{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "(ch:list)=\n",
    "# リスト"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 基本"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "[リスト](https://docs.python.org/ja/3/library/stdtypes.html?highlight=list#sequence-types-list-tuple-range)は複数の値・オブジェクトをまとめる。要素を`,`で区切って並べ、全体を`[` `]`で囲んで作成する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "list"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "先頭要素のインデックス番号は0。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リストの要素数は[len](https://docs.python.org/ja/3/library/functions.html#len)関数で取得する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "8"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "要素の範囲を超えてリストにアクセスするとエラーになる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "raises-exception"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "IndexError",
     "evalue": "list index out of range",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m/tmp/ipykernel_2627/767257108.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m8\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: list index out of range"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[8]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リストの最後の要素のインデックス番号は「要素数 - 1」。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "49"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[len(a)-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リストの要素を末尾からアクセスするため、負のインデックス番号を用いることができる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "49"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "36"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[-2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "空のリストは`[]`か[list](https://docs.python.org/ja/3/library/stdtypes.html#list)関数で作成する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = []\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = list()\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## スライス"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`a[start:end:step]`という形式で、リストの要素の部分列を抽出できる（「スライス」と呼ばれる）。\n",
    "+ `start`: 抽出を開始する要素のインデックス番号。省略された場合は`0`となる。\n",
    "+ `end`: 抽出を終了する要素のインデックス番号（ただし、`a[end]`の要素は含まれない）。省略された場合はリストの要素数となる。\n",
    "+ `step`: 要素を抽出する間隔。省略された場合は`1`である。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "開始位置と終了位置を指定したスライス。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[4, 9, 16]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[2:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 4]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[0:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "開始位置を省略したスライス。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 4]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "終了位置を省略したスライス。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[25, 36, 49]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[5:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "負のインデックス番号を用いてもよい。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[25, 36, 49]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[-3:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "要素を取り出す間隔を指定したスライス。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 9, 25, 49]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[1::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "間隔に`-1`を指定して、逆順に要素を取り出すスライス（`a[5]`, `a[4]`, `a[3]`が取り出される）。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[25, 16, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[5:2:-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "開始位置と終了位置を省略し、全ての要素を逆順に取り出すスライス。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[49, 36, 25, 16, 9, 4, 1, 0]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[::-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## リストの要素に対する繰り返し"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リストの要素に先頭から繰り返しアクセスする。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "4\n",
      "9\n",
      "16\n",
      "25\n",
      "36\n",
      "49\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for x in a:\n",
    "    print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リストの要素に先頭から繰り返しアクセスすると同時に、各要素のインデックス番号を得る。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 0 0\n",
      "1 1 1\n",
      "2 4 4\n",
      "3 9 9\n",
      "4 16 16\n",
      "5 25 25\n",
      "6 36 36\n",
      "7 49 49\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i, x in enumerate(a):\n",
    "    print(i, x, a[i])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リストの要素に末尾から繰り返しアクセスする。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "49\n",
      "36\n",
      "25\n",
      "16\n",
      "9\n",
      "4\n",
      "1\n",
      "0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for x in reversed(a):\n",
    "    print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## リストの要素に対する操作"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "wd = ['monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday']\n",
    "wd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リスト内の要素を変更する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['monday', 'tue', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "wd[1] = 'tue'\n",
    "wd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "末尾に要素を追加する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "wd = ['monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday']\n",
    "wd.append('saturday')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday', 'saturday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "wd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "指定した要素を削除する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del wd[5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "wd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リストを連結して、新しいリストを作成する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "d = wd + ['saturday', 'sunday']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday', 'saturday', 'sunday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リストをスタックと見なしてpop操作をすると、末尾の要素が取り出され、同時に末尾の要素がリストから削除される。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'sunday'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d.pop()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday', 'saturday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "push操作に相当するものはappend関数である。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday', 'saturday', 'sun']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d.append('sun')\n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 要素の並び替え\n",
    "\n",
    "要素を降順に並べたリストを新たに作成する（この場合は辞書順に並ぶ）。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['friday', 'monday', 'saturday', 'sun', 'thursday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sorted(d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "元のリスト（`d`）は変更されていない。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday', 'saturday', 'sun']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "引数reverseを`True`にセットすると、要素を昇順に並べたリストを新たに作成できる（この場合は辞書の逆順に並ぶ）。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['wednesday', 'tuesday', 'thursday', 'sun', 'saturday', 'monday', 'friday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sorted(d, reverse=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "並び替えにおける要素の並び順は要素に対する比較演算子`<`の結果に基づく。例えば、`'saturday' < 'sun'`が成り立つので、`'saturday'`が`'sun'`の前に並ぶ。要素を比較するときの基準を変更したいときは、引数keyを用いる。以下の例では、要素の長さ（文字数）を取得する無名関数（lambda）を定義し、それをkey引数に渡すことで、文字数の少ない要素の順に並び替えている。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['sun', 'monday', 'friday', 'tuesday', 'thursday', 'saturday', 'wednesday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sorted(d, key=lambda x: len(x))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "引数reverseと併用して、文字数の多い要素の順に並び替える例である。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['wednesday', 'thursday', 'saturday', 'tuesday', 'monday', 'friday', 'sun']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sorted(d, key=lambda x: len(x), reverse=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "要素を降順に並び替える。今回は、リスト`d`の要素そのものが並び替えられる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['friday', 'monday', 'saturday', 'sun', 'thursday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d.sort()\n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "要素を昇順に並び替える。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['wednesday', 'tuesday', 'thursday', 'sun', 'saturday', 'monday', 'friday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d.sort(reverse=True)\n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "引数keyに関数を指定して、要素の並べ方を変更できる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['sun', 'monday', 'friday', 'tuesday', 'thursday', 'saturday', 'wednesday']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d.sort(key=lambda x: len(x))\n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 要素の所属検査\n",
    "\n",
    "ある要素がリストに含まれるかを調べる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'sun' in d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "ある要素がリストに含まれないかを調べる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'sun' not in d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## リストと参照"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 参照の代入\n",
    "リスト`x`を作成する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = ['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri']\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "変数`y`を作成し、リストである`x`を代入する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y = x\n",
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リスト`y`に要素を追加してみる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri', 'sat', 'sun']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y.append('sat')\n",
    "y.append('sun')\n",
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "（予想に反し）リスト`x`の要素も変更されている（`'sat'`と`'sun'`が追加されている）。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri', 'sat', 'sun']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "これは、代入文`y = x`が「変数`y`を定義し、変数`y`の参照先を変数`x`の参照先と一致させる」という動作を行うからである。元々、変数`x`はリストオブジェクトを参照していた（関連付けられていた）ので、そのリスト・オブジェクトに複数の変数`x`と`y`を経由してアクセスできるようになった。ひとつのオブジェクトの実体を複数の変数`x`と`y`が参照している状況であるので、いずれの変数を経由してもオブジェクトの内容を変更できるし、いずれの変数を評価しても同じ結果が得られる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### リストのコピー\n",
    "\n",
    "先ほどと同様に、リスト`x`を作成する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = ['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri']\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "変数`y`を作成し、リストである`x`の全体のスライス`x[:]`を代入する。このとき、`x`のリスト・オブジェクトのコピーが作成され、変数`y`はコピーを参照することになる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y = x[:]\n",
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "先ほどと同様に、リスト`y`に要素を追加してみる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "y.append('sat')\n",
    "y.append('sun')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri', 'sat', 'sun']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "今回は、リスト`x`の要素は変更されない。これは、変数`x`と`y`が、それぞれ別のリスト・オブジェクトを参照しているからである。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## リストと関数の引数"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "引数で与えられたリストの末尾に`'END'`を追加する関数append_endを定義する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def append_end(s):\n",
    "    s.append('END')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "以下のリスト`x`を引数として、関数append_endを呼び出す。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['one', 'two']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = ['one', 'two']\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "append_end(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "すると、呼び出し元の変数である`x`の内容が変化する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['one', 'two', 'END']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "数値や文字列を引数として関数に渡す場合と異なり、リストを引数として関数に渡すと、その関数内でそのリストに対する変更は、関数の呼び出し元にも波及する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## リストの様々な作成方法"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "[range](https://docs.python.org/ja/3/library/stdtypes.html#range)関数が表す範囲に対応するリストを作成するには、[list](https://docs.python.org/ja/3/library/stdtypes.html#list)関数を用いる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = list(range(10))\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = list(range(1, 10, 2))\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "リストの要素はデータ型が異なってもよい。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "b = [1, 'one', 'first']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'one'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "（0を含む）自然数のリストを[range](https://docs.python.org/ja/3/library/functions.html#func-range)関数で作成する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = list(range(10))\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### リストの内包表記"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "空のリストを作成する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a2 = []\n",
    "a2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "空のリスト（`a2`）に要素を追加する"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(10):\n",
    "    a2.append(i * 2)\n",
    "a2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "これは2の段の掛け算の結果を表している。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "14"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a2[7]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "上記の処理はリストの内包表記を使って簡潔に書ける。ソースコードを左から\"list of i times two for all i in the range of ten\"のように英語読みをすると解釈しやすい。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a2n = [i * 2 for i in range(10)]\n",
    "a2n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "14"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a2n[7]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "3の段の掛け算も内包表記を使って簡潔に書ける。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[i * 3 for i in range(10)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "内包表記を入れ子にして、掛け算表を２次元配列（リスト）として作成する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "m = [[i * j for i in range(10)] for j in range(10)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],\n",
       " [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18],\n",
       " [0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27],\n",
       " [0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36],\n",
       " [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45],\n",
       " [0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54],\n",
       " [0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63],\n",
       " [0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72],\n",
       " [0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "m"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "m[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 75,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "m[2][3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### ２次元配列作成時の注意"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`*`演算子を使うと、指定した値で初期化しながら、指定した要素数のリストを作ることができる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [0] * 10\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "これを拡張して、2次元配列を作ることもできるが、これは避けるべきである。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [[0] * 10] * 10\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "一見すると２次元配列が作成されたように見えるが、思わぬ落とし穴がある。以下のコードである要素を変更したつもりが、列全体の値が変更されてしまう。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[3][5] = 2\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "これは、`[0] * 10`で１次元のリスト・オブジェクトが一つだけ作成され、その唯一のオブジェクトへの参照が全ての`a[.]`にセットされただけであるからである。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "指定したサイズのリストを作成するときに、内包表記を使うこともできる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = [0 for i in range(10)]\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "これを拡張して、2次元配列を作ることができる。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = [[0 for i in range(10)] for j in range(10)]\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "こちらは、我々が通常期待する2次元配列として振る舞う。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n",
       " [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b[3][5] = 2\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "remove-cell"
    ]
   },
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "[Python早見帳](https://chokkan.github.io/python/) © Copyright 2020-2022 by [岡崎 直観 (Naoaki Okazaki)](https://www.chokkan.org/). この作品は<a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/\">クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示 - 非営利 - 改変禁止 4.0 国際 ライセンス</a>の下に提供されています。<a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/\"><img alt=\"クリエイティブ・コモンズ・ライセンス\" style=\"border-width:0\" src=\"https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/80x15.png\" /></a>"
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