authentication process and access restricted accounts, information, or services on remote systems. These tokens are typically stolen from users or services and used in lieu of login credentials.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user or service and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud and container-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) \n\nIn AWS and GCP environments, adversaries can trigger a request for a short-lived access token with the privileges of another user account.(Citation: Google Cloud Service Account Credentials)(Citation: AWS Temporary Security Credentials) The adversary can then use this token to request data or perform actions the original account could not. If permissions for this feature are misconfigured – for example, by allowing all users to request a token for a particular account - an adversary may be able to gain initial access to a Cloud Account or escalate their privileges.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs Enumerating AWS Roles)\n\nOAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. These frameworks are used collaboratively to verify the user and determine what actions the user is allowed to perform. Once identity is established, the token allows actions to be authorized, without passing the actual credentials of the user. Therefore, compromise of the token can grant the adversary access to resources of other sites through a malicious application.(Citation: okta)\n\nFor example, with a cloud-based email service once an OAuth access token is granted to a malicious application, it can potentially gain long-term access to features of the user account if a \"refresh\" token enabling background access is awarded.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019) With an OAuth access token an adversary can use the user-granted REST API to perform functions such as email searching and contact enumeration.(Citation: Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017)\n\nCompromised access tokens may be used as an initial step in compromising other services. For example, if a token grants access to a victim’s primary email, the adversary may be able to extend access to all other services which the target subscribes by triggering forgotten password routines. Direct API access through a token negates the effectiveness of a second authentication factor and may be immune to intuitive countermeasures like changing passwords. Access abuse over an API channel can be difficult to detect even from the service provider end, as the access can still align well with a legitimate workflow.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access token activity for abnormal use and permissions granted to unusual or suspicious applications and APIs. Additionally, administrators should review logs for calls to the AWS Security Token Service (STS) and usage of GCP service accounts in order to identify anomalous actions.(Citation: AWS Logging IAM Calls)(Citation: GCP Monitoring Service Account Usage)",
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"Office 365",
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"Containers"
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--f005e783-57d4-4837-88ad-dbe7faee1c51",
"created": "2020-01-30T17:37:22.261Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001",
"external_id": "T1550.001"
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{
"source_name": "Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019",
"description": "Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
"url": "https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"
},
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"source_name": "AWS Logging IAM Calls",
"description": "AWS. (n.d.). Logging IAM and AWS STS API calls with AWS CloudTrail. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/cloudtrail-integration.html"
},
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"source_name": "AWS Temporary Security Credentials",
"description": "AWS. (n.d.). Requesting temporary security credentials. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_temp_request.html"
},
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"source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019",
"description": "Cai, S., Flores, J., de Guzman, C., et. al.. (2019, August 27). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens"
},
{
"source_name": "Google Cloud Service Account Credentials",
"description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). Creating short-lived service account credentials. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/creating-short-lived-service-account-credentials"
},
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"source_name": "GCP Monitoring Service Account Usage",
"description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). Monitor usage patterns for service accounts and keys . Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-account-monitoring"
},
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"source_name": "okta",
"description": "okta. (n.d.). What Happens If Your JWT Is Stolen?. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
"url": "https://developer.okta.com/blog/2018/06/20/what-happens-if-your-jwt-is-stolen"
},
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"source_name": "Rhino Security Labs Enumerating AWS Roles",
"description": "Spencer Gietzen. (2018, August 8). Assume the Worst: Enumerating AWS Roles through ‘AssumeRole’. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
"url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/assume-worst-aws-assume-role-enumeration"
},
{
"source_name": "Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017",
"description": "Stalmans, E.. (2017, August 2). Phishing with OAuth and o365/Azure. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
"url": "https://staaldraad.github.io/2017/08/02/o356-phishing-with-oauth/"
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/593.html",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Asymmetric Cryptography",
"description": "Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private. Due to how the keys are generated, the sender encrypts data with the receiver’s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA and ElGamal.\n\nFor efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002).",
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"x_mitre_detection": "SSL/TLS inspection is one way of detecting command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels.(Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation.(Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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"created": "2020-03-16T15:48:33.882Z",
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"external_id": "T1573.002"
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"source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
"description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
"url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
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"source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
"description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
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},
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"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Bidirectional Communication",
"description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for sending commands to and receiving output from a compromised system over the Web service channel. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems can then send the output from those commands back over that Web service channel. The return traffic may occur in a variety of ways, depending on the Web service being utilized. For example, the return traffic may take the form of the compromised system posting a comment on a forum, issuing a pull request to development project, updating a document hosted on a Web service, or by sending a Tweet. \n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Host data that can relate unknown or suspicious process activity using a network connection is important to supplement any existing indicators of compromise based on malware command and control signatures and infrastructure or the presence of strong encryption. Packet capture analysis will require SSL/TLS inspection if data is encrypted. Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). User behavior monitoring may help to detect abnormal patterns of activity.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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"created": "2020-03-14T22:34:03.024Z",
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"external_id": "T1102.002"
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"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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"modified": "2022-05-20T17:34:15.405Z",
"name": "Data from Local System",
"description": "Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems and configuration files or local databases, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to Exfiltration.\n\nAdversaries may do this using a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), such as [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) as well as a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008), which have functionality to interact with the file system to gather information. Adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on the local system.\n",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect files from a system. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to collect files such as configuration files with built-in features native to the network device platform.(Citation: Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion )(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
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"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.537Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005",
"external_id": "T1005"
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"source_name": "Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ",
"description": "Gyler, C.,Perez D.,Jones, S.,Miller, S.. (2021, February 25). This is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
"url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/apt41-initiates-global-intrusion-campaign-using-multiple-exploits"
},
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"source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
"description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "DHCP Spoofing",
"description": "Adversaries may redirect network traffic to adversary-owned systems by spoofing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) traffic and acting as a malicious DHCP server on the victim network. By achieving the adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) position, adversaries may collect network communications, including passed credentials, especially those sent over insecure, unencrypted protocols. This may also enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002).\n\nDHCP is based on a client-server model and has two functionalities: a protocol for providing network configuration settings from a DHCP server to a client and a mechanism for allocating network addresses to clients.(Citation: rfc2131) The typical server-client interaction is as follows: \n\n1. The client broadcasts a `DISCOVER` message.\n\n2. The server responds with an `OFFER` message, which includes an available network address. \n\n3. The client broadcasts a `REQUEST` message, which includes the network address offered. \n\n4. The server acknowledges with an `ACK` message and the client receives the network configuration parameters.\n\nAdversaries may spoof as a rogue DHCP server on the victim network, from which legitimate hosts may receive malicious network configurations. For example, malware can act as a DHCP server and provide adversary-owned DNS servers to the victimized computers.(Citation: new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware)(Citation: w32.tidserv.g) Through the malicious network configurations, an adversary may achieve the AiTM position, route client traffic through adversary-controlled systems, and collect information from the client network.\n\nRather than establishing an AiTM position, adversaries may also abuse DHCP spoofing to perform a DHCP exhaustion attack (i.e. [Service Exhaustion Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002)) by generating many broadcast DISCOVER messages to exhaust a network’s DHCP allocation pool. ",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for suspicious/malicious behavior involving DHCP, such as changes in DNS and/or gateway parameters. Additionally, monitor Windows logs for Event IDs (EIDs) 1341, 1342, 1020 and 1063, which specify that the IP allocations are low or have run out; these EIDs may indicate a denial of service attack.(Citation: dhcp_serv_op_events)(Citation: solution_monitor_dhcp_scopes)",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"id": "attack-pattern--59ff91cd-1430-4075-8563-e6f15f4f9ff5",
"created": "2022-03-24T19:30:56.727Z",
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"revoked": false,
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/003",
"external_id": "T1557.003"
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{
"source_name": "rfc2131",
"description": "Droms, R. (1997, March). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Retrieved March 9, 2022.",
"url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2131"
},
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"source_name": "new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware",
"description": "Irwin, Ullrich, J. (2009, March 16). new rogue-DHCP server malware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
"url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/new+rogueDHCP+server+malware/6025/"
},
{
"source_name": "dhcp_serv_op_events",
"description": "Microsoft. (2006, August 31). DHCP Server Operational Events. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn800668(v=ws.11)"
},
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"source_name": "solution_monitor_dhcp_scopes",
"description": "Shoemaker, E. (2015, December 31). Solution: Monitor DHCP Scopes and Detect Man-in-the-Middle Attacks with PRTG and PowerShell. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
"url": "https://lockstepgroup.com/blog/monitor-dhcp-scopes-and-detect-man-in-the-middle-attacks/"
},
{
"source_name": "w32.tidserv.g",
"description": "Symantec. (2009, March 22). W32.Tidserv.G. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175837/http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2009-032211-2952-99&tabid=2"
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Disable or Modify System Firewall",
"description": "Adversaries may disable or modify system firewalls in order to bypass controls limiting network usage. Changes could be disabling the entire mechanism as well as adding, deleting, or modifying particular rules. This can be done numerous ways depending on the operating system, including via command-line, editing Windows Registry keys, and Windows Control Panel.\n\nModifying or disabling a system firewall may enable adversary C2 communications, lateral movement, and/or data exfiltration that would otherwise not be allowed. ",
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],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if firewalls are disabled or modified. Monitor Registry edits to keys that manage firewalls.",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--5372c5fe-f424-4def-bcd5-d3a8e770f07b",
"created": "2020-02-21T21:00:48.814Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004",
"external_id": "T1562.004"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Disable or Modify Tools",
"description": "Adversaries may modify and/or disable security tools to avoid possible detection of their malware/tools and activities. This may take the many forms, such as killing security software processes or services, modifying / deleting Registry keys or configuration files so that tools do not operate properly, or other methods to interfere with security tools scanning or reporting information.\n\nAdversaries may also tamper with artifacts deployed and utilized by security tools. Security tools may make dynamic changes to system components in order to maintain visibility into specific events. For example, security products may load their own modules and/or modify those loaded by processes to facilitate data collection. Similar to [Indicator Blocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/006), adversaries may unhook or otherwise modify these features added by tools (especially those that exist in userland or are otherwise potentially accessible to adversaries) to avoid detection.(Citation: OutFlank System Calls)(Citation: MDSec System Calls)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if security tools/services are killed or stop running. Monitor Registry edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools. Monitoring for changes to other known features used by deployed security tools may also expose malicious activity.\n\nLack of expected log events may be suspicious.",
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],
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"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"source_name": "OutFlank System Calls",
"description": "de Plaa, C. (2019, June 19). Red Team Tactics: Combining Direct System Calls and sRDI to bypass AV/EDR. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Disk Content Wipe",
"description": "Adversaries may erase the contents of storage devices on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources.\n\nAdversaries may partially or completely overwrite the contents of a storage device rendering the data irrecoverable through the storage interface.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) Instead of wiping specific disk structures or files, adversaries with destructive intent may wipe arbitrary portions of disk content. To wipe disk content, adversaries may acquire direct access to the hard drive in order to overwrite arbitrarily sized portions of disk with random data.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) Adversaries have been observed leveraging third-party drivers like [RawDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0364) to directly access disk content.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) This behavior is distinct from [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) because sections of the disk are erased instead of individual files.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disk content may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
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"source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
"description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
"url": "https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
},
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"source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
"description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved March 2, 2016.",
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"source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
"description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
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"description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
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"description": "Symantec. (2012, August 16). The Shamoon Attacks. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
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"description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
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"description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
"url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
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"source_name": "Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017",
"description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf"
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"source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
"description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
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"description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
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"external_id": "T1071.004"
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"source_name": "PAN DNS Tunneling",
"description": "Palo Alto Networks. (n.d.). What Is DNS Tunneling?. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
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"source_name": "Medium DnsTunneling",
"description": "Galobardes, R. (2018, October 30). Learn how easy is to bypass firewalls using DNS tunneling (and also how to block it). Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
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"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "DNS Calculation",
"description": "Adversaries may perform calculations on addresses returned in DNS results to determine which port and IP address to use for command and control, rather than relying on a predetermined port number or the actual returned IP address. A IP and/or port number calculation can be used to bypass egress filtering on a C2 channel.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)\n\nOne implementation of [DNS Calculation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003) is to take the first three octets of an IP address in a DNS response and use those values to calculate the port for command and control traffic.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)(Citation: Moran 2014)(Citation: Rapid7G20Espionage)",
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"id": "attack-pattern--83a766f8-1501-4b3a-a2de-2e2849e8dfc1",
"created": "2020-03-11T14:56:34.154Z",
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"external_id": "T1568.003"
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"source_name": "Meyers Numbered Panda",
"description": "Meyers, A. (2013, March 29). Whois Numbered Panda. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
"url": "http://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/whois-numbered-panda/"
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"source_name": "Moran 2014",
"description": "Moran, N., Oppenheim, M., Engle, S., & Wartell, R.. (2014, September 3). Darwin’s Favorite APT Group [Blog]. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/09/darwins-favorite-apt-group-2.html"
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"source_name": "Rapid7G20Espionage",
"description": "Rapid7. (2013, August 26). Upcoming G20 Summit Fuels Espionage Operations. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
"url": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2013/08/26/upcoming-g20-summit-fuels-espionage-operations/"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Domain Account",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of domain accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which domain accounts exist to aid in follow-on behavior.\n\nCommands such as net user /domain and net group /domain of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, dscacheutil -q groupon macOS, and ldapsearch on Linux can list domain users and groups.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n",
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--21875073-b0ee-49e3-9077-1e2a885359af",
"created": "2020-02-21T21:08:26.480Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/002",
"external_id": "T1087.002"
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/575.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-575"
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Domain Account",
"description": "Adversaries may create a domain account to maintain access to victim systems. Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover user, administrator, and service accounts. With a sufficient level of access, the net user /add /domain command can be used to create a domain account.\n\nSuch accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.",
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],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes and command-line parameters associated with domain account creation, such as net user /add /domain. Collect data on account creation within a network. Event ID 4720 is generated when a user account is created on a Windows domain controller. (Citation: Microsoft User Creation Event) Perform regular audits of domain accounts to detect suspicious accounts that may have been created by an adversary.",
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"Windows",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/002",
"external_id": "T1136.002"
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"source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
"description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
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"name": "Domain Accounts",
"description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a domain account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.(Citation: TechNet Credential Theft) Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover users, administrators, and services.(Citation: Microsoft AD Accounts)\n\nAdversaries may compromise domain accounts, some with a high level of privileges, through various means such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or password reuse, allowing access to privileged resources of the domain.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Configure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services.(Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).\n\nOn Linux, check logs and other artifacts created by use of domain authentication services, such as the System Security Services Daemon (sssd).(Citation: Ubuntu SSSD Docs) \n\nPerform regular audits of domain accounts to detect accounts that may have been created by an adversary for persistence.",
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"source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft",
"description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
"url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
},
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"source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy",
"description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
"url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
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"source_name": "Microsoft AD Accounts",
"description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 23). Active Directory Accounts. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
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"source_name": "Ubuntu SSSD Docs",
"description": "Ubuntu. (n.d.). SSSD. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
"url": "https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/service-sssd"
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"name": "Domain Fronting",
"description": "Adversaries may take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) Domain fronting involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, \"domainless\" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored).\n\nFor example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.",
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"source_name": "Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015",
"description": "David Fifield, Chang Lan, Rod Hynes, Percy Wegmann, and Vern Paxson. (2015). Blocking-resistant communication through domain fronting. Retrieved November 20, 2017.",
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"description": "Adversaries may make use of Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically identify a destination domain for command and control traffic rather than relying on a list of static IP addresses or domains. This has the advantage of making it much harder for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019)\n\nDGAs can take the form of apparently random or “gibberish” strings (ex: istgmxdejdnxuyla.ru) when they construct domain names by generating each letter. Alternatively, some DGAs employ whole words as the unit by concatenating words together instead of letters (ex: cityjulydish.net). Many DGAs are time-based, generating a different domain for each time period (hourly, daily, monthly, etc). Others incorporate a seed value as well to make predicting future domains more difficult for defenders.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation)\n\nAdversaries may use DGAs for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ a DGA as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
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"source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
"description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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"source_name": "Cisco Umbrella DGA",
"description": "Scarfo, A. (2016, October 10). Domain Generation Algorithms – Why so effective?. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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"source_name": "Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019",
"description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 7). Threat Brief: Understanding Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA). Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-understanding-domain-generation-algorithms-dga/"
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"source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
"description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
"url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
},
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"source_name": "Akamai DGA Mitigation",
"description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
"url": "https://blogs.akamai.com/2018/01/a-death-match-of-domain-generation-algorithms.html"
},
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"source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
"description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29’s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
},
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"source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
"description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
},
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"source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
"description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
"url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
},
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"source_name": "Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017",
"description": "Chen, L., Wang, T.. (2017, May 5). Detecting Algorithmically Generated Domains Using Data Visualization and N-Grams Methods . Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
"url": "http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2017/2017PDF/d4.pdf"
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"source_name": "Elastic Predicting DGA",
"description": "Ahuja, A., Anderson, H., Grant, D., Woodbridge, J.. (2016, November 2). Predicting Domain Generation Algorithms with Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.00791.pdf"
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Domain Groups",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to find domain-level groups and permission settings. The knowledge of domain-level permission groups can help adversaries determine which groups exist and which users belong to a particular group. Adversaries may use this information to determine which users have elevated permissions, such as domain administrators.\n\nCommands such as net group /domain of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, dscacheutil -q group on macOS, and ldapsearch on Linux can list domain-level groups.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
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"modified": "2022-05-19T16:28:31.041Z",
"name": "Downgrade Attack",
"description": "Adversaries may downgrade or use a version of system features that may be outdated, vulnerable, and/or does not support updated security controls such as logging. For example, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) versions 5+ includes Script Block Logging (SBL) which can record executed script content. However, adversaries may attempt to execute a previous version of PowerShell that does not support SBL with the intent to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) while running malicious scripts that may have otherwise been detected.(Citation: CrowdStrike BGH Ransomware 2021)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL 2018)(Citation: att_def_ps_logging)\n\nAdversaries may downgrade and use less-secure versions of various features of a system, such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)s or even network protocols that can be abused to enable [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557).(Citation: Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014)",
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"source_name": "CrowdStrike BGH Ransomware 2021",
"description": "Falcon Complete Team. (2021, May 11). Response When Minutes Matter: Rising Up Against Ransomware. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-falcon-complete-stopped-a-big-game-hunting-ransomware-attack/"
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"source_name": "att_def_ps_logging",
"description": "Hao, M. (2019, February 27). Attack and Defense Around PowerShell Event Logging. Retrieved November 24, 2021.",
"url": "https://nsfocusglobal.com/attack-and-defense-around-powershell-event-logging/"
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"source_name": "inv_ps_attacks",
"description": "Hastings, M. (2014, July 16). Investigating PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved December 1, 2021.",
"url": "https://powershellmagazine.com/2014/07/16/investigating-powershell-attacks/"
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"source_name": "Mandiant BYOL 2018",
"description": "Kirk, N. (2018, June 18). Bring Your Own Land (BYOL) – A Novel Red Teaming Technique. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique"
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"source_name": "Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014",
"description": "Praetorian. (2014, August 19). Man-in-the-Middle TLS Protocol Downgrade Attack. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Dynamic Linker Hijacking",
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking environment variables the dynamic linker uses to load shared libraries. During the execution preparation phase of a program, the dynamic linker loads specified absolute paths of shared libraries from environment variables and files, such as LD_PRELOAD on Linux or DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES on macOS. Libraries specified in environment variables are loaded first, taking precedence over system libraries with the same function name.(Citation: Man LD.SO)(Citation: TLDP Shared Libraries)(Citation: Apple Doco Archive Dynamic Libraries) These variables are often used by developers to debug binaries without needing to recompile, deconflict mapped symbols, and implement custom functions without changing the original library.(Citation: Baeldung LD_PRELOAD)\n\nOn Linux and macOS, hijacking dynamic linker variables may grant access to the victim process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. This method may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. Adversaries can set environment variables via the command line using the export command, setenv function, or putenv function. Adversaries can also leverage [Dynamic Linker Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006) to export variables in a shell or set variables programmatically using higher level syntax such Python’s os.environ.\n\nOn Linux, adversaries may set LD_PRELOAD to point to malicious libraries that match the name of legitimate libraries which are requested by a victim program, causing the operating system to load the adversary's malicious code upon execution of the victim program. LD_PRELOAD can be set via the environment variable or /etc/ld.so.preload file.(Citation: Man LD.SO)(Citation: TLDP Shared Libraries) Libraries specified by LD_PRELOAD are loaded and mapped into memory by dlopen() and mmap() respectively.(Citation: Code Injection on Linux and macOS)(Citation: Uninformed Needle) (Citation: Phrack halfdead 1997)(Citation: Brown Exploiting Linkers) \n\nOn macOS this behavior is conceptually the same as on Linux, differing only in how the macOS dynamic libraries (dyld) is implemented at a lower level. Adversaries can set the DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES environment variable to point to malicious libraries containing names of legitimate libraries or functions requested by a victim program.(Citation: TheEvilBit DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Timac DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Gabilondo DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES Catalina Bypass) ",
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"id": "attack-pattern--633a100c-b2c9-41bf-9be5-905c1b16c825",
"created": "2020-03-13T20:09:59.569Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006",
"external_id": "T1574.006"
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/13.html",
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"source_name": "Man LD.SO",
"description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, June 13). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ld.so.8.html"
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"source_name": "TLDP Shared Libraries",
"description": "The Linux Documentation Project. (n.d.). Shared Libraries. Retrieved January 31, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html"
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"source_name": "Apple Doco Archive Dynamic Libraries",
"description": "Apple Inc.. (2012, July 23). Overview of Dynamic Libraries. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
"url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/DynamicLibraries/100-Articles/OverviewOfDynamicLibraries.html"
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"source_name": "Baeldung LD_PRELOAD",
"description": "baeldung. (2020, August 9). What Is the LD_PRELOAD Trick?. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.baeldung.com/linux/ld_preload-trick-what-is"
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"source_name": "Code Injection on Linux and macOS",
"description": "Itamar Turner-Trauring. (2017, April 18). “This will only hurt for a moment”: code injection on Linux and macOS with LD_PRELOAD. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.datawire.io/code-injection-on-linux-and-macos/"
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"source_name": "Uninformed Needle",
"description": "skape. (2003, January 19). Linux x86 run-time process manipulation. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "http://hick.org/code/skape/papers/needle.txt"
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"source_name": "Phrack halfdead 1997",
"description": "halflife. (1997, September 1). Shared Library Redirection Techniques. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "http://phrack.org/issues/51/8.html"
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"source_name": "Brown Exploiting Linkers",
"description": "Tim Brown. (2011, June 29). Breaking the links: Exploiting the linker. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
"url": "http://www.nth-dimension.org.uk/pub/BTL.pdf"
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"source_name": "TheEvilBit DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES",
"description": "Fitzl, C. (2019, July 9). DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES DYLIB injection in macOS / OSX. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
"url": "https://theevilbit.github.io/posts/dyld_insert_libraries_dylib_injection_in_macos_osx_deep_dive/"
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"source_name": "Timac DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES",
"description": "Timac. (2012, December 18). Simple code injection using DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
"url": "https://blog.timac.org/2012/1218-simple-code-injection-using-dyld_insert_libraries/"
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"source_name": "Gabilondo DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES Catalina Bypass",
"description": "Jon Gabilondo. (2019, September 22). How to Inject Code into Mach-O Apps. Part II.. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
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"description": "Adversaries may dynamically establish connections to command and control infrastructure to evade common detections and remediations. This may be achieved by using malware that shares a common algorithm with the infrastructure the adversary uses to receive the malware's communications. These calculations can be used to dynamically adjust parameters such as the domain name, IP address, or port number the malware uses for command and control.\n\nAdversaries may use dynamic resolution for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ dynamic resolution as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
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"description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
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"source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
"description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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"description": "Adversaries may environmentally key payloads or other features of malware to evade defenses and constraint execution to a specific target environment. Environmental keying uses cryptography to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Environmental keying is an implementation of [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480) that utilizes cryptographic techniques for deriving encryption/decryption keys from specific types of values in a given computing environment.(Citation: EK Clueless Agents)\n\nValues can be derived from target-specific elements and used to generate a decryption key for an encrypted payload. Target-specific values can be derived from specific network shares, physical devices, software/software versions, files, joined AD domains, system time, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: Proofpoint Router Malvertising)(Citation: EK Impeding Malware Analysis)(Citation: Environmental Keyed HTA)(Citation: Ebowla: Genetic Malware) By generating the decryption keys from target-specific environmental values, environmental keying can make sandbox detection, anti-virus detection, crowdsourcing of information, and reverse engineering difficult.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: Ebowla: Genetic Malware) These difficulties can slow down the incident response process and help adversaries hide their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs).\n\nSimilar to [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027), adversaries may use environmental keying to help protect their TTPs and evade detection. Environmental keying may be used to deliver an encrypted payload to the target that will use target-specific values to decrypt the payload before execution.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: EK Impeding Malware Analysis)(Citation: Environmental Keyed HTA)(Citation: Ebowla: Genetic Malware)(Citation: Demiguise Guardrail Router Logo) By utilizing target-specific values to decrypt the payload the adversary can avoid packaging the decryption key with the payload or sending it over a potentially monitored network connection. Depending on the technique for gathering target-specific values, reverse engineering of the encrypted payload can be exceptionally difficult.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper) This can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within.\n\nLike other [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480), environmental keying can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This activity is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of environmental keying will involve checking for an expected target-specific value that must match for decryption and subsequent execution to be successful.",
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"source_name": "Proofpoint Router Malvertising",
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"source_name": "Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper",
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"source_name": "Ebowla: Genetic Malware",
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"description": "Riordan, J., Schneier, B. (1998, June 18). Environmental Key Generation towards Clueless Agents. Retrieved January 18, 2019.",
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"source_name": "EK Impeding Malware Analysis",
"description": "Song, C., et al. (2012, August 7). Impeding Automated Malware Analysis with Environment-sensitive Malware. Retrieved January 18, 2019.",
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"description": "Warren, R. (2017, August 8). Smuggling HTA files in Internet Explorer/Edge. Retrieved January 16, 2019.",
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"source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
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"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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"name": "Event Triggered Execution",
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"source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
"description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
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"description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
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"description": "Claud Xiao, Cong Zheng, Yanhui Jia. (2017, April 6). New IoT/Linux Malware Targets DVRs, Forms Botnet. Retrieved February 19, 2018.",
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"description": "Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary’s campaign.(Citation: FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails) Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include specific network share names, attached physical devices, files, joined Active Directory (AD) domains, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: FireEye Outlook Dec 2019)\n\nGuardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match.",
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"description": "Shoorbajee, Z. (2018, June 1). Playing nice? FireEye CEO says U.S. malware is more restrained than adversaries'. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Exploitation for defense evasion may happen shortly after the system has been compromised to prevent detection during later actions for for additional tools that may be brought in and used. Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution or evidence of Discovery.",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211",
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Exploitation of Remote Services",
"description": "Adversaries may exploit remote services to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. A common goal for post-compromise exploitation of remote services is for lateral movement to enable access to a remote system.\n\nAn adversary may need to determine if the remote system is in a vulnerable state, which may be done through [Network Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1046) or other Discovery methods looking for common, vulnerable software that may be deployed in the network, the lack of certain patches that may indicate vulnerabilities, or security software that may be used to detect or contain remote exploitation. Servers are likely a high value target for lateral movement exploitation, but endpoint systems may also be at risk if they provide an advantage or access to additional resources.\n\nThere are several well-known vulnerabilities that exist in common services such as SMB (Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities) and RDP (Citation: NVD CVE-2017-0176) as well as applications that may be used within internal networks such as MySQL (Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662) and web server services.(Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169)\n\nDepending on the permissions level of the vulnerable remote service an adversary may achieve [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) as a result of lateral movement exploitation as well.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Also look for behavior on the endpoint system that might indicate successful compromise, such as abnormal behavior of the processes. This could include suspicious files written to disk, evidence of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) for attempts to hide execution, evidence of [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), or other unusual network traffic that may indicate additional tools transferred to the system.",
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"Windows",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210",
"external_id": "T1210"
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"source_name": "CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities",
"description": "CIS. (2017, May 15). Multiple Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows SMB Server Could Allow for Remote Code Execution. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/"
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{
"source_name": "NVD CVE-2017-0176",
"description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, June 22). CVE-2017-0176 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-0176"
},
{
"source_name": "NVD CVE-2016-6662",
"description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662"
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"source_name": "NVD CVE-2014-7169",
"description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, September 24). CVE-2014-7169 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "External Remote Services",
"description": "Adversaries may leverage external-facing remote services to initially access and/or persist within a network. Remote services such as VPNs, Citrix, and other access mechanisms allow users to connect to internal enterprise network resources from external locations. There are often remote service gateways that manage connections and credential authentication for these services. Services such as [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006) and [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) can also be used externally.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)\n\nAccess to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use the service is often a requirement, which could be obtained through credential pharming or by obtaining the credentials from users after compromising the enterprise network.(Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging) Access to remote services may be used as a redundant or persistent access mechanism during an operation.\n\nAccess may also be gained through an exposed service that doesn’t require authentication. In containerized environments, this may include an exposed Docker API, Kubernetes API server, kubelet, or web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard.(Citation: Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server)(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Follow best practices for detecting adversary use of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for authenticating to remote services. Collect authentication logs and analyze for unusual access patterns, windows of activity, and access outside of normal business hours.\n\nWhen authentication is not required to access an exposed remote service, monitor for follow-on activities such as anomalous external use of the exposed API or application.",
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],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"Yuval Avrahami, Palo Alto Networks",
"Jay Chen, Palo Alto Networks",
"Brad Geesaman, @bradgeesaman",
"Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
"Ariel Shuper, Cisco",
"Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
"Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--10d51417-ee35-4589-b1ff-b6df1c334e8d",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:31:44.421Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133",
"external_id": "T1133"
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-555"
},
{
"source_name": "MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop",
"description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). Set up a computer running VNC software for Remote Desktop. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/remote-desktop/set-up-a-computer-running-vnc-software-apdbed09830/mac"
},
{
"source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging",
"description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
},
{
"source_name": "Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server",
"description": "Remillano II, A., et al. (2020, June 20). XORDDoS, Kaiji Variants Target Exposed Docker Servers. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/f/xorddos-kaiji-botnet-malware-variants-target-exposed-docker-servers.html"
},
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"source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
"description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "External Proxy",
"description": "Adversaries may use an external proxy to act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths to avoid suspicion.\n\nExternal connection proxies are used to mask the destination of C2 traffic and are typically implemented with port redirectors. Compromised systems outside of the victim environment may be used for these purposes, as well as purchased infrastructure such as cloud-based resources or virtual private servers. Proxies may be chosen based on the low likelihood that a connection to them from a compromised system would be investigated. Victim systems would communicate directly with the external proxy on the Internet and then the proxy would forward communications to the C2 server.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows, such as a client sending significantly more data than it receives from an external server. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"created": "2020-03-14T23:12:18.466Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/002",
"external_id": "T1090.002"
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{
"source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
"description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
"url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Fallback Channels",
"description": "Adversaries may use fallback or alternate communication channels if the primary channel is compromised or inaccessible in order to maintain reliable command and control and to avoid data transfer thresholds.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"id": "attack-pattern--f24faf46-3b26-4dbb-98f2-63460498e433",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:21.689Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008",
"external_id": "T1008"
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{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Fast Flux DNS",
"description": "Adversaries may use Fast Flux DNS to hide a command and control channel behind an array of rapidly changing IP addresses linked to a single domain resolution. This technique uses a fully qualified domain name, with multiple IP addresses assigned to it which are swapped with high frequency, using a combination of round robin IP addressing and short Time-To-Live (TTL) for a DNS resource record.(Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt1)(Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt2)(Citation: Fast Flux - Welivesecurity)\n\nThe simplest, \"single-flux\" method, involves registering and de-registering an addresses as part of the DNS A (address) record list for a single DNS name. These registrations have a five-minute average lifespan, resulting in a constant shuffle of IP address resolution.(Citation: Fast Flux - Welivesecurity)\n\nIn contrast, the \"double-flux\" method registers and de-registers an address as part of the DNS Name Server record list for the DNS zone, providing additional resilience for the connection. With double-flux additional hosts can act as a proxy to the C2 host, further insulating the true source of the C2 channel.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "In general, detecting usage of fast flux DNS is difficult due to web traffic load balancing that services client requests quickly. In single flux cases only IP addresses change for static domain names. In double flux cases, nothing is static. Defenders such as domain registrars and service providers are likely in the best position for detection.",
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--29ba5a15-3b7b-4732-b817-65ea8f6468e6",
"created": "2020-03-11T14:11:16.560Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/001",
"external_id": "T1568.001"
},
{
"source_name": "MehtaFastFluxPt1",
"description": "Mehta, L. (2014, December 17). Fast Flux Networks Working and Detection, Part 1. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
"url": "https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-1/#gref"
},
{
"source_name": "MehtaFastFluxPt2",
"description": "Mehta, L. (2014, December 23). Fast Flux Networks Working and Detection, Part 2. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
"url": "https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-2/#gref"
},
{
"source_name": "Fast Flux - Welivesecurity",
"description": "Albors, Josep. (2017, January 12). Fast Flux networks: What are they and how do they work?. Retrieved March 11, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/01/12/fast-flux-networks-work/"
}
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "File and Directory Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or may search in specific locations of a host or network share for certain information within a file system. Adversaries may use the information from [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nMany command shell utilities can be used to obtain this information. Examples include dir, tree, ls, find, and locate.(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) Custom tools may also be used to gather file and directory information and interact with the [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106). Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather file and directory information.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)",
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],
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"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Collection and Exfiltration, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to gather file and directory information with built-in features native to the network device platform. Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use of commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations. ",
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"Windows",
"Network"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.4",
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"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_system_requirements": [
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],
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"id": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:31:04.710Z",
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"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083",
"external_id": "T1083"
},
{
"source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
"description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
"url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
},
{
"source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
"description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/127.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-127"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/497.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-497"
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],
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},
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "File and Directory Permissions Modification",
"description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nModifications may include changing specific access rights, which may require taking ownership of a file or directory and/or elevated permissions depending on the file or directory’s existing permissions. This may enable malicious activity such as modifying, replacing, or deleting specific files or directories. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).",
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"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership. Many of the commands used to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership are built-in system utilities and may generate a high false positive alert rate, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible.\n\nConsider enabling file/directory permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files. For example, Windows Security Log events (Event ID 4670) are created when DACLs are modified.(Citation: EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch",
"Jan Miller, CrowdStrike"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"File system access controls"
],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM",
"root"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--65917ae0-b854-4139-83fe-bf2441cf0196",
"created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222",
"external_id": "T1222"
},
{
"source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
"description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
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{
"source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
"description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
},
{
"source_name": "EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014",
"description": "Netsurion. (2014, February 19). Monitoring File Permission Changes with the Windows Security Log. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.eventtracker.com/tech-articles/monitoring-file-permission-changes-windows-security-log/"
}
],
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},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "File Deletion",
"description": "Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary (ex: [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint.\n\nThere are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well.(Citation: Microsoft SDelete July 2016) Examples of built-in [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) functions include del on Windows and rm or unlink on Linux and macOS.",
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"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
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"x_mitre_detection": "It may be uncommon for events related to benign command-line functions such as DEL or third-party utilities or tools to be found in an environment, depending on the user base and how systems are typically used. Monitoring for command-line deletion functions to correlate with binaries or other files that an adversary may drop and remove may lead to detection of malicious activity. Another good practice is monitoring for known deletion and secure deletion tools that are not already on systems within an enterprise network that an adversary could introduce. Some monitoring tools may collect command-line arguments, but may not capture DEL commands since DEL is a native function within cmd.exe.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Walker Johnson"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Host forensic analysis"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--d63a3fb8-9452-4e9d-a60a-54be68d5998c",
"created": "2020-01-31T12:35:36.479Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/004",
"external_id": "T1070.004"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft SDelete July 2016",
"description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, July 4). SDelete v2.0. Retrieved February 8, 2018.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/sdelete"
}
],
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"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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},
{
"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "File Transfer Protocols",
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with transferring files to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as FTP, FTPS, and TFTP that transfer files may be very common in environments. Packets produced from these protocols may have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Data could also be concealed within the transferred files. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic. ",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--9a60a291-8960-4387-8a4a-2ab5c18bb50b",
"created": "2020-03-15T16:16:25.763Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/002",
"external_id": "T1071.002"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
}
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Hidden File System",
"description": "Adversaries may use a hidden file system to conceal malicious activity from users and security tools. File systems provide a structure to store and access data from physical storage. Typically, a user engages with a file system through applications that allow them to access files and directories, which are an abstraction from their physical location (ex: disk sector). Standard file systems include FAT, NTFS, ext4, and APFS. File systems can also contain other structures, such as the Volume Boot Record (VBR) and Master File Table (MFT) in NTFS.(Citation: MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014)\n\nAdversaries may use their own abstracted file system, separate from the standard file system present on the infected system. In doing so, adversaries can hide the presence of malicious components and file input/output from security tools. Hidden file systems, sometimes referred to as virtual file systems, can be implemented in numerous ways. One implementation would be to store a file system in reserved disk space unused by disk structures or standard file system partitions.(Citation: MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014)(Citation: FireEye Bootkits) Another implementation could be for an adversary to drop their own portable partition image as a file on top of the standard file system.(Citation: ESET ComRAT May 2020) Adversaries may also fragment files across the existing file system structure in non-standard ways.(Citation: Kaspersky Equation QA)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the use of a hidden file system may be exceptionally difficult depending on the implementation. Emphasis may be placed on detecting related aspects of the adversary lifecycle, such as how malware interacts with the hidden file system or how a hidden file system is loaded. Consider looking for anomalous interactions with the Registry or with a particular file on disk. Likewise, if the hidden file system is loaded on boot from reserved disk space, consider shifting focus to detecting [Bootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/003) activity.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
"Administrator"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--dfebc3b7-d19d-450b-81c7-6dafe4184c04",
"created": "2020-06-28T22:55:55.719Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/005",
"external_id": "T1564.005"
},
{
"source_name": "MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014",
"description": "Hutchins, M. (2014, November 28). Virtual File Systems for Beginners. Retrieved June 22, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2014/11/virtual-file-systems-for-beginners.html"
},
{
"source_name": "FireEye Bootkits",
"description": "Andonov, D., et al. (2015, December 7). Thriving Beyond The Operating System: Financial Threat Group Targets Volume Boot Record. Retrieved May 13, 2016.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/fin1-targets-boot-record.html"
},
{
"source_name": "ESET ComRAT May 2020",
"description": "Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ESET_Turla_ComRAT.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Kaspersky Equation QA",
"description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, February). Equation Group: Questions and Answers. Retrieved December 21, 2015.",
"url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/08064459/Equation_group_questions_and_answers.pdf"
}
],
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"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Hidden Files and Directories",
"description": "Adversaries may set files and directories to be hidden to evade detection mechanisms. To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a ‘hidden’ file. These files don’t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (dir /a for Windows and ls –a for Linux and macOS).\n\nOn Linux and Mac, users can mark specific files as hidden simply by putting a “.” as the first character in the file or folder name (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). Files and folders that start with a period, ‘.’, are by default hidden from being viewed in the Finder application and standard command-line utilities like “ls”. Users must specifically change settings to have these files viewable.\n\nFiles on macOS can also be marked with the UF_HIDDEN flag which prevents them from being seen in Finder.app, but still allows them to be seen in Terminal.app (Citation: WireLurker). On Windows, users can mark specific files as hidden by using the attrib.exe binary. Many applications create these hidden files and folders to store information so that it doesn’t clutter up the user’s workspace. For example, SSH utilities create a .ssh folder that’s hidden and contains the user’s known hosts and keys.\n\nAdversaries can use this to their advantage to hide files and folders anywhere on the system and evading a typical user or system analysis that does not incorporate investigation of hidden files.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system and shell commands for files being created with a leading \".\" and the Windows command-line use of attrib.exe to add the hidden attribute.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Host forensic analysis"
],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--ec8fc7e2-b356-455c-8db5-2e37be158e7d",
"created": "2020-02-26T17:46:13.128Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/001",
"external_id": "T1564.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
"description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
"url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
},
{
"source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
"description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
"url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
},
{
"source_name": "WireLurker",
"description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Hidden Users",
"description": "Adversaries may use hidden users to hide the presence of user accounts they create or modify. Administrators may want to hide users when there are many user accounts on a given system or if they want to hide their administrative or other management accounts from other users. \n\nIn macOS, adversaries can create or modify a user to be hidden through manipulating plist files, folder attributes, and user attributes. To prevent a user from being shown on the login screen and in System Preferences, adversaries can set the userID to be under 500 and set the key value Hide500Users to TRUE in the /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow plist file.(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit) Every user has a userID associated with it. When the Hide500Users key value is set to TRUE, users with a userID under 500 do not appear on the login screen and in System Preferences. Using the command line, adversaries can use the dscl utility to create hidden user accounts by setting the IsHidden attribute to 1. Adversaries can also hide a user’s home folder by changing the chflags to hidden.(Citation: Apple Support Hide a User Account) \n\nAdversaries may similarly hide user accounts in Windows. Adversaries can set the HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\SpecialAccounts\\UserList Registry key value to 0 for a specific user to prevent that user from being listed on the logon screen.(Citation: FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)\n\nOn Linux systems, adversaries may hide user accounts from the login screen, also referred to as the greeter. The method an adversary may use depends on which Display Manager the distribution is currently using. For example, on an Ubuntu system using the GNOME Display Manger (GDM), accounts may be hidden from the greeter using the gsettings command (ex: sudo -u gdm gsettings set org.gnome.login-screen disable-user-list true).(Citation: Hide GDM User Accounts) Display Managers are not anchored to specific distributions and may be changed by a user or adversary.",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for users that may be hidden from the login screen but still present in additional artifacts of usage such as directories and authentication logs. \n\nMonitor processes and command-line events for actions that could be taken to add a new user and subsequently hide it from login screens. Monitor Registry events for modifications to the HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\SpecialAccounts\\UserList key.\n\nIn macOS, monitor for commands, processes, and file activity in combination with a user that has a userID under 500.(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit) Monitor for modifications to set the Hide500Users key value to TRUE in the /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow plist file. Monitor the command line for usage of the dscl . create command with the IsHidden attribute set to 1.(Citation: Apple Support Hide a User Account) ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"Windows",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--8c4aef43-48d5-49aa-b2af-c0cd58d30c3d",
"created": "2020-03-13T20:12:40.876Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/002",
"external_id": "T1564.002"
},
{
"source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
"description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
"url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Content%20PDFs/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Apple Support Hide a User Account",
"description": "Apple. (2020, November 30). Hide a user account in macOS. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203998"
},
{
"source_name": "FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021",
"description": "FireEye. (2021, June 16). Smoking Out a DARKSIDE Affiliate’s Supply Chain Software Compromise. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/06/darkside-affiliate-supply-chain-software-compromise.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Hide GDM User Accounts",
"description": "Ji Mingkui. (2021, June 17). How to Hide All The User Accounts in Ubuntu 20.04, 21.04 Login Screen. Retrieved March 15, 2022.",
"url": "https://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2021/06/hide-user-accounts-ubuntu-20-04-login-screen/"
},
{
"source_name": "US-CERT TA18-074A",
"description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
}
],
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Hide Artifacts",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Operating systems may have features to hide various artifacts, such as important system files and administrative task execution, to avoid disrupting user work environments and prevent users from changing files or features on the system. Adversaries may abuse these features to hide artifacts such as files, directories, user accounts, or other system activity to evade detection.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit)(Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to hide artifacts associated with malicious behavior by creating computing regions that are isolated from common security instrumentation, such as through the use of virtualization technology.(Citation: Sophos Ragnar May 2020)",
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor files, processes, and command-line arguments for actions indicative of hidden artifacts. Monitor event and authentication logs for records of hidden artifacts being used. Monitor the file system and shell commands for hidden attribute usage.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"created": "2020-02-26T17:41:25.933Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564",
"external_id": "T1564"
},
{
"source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
"description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
"url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
},
{
"source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
"description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
"url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Content%20PDFs/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "MalwareBytes ADS July 2015",
"description": "Arntz, P. (2015, July 22). Introduction to Alternate Data Streams. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
"url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/"
},
{
"source_name": "Sophos Ragnar May 2020",
"description": "SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
"url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/21/ragnar-locker-ransomware-deploys-virtual-machine-to-dodge-security/"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-10-07T17:16:47.994Z",
"name": "Hijack Execution Flow",
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way operating systems run programs. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence, since this hijacked execution may reoccur over time. Adversaries may also use these mechanisms to elevate privileges or evade defenses, such as application control or other restrictions on execution.\n\nThere are many ways an adversary may hijack the flow of execution, including by manipulating how the operating system locates programs to be executed. How the operating system locates libraries to be used by a program can also be intercepted. Locations where the operating system looks for programs/resources, such as file directories and in the case of Windows the Registry, could also be poisoned to include malicious payloads.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying DLLs. Changes in the set of DLLs that are loaded by a process (compared with past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Monitor DLLs loaded into a process and detect DLLs that have the same file name but abnormal paths. Modifications to or creation of .manifest and .local redirection files that do not correlate with software updates are suspicious.\n\nLook for changes to binaries and service executables that may normally occur during software updates. If an executable is written, renamed, and/or moved to match an existing service executable, it could be detected and correlated with other suspicious behavior. Hashing of binaries and service executables could be used to detect replacement against historical data.\n\nMonitor for changes to environment variables, as well as the commands to implement these changes.\n\nMonitor processes for unusual activity (e.g., a process that does not use the network begins to do so, abnormal process call trees). Track library metadata, such as a hash, and compare libraries that are loaded at process execution time against previous executions to detect differences that do not correlate with patching or updates.\n\nService changes are reflected in the Registry. Modification to existing services should not occur frequently. If a service binary path or failure parameters are changed to values that are not typical for that service and does not correlate with software updates, then it may be due to malicious activity. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current service information. (Citation: Autoruns for Windows) Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_contributors": [],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Anti-virus",
"Application Control"
],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [],
"x_mitre_system_requirements": [],
"x_mitre_effective_permissions": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"created": "2020-03-12T20:38:12.465Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574",
"external_id": "T1574"
},
{
"source_name": "Autoruns for Windows",
"description": "Mark Russinovich. (2019, June 28). Autoruns for Windows v13.96. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/autoruns"
}
],
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"marking-definition--e1b2382e-cad0-4134-87b7-dbebbed408fb"
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"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--39974999-0ade-4f01-aa12-41c428fcbb2a"
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-19T16:29:47.637Z",
"name": "HTML Smuggling",
"description": "Adversaries may smuggle data and files past content filters by hiding malicious payloads inside of seemingly benign HTML files. HTML documents can store large binary objects known as JavaScript Blobs (immutable data that represents raw bytes) that can later be constructed into file-like objects. Data may also be stored in Data URLs, which enable embedding media type or MIME files inline of HTML documents. HTML5 also introduced a download attribute that may be used to initiate file downloads.(Citation: HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020)(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018)\n\nAdversaries may deliver payloads to victims that bypass security controls through HTML Smuggling by abusing JavaScript Blobs and/or HTML5 download attributes. Security controls such as web content filters may not identify smuggled malicious files inside of HTML/JS files, as the content may be based on typically benign MIME types such as text/plain and/or text/html. Malicious files or data can be obfuscated and hidden inside of HTML files through Data URLs and/or JavaScript Blobs and can be deobfuscated when they reach the victim (i.e. [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140)), potentially bypassing content filters.\n\nFor example, JavaScript Blobs can be abused to dynamically generate malicious files in the victim machine and may be dropped to disk by abusing JavaScript functions such as msSaveBlob.(Citation: HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020)(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021)(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018)(Citation: nccgroup Smuggling HTA 2017)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Detection of HTML Smuggling is difficult as HTML5 and JavaScript attributes are used by legitimate services and applications. HTML Smuggling can be performed in many ways via JavaScript, developing rules for the different variants, with a combination of different encoding and/or encryption schemes, may be very challenging.(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018) Detecting specific JavaScript and/or HTML5 attribute strings such as Blob, msSaveOrOpenBlob, and/or download may be a good indicator of HTML Smuggling. These strings may also be used by legitimate services therefore it is possible to raise false positives.\n\nConsider monitoring files downloaded from the Internet, possibly by HTML Smuggling, for suspicious activities. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Stan Hegt, Outflank",
"Jonathan Boucher, @crash_wave, Bank of Canada",
"Krishnan Subramanian, @krish203",
"Vinay Pidathala"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Anti-virus",
"Web Content Filters",
"Static File Analysis"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--d4dc46e3-5ba5-45b9-8204-010867cacfcb",
"created": "2021-05-20T12:20:42.219Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006",
"external_id": "T1027.006"
},
{
"source_name": "Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018",
"description": "Hegt, S. (2018, August 14). HTML smuggling explained. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2018/08/14/html-smuggling-explained/"
},
{
"source_name": "MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021",
"description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2021, May 27). New sophisticated email-based attack from NOBELIUM. Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/27/new-sophisticated-email-based-attack-from-nobelium/"
},
{
"source_name": "HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020",
"description": "Subramanian, K. (2020, August 18). New HTML Smuggling Attack Alert: Duri. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.menlosecurity.com/blog/new-attack-alert-duri"
},
{
"source_name": "nccgroup Smuggling HTA 2017",
"description": "Warren, R. (2017, August 8). Smuggling HTA files in Internet Explorer/Edge. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2017/08/08/smuggling-hta-files-in-internet-explorer-edge/"
}
],
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{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Impair Command History Logging",
"description": "Adversaries may impair command history logging to hide commands they run on a compromised system. Various command interpreters keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done. \n\nOn Linux and macOS, command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable HISTFILE. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called ~/.bash_history. The HISTCONTROL environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the history command and eventually into the ~/.bash_history file when a user logs out. HISTCONTROL does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected.\n\nAdversaries may clear the history environment variable (unset HISTFILE) or set the command history size to zero (export HISTFILESIZE=0) to prevent logging of commands. Additionally, HISTCONTROL can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". HISTCONTROL can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that “ ls” will not be saved, but “ls” would be saved by history. Adversaries can abuse this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands. \n\nOn Windows systems, the PSReadLine module tracks commands used in all PowerShell sessions and writes them to a file ($env:APPDATA\\Microsoft\\Windows\\PowerShell\\PSReadLine\\ConsoleHost_history.txt by default). Adversaries may change where these logs are saved using Set-PSReadLineOption -HistorySavePath {File Path}. This will cause ConsoleHost_history.txt to stop receiving logs. Additionally, it is possible to turn off logging to this file using the PowerShell command Set-PSReadlineOption -HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell Command History)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell command audit)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics)\n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to disable historical command logging.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Correlating a user session with a distinct lack of new commands in their .bash_history can be a clue to suspicious behavior. Additionally, users checking or changing their HISTCONTROL, HISTFILE, or HISTFILESIZE environment variables may be suspicious.\n\nMonitor for modification of PowerShell command history settings through processes being created with -HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing command-line arguments and use of the PowerShell commands Set-PSReadlineOption -HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing and Set-PSReadLineOption -HistorySavePath {File Path}. Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to clear or disable historical log data with built-in features native to the network device platform. Monitor such command activity for unexpected or unauthorized use of commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Vikas Singh, Sophos",
"Emile Kenning, Sophos",
"Austin Clark, @c2defense"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Host forensic analysis",
"Log analysis"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--8f504411-cb96-4dac-a537-8d2bb7679c59",
"created": "2020-02-21T20:56:06.498Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/003",
"external_id": "T1562.003"
},
{
"source_name": "Sophos PowerShell command audit",
"description": "jak. (2020, June 27). Live Discover - PowerShell command audit. Retrieved August 21, 2020.",
"url": "https://community.sophos.com/products/intercept/early-access-program/f/live-discover-response-queries/121529/live-discover---powershell-command-audit"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell Command History",
"description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 13). About History. Retrieved September 4, 2020.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7"
},
{
"source_name": "Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics",
"description": "Vikas, S. (2020, August 26). PowerShell Command History Forensics. Retrieved September 4, 2020.",
"url": "https://community.sophos.com/products/malware/b/blog/posts/powershell-command-history-forensics"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/13.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-13"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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]
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Impair Defenses",
"description": "Adversaries may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. This not only involves impairing preventative defenses, such as firewalls and anti-virus, but also detection capabilities that defenders can use to audit activity and identify malicious behavior. This may also span both native defenses as well as supplemental capabilities installed by users and administrators.\n\nAdversaries could also target event aggregation and analysis mechanisms, or otherwise disrupt these procedures by altering other system components.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if security tools or logging services are killed or stop running. Monitor Registry edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools. Lack of log events may be suspicious.\n\nMonitor environment variables and APIs that can be leveraged to disable security measures.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Containers",
"Network"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Anti-virus",
"Signature-based detection",
"Host intrusion prevention systems",
"File monitoring",
"Digital Certificate Validation",
"Host forensic analysis",
"Log analysis",
"Firewall"
],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"Administrator",
"User"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"created": "2020-02-21T20:22:13.470Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562",
"external_id": "T1562"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Indicator Blocking",
"description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events typically captured by sensors from being gathered and analyzed. This could include maliciously redirecting (Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017) or even disabling host-based sensors, such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW),(Citation: Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018) by tampering settings that control the collection and flow of event telemetry. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) These settings may be stored on the system in configuration files and/or in the Registry as well as being accessible via administrative utilities such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) or [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).\n\nETW interruption can be achieved multiple ways, however most directly by defining conditions using the [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) Set-EtwTraceProvider cmdlet or by interfacing directly with the Registry to make alterations.\n\nIn the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process responsible for forwarding telemetry and/or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to specific hosts responsible for aggregating events, such as security information and event management (SIEM) products. ",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Detect lack of reported activity from a host sensor. Different methods of blocking may cause different disruptions in reporting. Systems may suddenly stop reporting all data or only certain kinds of data.\n\nDepending on the types of host information collected, an analyst may be able to detect the event that triggered a process to stop or connection to be blocked. For example, Sysmon will log when its configuration state has changed (Event ID 16) and Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) may be used to subscribe ETW providers that log any provider removal from a specific trace session. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) To detect changes in ETW you can also monitor the registry key which contains configurations for all ETW event providers: HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\AUTOLOGGER_NAME\\{PROVIDER_GUID}",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Anti-virus",
"Host intrusion prevention systems"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--74d2a63f-3c7b-4852-92da-02d8fbab16da",
"created": "2020-03-19T19:09:30.329Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/006",
"external_id": "T1562.006"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/571.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-571"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017",
"description": "Microsoft. (2009, May 17). Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?name=Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018",
"description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). About Event Tracing. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/etw/consuming-events"
},
{
"source_name": "Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018",
"description": "Palantir. (2018, December 24). Tampering with Windows Event Tracing: Background, Offense, and Defense. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
"url": "https://medium.com/palantir/tampering-with-windows-event-tracing-background-offense-and-defense-4be7ac62ac63"
}
],
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]
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-24T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Indicator Removal from Tools",
"description": "Adversaries may remove indicators from tools if they believe their malicious tool was detected, quarantined, or otherwise curtailed. They can modify the tool by removing the indicator and using the updated version that is no longer detected by the target's defensive systems or subsequent targets that may use similar systems.\n\nA good example of this is when malware is detected with a file signature and quarantined by anti-virus software. An adversary who can determine that the malware was quarantined because of its file signature may modify the file to explicitly avoid that signature, and then re-use the malware.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "The first detection of a malicious tool may trigger an anti-virus or other security tool alert. Similar events may also occur at the boundary through network IDS, email scanning appliance, etc. The initial detection should be treated as an indication of a potentially more invasive intrusion. The alerting system should be thoroughly investigated beyond that initial alert for activity that was not detected. Adversaries may continue with an operation, assuming that individual events like an anti-virus detect will not be investigated or that an analyst will not be able to conclusively link that event to other activity occurring on the network.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Anti-virus",
"Host intrusion prevention systems",
"Log analysis",
"Signature-based detection"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--b0533c6e-8fea-4788-874f-b799cacc4b92",
"created": "2020-03-19T21:27:32.820Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/005",
"external_id": "T1027.005"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-20T17:38:35.985Z",
"name": "Ingress Tool Transfer",
"description": "Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system into a compromised environment. Tools or files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system to the victim network through the command and control channel or through alternate protocols such as [ftp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0095). Once present, adversaries may also transfer/spread tools between victim devices within a compromised environment (i.e. [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570)). \n\nFiles can also be transferred using various [Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)s as well as native or otherwise present tools on the victim system.(Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016)\n\nOn Windows, adversaries may use various utilities to download tools, such as `copy`, `finger`, and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands such as IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString() and Invoke-WebRequest. On Linux and macOS systems, a variety of utilities also exist, such as `curl`, `scp`, `sftp`, `tftp`, `rsync`, `finger`, and `wget`.(Citation: t1105_lolbas)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for file creation and files transferred into the network. Unusual processes with external network connections creating files on-system may be suspicious. Use of utilities, such as [ftp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0095), that does not normally occur may also be suspicious.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Specifically, for the finger utility on Windows and Linux systems, monitor command line or terminal execution for the finger command. Monitor network activity for TCP port 79, which is used by the finger utility, and Windows netsh interface portproxy modifications to well-known ports such as 80 and 443. Furthermore, monitor file system for the download/creation and execution of suspicious files, which may indicate adversary-downloaded payloads. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"John Page (aka hyp3rlinx), ApparitionSec"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:31:16.408Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"revoked": false,
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105",
"external_id": "T1105"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "t1105_lolbas",
"description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). LOLBAS Mapped to T1105. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
"url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/#t1105"
},
{
"source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016",
"description": "Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-Snatch-eng.pdf"
}
],
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Install Root Certificate",
"description": "Adversaries may install a root certificate on a compromised system to avoid warnings when connecting to adversary controlled web servers. Root certificates are used in public key cryptography to identify a root certificate authority (CA). When a root certificate is installed, the system or application will trust certificates in the root's chain of trust that have been signed by the root certificate.(Citation: Wikipedia Root Certificate) Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website.\n\nInstallation of a root certificate on a compromised system would give an adversary a way to degrade the security of that system. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.(Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nAtypical root certificates have also been pre-installed on systems by the manufacturer or in the software supply chain and were used in conjunction with malware/adware to provide [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) capability for intercepting information transmitted over secure TLS/SSL communications.(Citation: Kaspersky Superfish)\n\nRoot certificates (and their associated chains) can also be cloned and reinstalled. Cloned certificate chains will carry many of the same metadata characteristics of the source and can be used to sign malicious code that may then bypass signature validation tools (ex: Sysinternals, antivirus, etc.) used to block execution and/or uncover artifacts of Persistence.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nIn macOS, the Ay MaMi malware uses /usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain /path/to/malicious/cert to install a malicious certificate as a trusted root certificate into the system keychain.(Citation: objective-see ay mami 2018)",
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"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
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"x_mitre_detection": "A system's root certificates are unlikely to change frequently. Monitor new certificates installed on a system that could be due to malicious activity.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017) Check pre-installed certificates on new systems to ensure unnecessary or suspicious certificates are not present. Microsoft provides a list of trustworthy root certificates online and through authroot.stl.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017) The Sysinternals Sigcheck utility can also be used (sigcheck[64].exe -tuv) to dump the contents of the certificate store and list valid certificates not rooted to the Microsoft Certificate Trust List.(Citation: Microsoft Sigcheck May 2017)\n\nInstalled root certificates are located in the Registry under HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\EnterpriseCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\ and [HKLM or HKCU]\\Software[\\Policies\\]\\Microsoft\\SystemCertificates\\Root\\Certificates\\. There are a subset of root certificates that are consistent across Windows systems and can be used for comparison:(Citation: Tripwire AppUNBlocker)\n\n* 18F7C1FCC3090203FD5BAA2F861A754976C8DD25\n* 245C97DF7514E7CF2DF8BE72AE957B9E04741E85\n* 3B1EFD3A66EA28B16697394703A72CA340A05BD5\n* 7F88CD7223F3C813818C994614A89C99FA3B5247\n* 8F43288AD272F3103B6FB1428485EA3014C0BCFE\n* A43489159A520F0D93D032CCAF37E7FE20A8B419\n* BE36A4562FB2EE05DBB3D32323ADF445084ED656\n* CDD4EEAE6000AC7F40C3802C171E30148030C072",
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"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Red Canary",
"Travis Smith, Tripwire",
"Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--c615231b-f253-4f58-9d47-d5b4cbdb6839",
"created": "2020-02-21T21:05:32.844Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004",
"external_id": "T1553.004"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/479.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-479"
},
{
"source_name": "Wikipedia Root Certificate",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 6). Root certificate. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate"
},
{
"source_name": "Operation Emmental",
"description": "Sancho, D., Hacquebord, F., Link, R. (2014, July 22). Finding Holes Operation Emmental. Retrieved February 9, 2016.",
"url": "http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Kaspersky Superfish",
"description": "Onuma. (2015, February 24). Superfish: Adware Preinstalled on Lenovo Laptops. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/lenovo-pc-with-adware-superfish-preinstalled/7712/"
},
{
"source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
"description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
"url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec"
},
{
"source_name": "objective-see ay mami 2018",
"description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, January 11). Ay MaMi. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
"url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x26.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Sigcheck May 2017",
"description": "Russinovich, M. et al.. (2017, May 22). Sigcheck. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sigcheck"
},
{
"source_name": "Tripwire AppUNBlocker",
"description": "Smith, T. (2016, October 27). AppUNBlocker: Bypassing AppLocker. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/off-topic/appunblocker-bypassing-applocker/"
}
],
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},
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Inter-Process Communication",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms for local code or command execution. IPC is typically used by processes to share data, communicate with each other, or synchronize execution. IPC is also commonly used to avoid situations such as deadlocks, which occurs when processes are stuck in a cyclic waiting pattern. \n\nAdversaries may abuse IPC to execute arbitrary code or commands. IPC mechanisms may differ depending on OS, but typically exists in a form accessible through programming languages/libraries or native interfaces such as Windows [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002) or [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001). Linux environments support several different IPC mechanisms, two of which being sockets and pipes.(Citation: Linux IPC) Higher level execution mediums, such as those of [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)s, may also leverage underlying IPC mechanisms. Adversaries may also use [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) to facilitate remote IPC execution.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "execution"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for strings in files/commands, loaded DLLs/libraries, or spawned processes that are associated with abuse of IPC mechanisms.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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],
"x_mitre_remote_support": true,
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--acd0ba37-7ba9-4cc5-ac61-796586cd856d",
"created": "2020-02-12T14:08:48.689Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559",
"external_id": "T1559"
},
{
"source_name": "Linux IPC",
"description": "N/A. (2021, April 1). Inter Process Communication (IPC). Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
"url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/inter-process-communication-ipc/#:~:text=Inter%2Dprocess%20communication%20(IPC),of%20co%2Doperation%20between%20them."
},
{
"source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
"description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Internal Defacement",
"description": "An adversary may deface systems internal to an organization in an attempt to intimidate or mislead users, thus discrediting the integrity of the systems. This may take the form of modifications to internal websites, or directly to user systems with the replacement of the desktop wallpaper.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Internal Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. Since internally defacing systems exposes an adversary's presence, it often takes place after other intrusion goals have been accomplished.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "impact"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor internal and websites for unplanned content changes. Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_impact_type": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--8c41090b-aa47-4331-986b-8c9a51a91103",
"created": "2020-02-20T14:31:34.778Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001",
"external_id": "T1491.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
"description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
"url": "https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
"description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved March 2, 2016.",
"url": "https://operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
}
],
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Internal Proxy",
"description": "Adversaries may use an internal proxy to direct command and control traffic between two or more systems in a compromised environment. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use internal proxies to manage command and control communications inside a compromised environment, to reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between infected systems to avoid suspicion. Internal proxy connections may use common peer-to-peer (p2p) networking protocols, such as SMB, to better blend in with the environment.\n\nBy using a compromised internal system as a proxy, adversaries may conceal the true destination of C2 traffic while reducing the need for numerous connections to external systems.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows between clients that should not or often do not communicate with one another. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--f6dacc85-b37d-458e-b58d-74fc4bbf5755",
"created": "2020-03-14T23:08:20.244Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/001",
"external_id": "T1090.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
"description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
"url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
}
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},
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Internet Connection Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097), tracert, and GET requests to websites.\n\nAdversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the system is capable of communicating with their C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.",
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],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Command and Control, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to check Internet connectivity.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--132d5b37-aac5-4378-a8dc-3127b18a73dc",
"created": "2021-03-17T15:28:10.689Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016/001",
"external_id": "T1016.001"
}
],
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},
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "JavaScript",
"description": "Adversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript for execution. JavaScript (JS) is a platform-independent scripting language (compiled just-in-time at runtime) commonly associated with scripts in webpages, though JS can be executed in runtime environments outside the browser.(Citation: NodeJS)\n\nJScript is the Microsoft implementation of the same scripting standard. JScript is interpreted via the Windows Script engine and thus integrated with many components of Windows such as the [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) and Internet Explorer HTML Application (HTA) pages.(Citation: JScrip May 2018)(Citation: Microsoft JScript 2007)(Citation: Microsoft Windows Scripts)\n\nJavaScript for Automation (JXA) is a macOS scripting language based on JavaScript, included as part of Apple’s Open Scripting Architecture (OSA), that was introduced in OSX 10.10. Apple’s OSA provides scripting capabilities to control applications, interface with the operating system, and bridge access into the rest of Apple’s internal APIs. As of OSX 10.10, OSA only supports two languages, JXA and [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002). Scripts can be executed via the command line utility osascript, they can be compiled into applications or script files via osacompile, and they can be compiled and executed in memory of other programs by leveraging the OSAKit Framework.(Citation: Apple About Mac Scripting 2016)(Citation: SpecterOps JXA 2020)(Citation: SentinelOne macOS Red Team)(Citation: Red Canary Silver Sparrow Feb2021)(Citation: MDSec macOS JXA and VSCode)\n\nAdversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript to execute various behaviors. Common uses include hosting malicious scripts on websites as part of a [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) or downloading and executing these script files as secondary payloads. Since these payloads are text-based, it is also very common for adversaries to obfuscate their content as part of [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).",
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"phase_name": "execution"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for events associated with scripting execution, such as process activity, usage of the Windows Script Host (typically cscript.exe or wscript.exe), file activity involving scripts, or loading of modules associated with scripting languages (ex: JScript.dll). Scripting execution is likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), [Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009), or other programmable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source.\n\nMonitor for execution of JXA through osascript and usage of OSAScript API that may be related to other suspicious behavior occurring on the system.\n\nUnderstanding standard usage patterns is important to avoid a high number of false positives. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable related components running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripting is not commonly used on a system, but enabled, execution running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions is suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Cody Thomas, SpecterOps"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--0f4a0c76-ab2d-4cb0-85d3-3f0efb8cba0d",
"created": "2020-06-23T19:12:24.924Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007",
"external_id": "T1059.007"
},
{
"source_name": "NodeJS",
"description": "OpenJS Foundation. (n.d.). Node.js. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
"url": "https://nodejs.org/"
},
{
"source_name": "JScrip May 2018",
"description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). Translating to JScript. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/com/translating-to-jscript"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft JScript 2007",
"description": "Microsoft. (2007, August 15). The World of JScript, JavaScript, ECMAScript …. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/archive/blogs/gauravseth/the-world-of-jscript-javascript-ecmascript"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Windows Scripts",
"description": "Microsoft. (2017, January 18). Windows Script Interfaces. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/scripting/winscript/windows-script-interfaces"
},
{
"source_name": "Apple About Mac Scripting 2016",
"description": "Apple. (2016, June 13). About Mac Scripting. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
"url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/MacAutomationScriptingGuide/index.html"
},
{
"source_name": "SpecterOps JXA 2020",
"description": "Pitt, L. (2020, August 6). Persistent JXA. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
"url": "https://posts.specterops.io/persistent-jxa-66e1c3cd1cf5"
},
{
"source_name": "SentinelOne macOS Red Team",
"description": "Phil Stokes. (2019, December 5). macOS Red Team: Calling Apple APIs Without Building Binaries. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-red-team-calling-apple-apis-without-building-binaries/"
},
{
"source_name": "Red Canary Silver Sparrow Feb2021",
"description": "Tony Lambert. (2021, February 18). Clipping Silver Sparrow’s wings: Outing macOS malware before it takes flight. Retrieved April 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/clipping-silver-sparrows-wings/"
},
{
"source_name": "MDSec macOS JXA and VSCode",
"description": "Dominic Chell. (2021, January 1). macOS Post-Exploitation Shenanigans with VSCode Extensions. Retrieved April 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2021/01/macos-post-exploitation-shenanigans-with-vscode-extensions/"
}
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Junk Data",
"description": "Adversaries may add junk data to protocols used for command and control to make detection more difficult. By adding random or meaningless data to the protocols used for command and control, adversaries can prevent trivial methods for decoding, deciphering, or otherwise analyzing the traffic. Examples may include appending/prepending data with junk characters or writing junk characters between significant characters. ",
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"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
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"Linux",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/001",
"external_id": "T1001.001"
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"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Lateral Tool Transfer",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for file creation and files transferred within a network using protocols such as SMB or FTP. Unusual processes with internal network connections creating files on-system may be suspicious. Consider monitoring for abnormal usage of utilities and command-line arguments that may be used in support of remote transfer of files. Considering monitoring for alike file hashes or characteristics (ex: filename) that are created on multiple hosts.",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570",
"external_id": "T1570"
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"source_name": "Unit42 LockerGoga 2019",
"description": "Harbison, M. (2019, March 26). Born This Way? Origins of LockerGoga. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/born-this-way-origins-of-lockergoga/"
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"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
}
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership. Many of the commands used to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership are built-in system utilities and may generate a high false positive alert rate, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible. Commonly abused command arguments include chmod +x, chmod -R 755, and chmod 777.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) \n\nConsider enabling file/directory permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files.",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"id": "attack-pattern--09b130a2-a77e-4af0-a361-f46f9aad1345",
"created": "2020-02-04T19:24:27.774Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/002",
"external_id": "T1222.002"
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"source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
"description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
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"source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
"description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
},
{
"source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
"description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
"url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
}
],
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"x_mitre_contributors": []
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Local Account",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of local system accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which local accounts exist on a system to aid in follow-on behavior.\n\nCommands such as net user and net localgroup of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility and id and groupson macOS and Linux can list local users and groups. On Linux, local users can also be enumerated through the use of the /etc/passwd file. On macOS the dscl . list /Users command can be used to enumerate local accounts.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nMonitor for processes that can be used to enumerate user accounts, such as net.exe and net1.exe, especially when executed in quick succession.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--25659dd6-ea12-45c4-97e6-381e3e4b593e",
"created": "2020-02-21T21:07:55.393Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/001",
"external_id": "T1087.001"
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{
"source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
"description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 30, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
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},
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Local Account",
"description": "Adversaries may create a local account to maintain access to victim systems. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service. With a sufficient level of access, the net user /add command can be used to create a local account. On macOS systems the dscl -create command can be used to create a local account.\n\nSuch accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.",
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"phase_name": "persistence"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes and command-line parameters associated with local account creation, such as net user /add , useradd , and dscl -create . Collect data on account creation within a network. Event ID 4720 is generated when a user account is created on a Windows system. (Citation: Microsoft User Creation Event) Perform regular audits of local system accounts to detect suspicious accounts that may have been created by an adversary.",
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"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--635cbe30-392d-4e27-978e-66774357c762",
"created": "2020-01-28T13:50:22.506Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/001",
"external_id": "T1136.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
"description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
}
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Local Accounts",
"description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a local account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service.\n\nLocal Accounts may also be abused to elevate privileges and harvest credentials through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). Password reuse may allow the abuse of local accounts across a set of machines on a network for the purposes of Privilege Escalation and Lateral Movement. ",
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"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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{
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"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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"x_mitre_detection": "Perform regular audits of local system accounts to detect accounts that may have been created by an adversary for persistence. Look for suspicious account behavior, such as accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"macOS",
"Windows",
"Containers"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--fdc47f44-dd32-4b99-af5f-209f556f63c2",
"created": "2020-03-13T20:26:46.695Z",
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"external_references": [
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/003",
"external_id": "T1078.003"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Local Data Staging",
"description": "Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory on the local system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.\n\nAdversaries may also stage collected data in various available formats/locations of a system, including local storage databases/repositories or the Windows Registry.(Citation: Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021)",
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"x_mitre_detection": "Processes that appear to be reading files from disparate locations and writing them to the same directory or file may be an indication of data being staged, especially if they are suspected of performing encryption or compression on the files, such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib. Monitor publicly writeable directories, central locations, and commonly used staging directories (recycle bin, temp folders, etc.) to regularly check for compressed or encrypted data that may be indicative of staging.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect and combine files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather and copy to a location. Data may also be acquired and staged through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nConsider monitoring accesses and modifications to local storage repositories (such as the Windows Registry), especially from suspicious processes that could be related to malicious data collection.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
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"created": "2020-03-13T21:13:10.467Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/001",
"external_id": "T1074.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021",
"description": "Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022.",
"url": "https://www.prevailion.com/darkwatchman-new-fileless-techniques/"
}
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Local Groups",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to find local system groups and permission settings. The knowledge of local system permission groups can help adversaries determine which groups exist and which users belong to a particular group. Adversaries may use this information to determine which users have elevated permissions, such as the users found within the local administrators group.\n\nCommands such as net localgroup of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, dscl . -list /Groups on macOS, and groups on Linux can list local groups.",
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"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
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],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
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],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--a01bf75f-00b2-4568-a58f-565ff9bf202b",
"created": "2020-03-12T19:29:21.013Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069/001",
"external_id": "T1069.001"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Mail Protocols",
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with electronic mail delivery to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as SMTP/S, POP3/S, and IMAP that carry electronic mail may be very common in environments. Packets produced from these protocols may have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Data could also be concealed within the email messages themselves. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic. ",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol standards regarding syntax, structure, or any other variable adversaries could leverage to conceal data.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--54b4c251-1f0e-4eba-ba6b-dbc7a6f6f06b",
"created": "2020-03-15T16:21:45.131Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003",
"external_id": "T1071.003"
},
{
"source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
"description": "Gardiner, J., Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "OS Credential Dumping",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to dump credentials to obtain account login and credential material, normally in the form of a hash or a clear text password, from the operating system and software. Credentials can then be used to perform [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) and access restricted information.\n\nSeveral of the tools mentioned in associated sub-techniques may be used by both adversaries and professional security testers. Additional custom tools likely exist as well.\n",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "credential-access"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "### Windows\nMonitor for unexpected processes interacting with lsass.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details are stored. Credential dumpers may also use methods for reflective [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) to reduce potential indicators of malicious activity.\n\nHash dumpers open the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the local file system (%SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM) or create a dump of the Registry SAM key to access stored account password hashes. Some hash dumpers will open the local file system as a device and parse to the SAM table to avoid file access defenses. Others will make an in-memory copy of the SAM table before reading hashes. Detection of compromised [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) in-use by adversaries may help as well. \n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, monitor Windows Logs for LSASS.exe creation to verify that LSASS started as a protected process.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002). [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module, (Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nMonitor domain controller logs for replication requests and other unscheduled activity possibly associated with DCSync. (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) Note: Domain controllers may not log replication requests originating from the default domain controller account. (Citation: Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015). Also monitor for network protocols (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017) and other replication requests (Citation: Microsoft SAMR) from IPs not associated with known domain controllers. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015)\n\n### Linux\nTo obtain the passwords and hashes stored in memory, processes must open a maps file in the /proc filesystem for the process being analyzed. This file is stored under the path /proc//maps, where the pam_unix.so, which retrieves, sets, and verifies account authentication information in /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow.(Citation: Apple PAM)(Citation: Man Pam_Unix)(Citation: Red Hat PAM)\n\nAdversaries may modify components of the PAM system to create backdoors. PAM components, such as pam_unix.so, can be patched to accept arbitrary adversary supplied values as legitimate credentials.(Citation: PAM Backdoor)\n\nMalicious modifications to the PAM system may also be abused to steal credentials. Adversaries may infect PAM resources with code to harvest user credentials, since the values exchanged with PAM components may be plain-text since PAM does not store passwords.(Citation: PAM Creds)(Citation: Apple PAM)",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "credential-access"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor PAM configuration and module paths (ex: /etc/pam.d/) for changes. Use system-integrity tools such as AIDE and monitoring tools such as auditd to monitor PAM files.\n\nLook for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times (ex: when the user is not present) or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "2.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Scott Knight, @sdotknight, VMware Carbon Black",
"George Allen, VMware Carbon Black"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"root"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--06c00069-771a-4d57-8ef5-d3718c1a8771",
"created": "2020-06-26T04:01:09.648Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/003",
"external_id": "T1556.003"
},
{
"source_name": "Apple PAM",
"description": "Apple. (2011, May 11). PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://opensource.apple.com/source/dovecot/dovecot-239/dovecot/doc/wiki/PasswordDatabase.PAM.txt"
},
{
"source_name": "Man Pam_Unix",
"description": "die.net. (n.d.). pam_unix(8) - Linux man page. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://linux.die.net/man/8/pam_unix"
},
{
"source_name": "Red Hat PAM",
"description": "Red Hat. (n.d.). CHAPTER 2. USING PLUGGABLE AUTHENTICATION MODULES (PAM). Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pluggable_authentication_modules"
},
{
"source_name": "PAM Backdoor",
"description": "zephrax. (2018, August 3). linux-pam-backdoor. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
"url": "https://github.com/zephrax/linux-pam-backdoor"
},
{
"source_name": "PAM Creds",
"description": "Fernández, J. M. (2018, June 27). Exfiltrating credentials via PAM backdoors & DNS requests. Retrieved June 26, 2020.",
"url": "https://x-c3ll.github.io/posts/PAM-backdoor-DNS/"
}
],
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{
"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Port Knocking",
"description": "Adversaries may use port knocking to hide open ports used for persistence or command and control. To enable a port, an adversary sends a series of attempted connections to a predefined sequence of closed ports. After the sequence is completed, opening a port is often accomplished by the host based firewall, but could also be implemented by custom software.\n\nThis technique has been observed both for the dynamic opening of a listening port as well as the initiating of a connection to a listening server on a different system.\n\nThe observation of the signal packets to trigger the communication can be conducted through different methods. One means, originally implemented by Cd00r (Citation: Hartrell cd00r 2002), is to use the libpcap libraries to sniff for the packets in question. Another method leverages raw sockets, which enables the malware to use ports that are already open for use by other programs.",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "persistence"
},
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "command-and-control"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Record network packets sent to and from the system, looking for extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--8868cb5b-d575-4a60-acb2-07d37389a2fd",
"created": "2020-07-01T18:23:25.002Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001",
"external_id": "T1205.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Hartrell cd00r 2002",
"description": "Hartrell, Greg. (2002, August). Get a handle on cd00r: The invisible backdoor. Retrieved October 13, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.giac.org/paper/gcih/342/handle-cd00r-invisible-backdoor/103631"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Private Keys",
"description": "Adversaries may search for private key certificate files on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures.(Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto) Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. \n\nAdversaries may also look in common key directories, such as ~/.ssh for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or C:\Users\(username)\.ssh\ on Windows. These private keys can be used to authenticate to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email.\n\nAdversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates.(Citation: Kaspersky Careto)(Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)\n\nSome private keys require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line.",
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "credential-access"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access to files and directories related to cryptographic keys and certificates as a means for potentially detecting access patterns that may indicate collection and exfiltration activity. Collect authentication logs and look for potentially abnormal activity that may indicate improper use of keys or certificates for remote authentication.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
"Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
],
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--60b508a1-6a5e-46b1-821a-9f7b78752abf",
"created": "2020-02-04T13:06:49.258Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004",
"external_id": "T1552.004"
},
{
"source_name": "Wikipedia Public Key Crypto",
"description": "Wikipedia. (2017, June 29). Public-key cryptography. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography"
},
{
"source_name": "Kaspersky Careto",
"description": "Kaspersky Labs. (2014, February 11). Unveiling “Careto” - The Masked APT. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
"url": "https://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/unveilingthemask_v1.0.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Palo Alto Prince of Persia",
"description": "Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia – Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
"url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/"
}
],
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Proc Filesystem",
"description": "Adversaries may gather credentials from information stored in the Proc filesystem or /proc. The Proc filesystem on Linux contains a great deal of information regarding the state of the running operating system. Processes running with root privileges can use this facility to scrape live memory of other running programs. If any of these programs store passwords in clear text or password hashes in memory, these values can then be harvested for either usage or brute force attacks, respectively.\n\nThis functionality has been implemented in the MimiPenguin(Citation: MimiPenguin GitHub May 2017), an open source tool inspired by Mimikatz. The tool dumps process memory, then harvests passwords and hashes by looking for text strings and regex patterns for how given applications such as Gnome Keyring, sshd, and Apache use memory to store such authentication artifacts.",
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{
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"phase_name": "credential-access"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "To obtain the passwords and hashes stored in memory, processes must open a maps file in the /proc filesystem for the process being analyzed. This file is stored under the path /proc/\\*/maps, where the \\* directory is the unique pid of the program being interrogated for such authentication data. The AuditD monitoring tool, which ships stock in many Linux distributions, can be used to watch for hostile processes opening this file in the proc file system, alerting on the pid, process name, and arguments of such programs.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"root"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--3120b9fa-23b8-4500-ae73-09494f607b7d",
"created": "2020-02-11T18:46:24.434Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/007",
"external_id": "T1003.007"
},
{
"source_name": "MimiPenguin GitHub May 2017",
"description": "Gregal, H. (2017, May 12). MimiPenguin. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
"url": "https://github.com/huntergregal/mimipenguin"
}
],
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},
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"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Proc Memory",
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via the /proc filesystem in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Proc memory injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nProc memory injection involves enumerating the memory of a process via the /proc filesystem (/proc/[pid]) then crafting a return-oriented programming (ROP) payload with available gadgets/instructions. Each running process has its own directory, which includes memory mappings. Proc memory injection is commonly performed by overwriting the target processes’ stack using memory mappings provided by the /proc filesystem. This information can be used to enumerate offsets (including the stack) and gadgets (or instructions within the program that can be used to build a malicious payload) otherwise hidden by process memory protections such as address space layout randomization (ASLR). Once enumerated, the target processes’ memory map within /proc/[pid]/maps can be overwritten using dd.(Citation: Uninformed Needle)(Citation: GDS Linux Injection)(Citation: DD Man) \n\nOther techniques such as [Dynamic Linker Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006) may be used to populate a target process with more available gadgets. Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012), proc memory injection may target child processes (such as a backgrounded copy of sleep).(Citation: GDS Linux Injection) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via proc memory injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring can determine if /proc files are being modified. Users should not have permission to modify these in most cases. \n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
"Application control",
"Anti-virus"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--d201d4cc-214d-4a74-a1ba-b3fa09fd4591",
"created": "2020-01-14T01:34:10.588Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/009",
"external_id": "T1055.009"
},
{
"source_name": "Uninformed Needle",
"description": "skape. (2003, January 19). Linux x86 run-time process manipulation. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "http://hick.org/code/skape/papers/needle.txt"
},
{
"source_name": "GDS Linux Injection",
"description": "McNamara, R. (2017, September 5). Linux Based Inter-Process Code Injection Without Ptrace(2). Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
"url": "https://blog.gdssecurity.com/labs/2017/9/5/linux-based-inter-process-code-injection-without-ptrace2.html"
},
{
"source_name": "DD Man",
"description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, February 2). DD(1) User Commands. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
"url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dd.1.html"
}
],
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"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2021-04-29T14:49:39.188Z",
"name": "Process Discovery",
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on systems within the network. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nIn Windows environments, adversaries could obtain details on running processes using the [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057) utility via [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or Get-Process via [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Information about processes can also be extracted from the output of [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls such as CreateToolhelp32Snapshot. In Mac and Linux, this is accomplished with the ps command. Adversaries may also opt to enumerate processes via /proc.",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "discovery"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events that look like process discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_permissions_required": [
"User",
"Administrator",
"SYSTEM"
],
"x_mitre_system_requirements": [
"Administrator, SYSTEM may provide better process ownership details"
],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--8f4a33ec-8b1f-4b80-a2f6-642b2e479580",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:48.728Z",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057",
"external_id": "T1057"
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"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/573.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-573"
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Process Injection",
"description": "Adversaries may inject code into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nThere are many different ways to inject code into a process, many of which abuse legitimate functionalities. These implementations exist for every major OS but are typically platform specific. \n\nMore sophisticated samples may perform multiple process injections to segment modules and further evade detection, utilizing named pipes or other inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms as a communication channel. ",
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"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as CreateRemoteThread, SuspendThread/SetThreadContext/ResumeThread, QueueUserAPC/NtQueueApcThread, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as VirtualAllocEx/WriteProcessMemory, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nMonitor DLL/PE file events, specifically creation of these binary files as well as the loading of DLLs into processes. Look for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. \n\nMonitoring for Linux specific calls such as the ptrace system call should not generate large amounts of data due to their specialized nature, and can be a very effective method to detect some of the common process injection methods.(Citation: ArtOfMemoryForensics) (Citation: GNU Acct) (Citation: RHEL auditd) (Citation: Chokepoint preload rootkits) \n\nMonitor for named pipe creation and connection events (Event IDs 17 and 18) for possible indicators of infected processes with external modules.(Citation: Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017) \n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.2",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"Christiaan Beek, @ChristiaanBeek",
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"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"x_mitre_defense_bypassed": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"created": "2017-05-31T21:30:47.843Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055",
"external_id": "T1055"
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/640.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-640"
},
{
"source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
"description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
},
{
"source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics",
"description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017."
},
{
"source_name": "GNU Acct",
"description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
},
{
"source_name": "RHEL auditd",
"description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
},
{
"source_name": "Chokepoint preload rootkits",
"description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
"url": "http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
"description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
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"modified": "2022-05-24T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Supply Chain Compromise",
"description": "Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise.\n\nSupply chain compromise can take place at any stage of the supply chain including:\n\n* Manipulation of development tools\n* Manipulation of a development environment\n* Manipulation of source code repositories (public or private)\n* Manipulation of source code in open-source dependencies\n* Manipulation of software update/distribution mechanisms\n* Compromised/infected system images (multiple cases of removable media infected at the factory)(Citation: IBM Storwize)(Citation: Schneider Electric USB Malware) \n* Replacement of legitimate software with modified versions\n* Sales of modified/counterfeit products to legitimate distributors\n* Shipment interdiction\n\nWhile supply chain compromise can impact any component of hardware or software, adversaries looking to gain execution have often focused on malicious additions to legitimate software in software distribution or update channels.(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018)(Citation: Microsoft Dofoil 2018)(Citation: Command Five SK 2011) Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set or malicious software may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.(Citation: Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012)(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018)(Citation: Command Five SK 2011) Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may also be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency.(Citation: Trendmicro NPM Compromise)",
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"phase_name": "initial-access"
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],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Use verification of distributed binaries through hash checking or other integrity checking mechanisms. Scan downloads for malicious signatures and attempt to test software and updates prior to deployment while taking note of potential suspicious activity. Perform physical inspection of hardware to look for potential tampering.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
"x_mitre_deprecated": false,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.5",
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"x_mitre_contributors": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--3f18edba-28f4-4bb9-82c3-8aa60dcac5f7",
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{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195",
"external_id": "T1195"
},
{
"source_name": "Avast CCleaner3 2018",
"description": "Avast Threat Intelligence Team. (2018, March 8). New investigations into the CCleaner incident point to a possible third stage that had keylogger capacities. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
"url": "https://blog.avast.com/new-investigations-in-ccleaner-incident-point-to-a-possible-third-stage-that-had-keylogger-capacities"
},
{
"source_name": "Command Five SK 2011",
"description": "Command Five Pty Ltd. (2011, September). SK Hack by an Advanced Persistent Threat. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
"url": "https://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_SKHack.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "IBM Storwize",
"description": "IBM Support. (2017, April 26). Storwize USB Initialization Tool may contain malicious code. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
"url": "https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1010146&myns=s028&mynp=OCSTHGUJ&mynp=OCSTLM5A&mynp=OCSTLM6B&mynp=OCHW206&mync=E&cm_sp=s028-_-OCSTHGUJ-OCSTLM5A-OCSTLM6B-OCHW206-_-E"
},
{
"source_name": "Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012",
"description": "O'Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190717233006/http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-elderwood-project.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "Schneider Electric USB Malware",
"description": "Schneider Electric. (2018, August 24). Security Notification – USB Removable Media Provided With Conext Combox and Conext Battery Monitor. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.se.com/ww/en/download/document/SESN-2018-236-01/"
},
{
"source_name": "Trendmicro NPM Compromise",
"description": "Trendmicro. (2018, November 29). Hacker Infects Node.js Package to Steal from Bitcoin Wallets. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
"url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/dk/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/hacker-infects-node-js-package-to-steal-from-bitcoin-wallets"
},
{
"source_name": "Microsoft Dofoil 2018",
"description": "Windows Defender Research. (2018, March 7). Behavior monitoring combined with machine learning spoils a massive Dofoil coin mining campaign. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
"url": "https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2018/03/07/behavior-monitoring-combined-with-machine-learning-spoils-a-massive-dofoil-coin-mining-campaign/"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/437.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-437"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/438.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-438"
},
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/439.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-439"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "VNC",
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely control machines using Virtual Network Computing (VNC). VNC is a platform-independent desktop sharing system that uses the RFB (“remote framebuffer”) protocol to enable users to remotely control another computer’s display by relaying the screen, mouse, and keyboard inputs over the network.(Citation: The Remote Framebuffer Protocol)\n\nVNC differs from [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) as VNC is screen-sharing software rather than resource-sharing software. By default, VNC uses the system's authentication, but it can be configured to use credentials specific to VNC.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)(Citation: VNC Authentication)\n\nAdversaries may abuse VNC to perform malicious actions as the logged-on user such as opening documents, downloading files, and running arbitrary commands. An adversary could use VNC to remotely control and monitor a system to collect data and information to pivot to other systems within the network. Specific VNC libraries/implementations have also been susceptible to brute force attacks and memory usage exploitation.(Citation: Hijacking VNC)(Citation: macOS root VNC login without authentication)(Citation: VNC Vulnerabilities)(Citation: Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check)(Citation: Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab)(Citation: Havana authentication bug)",
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"phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Use of VNC may be legitimate depending on the environment and how it’s used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior using VNC.\n\nOn macOS systems log show --predicate 'process = \"screensharingd\" and eventMessage contains \"Authentication:\"' can be used to review incoming VNC connection attempts for suspicious activity.(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)\n\nMonitor for use of built-in debugging environment variables (such as those containing credentials or other sensitive information) as well as test/default users on VNC servers, as these can leave openings for adversaries to abuse.(Citation: Gnome Remote Desktop grd-settings)(Citation: Gnome Remote Desktop gschema)",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--01327cde-66c4-4123-bf34-5f258d59457b",
"created": "2020-02-11T18:28:44.950Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005",
"external_id": "T1021.005"
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"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-555"
},
{
"source_name": "The Remote Framebuffer Protocol",
"description": "T. Richardson, J. Levine, RealVNC Ltd.. (2011, March). The Remote Framebuffer Protocol. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6143#section-7.2.2"
},
{
"source_name": "MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop",
"description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). Set up a computer running VNC software for Remote Desktop. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/remote-desktop/set-up-a-computer-running-vnc-software-apdbed09830/mac"
},
{
"source_name": "VNC Authentication",
"description": "Tegan. (2019, August 15). Setting up System Authentication. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://help.realvnc.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002250097-Setting-up-System-Authentication"
},
{
"source_name": "Hijacking VNC",
"description": "Z3RO. (2019, March 10). Day 70: Hijacking VNC (Enum, Brute, Access and Crack). Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://int0x33.medium.com/day-70-hijacking-vnc-enum-brute-access-and-crack-d3d18a4601cc"
},
{
"source_name": "macOS root VNC login without authentication",
"description": "Nick Miles. (2017, November 30). Detecting macOS High Sierra root account without authentication. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/blog/detecting-macos-high-sierra-root-account-without-authentication"
},
{
"source_name": "VNC Vulnerabilities",
"description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2019, November 22). Dozens of VNC Vulnerabilities Found in Linux, Windows Solutions. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/dozens-of-vnc-vulnerabilities-found-in-linux-windows-solutions/"
},
{
"source_name": "Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check",
"description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). VNC Authentication. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
"url": "https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/vnc-authentication/"
},
{
"source_name": "Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab",
"description": "Administrator, Penetration Testing Lab. (2012, October 30). Attacking VNC Servers. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
"url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2012/10/30/attacking-vnc-servers/"
},
{
"source_name": "Havana authentication bug",
"description": "Jay Pipes. (2013, December 23). Security Breach! Tenant A is seeing the VNC Consoles of Tenant B!. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
"url": "http://lists.openstack.org/pipermail/openstack/2013-December/004138.html"
},
{
"source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
"description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] – Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
"url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
},
{
"source_name": "Gnome Remote Desktop grd-settings",
"description": "Pascal Nowack. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2021.",
"url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/grd-settings.c#L207"
},
{
"source_name": "Gnome Remote Desktop gschema",
"description": "Pascal Nowack. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2021.",
"url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/org.gnome.desktop.remote-desktop.gschema.xml.in"
}
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"modified": "2022-05-11T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Active Scanning",
"description": "Adversaries may execute active reconnaissance scans to gather information that can be used during targeting. Active scans are those where the adversary probes victim infrastructure via network traffic, as opposed to other forms of reconnaissance that do not involve direct interaction.\n\nAdversaries may perform different forms of active scanning depending on what information they seek to gather. These scans can also be performed in various ways, including using native features of network protocols such as ICMP.(Citation: Botnet Scan)(Citation: OWASP Fingerprinting) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
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"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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],
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"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of scanning, such as large quantities originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary/botnet). Analyzing web metadata may also reveal artifacts that can be attributed to potentially malicious activity, such as referer or user-agent string HTTP/S fields.\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--67073dde-d720-45ae-83da-b12d5e73ca3b",
"created": "2020-10-02T16:53:16.526Z",
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"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595",
"external_id": "T1595"
},
{
"source_name": "Botnet Scan",
"description": "Dainotti, A. et al. (2012). Analysis of a “/0” Stealth Scan from a Botnet. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2012/analysis_slash_zero/analysis_slash_zero.pdf"
},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Fingerprinting",
"description": "OWASP Wiki. (2018, February 16). OAT-004 Fingerprinting. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/OAT-004_Fingerprinting"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Client Configurations",
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's client configurations that can be used during targeting. Information about client configurations may include a variety of details and settings, including operating system/version, virtualization, architecture (ex: 32 or 64 bit), language, and/or time zone.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: listening ports, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the client configurations may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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{
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"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Internet scanners may be used to look for patterns associated with malicious content designed to collect client configuration information from visitors.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
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"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
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"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
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"id": "attack-pattern--774ad5bb-2366-4c13-a8a9-65e50b292e7c",
"created": "2020-10-02T16:47:16.719Z",
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"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/004",
"external_id": "T1592.004"
},
{
"source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
"description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
"url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
},
{
"source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
"description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
"url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Domain Properties",
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network domain(s) that can be used during targeting. Information about domains and their properties may include a variety of details, including what domain(s) the victim owns as well as administrative data (ex: name, registrar, etc.) and more directly actionable information such as contacts (email addresses and phone numbers), business addresses, and name servers.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about victim domains and their properties may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [WHOIS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/002)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596), [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593), or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--e3b168bd-fcd7-439e-9382-2e6c2f63514d",
"created": "2020-10-02T15:46:24.670Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/001",
"external_id": "T1590.001"
},
{
"source_name": "WHOIS",
"description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.whois.net/"
},
{
"source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
"description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
},
{
"source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
"description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
}
],
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],
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"x_mitre_data_sources": []
},
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Gather Victim Host Information",
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's hosts that can be used during targeting. Information about hosts may include a variety of details, including administrative data (ex: name, assigned IP, functionality, etc.) as well as specifics regarding its configuration (ex: operating system, language, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about hosts may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Internet scanners may be used to look for patterns associated with malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.1",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--09312b1a-c3c6-4b45-9844-3ccc78e5d82f",
"created": "2020-10-02T16:39:33.966Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592",
"external_id": "T1592"
},
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"source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
"description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
"url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
},
{
"source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
"description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
"url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Gather Victim Network Information",
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's networks that can be used during targeting. Information about networks may include a variety of details, including administrative data (ex: IP ranges, domain names, etc.) as well as specifics regarding its topology and operations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about networks may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
"created": "2020-10-02T15:45:17.628Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590",
"external_id": "T1590"
},
{
"source_name": "WHOIS",
"description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.whois.net/"
},
{
"source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
"description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
},
{
"source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
"description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
}
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"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": [],
"x_mitre_data_sources": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "IP Addresses",
"description": "Adversaries may gather the victim's IP addresses that can be used during targeting. Public IP addresses may be allocated to organizations by block, or a range of sequential addresses. Information about assigned IP addresses may include a variety of details, such as which IP addresses are in use. IP addresses may also enable an adversary to derive other details about a victim, such as organizational size, physical location(s), Internet service provider, and or where/how their publicly-facing infrastructure is hosted.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about assigned IP addresses may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--0dda99f0-4701-48ca-9774-8504922e92d3",
"created": "2020-10-02T15:59:11.695Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/005",
"external_id": "T1590.005"
},
{
"source_name": "WHOIS",
"description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.whois.net/"
},
{
"source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
"description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
},
{
"source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
"description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": [],
"x_mitre_data_sources": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Network Security Appliances",
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network security appliances that can be used during targeting. Information about network security appliances may include a variety of details, such as the existence and specifics of deployed firewalls, content filters, and proxies/bastion hosts. Adversaries may also target information about victim network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) or other appliances related to defensive cybersecurity operations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598).(Citation: Nmap Firewalls NIDS) Information about network security appliances may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--6c2957f9-502a-478c-b1dd-d626c0659413",
"created": "2020-10-02T16:01:35.350Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/006",
"external_id": "T1590.006"
},
{
"source_name": "Nmap Firewalls NIDS",
"description": "Nmap. (n.d.). Chapter 10. Detecting and Subverting Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://nmap.org/book/firewalls.html"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"x_mitre_contributors": [],
"x_mitre_data_sources": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Network Topology",
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network topology that can be used during targeting. Information about network topologies may include a variety of details, including the physical and/or logical arrangement of both external-facing and internal network environments. This information may also include specifics regarding network devices (gateways, routers, etc.) and other infrastructure.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about network topologies may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: DNS Dumpster) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--34ab90a3-05f6-4259-8f21-621081fdaba5",
"created": "2020-10-02T15:49:03.815Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/004",
"external_id": "T1590.004"
},
{
"source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
"description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": [],
"x_mitre_data_sources": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Scanning IP Blocks",
"description": "Adversaries may scan victim IP blocks to gather information that can be used during targeting. Public IP addresses may be allocated to organizations by block, or a range of sequential addresses.\n\nAdversaries may scan IP blocks in order to [Gather Victim Network Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590), such as which IP addresses are actively in use as well as more detailed information about hosts assigned these addresses. Scans may range from simple pings (ICMP requests and responses) to more nuanced scans that may reveal host software/versions via server banners or other network artifacts.(Citation: Botnet Scan) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of scanning, such as large quantities originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary/botnet).\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
"x_mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
"x_mitre_domains": [
"enterprise-attack"
],
"x_mitre_version": "1.0",
"x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "2.1.0",
"x_mitre_data_sources": [],
"type": "attack-pattern",
"spec_version": "2.1",
"id": "attack-pattern--db8f5003-3b20-48f0-9b76-123e44208120",
"created": "2020-10-02T16:54:23.193Z",
"created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "mitre-attack",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/001",
"external_id": "T1595.001"
},
{
"source_name": "Botnet Scan",
"description": "Dainotti, A. et al. (2012). Analysis of a “/0” Stealth Scan from a Botnet. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
"url": "https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2012/analysis_slash_zero/analysis_slash_zero.pdf"
}
],
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
],
"x_mitre_contributors": []
},
{
"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Search Victim-Owned Websites",
"description": "Adversaries may search websites owned by the victim for information that can be used during targeting. Victim-owned websites may contain a variety of details, including names of departments/divisions, physical locations, and data about key employees such as names, roles, and contact info (ex: [Email Addresses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/002)). These sites may also have details highlighting business operations and relationships.(Citation: Comparitech Leak)\n\nAdversaries may search victim-owned websites to gather actionable information. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
"kill_chain_phases": [
{
"kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
"phase_name": "reconnaissance"
}
],
"x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
"x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of adversary reconnaissance, such as rapid successions of requests indicative of web crawling and/or large quantities of requests originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary). Analyzing web metadata may also reveal artifacts that can be attributed to potentially malicious activity, such as referer or user-agent string HTTP/S fields.",
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"description": "Bischoff, P. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice database of more than 350 million customer records exposed online. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Software",
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host software that can be used during targeting. Information about installed software may include a variety of details such as types and versions on specific hosts, as well as the presence of additional components that might be indicative of added defensive protections (ex: antivirus, SIEMs, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: listening ports, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the installed software may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or for initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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"description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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"description": "The adversary is trying to steal account names and passwords.\n\nCredential Access consists of techniques for stealing credentials like account names and passwords. Techniques used to get credentials include keylogging or credential dumping. Using legitimate credentials can give adversaries access to systems, make them harder to detect, and provide the opportunity to create more accounts to help achieve their goals.",
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"name": "Execution",
"description": "The adversary is trying to run malicious code.\n\nExecution consists of techniques that result in adversary-controlled code running on a local or remote system. Techniques that run malicious code are often paired with techniques from all other tactics to achieve broader goals, like exploring a network or stealing data. For example, an adversary might use a remote access tool to run a PowerShell script that does Remote System Discovery. ",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Impact",
"description": "The adversary is trying to manipulate, interrupt, or destroy your systems and data.\n \nImpact consists of techniques that adversaries use to disrupt availability or compromise integrity by manipulating business and operational processes. Techniques used for impact can include destroying or tampering with data. In some cases, business processes can look fine, but may have been altered to benefit the adversaries’ goals. These techniques might be used by adversaries to follow through on their end goal or to provide cover for a confidentiality breach.",
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"name": "Persistence",
"description": "The adversary is trying to maintain their foothold.\n\nPersistence consists of techniques that adversaries use to keep access to systems across restarts, changed credentials, and other interruptions that could cut off their access. Techniques used for persistence include any access, action, or configuration changes that let them maintain their foothold on systems, such as replacing or hijacking legitimate code or adding startup code. ",
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"created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003",
"external_id": "TA0003"
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Privilege Escalation",
"description": "The adversary is trying to gain higher-level permissions.\n\nPrivilege Escalation consists of techniques that adversaries use to gain higher-level permissions on a system or network. Adversaries can often enter and explore a network with unprivileged access but require elevated permissions to follow through on their objectives. Common approaches are to take advantage of system weaknesses, misconfigurations, and vulnerabilities. Examples of elevated access include: \n\n* SYSTEM/root level\n* local administrator\n* user account with admin-like access \n* user accounts with access to specific system or perform specific function\n\nThese techniques often overlap with Persistence techniques, as OS features that let an adversary persist can execute in an elevated context. ",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Lateral Movement",
"description": "The adversary is trying to move through your environment.\n\nLateral Movement consists of techniques that adversaries use to enter and control remote systems on a network. Following through on their primary objective often requires exploring the network to find their target and subsequently gaining access to it. Reaching their objective often involves pivoting through multiple systems and accounts to gain. Adversaries might install their own remote access tools to accomplish Lateral Movement or use legitimate credentials with native network and operating system tools, which may be stealthier. ",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Defense Evasion",
"description": "The adversary is trying to avoid being detected.\n\nDefense Evasion consists of techniques that adversaries use to avoid detection throughout their compromise. Techniques used for defense evasion include uninstalling/disabling security software or obfuscating/encrypting data and scripts. Adversaries also leverage and abuse trusted processes to hide and masquerade their malware. Other tactics’ techniques are cross-listed here when those techniques include the added benefit of subverting defenses. ",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Exfiltration",
"description": "The adversary is trying to steal data.\n\nExfiltration consists of techniques that adversaries may use to steal data from your network. Once they’ve collected data, adversaries often package it to avoid detection while removing it. This can include compression and encryption. Techniques for getting data out of a target network typically include transferring it over their command and control channel or an alternate channel and may also include putting size limits on the transmission.",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Discovery",
"description": "The adversary is trying to figure out your environment.\n\nDiscovery consists of techniques an adversary may use to gain knowledge about the system and internal network. These techniques help adversaries observe the environment and orient themselves before deciding how to act. They also allow adversaries to explore what they can control and what’s around their entry point in order to discover how it could benefit their current objective. Native operating system tools are often used toward this post-compromise information-gathering objective. ",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Collection",
"description": "The adversary is trying to gather data of interest to their goal.\n\nCollection consists of techniques adversaries may use to gather information and the sources information is collected from that are relevant to following through on the adversary's objectives. Frequently, the next goal after collecting data is to steal (exfiltrate) the data. Common target sources include various drive types, browsers, audio, video, and email. Common collection methods include capturing screenshots and keyboard input.",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009",
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"modified": "2022-04-25T14:00:00.188Z",
"name": "Resource Development",
"description": "The adversary is trying to establish resources they can use to support operations.\n\nResource Development consists of techniques that involve adversaries creating, purchasing, or compromising/stealing resources that can be used to support targeting. Such resources include infrastructure, accounts, or capabilities. These resources can be leveraged by the adversary to aid in other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as using purchased domains to support Command and Control, email accounts for phishing as a part of Initial Access, or stealing code signing certificates to help with Defense Evasion.",
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