kud|{kud} ND.gives as the present of {bku}. kum|Present: {kum} DS. \nPast: {kum} [DS].\nFuture: {kum} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: (archaic) To die DS.\nNote: Compare {'gum} ker|Present: {ker} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {kerd} DK, {ker} [DS].TC.\nFuture: {ker} DK, TC, [DS].\nImperative: {kerd} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary:TC.Voluntary:(Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive:DS, TC. \nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To erect, to point a finger toward the sky DK. To raise, lift up CD. To raise up (e.g. a finger) DS. To arise, get up TC. kong|{kong} DK gives as the present of {bkong}. krang|Auxiliary: {krang} (Gyurme 1992: 150-152), (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).\nFunction: (archaic, main verb un-negated) Signifies the successful execution of an action (Gyurme 1992: 150-152).(archaic) A question word similar to {gam} , {ngam} , &c. (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).\nNote: Compare {grang} krabs|{krabs} LZ gives as the present of {bkrab} krongs|{krongs} LZ gives as the present of {dgrongs} klan|Present: {klan} [CD], DS, TC.\nPast: {klan} [DS].\nFuture: {klan} [CD], [DS].\nTransitive:DS, (Skorupski 2001).\nMeaning: 1. To wreak revenge for. [2. To mend, to patch] CD. 1. To avenge, to take revenge. 2. To answer, counter DS. (archaic) To answer, counter TC. klal|{klal} CD, (DS) give as a present of {glal}. klas|Present: {klas} (Li & Coblin 1987), [TC], (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).\nMeaning: To be beyond, further than (Li & Coblin 1987). 1. To forget. 2. To arrive at the depths, meet the limit. 3. To understand (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).\nNote:CD, DS, TC prefer to see this as an adjective. klub|Present: {klub} CD, DK.\nPast: {klubs} CD, DK.\nFuture: {klub} DK.\nImperative: {klubs} DK.\nCausative of: {lhub pa} (Chang 1971: iv.13).\nMeaning: To cover the body with ornaments (Ja), to put on luxuriously (Cs), to set up a tent CD. To put on; to wear DK.\nNote: Root given as klub < *s-'-lhub, *b-lhub? (Chang 1971: iv.12) klub|Present: {klubs} LZ.{klub} DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {blubs} (see note). {bklubs} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {klubs} LZ.{bklub} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative:unattested {lhubs} (see note).{klubs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {lhub pa} [Chang 1971: iv.13].\nCharacteristic Example: {na bza' sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To adorn, put on another person; to make someone put on DK. To ornament, put on clothes DS. 1. To wear. 2. To adorn, decorate TC.\nNote: Root given as g + lhub (Hahn 1999).\nNote: For the form {blubs} (a. 1680) see (Eimer 1987); (Hahn 1999) suggests the inflection {klub} , {blubs} , *{klub} , *{lhubs} ; for the imperative he compares lhab lhub 'excessively bedecked'. klog|Present: {klog} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {blags} (see note).{bklags} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{klags} CD.\nFuture: {bklag} KYT, KYN, TD,\nTD has {bkrag bya} as the future, but this is obviously a mistake. LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{klag} CD.\nImperative: {klogs} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{lhogs} (KYN), (ND).\nVoluntary:KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {mdo snga sogs} TD.{bka' bstan dang yi ge sogs} LZ.{yi ge} ND.\nMeaning: To read CD, DK. To read aloud DS, TC.\nNote: Root given as klag < *s-'-lhag (Chang 1971: iv.12), *g + lhag (Hahn 1999).\nNote: This form was first noted by (Nobel 1955) it is discussed in (de Jong 1974) who finds the forms {p+lags} , {ph+lags} , and {p+lhags} as well. (Hahn 1999) suggests the inflection {klog} , {blags} , {klag} , {lhogs}. dkag|Present: {dkag} DS.\nPast: {dkag} [DS].\nFuture: {dkag} [DS].\nIntransitive:DS.\nMeaning: (of a melted liquid ) To solidify in the process of cooling DS. dka'|Present: {dka'} ND.\nPast: {dka'} [ND].\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be difficult (Hackett 2003). dku|Present: {dku} DS, TC.\nPast: {dku} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dku} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs, Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning:To drip, come down, fall DS.1. To brew, exude. 2. To fall. 3. (archaic) To remain, be left behind TC. dkond|Present: {dkond} LZ.\nPast: {dkond} LZ.\nFuture: {dkon} LZ.\nImperative: {dkond} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {'jig rten sogs su} LZ.\nMeaning: To appear (ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997). dkyu|Present: {dkyu} LZ, CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC.{'khyus} ND.\nPast: {dkyus} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {dkyu} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {dkyus} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khyus} NWH\nCharacteristic Example: {rta sogs} LZ.{bros pa'i} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To run a race 2. To wring out; to filter (Sch.) 3. To caper about (Ja) CD. To race, to run away DK. To race (a horse, mule, &c.) DS. To control, ride a horse TC.\nNote: see note at {'khyus}. dkyud|Present: {dkyud} CD.\nMeaning: To forget CD. dkri|Present: {dkri} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{bkri} CD.\nPast: {dkris} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {dkri} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {dkris} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.- ND.\nInvoluntary: ND. Voluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khri} [CD] (Chang 1971: v.6), (Duff). {'khril} (Chang 1971: v.6).\nCharacteristic Example: {dar sogs kyis} LZ.{dar sogs} ND.\nMeaning: 1. (archaic) To conduct one's pupil from one stage of learning to another stage. 2. To wind; to wrap around. 3. To ensnare CD. To wind, to wrap up; to roll up DK. To bind something with string or rope DS. 1. To bind, to tie. 2. To cover, impose, accuse, deprecate TC. dkrig|Present: {dkrig} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {dkrigs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {dkrig} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khrigs} LS. {dkrigs.} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khrig} (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {du sprin sogs.} LZ.\nMeaning: To make overcast; to gather clouds [sic], to pile up DK. To fill up (with clouds, smoke &c.) DS.To obscure TC. dkrug|Present: {dkrug} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {dkrugs} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {dkrug} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {dkrugs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC. \nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khrug} [CD] (Chang 1971: v.6) (Gyurme 1992: 258) (Duff).Cognate with: {sprug} (Chang 1971: v.6)\nCharacteristic Example: {zho dang thugs sogs.} LZ.\nMeaning: To disturb, put in motion; to turn, turn on a lathe CD. To stir up; to disturb; to agitate; to disunite; to create differences by instigation DK. 1. To stir, churn (a kind of liquid with a stick). 2. To be unharmonious, disagreeable. 3. To finish, conclude DS. 1. To disturb, stir, churn. 2. To agitate, disrupt. 3. To carve by turning on a lathe TC.\nNote: Root given as dkrug < *b-krug (Chang 1971: v.6).\nNote: Compare {dkrog}. dkrum|Present: {dkrum} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {dkrums} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {dkrum} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {dkrums} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {cong zhi sogs.} LZ.\nMeaning: To break; to crack DK. To break into bits DS. To break (fragile objects) TC. dkrog|Present: {dkrog} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {dkrogs} CD.\nPast: {dkrogs} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {dkrog} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {dkrogs} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.\nVoluntary:ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). Involuntary:ND.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nActive of: {skrog} (Chang 1971: v.6). Causative of: {'khrog} (Gyurme 1992: 258) [Duff].\nCharacteristic Example: {zho sogs} LZ. {sto dang bya sogs} (dkrogs) NDB.{zho dang bya sogs} (dkrogs) NDA. {zho} (-) ND.\nMeaning: 1. To churn; to agitate, mingle, trouble. 2. To rouse; scare up; to wag, e.g. the tail (Ja) CD. To stir up; to churn; to give a feeling of surprise to; to disturb; to open. DK. 1. To stir, churn. 2. To startle, surprise DS. 1. To churn, agitate, stir. 2. To disturb TC.\nNote: Root given as dkrog < b-krog (Chang 1971: v.6). \nNote: Compare {dkrug} dkrol|{dkrol} LZ, DK, TC. give as the present to {'khrol} bkan|Present: {bkan} LZ, ND, CD, DS, TC.\nPast: {bkand} LZ, ND. {bkan} [DS], TC. \nFuture: {bkan} LZ, ND. [DS]. TC.\nImperative: {bkand} LZ, ND. - ND.{bkan} TC.\nVoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003). Involuntary:ND\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {lus dang thal mo sogs} LZ. {lag par sogs} (bkand) NDB.{lag pa sogs} (bkand) NDA.{lag pas} (-) ND. \nMeaning: 1. To up-root, turn up anything by applying a stick at its foot or root. 2. To bend. 3. To put; to press; to apply (Ja). 4. To hold fast; to extend (Cs). CD. 1. To raise up. 2. To firmly press DS. 1. To turn face upwards. 2. To hold firmly, to press down. 3. To neglect TC. bku|Present: {bku} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {kud} ND.\nPast: {bkus} LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bku} LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nImperative: {kus} LZ, ND. {bkus} DS, TC.\nVoluntary:LZ, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skud} NWH.\nDenominative of: {khu ba} 'juice'NWH\nCharacteristic Example: {sman gyi khu ba sogs} LZ. {sman dang snum sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To make extract of a drug by drawing out the juice CD. To extract juice by boiling DS.To extract a medicinal infusion TC. bkur|Present: {bkur} LZ, CD, DS, TC.{'khur} ND, DK\nPast: {bkurd} LZ, ND, DK. {bkur} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bkur} LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {bkur} LZ, TC.{khurd} ND, DK.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {mchog dang gong du} LZ.{gtsug tu} ND.\nMeaning: I. To pay homage or reverence; to esteem. 2. To slander, to blaspheme CD. To respect, venerate DK. To respect DS.To make offering, serve, respect TC. bkur|{bkur} CD gives as a present to {'khur} bkong|Present: {bkong} LZ, DS, TC. {kong} DK.\nPast: {bkongs} LZ, DK. {bkong} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bkong} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {bkong} LZ, TC. {kongs} DK.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC. \nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {sba sogs} LZ. \nMeaning: To break the pride of somebody; to cause to become a coward DK. To discourage, intimidate, humble DS. To frighten, intimidate, discourage TC.\nNote: Compare {'khong} and {'gong} bkong|Present: {bkong} DS.\nPast: {bkong} [DS].\nFuture: {bkong} [DS].\nIntransitive:DS \nMeaning: To be wrinkled DS. bkon|{bkon} LZ, TC. give as the present of {'khon}. bkol|{bkol} LZ, TC. give as the present of {'khol} bkyon|Present: {bkyon} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bkyond} LZ, DK. {bkyon} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bkyon} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {bkyon} LZ, TC. {bkyond} DK.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC. \nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {tshig gam bkas} LZ.\nMeaning: To beat, to chastise CD. To scold; to admonish DK. (honorific) To speak roughly to someone DS. (honorific) To scold, reprimand TC. bkra|Present: {bkra} ND.\nPast: {bkra} [ND].\nMeaning: To be beautiful, clear, multicolored (CD, TC list as an adjective). bkrags|Past (?): {bkrags} (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).\nVoluntary:(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).\nMeaning: To roast, grill (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).\nNote: (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228) imply a connection to {sreg} bkrab|Present: {krabs} LZ. {bkrab} CD, DS, TC.\nPast: {bkrabs} LZ.CD, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bkrab} LZ.DS, TC.\nImperative: {krobs} LZ. {bkrabs} DS. {bkrobs} TC.\nVoluntary:DS, TC. \nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {'khor dang grogs sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To choose or select from among many CD. (archaic) To select from among many DS. To choose, select TC. bkral|Present: {bkral} CD, TC. {'grel} DK.\nPast: {bkral} TC. {bkrald} DK.\nFuture: {bkral} DK, TC. \nImperative: {bkrol} TC. {'greld} DK.\nVoluntary:TC.\nTransitive:TC.\nDenominative of: {khral} 'tax'NWH.\nMeaning: To appoint CD. To share tax payment DK. To impose (a tax) TC. bkri|{bkri} LZ, CD (archaic), TC. give as the present of {'khrid} bkrug|{bkrug} (Chang 1971: v.6), (Ja) give as an alternate or erroneous present to {dkrug}. bkres|Present: {bkres} CD (archaic), DK, TC.\nPast: {bkres} DK, TC.\nFuture: {bkres} DK, TC. \nImperative: {bkres} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary:TC.\nIntransitive:TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {bkres} 'hunger' NWH.\nMeaning: To be hungry CD, TC. To feel hungry DK. bkros|Present: {bkros} CD, DK.\nPast: {bkros} DK.\nFuture: {bkros} DK.\nImperative: {bkros} DK.\nMeaning: To choose; to select. CD, DK. rkam|Present: {brkam} LZ, [CD], TC. {rkom} ND. {rkam} [CD (archaic)], DK, DS. \nPast: {brkam} LZ, TC. {brkams} ND, DK, DS.\nFuture: {brkam} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {brkam} LZ. {rkams} DK. {rkoms} ND, DS. - TC.\nVoluntary:ND, DS.Involuntary:TC.\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {zas nor sogs la} LZ.{'dod la} ND.\nMeaning:To desire, long for (as a child for sweets) DS. To be attached to, to yearn forTC. rku|Present: {rku} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {brkus} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brku} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rkus} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {rkun ma} 'thief'NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhan gyi nor sogs} TD. {gzhan nor sogs} LZ. {rkun ma} ND. \nMeaning: To steal; to rob. CD. To steal; to take away unlawfully DK. To steal, to take by sleight the property of another which has not been given or paid for TC. rko|Present: {rko} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {rkod} CD.\nPast: {brkos} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brko} KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rkos} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {rka} 'furrow' (Beyer 1992: 112 n.11).\nCharacteristic Example: {khron pa sogs} TD. {sa dang dpar sogs} LZ. {sa drang spar sogs} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To dig, dig out; to hoe. 2. To engrave; turn up; till CD. To inscribe; to dig; to engrave; to print DK. To dig (a hole in the ground &c.) DS 1. To dig, excavate. 2. To carve out letters and designs (in stone, wood &c.) TC. rkon|Present: {rkon} DK.\nPast: {brkond} DK.\nFuture: {brkon} DK.\nImperative: {rkond} DK.\nDenominative of: {rkon} 'a net, trap' NWH.\nMeaning: To trap or catch in a trap. DK\nNote: From colloquial data (Chang 1971: vii.16) hypothesizes a verb *bskon 'to cause to get caught, hung up i.e. to hang on a peg' as the causative of *khon or *'khon 'to get caught, hung up'. Perhaps DK confirms her hypothesis. rkom|{rkom} ND. gives as the present of {rkam} rkyag|{rkyag} (CD). gives as a present to {skyag} rkyal|Present: {rkyal} LZ, CD, DS, TC.\nPast: {brkyal} LZ. {rkyal} DS, TC.\nFuture: {rkyal} LZ, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rkyold} LZ. {rkyol} DS, TC.\nVoluntary:LZ, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {chu bo} LZ.\nMeaning: To swim, to amuse oneself by swimming (Ja) CD. To swim DS, TC. rkyong|Present: {rkyong} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {brkyangs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brkyang} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rkyongs} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {rkang} 'foot' (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15).\nCharacteristic Example: {yan lag sogs} TD. {zhabs sogs} LZ. {yan lag} ND. \nMeaning: To stretch, extend, stretch forth (one's hands to a person), put out (the tongue); spread; distend (the wings, a curtain) CD. To stretch out one's arms; to extend DK. To extend, stretch (the feet, hands &c.) DS. To stretch, spread out, extend TC.\nNote: Related to {rgyong} (Duff). lkugs|Present: {lkug} DK. {lkugs} DS, TC. \nPast: {lkugs} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {lkug} DK. {lkugs} [DS]. TC. \nImperative: {lkugs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary:TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {lkug} 'dumb, mute' NWH.\nMeaning: To become foolish; to become dumb DK. To become unable to speak clearly DS. To be dumb, to be unable to talk, to loose one's voice TC. skad|Present: {skad} CD, DS.\nPast: {skad} [DS].\nFuture: {skad} [DS].\nTransitive:DS.\nDenominative of: {skad} 'language, speech' NWH.\nMeaning: To say, tell, relate CD. The written equivalent of {zhes} and {zer} which mark the end of quoted speech DS. skam|Present: {skam} DK, (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Hoshi 2003).\nPast: {bskams} DK.{skam} (Hoshi 2003).\nFuture: {bskam} DK.\nImperative: {skams} DK.\nInvoluntary:(Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive:(Gyurme 1992: 249).\nMeaning: To make thirsty DK. To dry up, dry out (Gyurme 1992: 249), (Hoshi 2003).\nNote: Compare {skem} skar|Present: {skar} CD.\nPast: {bskar} CD.\nImperative: {skor} CD.\nVoluntary:CD.\nMeaning: To hang up; to weigh. CD. sku|{sku} DK gives as an alternate present to {skud}. skug|Present: {skug} DS, TC.\nPast: {bskugs} DS, TC. \nFuture: {bskug} DS, TC.\nImperative: {skugs} DS, TC. \nInvoluntary:DS, TC. \nIntransitive:DS, TC. \nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: For the winner not comply with the game of taking wealth, after a dispute over victory and defeat DS. To make a bet, to bet, to gambol TC. skung|Present: {skung} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskungs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskung} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {bskungs} LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {dben pa sogs su} LZ. {sbed pa'i} ND.\nMeaning: To hide in the ground, to bury, to inter CD. To hide; to keep secret DK. 1. To hide away. 2. To write the symbol 'X' as a substitute for following words which are repeated in lines of verse, or other expression DS. To hide, conceal TC. skud|Present: {skud} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {sku} DK. \nPast: {bskus} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsku} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skus} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {bku} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {snu ma sogs.} TD, ND. {sman sogs} LZ. \nMeaning: To smear, to besmear; to daub CD. To anoint; to apply oil or ointment DK. To put (dye, oil &c.) on the surface of something DS. To apply, put on, cover, smear TC. skum|Present: {skum} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskums} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskum} TD{TD seems to have dskum bya as the future, but bskum must be meant.} , LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skums} TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {skum} LZ. \nVoluntary:TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khum} (Chang 1971: v.i), (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Beyer 1992: 116).\nCharacteristic Example: {yan lag sogs} TD, LZ. {rkang lag sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To contract; to be drawn up; to be paralyzed CD. To withdraw, to draw in; to make shorter or smaller; to contract; to conceal DK. The opposite of produce, extend DS. 1. To contract, bend, pull in. 2. To conceal, to obfuscate TC. skur|Present: {skur} KYN, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskurd} KYN, [CD], ND, DK, {bskur} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskur} KYN, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {skurd} KYN, ND, DK, {skur} DS, TC.\nVoluntary:KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khur} (Gyurme 1992: 259). \nCharacteristic Example: {dbang dang 'gan} ND.\nMeaning: To bestow, give, send CD. To make someone carry; to send; to cause to venerate on, to make someone pay respect DK. 1. To deliver to the place of delivery by entrusting (a thing, letter &c.) with another person, post office. 2. For something to be carried (on the water, wind &c.) DS. 1. To send, dispatch. 2. To give, bestow, entrust, assign TC. skul|Present: {skul} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskuld} KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. {bskul} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskul} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skuld} KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. {skul} DS, TC. \nVoluntary: KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {chos bskul sogs.} TD {thug rgyud las sogs la} LZ. {las la dang dge la} ND.\nMeaning: To excite; to exhort, admonish, enjoin CD. To induce; exhort, urge; to request to do something; to persuade DK. To motivate, incite DS. 1. To induce, compel, persuade. 2. To incite, motivate TC. skem|Present: {skem} TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {skems} ND.{skam} DK.\nPast: {bskams} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskam} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skoms} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. {skems} DK. {skams} DK. \nVoluntary:TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {skem} , {skam} 'dry' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {chu sogs} TD, ND{NDB is unclear, []lu sogs?}. {gos gsher ba dang me tog sogs} LZ. \nMeaning: To make dry, to dry up CD. To dry DK. To make fewer, to dehydrate DS.. To dry out, to dry TC. skem|Present: {skems} ND. {skem} DS.\nPast: {bskams} ND, DS.\nFuture: {bskam} ND, DS.\nImperative: - ND, DS. \nInvoluntary:ND, DS.\nTransitive:DS.\nDenominative of: {skem} , {skam} 'dry' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {kha} NDA{, kha sogs} NDB.\nMeaning: To wilt (of plants), become dry DS. sko|Present: {sko} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bskos} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bsko} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {skos} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nVoluntary:TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {dpon gyog sogs} TD.{las sne sogs} LZ.{rgyal sar} ND.\nMeaning: To select; to appoint, nominate, commission, charge CD. To appoint DK. For leaders or people to give responsibility to a person for a task DS. To appoint. 2. To be determined by the power of past deeds TC.\nNote:(Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with {mkhos} /{khos} /{khod} 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, {'khod} , and {'god}. skong|Present: {skong} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bskangs} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bskang} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {skongs} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nVoluntary:KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {skang ba} 'satisfaction' (Rona-Tas 1985: 179).\nCharacteristic Example: {thugs dam sogs} TD.{thugs dam dang re ba sogs} LZ.{thugs dam} ND.\nMeaning: To fulfill CD. To complete; to add; to satisfy, fulfill a wish DK. 1. To fulfill. 2. To make up a deficiency; to supplement TC. skong|Present: {skong} TC.\nPast: {bskongs} TC.\nFuture: {bskong} TC.\nImperative: {skongs} TC.\nVoluntary:TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To summon, convene TC. skon|Present: {skon} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskond} KYN, LZ, ND, DK.{bskon} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskon} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skond} KYN, LZ, ND, DK.{skon} CD, DS, TC\nVoluntary:KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {gon} (Chang 1971: vii.16, see note) (Gyurme 1992: 259). {gyon} (Gyurme 1992: 259) (Duff) {'khon} (Chang vii.16, see note)\nCharacteristic Example: {khrab rmog lta bu sogs} LZ.{gos sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To dress; to clothe another person CD. To make someone put on a dress or an ornament DK. 1. To make someone wear (wools, a hat &c.). 2. To cause an action similar to the wearing of hats or clothes (e.g. bridle a horse, tie a rope around a calf's neck) DS. To dress, put on clothes, to cover TC.\nNote:Written Tibetan {skon} , {bskon} , {bskon} 'to dress, to clothe another person': gon 'to put on (clothes, shoes)' appears to be an example of the devoicing caused by s similar to {spub} , {'bub}. Our spoken Tibetan data, however, does not confirm this meaning of {skon} , suggesting rather two bases, *kon 'to get caught', and *gon 'to get dressed' (Chang 1971: viii.15). skom|Present: {skom} DS, TC. \nPast: {skom} [DS]. {skoms} TC.\nFuture: {skom} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {skom} 'dry' NWH.\nMeaning: For a desire to drink to arise when the liquid of the body is depleted DS. To suffer because the wetness within the mouth has dried TC.\nNote: Compare {skam} and {skem}. skor|Present: {skor} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskord} TD, LZ, ND, DK.{bskor} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskor} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skord} TD, LZ, ND, DK. {skor} DS, TC.\nVoluntary:TD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 247).\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khor} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {chos 'khor sogs} TD.{lha khang dang rten la} LZ.{'khor bar} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To fill with; to surround, encircle, enclose, besiege; to come again and again; to revolve. 2. To traverse, ride round a thing. 3. To circumambulate CD. To turn round; to turn a wheel; to take a round; to encircle, surround DK. 1. To make something turn around the circumference of a center. 2. To lead, take control. 3. To encircle, surround. 4. To change directions, shift allegiances. 5. To trick, mislead DS. 1. To turn around, rotate. 2. To surround, encircle TC.\nNote:(Beyer 1992: 83) suggest that skyor is a palatalized version of this verb, however {skor} has the root vowel o and {skyor} the root vowel a, so his analysis is unlikely. skor|Present: {skor} DS, TC.\nPast: {bskor} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskor} DS, TC.\nImperative: {skor} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS. Voluntary: TC.\nMeaning: To go, wander, roam, loaf DS. To wander, to roam, to move about TC.\nNote: In Situ's great commentary only {bskor} and not {skor} is given DS. skol|Present: {skol} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskold} LZ, ND, DK.{bskol} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskol} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skold} LZ, ND, DK. {skol} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khol} CD, (Chang 1971: v.1), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116).\nCharacteristic Example: {za sogs} LZ.{za dang chu} NDB.{za dang chu sogs} NDA.\nMeaning: To boil CD, DK, TC. skya|Present: {skyas} LZ. {skya} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyas} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskya} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyos} ND, DS, TC. {skyas} LZ, DK.\nVoluntary:ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhi dang rus pa sogs} LZ. '{pho ba'i} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To carry; convey to a place (a quantity of stones, wood, water, &c.). 2. To change place CD. To move one's residence or dwelling; to migrate, transfer DK. 1. To move, to move from one place to another, to migrate. 2. (archaic) To deliver, convey TC. skyag|Present: {skyag} CD. {rkyag} (CD).\nPast: {bskyogs} CD.\nFuture: {bskyag} CD.\nImperative: {skyog} CD.\nMeaning: 1. To spread, lay out, expand. 2. (in West) To slaughter, murder (Ja) CD.\nNote: CD suggests comparison with {'gyag} skyad|Present: {skyad} DK.\nPast: {bskyad} DK.\nFuture: {bskyad} DK.\nImperative: {skyad} DK\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To kill DK. 1. To kill. 2. To compete [Lishi gur khang] skyas|{skyas} LZ. gives as the present of {skya} skyi|Present: {skyi} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyis} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyi} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyis} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhan las gser dngul sogs} LZ.{nor sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To borrow, especially money or goods CD. To lend; to borrow; to give or take something on loan DK. To loan, borrow TC.\nNote: Certainly the same verb as {skyin} NWH. skyig|Present: {skyig} DK.\nPast: {bskyigs} DK.\nFuture: {bskyig} DK.\nImperative: {skyigs} DK\nMeaning: To cause to tie, to fasten DK. skyig|Present: {skyig} (Ja).\nMeaning: To hiccup (Ja). skyin|Present: {skyin} CD, DK.\nPast: {bskyin} CD.{bskyind} DK.\nFuture: {bskyin} DK.\nImperative: {skyind} DK.\nDenominative of: {skyin pa} 'loan' NWH.\nMeaning: To borrow CD. To lend, to borrow CD.\nNote: Compare {skyi}. skyil|Present: {skyil} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyild} LZ. ND, DK.{bskyil} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyil} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyild} LZ, ND, DK. {skyil} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khyil} (Chang 1971: v.3) (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116).\nCharacteristic Example: {mtsho dnag chu sogs} LZ.{chu sogs} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To pen up, shut up; to dam up a river. 2. (Ja) to bend, especially the legs when sitting on the ground after the oriental fashion. To bend in another's leg by a kick from behind; to bend the bow CD. To dam; to store DK. 1. To dam up, to pen up, contain. 2. To keep TC. skyug|Present: {skyug} CD, ND, DK.\nPast: {skyugs} CD, ND, DK.\nFuture: {skyug} ND, DK.\nImperative: {skyugs} ND, DK.\nVoluntary:ND.\nDenominative of: {skyug pa} 'vomit, purgative' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {kong nad} ND.\nMeaning: To vomit, to eject (e.g. blood). 2. To lose color, to stain CD. To vomit; to come out forcefully DK. skyug|Present: {skyug} DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyugs} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyug} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyugs} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:DS, TC.\nTransitive: TC Intransitive:DS\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {skyug pa} 'vomit, purgative'NWH.\nMeaning: To cause to vomit DK. To release the contents of the viscera from the mouth DS. To vomit, to wretch TC. skyung|Present: {skyung} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC\nPast: {bskyungs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC\nFuture: {bskyung} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC\nImperative: {skyungs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC \nVoluntary:CD, ND, DS, TC\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {khengs pa sogs} LZ.{nyung du} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To diminish, reduce. 2. (Ja) (In central Tibet) to leave behind; to lay aside (a task). CD To reduce or diminish one's prive or voice; to subdue; to give up DK.DS 1. To cast off, leave far behind, to abandon and put behind; to give up completely, to discard completely. 2. To lessen (in amount, degree), to reduce (in size, extent) TC (Duff).\nPast: {bskyud} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyud} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyud} LZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC. \nVoluntary:ND, DS. Involuntary: TC.\nTransitive:DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {sems la} LZ.{brjed bya} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To forget. 2. To leave off (Ja). 3. To communicate, swallow (Sch.) CD. To forget; to fail to recall DK. (archaic) To forget DS. To forget TC. skyur|Present: {skyur} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyurd} LZ, ND, DK.{bskyur} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyur} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyurd} LZ, ND, DK. {skyur} DS, TC.\nVoluntary:DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khyur} (Chang 1971: v.4), (Beyer 1992: 116).\nCharacteristic Example: {bya ba ngan pa sogs rgyab tu} LZ.{phar la} ND.\nMeaning: To throw, to cast; to leave off CD. To throw or to cast off, to renounce or give up DK. 1. To throw away, discard (rubbish). 2. To abandon, leave behind (homeland, troubles) DS. 1. (Mental) To give up on, to abandon, to forsake, to go back on something which one has previously adhered to, to leave behind something for something else seen as better. 2. (Physical) To toss off, away, to cast off something which is now seen as rubbish or as useless TC (Duff). skye|Present: {skye} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {skyes} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {skye} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skye} LZ. {skyes} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary:DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skyed} (Laufer 1915: 62).\nDenominative of: {skye ba} 'birth', {skye bu} 'person' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {srid pa sogs su} LZ.\nMeaning: To be born, arise CD. To be born; to come out newly DK. 1. kinds of vegetation having first sprouted a shoot, to develop fruit. 2. To issues from the mother's womb. 3. To mature, rise up like the sprouting of vegetation. 4. To become larger or longer. 5. To arise, occur DS. 1. To be born, to arise, to grow anew. 2. To grow, increase TC. skyeng|Present: {skyeng} CD, DK. {skyengs} CD. DS, TC.\nPast: {skyengs} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {skyeng} DK.{skyengs} [DS], TC. \nImperative: {skyengs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary:TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be ashamed CD. To be ashamed; to be embarrassed DK, DS. To be abashed, embarrassed, circumspect (especially regarding speech) TC (Duff).\nNote: I could see here two verbs ({skyengs} , {skyengs} , {skyengs} , - ) and ({skyeng} , {skyengs} , {skyeng} , {skyengs} ) the evidence is insufficient to decide. skyeng|Present: {skyeng} DK.\nPast: {bskyengs} DK.\nFuture: {bskyeng} DK. \nImperative: {skyengs} DK.\nMeaning: To make shameful or to cause to be ashamed; to belittle; to bring down DK. skyed|Present: {skyed} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyed} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyed} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyed} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {skye} (Laufer 1915: 62), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {cho ga dang bu sogs} LZ.{lha sogs dang sems} ND.\nMeaning: To procreate, generate, bring forth. give birth to CD. To make progress, to increase, widen DK. skyem|Present: {skyem} CD. \nPast: {skyems} [CD].\nMeaning: To be thirsty CD.\nNote: Root given as skyem < skyam < skam (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). skyel|Present: {skyeld} LZ, ND.{skyel} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyald} LZ, NDB{NDB seems to have bskyamd which must be in fact bskyald. NDA has bskyal.} , DK.{bskyal} CD, NDA, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyal} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyold} LZ, ND, DK.{skyol} CD, (DK), DS, TC. \nVoluntary:LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gto mdos sogs} LZ.{gnas su} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To carry, to take away. 2. To send. 3. To risk, to stake (one's life). 4. To use, to employ CD. To deliver a person or thing; to see off, to kiss; to lose; to vow; to accomplish DK. 1. To go from one place to another place accompanying another person in order to show love, to protect, or supervise. 2. To raise a thing from one place to another place. 3. To use, employ. 4. To finish, perfect DS. 1.To escort, to see off. 2. To send, transport, deliver, 3. To do, to apply. 4. To pass, spend (of time) TC.\nNote: Root given as skyal \nNote: Compare {'khyol} skyel|Present: {skyel} CD. \nPast: {bskyel} CD.\nFuture: {bskyel} CD.\nImperative: {skyol} CD.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To conduct, accompany CD. skyo|Present: {skyo} DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {skyo} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {skyo} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {skyo} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary:TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {skyo} 'grief, sorrow' NWH.\nMeaning: To be sad, to be gloomy DK. 1. To be irritated. 2. To be disaffected DS. 1. To be sad, to be miserable. 2. To be fed up with, to be weary of, to be disenchanted with, to have distaste for TC (Duff). skyog|Present: {skyog} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyogs} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyog} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyogs} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To turn, to turn away, aside CD. To turn aside, to drive aside DK. 1. To change direction. 2. To bend, make crooked DS. 1. To turn. 2. To move over, to give way TC. skyong|Present: {skyong} DS.\nPast: {skyong} [DS].\nFuture: {skyong} [DS].\nIntransitive:DS.\nMeaning: To go on a long road DS. skyong|Present: {skyong} E TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyangs} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bskyongs} CD.\nFuture: {bskyang} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyong} (Zeisler 2004: 349).{skyongs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {drin gyis} TD.{brtse ba dang drin gyis} LZ.{drin gyis bon [tshes]B bstan pa sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To guard; to keep; to defend; to save; to preserve CD. To look after; to nurse, cherish; to take care of; to administer DK. 1. To look after, support, take care of. 2. To supervise, direct, support DS. 1. To sustain, take care of, tend, look after. 2. To protect, guard. 3. To manage, do, hold, control, carry out TC. skyod|Present: {skyod} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyod} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyod} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyod} LZ, DK, DS.- TC.\nVoluntary:ND, DS. Involuntary: TC.\nTransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gnas sogs dang rlung gis} LZ.\nMeaning: To move; to go, pass on CD. To move DK. To move, agitate DS. To move, stir, agitate TC. skyod|Present: {skyod} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyod} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyod} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyod} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: CD. Intransitive:DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {gom pa'i zhabs kyis} ND.\nMeaning: (In West) (Respectful) To go, to walk CD. To cause to go or proceed DK. To go DS. To go TC. skyon|Present: {skyon} DK.\nPast: {skyond} DK.\nFuture: {skyon} DK.\nImperative: {skyond} DK.\nMeaning: To make defective; to become defective DK. skyon|Present: {skyond} LZ. {skyon} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyon} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {bskyond} ND, DK.\nFuture: {bskyon} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyond} LZ, ND, DK. {skyon} DS, TC.\nVoluntary:ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {zhon} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {rta dang gsal shing sogs la} LZ.{rta la} NDB.{rta la sogs} NDA.\nMeaning: To put astride upon a thing CD. To put on a horse DK. 1. To have mount, place astride. 2. To place on top of. 3. To make (someone) wear, to dress (someone) DS. 1. To place someone on a horse, to put astride. 2. To place above, place upon. 3. (honorific) Equivalent of the auxiliary verb {rgyag} TC.\nNote: Compare {gyon} , {gon} skyon|Auxillary: {skyon} (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 176).\nFunction: Suffixed to nouns in order to create verbs, very common in the colloquial. In this respect it is the honorific corresponding to {rgyag} NWH. (Honorific) Equivalent to {rgyag pa} TC. skyob|Present: {skyob} KYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {skyabs} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {skyab} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyobs} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Abl.] (Hahn 1994: 108). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {khyab} [Coblin 1986].\nCharacteristic Example: {nye pa sogs} TD.{'jigs pa dnag sdug sngal sogs las} LZ.{'jigs pa la} ND.\nMeaning: To protect; to defend, preserve, save CD. To protect, give shelter; to defend, to rescue DK. To help, save from danger DS. To protect TC.\nNote: Related to the noun {skyob} 'protection, refuge'. (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15) suggests that this verb is a palatalized version of {gab} 'cover, protect' though he does not account for the voicing difference. skyom|Present: {skyom} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyams} LZ, ND, DK, TC. {bskyoms} CD, DS.\nFuture: {bskyam} LZ, ND, DK, TC. {bskyom} CD, DS.\nImperative: {skyoms} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khyom} (Chang 1971: v.4), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {mtso sogs} LZ.{snod sogs} ND.\nMeaning: (Rare in colloquial) 1. To pour; to pout out, agitate, stir up. 2. (Lex) To give CD. To swish, to stir a liquid; to cause turbulence DK. To stir, agitate (a liquid) DS. To stir, shake TC. skyor|Present: {skyor} [LZ],CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyar} CD, DS, TC.{bskyard} ND, DK.\nFuture: {bskyar} [LZ],CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyord} [LZ], ND, DK. {skyor} DS, TC.\nVoluntary:ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {slar yang} LZ.{yang yang} ND.\nMeaning: To repeat, recite by heart CD. To repeat; to do, make something again; to reproduce, imitate; to recite DK. To read aloud, repeat DS. To repeat, to do over again TC (Duff).\nNote:LZ lists a verb ({skyor} , {bskyord} , {bskyar} , {skyord} ) which is a conflation of this verb and the following. (Beyer 1992: 83) suggest that {skyor} is a palatalized version of {skor} , however {skor} has the root vowel o and {skyor} the root vowel a, so his analysis is unlikely. skyor|Present: {skyor} [LZ], DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskyord} [LZ], DK. {bskyor} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskyor} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skyord} [LZ], DK. {skyor} DS, TC.\nVoluntary:[LZ], DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To hold up, to prop, to paste CD. To support upright; to support from al sides so as to stand; to help, to support DK. 1. To prevent a person or thing from falling down. 2. To help, do, protect DS. To support, prop up, brace TC. skrag|Present: {skrag} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {skrags} DK. {skrag} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {skrag} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {skrags} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary:TC.\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: (nearly always combined with 'jigs pa) To be terrified, frightened, afraid of something CD. To be frightened, to be terrified DK. To become afraid DS. To be afraid TC.\nNote: Cognate with adjective {skrag} 'scary'. skrang|Present: {skrang} CD, DK, (DS), TC. {skrangs} DS.\nPast: {skrangs} CD, DK, [DS], TC. {skrang} [(DS)].\nFuture: {skrang} DK, [(DS)], TC. {skrangs} [DS].\nImperative: {skrangs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary:TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To swell CD. To swell, be swollen DK. For the flesh to swell up due to injury to the body or illness DS. To swell up TC. skrab|Present: {skrab} LZ, CD, DK.\nPast: {bskrabs} LZ, DK.\nFuture: {bskrab} LZ, DK.\nImperative: {skrabs} LZ, DK.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khrab} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {bro dang rkang stabs sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To beat the ground with one's feet; to stamp, tread; to dance CD. To cause to dance; to cause to select DK.\nNote:DS gives {skrab} as an archaic word for {bro 'khrab}. skri|Present: {skri} CD (archaic), ND, TC. (archaic).\nPast: {bskris} ND.\nFuture: {bskri} ND.\nImperative: {skris} ND. {skri} [TC] \nVoluntary:ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {khag} ND.\nMeaning: To conduct, to send (Cs.) CD. To give, send TC. skru|Present: {skru} LZ, CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskrus} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {skrus} (see note)\nFuture: {bskru} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skrus} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {shing gi yal ga dang gzhan la thabs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To wait (Sch.); to cut CD. To beg for food, to make a hole by digging or cutting; to hollow out DK. To cut; to deceive DS. 1. To beg. 2. (archaic) To deceive. 3. To cut into pieces TC. skrud|Present: {skrud} CD (archaic).\nMeaning:To make another run away by devicesCD.\nNote: Root given as skrud skrun|Present: {skrun} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskrund} TD, LZ, ND, DK. {bskrun} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskrun} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skrund} TD{TD appears to list skund as the imperative, a mistake for skrund.} , LZ, ND, DK. {skrun} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: TD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {mnyu gu sog} [sic]TD.{mnyu gu sogs} LZ.{dge rtsa bsyed pa} ND.\nMeaning: To produce CD. To establish, to build; to make DK. 1. To print a book. 2. To make, produce DS. To make, construct, build, invent, produce TC. skres|Present: {skres} (Gyurme 1992: 258). {sres} ((Gyurme 1992: 258)).\nCausative of: {'dres} (Gyurme 1992: 258).\nMeaning: To mix (Gyurme 1992: 258).\nNote: given as the primary spelling of {sre} skrog|Present: {skrog} LZ, CD, DS, TC.{dkrog} ND.\nPast: {bskrogs} LZ, DS, TC.{skrogs} ND.\nFuture: {bskrog} LZ, DS, TC.{skrog} ND.\nImperative: {skrogs} LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: *[']-khrog-[s](Chang 1971: v.6).\nCharacteristic Example: {zho dang Da ma ru sogs} LZ.{Dar ma ru sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To beat (the drum); to churn; to stir (with a rod) CD. Another way to write {dkrog} DS. 1. To churn, stir. 2. To beat a drum TC.\nNote:(Duff) suggests this verb is onomatopoetic skrog|Present: {skrog} (Chang 1971: iv.10)\nCausative of: {'drog} (Chang 1971: iv.10).\nMeaning: To rouse, to scare up (Chang iv.10).\nNote: Root given as s-k-rog < s-'-rog < s-rog ? (Chang iv.10). skrod|Present: {skrod} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bskrad} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bskrad} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {skrod} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary:ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gte'u dang bgegs sogs} LZ.{phyir la} ND.\nMeaning: To expel, drive out, eject CD, DK. To drive away from a previous location DS. To expel, banish, drive out TC. skrob|Present: {skrob} LZ.\nPast: {bskrabs} LZ.\nFuture: {bskrab} LZ.\nImperative: {skrobs} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {ti ku sogs kyis} LZ. skrol|Present: {skrol} DK.\nPast: {bskrold} DK.\nFuture: {bskrol} DK.\nImperative: {skrold} DK.\nDenominative of: {rol} 'music' (?) NWH.\nMeaning: To cause to make sound; to cause to stir up DK. brkam|{brkam} LZ, TCgive as the present of {rkam} bskal|Present: {bskal} DS, TC.\nPast: {bskal} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bskal} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary:TC.\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be cut off by a long distance or period of time DS. To be separated, cut off TC.\nNote: Undoubtedly a generalization of the past of {skeld} q.v. NWH bskon|Present:unattested {bskon} (Chang 1971: vii.16).\nCausative of:unattested {khon} or unattested {'khon} (Chang 1971: vii.16).\nMeaning: To get caught, hung up (on a peg) (Chang 1971: vii.16).\nNote: Hypothesized by Chang on colloquial data, see {rkon}. khang|{khang} (Tournadre & Dorje 2003) gives as a literary alternate of {kheng} khug|Present: {khug} CD, DS, TC.{'khugs} DK, (TC).\nPast: {khug} DK. {khugs} DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khug} DK. {khug} DS, TC. \nImperative: {khugs} DK. - DS, TC. \nInvoluntary DS, TC., (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'gugs} (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nMeaning: To find, get, earn, draw CD. To calm down; to bend down; to fall asleep; to valued; to be worth DK. To be the price of (something) DS. 1. To turn into, to change, to become. 2. To get, to make, to find TC. khegs|Present: {khegs} CD. DS. {kheg} TC. {'khegs} (Beyer 1992: 113)\nPast: {khegs} [DS], TC, (Beyer 1992: 113).\nFuture: {khegs} [DS].{kheg} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'gog} (Beyer 1992: 113).\nMeaning: To obstruct, to close CD. For something to be unable to move because something else is stuffed inside (a pipe, hole &c.) DS. To be obstructed, to stop, to come to halt TC. kheng|Present: {'kheng} CD.{kheng} DK. TC. {khengs} DS.\nPast: {khengs} CD, DK, [DS], TC.{khangs} (Tournadre & Dorje 2003).\nFuture: {khengs} DK, TC.{khengs} [DS].\nImperative: {khengs} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'geng} (Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff)\nMeaning: To be replete, to be full CD. To be full DK. To fill up the inside DS. To be full TC.\nNote:(Tournadre & Dorje 2003) suggest that {khangs} is a literary variant of {khengs}. Compare also {skong} , {gang} , and {sgang}. khen|Present: {khen} CD. DS, TC.\nPast: {khen} [DS]\nFuture: {khen} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS, (Skorupski 2001).\nMeaning: To lean, to repose on. (erroneously for {bkhan pa} [sic]) (Sch.) CD. To rest, rely on in order not to collapse DS. (dialect) To lean, to rest against TC. khebs|Present: {'khebs} CD, DK. {khebs} DS, TC. \nPast: {kheb} CD, DK.{khebs} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'kheb} DK. {khebs} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {khebs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nResultative of: {'gebs} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). \nMeaning: To cover; to spread over CD. To cover up; to spread over DK. To be able to cover, be able to arrange DS. To be covered TC. kher|Present: {kher} DS. \nPast: {kher} [DS].\nFuture: {kher} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To make vertical, to extend DS.\nNote:DS reports this as similar in meaning to {ker} to which it is likely a mere orthographic variant of, reflecting an aspirate pronunciation. khog|Present: {khog} (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nResultative of: {'gog} (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nMeaning: To be taken out (Gyurme 1992: 259). khom|Present: {khom} CD, DS, TC. {khom} DK\nPast: {khom} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khom} DK. {khom} [DS], TC. \nImperative: {khoms} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. to have leisure, time to do a thing. 2. to be enabled to do a thing by the absence of external impediments (Schtr.) CD. To have time; to be free; to be free from the worldly activities DK. To not have leisure, time DS. To have time for something TC. khol|{khol} DS gives as the present of {'khol} khyag|Present: {khyag} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {khyags} DK.{khyag} [DS], TC. \nFuture: {khyag} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {khyags} DK. {khyag} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To undertake, to be surety for [sic] CD. To float on water; to become mentally unsettled or unsteady DK. To endure hardship, to be able to hold up DS. To endure, to be able to lift or hold up something TC. khyab|Present: {khyab} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {khyab} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {khyab} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {khyab} LZ, DK, - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skyob} [Coblin 1986]\nCharacteristic Example: {gtam tsegs dang yul la} LZ.\nMeaning: To fill, penetrate, embrace; estimate, comprise CD. To cover up, to spread over DK. To spread, cover DS. To cover, to pervade, to include, to spread TC. khyog|Present: {khyog} TC. \nPast: {khyog} TC.\nFuture: {khyog} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be sustainable, to be borne, to be bearable TC.\nNote: Compare {'khyog}. khrul|Present: {khrul} CD, DS. \nPast: {khrul} [DS].\nFuture: {khrul} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.:\nMeaning: To let fall; to drop (several things at intervals) CD. To fall, drop individually DS. khrems|Present: {khrems} CD, TC. \nPast: {khrems} TC.\nFuture: {khrems} TC.\nImperative: - TC\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To water gardens and cultivation; to sprinkle water CD. To be absorbed TC. khrel|Present: {khrel} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {khrel} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {khrel} [DS].\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be ashamed; to provoke shame CD. To loose hope, to no longer desire DS. To be embarrassed (by the reproach of another), to be considerate TC. khro|Present: {khro} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'khro} CD.\nPast: {khros} LZ, C D, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {khro} LZ, DK, DS, TC. {'khro} ND.\nImperative: {khros} LZ, ND, DK, - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {khro} 'anger'NWH\nCharacteristic Example: {sdang dgra sogs la} LZ. {khro bor} ND.\nMeaning: To be angry CD. To get angry; to be filled with anger; to be indignant DK. To be angry, aggressive DS. To go angry, to become angry TC. mkhas|Present: {mkhas} KYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mkhas} KYN, LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mkhas} KYN, LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mkhas} , LZ, DK, - [KYN], TC.\nInvoluntary: [KYN], TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {chos srid sogs las} LZ. \nMeaning: To become wise; to become a scholar; cause to be learned DK. To be able, skilled, to have compassion DS. To be learned TC.\nNote:KYNgives the imperative as{mkhas par gyis} implying that there is no imperative. mkho|Present: {mkho} LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. \nPast: {mkho} LZ, ND, DK, TC.\nFuture: {mkho} LZ, DK, TC.\nImperative: {mkho} LZ, DK. - TC. \nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {'di dang phyi ma sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To want CD. To necessitate; to become necessary; to be in need DK. To want, to need TC. mkhyud|Present: {mkhyud} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mkhyud} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mkhyud} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mkhyud} LZ, DK. TC. \nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {don nam dpe sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To keep, to hold, to retain CD. To be secretive, to conceal one's knowledge with ill intention DK. (archaic) To hide (small religious instructions &c.) DS. To conceal, to hide TC. mkhyen|Present: {mkhyend} LZ. {mkhyen} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mkhyend} LZ, DK.{mkhyen} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mkhyen} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mkhyend} LZ. {mkhyen} DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TC.Involuntary:(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, (Skorupski 2001).Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {dgongs yul du} LZ.\nMeaning: To know CD. To know, to understand; to comprehend DK. To know, understand, examine DS. (honorific) To know, to comprehend TC.\nNote: Root given as mkhyen < *mkhyan < mkhan (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). mkhrang|Present: {mkhrang} ND. \nPast: {mkhrangs} ND.\nFuture: {mkhrang} ND.\nImperative: - ND.\nInvoluntary: ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {blo shed sogs} ND.\nMeaning: hard, solid, compact (Ja) CD. mkhreg|Present: {mkhreg} ND. \nPast: {mkhregs} ND.\nFuture: {mkhreg} ND.\nImperative: - ND.\nInvoluntary: ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {sra ba'i} ND.\nMeaning: hard, firm (Ja) CD. mkhren|Present: {mkhren} ND. \nPast: {mkhrend} ND.\nFuture: {mkhren} ND.\nImperative: - ND\nInvoluntary: ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {thugs la} ND. 'khang|Present: {'khang} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Denwood 1991: 136). \nPast: {'khang} ND, {'khangs} DK, DS, TC, (Denwood 1991: 136).\nFuture: {'khang} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'khangs} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To hurt at heart or offend, also to irritate CD. To be unsatisfied, to be discontented or hateful DK. To believe, to not be happy DS. To be resentful, to be spiteful, to bear ill will TC. To recriminate, complain, resist (Denwood 1991: 136) 'kham|Present: {'kham} CD, DK. {'khams} TC. \nPast: {'khams} DK, TC.\nFuture: {'kham} DK. {'khams} TC.\nImperative: {'khams} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To sink or fall down senseless; to faint away; to swoon. 2. To take into one's mouth (Sch.) CD. To faint, to become unconscious TC. 'khar|Present: {'khar} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {'khard} DK. {'khar} TC. \nFuture: {'khar} DK, TC.\nImperative: {'khard} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To adhere, to stick to CD. To long for; to crave for, to be greedy; to be impeded DK. To adhere to, to stick to, to be caught on TC. 'khal|Present: {'khal} LZ, CD, DK, (DS), TC. {'khel} DS, (TC). \nPast: {bkald} LZ, DK. {bkal} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bkal} LZ, DK, TC. {dgal} DS.\nImperative: {kheld} LZ. {'khald} DK. {khol} DS. {'khol} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {skud pa sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To spin. 2. (in West) To send; to forward things CD. To spin yard; to make thread DK. To spin wool, cotton, silk &c. into thread DS. To spin TC.\nNote: Compare {'khel} 'khu|Present: {'khu} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Denwood 1991: 136). \nPast: {'khus} LZ, DS, (Denwood 1991: 136). {'khu} ND, DK, TC.\nFuture: {'khu} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'khu} LZ, DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {zhe gnag gis} LZ.\nMeaning: To offend, to vie with, contend (Ja) CD. To be unsatisfied; to hate DK. To bear thoughts of harm DS. 1. To contend with, to vie with, to harm. 2. (archaic) To oppose TC. To oppose, rebel (Denwood 1991: 136).\nNote: perhaps to be linked with {dku}. 'khugs|{'khugs} DK, TC give as the present of {khug}. 'khun|Present: {'khun} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khund} LZ. {khund} DK, {'khun} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khun} LZ, [DS], TC. {khun} DK. \nImperative: {'khun} LZ. {'khund} DK. - TC\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {khur sogs kyis mnard te} LZ.\nMeaning: To pant, to whisper DK. For a sound to come from the throat because of illness DS. 1. To groan, to moan. 2. To be breathless. 3. To make a guttural sound like the cawing of a pigeon TC. 'khum|Present: {'khum} CD, DK, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {khums} CD.{'khum} ND {'khums} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khum} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'khums} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skum} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116)\nMeaning: To shrink CD. To contract, shrink; to be afraid of, to recoil DK. 1. To shrink in size. 2. To measure, be miserly DS. To shrink, contract TC. 'khums|Present: {'khums} LZ, DK.{'khum} CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khums} LZ, DK, DS, TC.{khums} CD, DK.{'khum} ND \nFuture: {'khums} LZ.{'khum} DS, TC. {khum} DK.\nImperative: {'khums} LZ. {khums} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {tshig don sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To comprehend CD. To comprehend, to hear DK, DS. To know, to have an idea of TC. 'khur|Present: {'khur} LZ, CD, DK, DS. TC. {bkur} CD (in West).\nPast: {khurd} LZ. {khur} DS, TC.{bkurd} DK.\nFuture: {khur} LZ, {'khur} DS, TC. {bkur} DK.\nImperative: {khur} LZ, DS, TC. {khurd} DK.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skur} (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nCharacteristic Example: {khres po sogs} LZ. \nMeaning: To carry; to fetch; in convey CD. To carry DK. To carry placed on a person's back or shoulders DS. To carry, to shoulder, to bear TC. 'khul|Present: {'khul} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {'khuld} DK.{'khul} (li yung khrang 1988).\nFuture: {'khul} DK, (li yung khrang 1988).\nImperative: {'khuld} DK. - (li yung khrang 1988).\nInvoluntary: (li yung khrang 1988).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skul} [Coblin 1986]\nMeaning: 1. To subdue, to subject (Nag) (Cs.). 2. To be uneasy about CD. To subdue, to force TC. 'khus|Present: {'khus} DK, TC. \nPast: {bkus} DK.\nFuture: {bku} DK.\nImperative: {khus} DK\nMeaning: To extract juice from; to take out juice DK. (archaic) To conceal TC. 'kheng|Present: {'kheng} TC. \nPast: {'khengs} TC.\nFuture: {'kheng} TC.\nImperative: - TC. \nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be frozen, to be congealed TC. 'khebs|{'khebs} CD, DK give as present to {khebs} 'khel|Present: {'khel} LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. {khel} CD. DS. {'gel} (CD).\nPast: {bkald} LZ, ND. {khel} CD, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bkal} LZ.{dgal} LZ.{'khal} ND{NDB seems to read 'khas but this is more likely a mistake than the 'khal of NDA. 'khel} DK, TC.{khel} [DS].\nImperative: {kheld} LZ, DK {khold} LZ, ND. - TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS. Involuntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 313), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax:[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 313). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'gel} (Beyer 1992: 113).\nCharacteristic Example: {khral dang chad pa sogs} LZ. {khal dang gzer lung la} LZ. {skud pa sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To put on, to pack on, to load ('khel) CD. 1. to load upon; = {'khel ba} (Ja), 2. reply upon; depend on (khel)CD. To be decided, to be confirmed; to strike, hit; to be on the way DK. 1. To strike (e.g. a target with arrow). 2. To decide on the meaning of a belief DS. 1. To be determined. 2. To make contact, to encounter, to coincide with, to endure. 3. To trust TC. 'kho|Present: {'kho} CD. \nPast: {'khos} (Zeisler 2004: 454).{khos} (Zeisler 2004: 454).\nFuture: {dgos} (see note).\nMeaning: To wish, to want, to think useful, serviceable, necessary (Ja) CD.\nNote: Compare {khos pa} 'wanted, wished for', compare also {mkho} 'to be desirable, necessary' {mkhos phub} 'fancy for something' (CD). {dgos} 'to need' may perhaps be related as the future stem (Zeisler 2004: 454 n. 138). 'khong|Present: {'khong} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khong} [DS].\nFuture: {'khong} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To draw in one's limbs; to sit in a cowering position, to squat; to hide one's self CD. 1. To be unsatisfiedly unhappy. 2. To remain with the body's limbs contracted. 3. ({mdo smad} dialect for {sgong} ) To make into a ball (barley flower &c.) DS. (archaic) To be disheartened TC.\nNote: Compare {bkong} and {'gong} 'khod|Present: {'khod} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khod} LZ, [DS], TC. {khod} DK. \nFuture: {'khod} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'khod} LZ. {khod} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC. Transitive: (Gyurme 1992: 247)\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'god} (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {gdan sogs} la LZ.\nMeaning: To sit, to dwell, to live; to be set down CD. To be registered; to sit down on a throne; to be enthroned; to become a leader; to be in line DK. To stay in one's place DS. 1. To be placed, to be present, to be situated. 2. To be established, to be set down, to be recorded, to be labeled TC.\nNote:(Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with {mkhos} /{khos} /{khod} 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, {sko} and {'god}. 'khon|Present: {bkon} LZ, TC.{'khon} ND, DK. \nPast: {bkond} LZ, ND, DK.\nFuture: {bkon} LZ, ND, DK.\nImperative: {bkond} LZ. {kond} ND, {khond} DK.\nVoluntary: ND.\nTransitive: (Skorupski 2001).\nCausative of: {'khon} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {gnod pa sogs} LZ. {logs la} ND.\nMeaning: To create enmity; to disturb a friendly relation or to cause disunion DK. To threaten, menace DS. (archaic) To bear a grudge, to harbor revenge TC. 'khon|Present: {'khon} LZ. DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {khond} LZ. {khon} DK.{'khon} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khon} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'khon} LZ. {khond} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'khon} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhan dang} LZ.\nMeaning: To bear a grudge or ill will against a person; to be dissatisfied with a thing; to be malicious, spiteful CD. To be revengeful, spiteful, hateful DK. 1. To bear enmity, hostility. 2. To be impeded, to be obstructed TC.\nNote:(Chang 1971: vii.16) suggests based on colloquial data a verb *'khon which means 'to get caught, or hung up' see note at {skon} , and {rkon}. 'khob|Present: {'khobs} CD. {'khob} DS, TC. \nPast: {'khobs} DS. {'khob} TC.\nFuture: {'khob} DS, TC.\nImperative: - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be startled, agitated, alarmed (Ja) CD. To be stiff due to cold DS. To be stiff, rigid TC. 'khoms|{'khoms} DK gives as the present of {khom} 'khor|Present: {'khord} LZ. {'khor} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khord} LZ, DK{'khor} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khor} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'khor} LZ. {'khord} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skor} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {las nyon gyis 'khor bar} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To turn round, circumambulate. 2. To be formed, perfected. CD. To rotate or turn round DK. 1. To turn at a hub. 2. To change direction. 3. To come, to gather DS. To revolve, to rotate, to spin, to go around, to elapse (of time) TC.\nNote: Compare the noun {sgor mo} 'round, a circle, globe'. 'khol|Present: {'khol} CD, DK, TC. {khol} DS.\nPast: {khol} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khol} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khold} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skol} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nMeaning: (in Medicine) To boil CD. To be boiling, to feel anxiety or to be agitated, to be active in service, to be an obedient servant DK. For bubbles to arise from within a liquid which has arrived at a certain temperature DS. To boil, be boiled TC. 'khol|Present: {'khol} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bkold} LZ, DK.{bkol} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bkol} LZ, DK, TC. {dgol} DS.\nImperative: {khol} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {khold} DK.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {g.yog sogs su} LZ. \nMeaning: 1. To make a person a slave; to bind as a servant, to cause to serve one. 2. To become insensible, to be asleep; to get benumbed in reference to the limbs (Sch.) CD. To use as a servant; to make somebody serve; to use DK. To use DS. To take into service, to assign someone, to use TC. 'khol|Present: {bkol} LZ, TC.{'khol} CD, ND, DK, DS. \nPast: {bkold} LZ, ND, DK.{bkol} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bkol} LZ, ND, DK, TC. {dgol} DS.\nImperative: {bkold} LZ. {khol} CD, DS, TC. {khold} ND, DK.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {logs dang zur du} LZ. {zur du las 'am} ND.\nMeaning: To save; to spare; to enjoy with moderation (Cs.) CD. To isolate, to keep separately DK. To separate apart, put aside DS. To select, set aside, single out, separate TC. 'khyag|Present: {'khyag} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khyags} ND, DK, DS, TC. {khyags} (DS).\nFuture: {'khyag} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: - ND, DS, TC. {'khyags} DK. \nInvoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {grang ba'i} ND.\nMeaning: To freeze, coagulate, feel cold CD. To freeze or become very cold, to be chilled DK. To cool DS. To be cold, to freeze TC. 'khyam|Present: {'khyam} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khyams} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khyam} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khyams} LZ. {'khyams} DK. - DS. {'khyoms} TC.\nInvoluntary:DS. Voluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {'khor ba sogs su} LZ.\nMeaning: To rove, to wander CD. To wander; to ramble DK. To go here and there without a definite goal DS. To wander, to roam, to travel aimlessly TC. 'khyar|Present: {'khyar} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khyard} LZ. {khyar} DK. {'khyar} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khyar} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'khyar} LZ. {khyard} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhan du} LZ.\nMeaning: To err, to go astray CD. To roam; to wander; to stray DK. To let out a secret DS. To be dislocated, to stray, to be dispersed, to be missing TC.\nNote: Root given as 'khyar < 'khor 'turn' (?) (Beyer 1992: 83). 'khyal|Present: {'khyal} LZ, DK. \nPast: {bkyald} LZ, DK.\nFuture: {bkyal} LZ, DK.\nImperative: {kyald} LZ. {'khyald} DK.\nCharacteristic Example: {don med pa'i ngag sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To talk nonsense, to gossip or drivel DK. 'khyal|Present: {'khyald} DK. {'khyal} DS, TC. \nPast: {khyal} DK. {'khyal} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khyal} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {khyald} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To gossip; to converse meaninglessly DK. 1. For earlier and later words to not be connected, for earlier and later to not be connected. 2. To move away from an earlier position DS. To lapse, to lose control, to go astray TC.\nNote: Compare the nouns {rkyal ka} , and {kyal ka} 'a joke, jest, trick'. 'khyig|Present: {'khyig} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'khyigs} LZ, (CD). \nPast: {bkyigs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bkyig} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khyigs} LZ, ND, DS, TC. {'khyigs} DK.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rkang lag sogs} LZ. {thag pas} ND.\nMeaning: To bind, to take prisoner; (in Central Tibet) to strangle, suffocate CD. To bind; to fasten or tie; to truss up DK. To restrain men, livestock &c. with a rope DS. To tie, bind TC. 'khyig|Present: {'khyig} DS. \nPast: {'khyigs} DS.\nFuture: {'khyig} DS.\nImperative: - DS.\nInvoluntary: DS.\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To tightly bind DS. 'khyigs|Present: {'khyigs} (Ja). \nMeaning: To comprise, encompass (Ja). 'khyid|Present: {'khyid} CD (archaic). \nMeaning: To turn, roll (one's eyes); to draw out; strain; to roll, revolve CD. 'khyims|Present: {'khyims} LZ, CD, DS. \nPast: {'khyims} LZ, [DS].\nFuture: {'khyims} LZ, [DS].\nImperative: {'khyims} LZ.\nIntransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {nyi zla sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be encircled with a halo, like the sun and moon CD. To seep out from DS.\nNote: Compare {'gyim pa} 'circumference'. 'khyir|Present: {'khyir} CD, DS, TC. {'khyird} DK. \nPast: {khyir} DK. {'khyir} [DS] TC.\nFuture: {'khyir} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {khyir} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To turn around CD. To wind round; to move in a circle; to circle DK. To rotate a parasol DS. To rotate, spin TC. 'khyil|Present: {'khyil} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'khyild} DK. \nPast: {'khyild} LZ. {khyil} DK. {'khyil} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khyil} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'khyil} LZ. {khyild} DK. -- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skyil} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {dgyibs kyi rnam pa sogs su} LZ.\nMeaning: To wind; to twist; to whirl around CD. To be collected or to be stored; to accumulate DK. 1. To be bent like the pattern of a conch shell. 2. For liquids (water &c.) to gather DS. 1. To be absorbed. 2. To whirl around, to twist, to coil up, to curl up, to spiral TC. 'khyu|{'khyu} CD gives as the present to {'khyus} 'khyug|Present: {'khyug} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'khyugs} DK. \nPast: {'khyug} LZ. {khyug} CD, DK. {'khyugs} DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khyug} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'khyug} LZ. {khyugs} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {glog dang nya chung sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To run, move swiftly CD. To move swiftly, to flash DK. To move swiftly, to flash TC. 'khyud|Present: {'khyud} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khyud} LZ, ND, [DS], TC. {khyud} DK.\nFuture: {'khyud} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'khyud} LZ, TC. {khyud} DK. \nInvoluntary: ND. Voluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS. Transitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {phan tshun} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To embrace. 2. To glide in or into. 3. To be able CD. To embrace or hug; to encompass; to coil up; to surround or to encircle; to have great faith or interest in some one or some thing DK. 1. Tug, to embrace. 2. To engage in sexual intercourse TC. 'khyur|Present: {'khyur} CD, TC. {'khyurd} DK.\nPast: {khyur} DK. {'khyur} TC.\nFuture: {'khyur} DK, TC.\nImperative: {khyurd} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skyur} [CD].(Beyer 1992: 116).\nMeaning: 1. To be separated, divorced (Cs.); to stop; to put an end to. 2. To be deserted (Ja) CD. To be transferred DK To be transferred, to be assigned TC. 'khyus|Present: {'khyu} CD. {'khyus} ND, DK, DS (archaic), TC. \nPast: {'khyus} CD, ND, TC. {khyus} DK.\nFuture: {'khyu} DK. {'khyus} TC.\nImperative: {khyus} DK.- TK.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {dkyu} NWH.\nMeaning: To run away CD, DK. (an archaic equivalent of 'bros) To flee DS. To run away, to flee TC.\nNote:ND lists another verb {'khyus} , {dkyus} , {dkyu} , {dkyus} with Characteristic Example {bros pa'i} which is clearly a confusion between this verb and {dkyu} , compare {dkyu}. 'khyeg|Present: {'khyeg} ND. \nPast: {bkyeg} ND.\nFuture: {'gyeg} ND.\nImperative: {khyog} ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {yar la} ND. 'khyed|Present: {'khyed} CD.\nPast: {khyed} (Beyer 1992: 113).\nResultative of: {'gyed} (Beyer 1992: 113)\nMeaning: 1. To be sufficient, to suffice, to be enough; to hold out. 2. (Central Dialect) To gain (a lawsuit); to be acquitted (Ja) CD. 'khyer|Present: {'khyer} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {khyerd} LZ, ND, DK. {khyer} DS, TC.\nFuture: {khyer} LZ, DK. {'khyer} ND, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khyer} LZ, DS, TC. {khyerd} ND. {'khyerd} DK.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS. Transitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rdzas sogs gzhan du} LZ. {lag tu} ND.\nMeaning: To carry away, to take away CD. To carry, to take away, to bring DK. To carry, to take away TC. 'khyel|Present: {'khyel} CD. \nMeaning: (in Ladakh) To hit, to strike CD. 'khyog|Present: {'khyog} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {khyog} CD. {'khyog} ND. {'khyogs} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khyog} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khyog} CD. {'khyogs} DK. - DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD. Involuntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To lift; lift up. 2. To carry, to bring CD. To be crooked; to become crooked, to twist DK. To be bent, to be crooked, to sway, to curve TC. 'khyong|Present: {'khyong} LZ, CD, TC. {'khyongs} CD, DK, DS. \nPast: {'khyongs} LZ, [DS], TC. {khyong} DK.\nFuture: {'khyong} LZ, DK, TC. {'khyongs} [DS].\nImperative: {khyongs} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC. Voluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {nyin dnag thun sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To observe. 2. (in Ladakh) To bring (Ja), (Ramsay) CD. 1. To continue without interruption. 2. To arrive at a good or complete [state]. 3. To be able. 4. To enunciate, use good diction DS. To continue, to conclude TC. 'khyom|Present: {'khyom} LZ, CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khyoms} LZ, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khyom} LZ, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khyoms} LZ. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skyom} (Chang 1971: v. 4), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116)\nBeyer incorrectly gives {'khyo} [sic] 'reel, stagger' for 'khyom, with causative {skyom} 'shake, agitate' (Beyer 1992: 116)., (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {sa dang sems sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: (in Central Tibet) To reel, stagger CD. To be aroused, to be agitated, to be disturbed. 2. To sway, to roll, to rock TC. 'khyor|Present: {'khyor} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khyor} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khyor} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be unsteady; to miss, fail, not to hit (Cs.); to reel, stager from intoxication CD. To be unsteady, to stagger, to totter TC.\nNote: Root given as 'khyor < 'khor 'turn' (Beyer 1992: 83) 'khyol|Present: {'khyol} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'khyold} DK. \nPast: {'khyold} LZ. {khyol} DK. {'khyol} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khyol} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'khyold} LZ. {khyold} (LZ), DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {nyams len sogs tshad du} LZ.\nMeaning: To be carried, to be bought CD. To reach one's destination; to complete one's life DK. To be concluded, to be finished, to reach a goal TC. \nNote: CD suggests comparison with {skyel} 'khra|Present: {'khra} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khras} LZ, CD (probably), DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khra} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'khras} LZ, DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rten gnas sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To lean to; to incline toward (Cs.) CD. To crave for; to be impeded DK. (archaic) To be attached, to stay in one place, to depend on TC. 'khrab|Present: {'khrab} CD, DK, DS. \nPast: {bkrab} CD.{skrab} CD. {bkrabs} DK. DS.\nFuture: {bkrab} DK, (DS). {dkrab} DS.\nImperative: {'khrabs} DK. {khrobs} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nResultative of: {skrab} NWH.\nDenominative of: {'khrab ma} 'flail, fan' NWH.\nMeaning: 1. To strike; to beat (in regular, strokes as in swimming and rowing). 2. To winnow, to fan. 3. To blink, twinkle, wink with the eyes. 4. To jest, joke. 5. To leap, jump. 6. To scoop out; to bail out CD. To select; to move legs, eyes etc. to dance DK. To thresh or winnow chaff from grain with a flail or fan DS. 'khrab|Present: {'khrab} LZ, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khrabs} LZ, TC. {'khrab} [DS].\nFuture: {'khrab} LZ, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {khrobs} LZ. {'khrobs} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 339), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 339), (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skrab} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {bro gar sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To dance DS. To perform, to stage, to beat, to stamp TC. 'khri|Present: {'khri} CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khris} CD, DS, TC. {'khri} ND.\nFuture: {'khri} DS, TC.\nImperative: - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {dkri} [CD] (Chang 1971: v.6) (Duff).\nMeaning: To wind, compress; entangle, hold fast CD. To be responsible, to be tied down by responsibilities TC. 'khrig|Present: {'khrig} LZ, ND, CD, DK. {'khrigs} DS, TC. \nPast: {'khrigs} LZ, DK, [DS], TC. {'khrig} LZ, ND.\nFuture: {'khrig} LZ, DK. {'khrigs} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {khrigs} LZ. {'khrig} LZ. {'khrigs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {dkrig} (Duff). Resultative of: {'grig} (Beyer 1992: 112).\nCharacteristic Example: {khug rna dang sprin sogs} LZ. {'dod pas} LZ.\nMeaning: To cohere; to stick together, become thick CD. To become overcast, to be piled up DK. To thicken, to become dense, to gather TC. 'khrid|Present: {bkri} LZ, CD (archaic), TC.{'khrid} CD, ND, DK, DS. \nPast: {bkris} LZ, CD, DK, (DS), TC. {bkri} CD.{bkrid} ND.\nFuture: {bkri} LZ, ND, DK, (DS), TC.\nImperative: {khrid} ND, DK, DS. {bkris} LZ, (DS), TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skri} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {thar lam dang gzhan sogs su} LZ. {gnas su} ND.\nMeaning: To lead; to conduct; bring to a place, especially used with in connection with animals and children, also of leading and army ('khrid)CD. To draw, to try, to acquire, to search for (bkri) CD. To lead; to bring to a place; to take; to guide from the worldly misery DK. 1. To lead on a path. 2. To teach, instruct. 3. To lead, turn someone to go in a particular direction (DS). To guide, lead TC. 'khrid|Present: {'khrid} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {khrid} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {khrid} LZ, DK. {'khrid} DS, TC.\nImperative: {khrid} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gnas dang dpe cha sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To lead; to conduct; bring to a place, especially used with in connection with animals and children, also of leading and army CD. To explain a book; to teach in detail DK.1. To lead on a path. 2. To teach, instruct. 3. To lead, turn someone to go in a particular direction DS. 1. To lead, to draw, to take, to guide, to bring, to conduct. 2. To instruct, to teach TC. 'khrims|Present: {'khrims} DS. \nPast: {'khrims} [DS].\nFuture: {'khrims} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To be cowardly, terror having arisen DS. 'khril|Present: {'khril} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'khrild} DK. {khril} (DS).\nPast: {'khrild} LZ. {khril} DK, [(DS)]. {'khril} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khril} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.{khril} [(DS)].\nImperative: {'khril} LZ. {khrild} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {dkri} (Chang 1971: v.6). {sgril} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {lus dang shing sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To wind, coil round, to clasp round CD. To embrace; to hug; to coil up DK. To coil, wind around TC. 'khris|Present: {'khris} LZ. \nPast: {'khris} LZ.\nFuture: {'khris} LZ. \nImperative: {'khris} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {'dod yon sogs la} LZ. 'khru|Present: {'khru} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {khrus} DK. {'khrus} DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khru} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'khrus} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'khrud} NWH.\nMeaning: To wash, to bathe CD. To become clean; to be washed DK. To have diarrhea TC. 'khrug|Present: {'khrug} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khrug} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khrug} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'khrugs} ND, DK. - ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND. Involuntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {dkrug} [CD], (Chang 1971: v. 6), (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {dmag sogs} ND. {dmag} ND.\nMeaning: To be in commotion, to be disturbed CD. To fight; to quarrel; to disturb or to be in disorder; to be confused DK. 1. To be disturbed, to be agitated. 2. To fight, to quarrel TC. 'khrung|Present: {'khrung} CD, DK, DS, TC. {'khrungs} CD. \nPast: {'khrungs} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'khrung} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'khrung} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: (honorific) 1. To be born to. 2. To arise, come from. 3. To come up, shoot, sprout, grow (Ja) CD. To be born DK. (honorific) To be born TC. 'khrud|Present: {'khru} LZ, (TC).{'khrud} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bkrus} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.{'khrus} CD.\nFuture: {bkru} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khru} (Zeilser 2004: 348).{khrus} LZ, ND, DK DS TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khru} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {sgrub chu sogs kyis} LZ\nMeaning: To wash, to cleanse, to bathe CD. To wash; to cleanse; to take a bath DK. To wash TC. 'khrul|Present: {'khrul} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'khruld} DK. {'khrul} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'khrul} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'khruld} DK. - TC\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'grul} (Beyer 1992: 112).\nMeaning: To be insane or deranged CD. To be mistaken, to be confused DK. To be mistaken, to err, to be bewildered, to be deranged, to hallucinate TC. 'khren|Present: {'khren} LZ, CD. {'khrend} DK. \nPast: {'khrend} LZ. {khren} DK.\nFuture: {'khren} LZ, DK.\nImperative: {khrend} LZ, DK.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {khyim sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To wish, to long for. 2. To look upon with envy, jealousy (Ja) CD. To long for; to crave for; to be greedy DK. 'khreb|Present: {'khreb} DS, TC. \nPast: {'khreb} [DS]. {'khrebs} TC.\nFuture: {'khreb} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.Intransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning:To squint?? mig rdeb DS.To be stubborn TC. 'khrel|Present: {'khreld} DK. \nPast: {khrel} DK.\nFuture: {'khrel} DK.\nImperative: {khreld} DK.\nMeaning: To hate, dislike; to be hesitant DK. 'khro|{'khro} CD. gives as the present to {khro}. 'khrog|Present: {'khrog} TC. \nPast: {'khrogs} TC.\nFuture: {'khrog} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {dkrog} (Chang 1971: v.6), (Gyurme 1992: 258), [Duff].{skrog} (Chang 1971: v.6)\nMeaning: To dislocate a joint. 2. To have a rumbling stomach, to have borborygmus. 3. To be hard of hearing TC.\nNote:(Chang 1971: v.6) suggests a verb *[']-khrog-[s] with the definition 'to get churned'. (Gyurme 1992: 158) gives the definition 'to be agitated'. 'khrol|Present: {'khrol} LZ, CD, ND, DS. {dkrol} LZ, DK, TC.\nPast: {bkrold} LZ. {dkrold} LZ, ND, DK. {dkrol} CD, DS, TC. {bkrol} (DS)\nFuture: {dkrol} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khrold} LZ. {khrol} CD, DS. {dkrold} ND, DK. {dkrol} TC.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khrol2} (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {rol mo sogs} (dkrol)LZ. {sil rnyan bon rna sogs} ('khrol)LZ.{rol ma sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To cause to sound; make a noise; play CD. 3 To sound; to play musical instruments DK. To draw out sound from a music instrument DS. To play a musical instrument TC 'khrol|Present: {'khrol} DK, TC. \nPast: {'khrold} DK. {'khrol} TC.\nFuture: {'khrol} DK, TC.\nImperative: {'khrold} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nResultative of: {'khrol} (Duff)\nMeaning: To sound DK. To play a musical instrument TC. 'khrol|Present: {'khrol} TC (Bielmeier 1988: 20)\nPast: {'khrol} TC.{khrol} (Bielmeier 1988: 20)\nFuture: {'khrol} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nIntransitive:TC.Transitive:(Bielmeier 1988: 20)\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {grol} (Bielmeier 1988: 20).\nMeaning: To unravel, decipher, to be given permission, consent TC (Duff). To untie something (Bielmeier 1988: 20). gang|Present: {gang} CD, DS, TC. {'gang} DK.\nPast: {gang} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gang} [DS], TC.{'gang} DK.\nImperative: {gang} DK- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Inst.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'geng} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).{sgang} NWH.\nMeaning: To fill, to make fill CD. To be full; to become full DK. To pervade the parts, to reach the amount DS. To be full, to become full TC.\nNote: Compare {kheng} , and {skong}. gab|Present: {gab} CD, DS, TC. {'gabs} DK.\nPast: {gab} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'gab} DK. {gab} [DS], TC. \nImperative: {gabs} DK{gob} TC. \nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'gebs} (Chang 1971: vii.16-17), (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nMeaning: To hide, to conceal one's self CD. To hide; to conceal one's self DK. To hide DS. To hide oneself, to conceal oneself TC. gal|Present: {gal} CD, DK. \nPast: {gald} DK.\nFuture: {gal} DK.\nImperative: {gald} DK.\nMeaning: To force, to press something on a person CD. To be liable for; to be subject to a tax DK. gas|Present: {gas} [CD], DS, TC. \nPast: {gas} [DS].\nFuture: {gas} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {'gas1} TC.\nMeaning: To split, to crack, to burst apart [CD]. (for a substance) To fracture DS. To break, split TC.\nNote: to be identified with {'gas} gug|Present: {gug} LZ, CD, TC. {'gug} DK.\nPast: {bkug} LZ.{gug} DK, TC.\nFuture: {bkug} LZ.{gug} DK, TC.\nImperative: {gug} LZ.{'gugs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharectaristic example: {shing sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To stoop, bend, to bow down. 2. (In West) to rub or scratch gently; to tickle CD. To bend toward, to bend down DK. To bend down, to stoop down, to be bent, to b3e crooked, to bow down TC.\nNote: related to {dgu} (Duff) also compare {'gugs}. gud|Present: {gud} TC. \nPast: {gud} TC.\nFuture: {gud} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To decline, to fade TC. gus|Present: {gus} DK, TC. \nPast: {gus} DK, TC.\nFuture: {gus} DK, TC.\nImperative: {gus} DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To respect; to show respect DK. To be respectful, to bow down, to salute TC. go|Present: {go} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bgos} LZ. {go} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bgo} LZ. {go} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gos} LZ. {go} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Gyurme 1992: 252), [Goldstein 1991: 127], (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, (Gyurme 1992: 252), [Goldstein 1991: 127]. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {nyan} (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {chos gos sogs lus pa} LZ.\nMeaning: To understand, to perceive mentally CD. To hear; to comprehend or understand; to perceive DK. 1. To understand. 2. To hear DS. 1. To understand. 2. To hear TC. gog|Present: {gog} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bkog} LZ {gog} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dgog} LZ. {gog} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gog} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC. Voluntary:(Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'gog2} (Chang 1971: vii.17)\nCharacteristic Example: {shing shun sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To crawl. 2. To crumble off; to scale off CD. To become older and older; to age; to decay; to crawl DK. To crawl with four limbs on the ground DS. To crawl TC. god|Present: {god} LZ, CD, TC. \nPast: {god} LZ, DK.\nFuture: {god} LZ, TC.\nImperative: {god} LZ. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rgyun nor sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To suffer loss CD. To be squandered, to be diminished TC. gon|Present: {gon} CD, DK, DS. \nPast: {gond} DK. {gon} [DS].\nFuture: {gon} DK, [DS].\nImperative: {gond} DK.\nVoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS.\nResultative of: {g.yog} (Chang vii.16, see note at skon). {skon} (Chang vii.16, see note at skon), (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nMeaning: To put clothes on CD. To put on; to wear DK. To wear shoes etc DS.\nNote: a variant of {gyon} CD, (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Hoshi 2003). See note at {skon}. gom|{gom} LZ gives as the present of {'gom}. goms|Present: {goms} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {goms} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {goms} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {goms} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgom} [Duff]\nMeaning: To be accustomed to, used to DK. To become familiar with, used to DS. To become accustomed to, to become familiar with TC. gol|Present: {'gol} CD.{'gold} DK.{gol} DS (archaic), TC. \nPast: {gol} CD, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'gol} DK. {gol} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gold} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To part, separate. 2. To deviate, err, go astray CD. To go to an isolated place DK. (archaic) To err, go wrong DS. To mistake, to go astray, to miss TC.\nNote: Root given as T 'gol ba , OT dgol pha (<*dgold, as indicated by the use of the suffix pha) (Coblin 1986). gos|Present: {gos} DS. \nPast: {gos} [DS].\nFuture: {gos} [DS].\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: For one thing to stick on another thingDS. gyar|Present: {gyar} TC. \nPast: {gyar} TC.\nFuture: {gyar} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To encounter, to fall into (a state). 2. To go astray, to wander. 3. To be dispersed, to get lost TC. gyed|Present: {gyed} DS. \nPast: {gyed} [DS].\nFuture: {gyed} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To open a gap DS. gyer|Present: {dgyer} CD, DK. {gyer} DS, TC. \nPast: {gyer} CD, [DS], TC.{bgyerd} DK.\nFuture: {gyer} [DS], TC.{bgyer} DK.\nImperative: {gyer} TC.{bgyerd} DK.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To sing, chant (gyer) [CD]. To sing, chant (an expression of the Bon-po) (dgyer) CD. To put in tune, to chant DK.To recite with a certain intonation DS. To sing, chant, to hum a tune TC. gyes|Present: {gyes} CD.\nMeaning: To analyze, to split asunder CD.\nNote: elsewhere CD refers gyes to {'gyes}. gyon|Present: {gyon} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {gyon} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gyon} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gyon} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {skon} (Gyurme 1992: 259), {skyon} NWH.\nMeaning: To put on; to dress; to wear CD. To cover the body with a hat &c. DS. To wear, to put on TC.\nNote: Root given as gyon < gon (Beyer 1992: 83).\nNote: Not to be differntiate from {gon} CD, (Gyurme 1992: 259). gyol|Present: {gyol} DS. \nPast: {gyol} [DS].\nFuture: {gyol} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To have difficulty walking because of a problem with the feet (for either men or livestock) DS. grag|Present: {grag} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {grags} CD, DS.{grag} DK, TC. \nFuture: {grag} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {grag} DK- DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To sound forth; to utter a cry or sound, of men, animals, thunder, &c.; to shout [CD]. To repeat a statement without agreeing with it DK. 1. To make a noise, sound. 2. To speak. 3. To hear, understand (a name, some news &c.) DS. 1. To resound, to emit sound, (preceded by {kha} ) to speak. 2. To hear TC.\nNote: Compare {grags} and {sgrog}. grags|Present: {'grags} CD.{grags} DK, TC. \nPast: {grags} CD, DK, TC.\nFuture: {grags} DK, TC.\nImperative: {grags} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgrog} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nMeaning: To be famous; to be called CD. To become well known, to be famous DK. To be well known TC.\nNote: Compare {grag}. grags|Present: {grags} CD. {'grags} CD. \nMeaning: To bind, fasten up a load (Ja) CD. grang|Present: {grang} DS. \nPast: {grang} [DS].\nFuture: {grang} [DS].\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: For the body to experience getting cold DS. grang|Auxiliary: {grang} (Gyurme 1992: 150-152), (Hahn 1994: S4, 126-8), (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).\nFunction: (rare, main verb is negated) Its main function is to express a certain necessity (Hahn 1994: S4, 126-8). Introduces a question which anticipates a negative response (Gyurme 1992: 150-152). 1. To be suitable, allowed. 2. (archaic) A question word similar to gam, ngam, &c. (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).\nNote: Compare {krang} grangs|{grangs} LZ. gives as the present of {bgrang} grabs|Present: {grabs} LZ. \nPast: {grabs} LZ.\nFuture: {grabs} LZ. \nImperative: {grabs} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {'gro chas sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. (verb + {grabs} ) about to do the verbal action. 2. (transitive verb. + {grabs} + {byed} ) to make preparations (Goldstein 2001). gram|Present: {gram} [CD], DS, TC.\nPast: {gram} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gram} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'grems} (Gyurme 1992: 258] (Duff).\nMeaning: 1. To spread (as of grain, for drying). 2. To put or lay down in order (beams, &c.); to spread out; to display; to scatter; to draw (a curtain) [CD].To cover, pervade, arrive DS. To be covered, to be strewn, to be scattered TC.\nNote: Compare {'grams} gras|Present: {gras} CD. {dras} CD.\nMeaning: To bind CD. grim|Present: {grim} CD, DS, TC. {'grim} (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nPast: {grims} DS.{grim} TC. \nFuture: {grim} DS, TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgrim} (Duff). (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nMeaning: To hasten; to hurry (Sch.) CD. To be wound tighter (of thread, rope &c.) DS. To become tight, to be tightened TC. grug|Present: {grug} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {grug} [DS]. {grugs} TC.\nFuture: {grug} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS.Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To break into small pieces, to crumble, to bruise CD. 1. To break into small pieces. 2. For men's skin to become course because of cold DS. 1. To be chipped, to be broken, to be bruised. 2. To be chapped, cracked TC. grungs|{grungs} LZ. gives as the present to bgrung. grum|{grum} DS gives as the present of {'grum} grums|{grums} TC. gives as the present of {'grum}. grus|{grus} LZ. gives as the present of {bgrud} gron|Present: {gron} DS. \nPast: {gron} [DS].\nFuture: {gron} [DS].\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To waste, spoil DS. grol|Present: {grol} LZ, DS, TC. {'grol} CD, (Bielmeier 1988: 20). {'grold} DK.\nPast: {grold} LZ.{grol} CD, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'grol} DK.{grol} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {grold} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 287), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC, (Bielmeier 1988: 20).\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 287).\nResultative of: {'grol} (Chang 1971: vii.18), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).{sgrol} (Gyurme 1992: 259) [Duff], {'khrol} (Bielmeier 1988: 20)\nCharacteristic Example: {sdug bsngal sogs las} LZ.\nMeaning: To escape, be liberated, be released from CD. To be free from suffering; to become free; to be liberated DK. 1. For a knot or binding to come undone. 2. To individually separate, come to an end. 3. To become free DS. To adjourn, to close down, to break up, to uncoil. 2. To be free, to be liberated TC. To get untied (Bielmeier 1988: 20). gla|Present: {gla} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {glas} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gla} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {glas} LZ, DK, DS. {glos} TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {khal rta sogs brngan pas} LZ.\nMeaning: To hire; to rent DK. 1. To exploit. 2. To hire. 3. To rent DS. To hire, to rent TC. glan|Present: {glan} LZ, CD, DK. {glon} CD, DS, TC. {blan} (Goldstein 2001).\nPast: {gland} LZ, DK. {glan} DS, TC.\nFuture: {glan} LZ, DK, TC. {glon} DS.\nImperative: {glan} LZ. {gland} DK. {glon} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {gling bu dang lhan pa sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To patch up; to mend. 2. To return. 3. (colloquial for {glen} ) To speak ({glan} ) CD. To return an answer; to reply. 2. To patch, mend ({glon} ) CD. To answer, to patch DK. 1. To join, place, contact, one thing on another thing. 2. To send a reply, to harm in return for a reply which harms DS. 1. To patch, mend. 2. To return a favor, to respond to, to reciprocate. 3. (archaic) To love, crave, desire TC.\nNote:(Beyer 1992: 110) suggests a connection to the noun {lan} 'answer'. glal|Present: {glal} CD, DK, DS, TC. {klal} CD, (DS).\nPast: {glald} DK.{glal} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {glal} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {glald} DK. {---} TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To yawn or gasp CD. To display emotion through physical posture; to open [the] mouth; to yawn DK. 1. To yawn. 2. To stretch out TC.\nNote: Compare the verb {g-yal} 'to yawn'. glas|Present: {glas} TC.\nMeaning: (archaic) to move house TC. gleng|Present: {gleng} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {glengs} CD.\nPast: {glengs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gleng} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {glengs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: LZ, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {gtam gzhi sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To say, converse, relate, describe CD. To talk, say, mention DK. gleb|Present: {gleb} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {glebs} CD.\nPast: {glebs} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gleb} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {glebs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {rkang pas} LZ.\nMeaning: To make flat, plain (Cs.) ({gleb} )CD. To trample; to tread down; to press down by the feet ({glebs} ) CD. To press down; to tread on DK. To press down, make flat DS. To flatten, press TC. glem|Present: {glem} CD, DK. \nPast: {glems} DK.\nFuture: {glem} DK.\nImperative: {glems} DK\nMeaning: To press, squeeze; to crush, squash (Ja.) CD. To squash, squeeze; to press, crush DK. glong|Present: {glong} DS. \nPast: {glongs} DS.\nFuture: {glong} DS.\nImperative: {glongs} DS\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To scower DS. glod|Present: {glod} LZ, CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {glod} LZ, DK, TC.\nFuture: {glod} LZ, DK, TC.\nImperative: {glod} LZ, DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {bcur sems sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To relax, loosen; to release; to set free DK. To release, to set free, to let go, to let loose TC. glon|{glon} CD, DS, TC. give as the present of {glan} dga'|Present: {dga'} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {dga'} ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dga'} DK, [DS]. TC.\nImperative: - ND, TC. {dga'} DK.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To rejoice CD. To be happy, please; to be delighted DK. To become happy DS. To be glad, to be pleased, to be happy, take delight TC.\nNote: Related by ablaut to {mgu} (Simon 1971: 474). dgar|Present: {dgar} LZ, CD, DK, (DS) TC. {dgor} ND. {'ger} DS.\nPast: {bkard} LZ, ND.{bkar} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {dgar} LZ, ND{NDB appears to have dga' but this seems unlikely.} , DK, (DS), TC. {bkar} DS.\nImperative: {dgard} LZ, DK.{dkord} ND. {khor} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {mang po las} LZ.{logs su'?A? zur du} ND.\nMeaning: To separate; confine; place apart (men, cattle, goods) CD. To segregate; to cross examine; to separate; to isolate DK. 1. To separate. 2. To erect a tent with a poles. 3. To put under lamp light DS. 1. To set aside, to separate, to isolate, to quarantine, (usually following {logs su} ). 2. To erect, pitch a tent with a pole TC. dgas|Present: {dgas} CD, DK. {'ges} CD. {'gas} DS. \nPast: {bkas} CD, DK, DS.\nFuture: {dgas} CD, DK, DS.\nImperative: {dgas} DK. {khos} CD, DS.\nVoluntary: CD, DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nCausative of: {'gas2} [Chang 1971: vii.17]\nMeaning: To crack; to split; to cleave (in two) (dgas) CD. To split, cleave, divide ('ges)CD. To crack; to split; to cut into halves or pieces DK. To split, break apart wood &c. with a knife or axe DS. dgu|Present: {dgu} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {dgu} DK, TC.\nFuture: {dgu} DK, TC.\nImperative: {dgu} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To bend; to make crooked CD. To bend down, to become crooked DK. To bend down, to stoop down TC.\nNote: Related to {gug} [Duff]. dge|Present: {dge} ND. \nPast: {dge} ND. dges|Present: {dges} CD, DK. \nPast: {dges} DK.\nFuture: {dges} DK.\nImperative: {dges} DK.\nMeaning: Delighted, pleased, cheered CD. To be delighted; to rejoice DK.\nNote: perhaps related to {dgyes} ? dgog|{dgog} LZ gives as the present of {'gog}. dgogs|{dgogs} DK givess as the present of {'gog} dgogs|Present: {dgogs} DK. \nPast: {gogs} DK.\nFuture: {dgog} DK.\nImperative: {gogs} DK.\nMeaning: To cough DK. dgongs|Present: {dgongs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {dgongs} LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dgongs} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {dgongs} LZ, DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {thugs la} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To think, to reflect, to contemplate, to consider. 2. (usually with terminative of the infinitive) To purpose, intend CD. To think, to reflect, to contemplate, to consider DK. (honorific) To think, remember DS. (honorific) To think, intend TC. dgod|Present: {dgod} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {rgod} CD, DK, (DS), (TC). \nPast: {bgad} LZ, [CD], ND, DK, DS, TC. {brgad} [CD], (DS).{rgod} DK.\nFuture: {bgad} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {rgod} DK.\nImperative: {dgod} LZ, ND, DK DS, TC. {rgod} DK, (DS).\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nDenominative of: {gad mo} 'laughter'NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {gad mo sogs} LZ. {gad mo} ND.\nMeaning: To laugh (dgod) CD. 1. To laugh. 2. To grow weak, languid, indolent (rgod) CD. To make laugh or smile (dgod) DK. To focus; to become mentally excited (rgod) DK. To make a sound of joy, and manifest a delighted mind DS. To laugh TC. dgod|{dgod} LZ. gives as the present of {'god} dgor|{dgor} ND. gives as the present of {dgar} dgos|Present: {dgos} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {dgos} DK, TC.\nFuture: {dgos} DK, TC.\nImperative: {dgos} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: Implies necessity and what is due or desired; to be necessary, to want CD. To want; to be necessary DK. To need, require TC. dgos|Auxiliary:DS.\nFunction: (an auxiliary verb when attached to the end of another verb) To encourage, exort to do DS. dgye|Present: {dgye} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gye} DK. {dgye} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dgye} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {dgye} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To bend; to be curving or crooked CD. To straighten DK. To bend backwards or straighten the body DS. To bend backwards, to lean backwards TC.\nNote: Compare {dgyed} dgyed|Present: {dgyed} TC. \nPast: {dgyed} TC.\nFuture: {dgyed} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To fall backwards TC.\nNote: Compare {dgye}. dgyed|{dgyed} (DS) gives as a present to {'gyed} dgyer|{dgyer} CD, DK. give as the present of gyer dgyel|Present: {dgyel} CD, DS. \nMeaning: To fall down, tumble down CD. To cause a person or upright thing to lie horizontally DS.\nNote: Compare {sgyel}. dgyes|Present: {dgyes} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {dgyes} KYN, LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dgyes} KYN, LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {dgyes} KYN, LZ, DK- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rang gzhan la} LZ.\nMeaning: (honorific) 1. To rejoice, to be glad. 2. To be pleased to; to choose CD. To be delighted; to be happy, pleased; to rejoice DK. (honorific) To become happy DS. (honorific) To rejoice, to be happy, to be delighted TC.\nNote: Root given as dgyes < *dgya < *dga (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). cf. {dga'} dgrad|Present: {dgrad} DS. \nPast: {dgrad} [DS]. \nFuture: {dgrad} [DS]. \nMeaning: 1. Stretch the feet making the space between the two feet larger. 2. To spread apart (claws &c.) DS. dgrong|Present: {krongs} LZ. {dgrong} CD, DK, TC. {'grong} ND, DS.\nPast: {bkrongs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.{'krongs} ND.\nFuture: {bkrong} LZ, NDA, DK. {dgrong} DS, NDB, TC. \nImperative: {krongs} LZ. {dgrongs} DK, TC. {grongs} ND, DS\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {'grongs} (Chang 1971: vii.19), (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nCharacteristic Example: {dug mtshon sogs kyis} LZ. {bsad pa'i} ND.\nMeaning: To die (respectful for {shi ba} ) CD. To assassinate; to kill DK. To kill DS. (honorific) To be killed, to die TC. dgrol|{dgrol} LZ. gives as the present of {'grol} bgag|Present: {bgags} LZ. {'gog} DK.{bgag} TC.\nPast: {bkags} LZ. {bgags} (CD), DK, TC.\nFuture: {bkag} LZ. {bgag} DK, TC. {bkag} (DK).\nImperative: {gogs} LZ. {khogs} DK. {bgogs} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {lam sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To block, stop; to obstruct; to limit, retain DK. To impede, obstruct, block TC.\nNote:DS gives {bgags} as an alternative spelling of {bsgags} the past of sgog. Compare {'gog}. bgam|Present: {bgam} LZ, DK, TC. {'gam} DS. \nPast: {bgam} LZ. TC. {bgams} DK, DS. \nFuture: {bgam} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {bgam} LZ. {bgams} DK. {'goms} DS. {bgom} TC.\nVoluntary: DS, C.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {nyams dang tshod sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To estimate a person; to examine indirectly, to spy DK. 1. To examine, determine, size up a situation DS. To test, to estimate, to judge, to guess TC. bgo|Present: {bgo} ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bgos} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bgo} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {bgos} ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND. \nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). Involuntary: ND\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bgo sha go cha bag chags} (bgos) ND. {go cha dang skal ba} (-) ND.\nMeaning: To put on, to wear DK. To make wear, to wear a garment &c. DS. 1. To wear, to clothe, to put on. 2. To divide, to apportion TC. bgod|Present: {bgod} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bgos} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bgo} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {bgod} LZ, DK. {bgos} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, C.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {'bul rdzas sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To divide CD. To divide; to share DK. 1. To allocate, apportion, allot. 2. (mathematics) To divide DS. To divide, apportion, allocate TC. bgom|{bgom} CD, ND give as the present of {'gom} bgoms|{bgoms} CD gives as the present of {'gom}. bgor|{bgor} CD, TC give as the present to {'gor}. bgyang|{bgyang} TC. gives as the present of {'gyangs} bgyid|Present: {bgyid} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bgyis} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bgyi} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {gyi} (Zeisler 2004: 348).{gyis} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {chos dge ba sogs} LZ, {bya las sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To do, to make CD. To work, to do DK. To do an action DS. To do, to perform, to make, to carry out TC. bgrang|Present: {'dren} LZ, DK, (TC).{grangs} LZ. {bgrang} CD, DS, TC. {bgreng} [CD] {'grang} [CD] \nPast: {bgrangs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bgrang} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'drongs} LZ. {'drend} DK. {bgrongs} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgrong} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {grangs sogs} (grangs) LZ.{ma?G?i sogs} ('dren) LZ.\nMeaning: To number, count, calculate CD. To count, calculate, find out by working with numbers DS. To count, enumerate, to compute, to calculate, to list, relate TC. bgrad|Present: {bgrad} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'grad} [CD], DK.{dgrad} (DS).\nPast: {bgrad} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bgrad} LZ, DK, [DS] TC.\nImperative: {bgrad} LZ. {'grad} DK. {bgrod} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {bsgrad} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {rkang pa sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To open wide (bgrad) CD. To spread, enter ('grad)CD. To open widely, e.g. one's mouth or leg's &c. To stare DK. To open the eyes wide DS. 1. To open wide, to spread apart, to expose. 2. To stretch out TC. bgril|Present: {bgril} CD, TC. \nPast: {bgril} TC.\nFuture: {bgril} TC.\nImperative: {bgril} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {'gril} [TC]\nMeaning: To fall down; to drop down CD. To cause to fall down, to bring down TC. bgru|{bgru} DS gives as the present to {bgrud}. bgrung|Present: {grungs} LZ. {bgrung} CD, ND, DS, TC. {bgrungs} CD.{'grung} DK.\nPast: {bgrungs} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bgrung} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {grungs} LZ. - ND. {bgrungs} ND, DS, TC.{'grungs} DK.\nInvoluntary: ND. Voluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {chu'i rnyog pa sogs} LZ.{snyogs ma} (-) ND. {rnyog ma} (bgrungs) NDA. {[illegiblecharacter]gs ma na (?)} (bgrungs) NDB.\nMeaning: To strain; to depurate [sic] CD. To purify, to clean, to filter DK. To purify (water &c.) DS. To filter, to strain, to purify water TC. bgrud|Present: {grus} LZ. {bgrud} CD, ND, DK, (DS). {bgru} DS, TC. \nPast: {bgrus} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bgru} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {bkru} ND.\nImperative: {grus} LZ, CD, DS. {bgrud} DK. {bgrus} TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {nas 'bras sogs} LZ. {yos dang 'gras sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To clear of husks; to shell CD. To peel, to husk DK. To husk, to hull DS, TC. bgre|Present: {bgre} TC. \nMeaning: (archaic) To wallow, to roll on the ground TC. bgre|{bgre} DK gives as the present of {bgres}. bgreng|{bgreng} CD gives as 'occasionally for' sgeng, and as equivalent to {bgrang} bgres|Present: {bgre} DK. {bgres} DS, TC. \nPast: {bgres} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bgre} DK. {bgres} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {bgres} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To grow old; to age DK. (honorific) To become aged, to grow old TC.\nNote: Root given as bgre < *b-gria (Beyer 1992: 83 n. 16)\nNote: Compare {rga} bgro|Present: {bgro} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bgros} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bgro} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {bgros} LZ, DK, DS, TC. {gros} ND. - ND.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC. Involuntary:ND.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {chos dang gzhang don sogs} LZ. {bka'} ND\nMeaning: 1. To argue, discuss, confer with, consider. 2. To resolve, decide CD. To discuss; to have a discussion; to debate DK. To discuss, confer DS. To discuss, consult, confer TC. bgrong|Present: {bgrong} ND. \nPast: {bgrangs} ND. {bgrong} ND. \nFuture: {bgrang} ND. \nImperative: {bgrongs} NDB. {bgrangs} NDA. - ND.\nVoluntary: ND. Involuntary: ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {grangs su} ND.\nNote:ND lists this verb twice once as {bgrong} , {bgrong} , -, -, and the second time with a textual problem in the imperative {bgrong} , {bgrangs} , {bgrang} , {bgrongs} / {bgrangs}. The verb is only given in ND and he gives very ambiguous data. It is possible the involuntary listing, which has no Characteristic Example, I have mis-read for {bgrod} , {bgrod} , -, -. bgrod|Present: {bgrod} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {'grod} [CD], (DK). \nPast: {bgrod} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bgrod} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {bgrod} LZ, DK. TC. - TC.\nVoluntary: TC. Involuntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {lam sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To walk; to get over; wonder CD. To take route; to cross to go, to get through DK. 1. To go. 2. 'dod spyadDS. To go, to cross, to transverse TC.\nNote: In the verb appendix of TC an imperative is given, but it is omitted in the body of the dictionary. mgar|Present: {mgar} DS, TC. \nPast: {mgar} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mgar} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mgor} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To smith DS. To forge utensils out of iron TC. mgu|Present: {mgu} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mgu} LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mgu} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mgu} LZ, DK. - ND, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {yid sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To rejoice, to be glad, joyful, content. 2. To exhilarate, to gladden, to make content CD. To rejoice; to satisfy; to be glad DK. To rejoice, to be pleased TC.\nNote: Related by ablaut to {dga} (Simon 1971: 474). mgyog|Present: {mgyog} ND. \nPast: {mgyogs} ND.\nFuture: {mgyog} ND.\nImperative: - ND.\nInvoluntary: ND, (Hoshi 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rta sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To be quick NWH. 'gag|Present: {'gag} LZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gags} LZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'gag} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'gag} LZ, DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'gog} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {chu rgyun dang rnam rtog sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be stopped; to be halted CD. 1. To speak unclearly, to have difficulty speaking. 2. For something to be unable to be free from inside (e.g. a hole). 3. For a continuum to break off DS. To be blocked, to be obstructed TC. 'gang|{'gang} DK. gives as the present of {gang} 'gad|Present: {'gad} DS, TC. \nPast: {bkad} DS, TC.\nFuture: {dgad} DS, TC.\nImperative: {khod} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'gas} (Duff).\nMeaning: 1. To crack, split apart. 2. To make the pedals of a flower open DS. To crack open, to blast apart TC. 'gabs|{'gabs} DK. gives as the present of {gab} 'gam|Present: {'gam} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gams} LZ, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239). {bgam} DK. {bgams} DS.\nFuture: {'gam} LZ, TC. {dgam} DK. {bgam} DS.\nImperative: {'goms} LZ, DS, TC. {'gams} DK.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239).\nCharacteristic Example: {phye rtsam sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To cram into the mouth, especially of dry edibles CD. To throw food into the mouth DK. 1. To examine, determine, size up a situation 2. To put (tsam pa &c.) in to the mouth DS. To swallow, gulp down (used of barley flour and dry powders) TC. 'gal|Present: {'gal} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gald} LZ, DK. {'gal} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'gal} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'gald} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {phan tshun} LZ.\nMeaning: To contradict, to disagree, to mistake CD. To be mistaken; to be violated, trespassed DK. To be contradictory, to contradict, to be contrary to TC. 'gas|Present: {'gas} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. {'ges} CD. \nPast: {bkas} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nFuture: {dgas} KYT, CD, ND, DS, TC. {bkas} KYNZ.{bkad} KYNC, LZ. \nImperative: {khos} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'gas2} [Chang 1971: vii.17] (Chang 1971: vii.27), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178). {gas} TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {mgo bo sogs} LZ, {dum bur kha sogs} NDB, {dum bur ka bkas sogs} NDA.\nMeaning: To split, to crack, to burst apart ('gas) CD. To split, cleave, divide ('ges) CD. To cleave, crack, split (wood &c.) by striking with a knife or axe DS. To crack, to split TC.\nNote: This verb and {dgas} are not to be distinguished. 'gas|Present: {'gas} LZ, CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {gas} LZ, DK, TC.\nFuture: {dgas} LZ. {'gas} DK, TC.\nImperative: {gas} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'gad} (Duff). {'gas} (Chang 1971: vii.27), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178)\nCharacteristic Example: {snod dang shel sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To split, to crack, to burst apart CD. To be cracked, to be broken DK. To crack, to split open, to burst open TC.\nNote: to be identified with {gas}. 'gi|Present: {'gi} TC.\nIntransitive:(Skorupski 2001).\nMeaning: (dialect) To be TC. 'gugs|Present: {'gug} KYT, KYN, (LZ), [CD], (ND), (DS). {'gugs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bkug} KYT, KYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bkugs} TD.\nFuture: {dgug} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.{bkug} LZ.\nImperative: {khug} KYT, TD, ND, [CD], LZ, DS, TC. {khugs} KYN, DK.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {khug} (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nCharacteristic Example: {lcags kyu sogs} TD, {rnam shes dang grogs sogs} LZ, {mdun du tshe sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To summon, bring back CD. To call, recall somebody; to cause to come; to bend something DK. 1. To make bend. 2. To overpower. 3. To change the characteristic of something into something else DS. 1. To bend, to cause to bend. 2. To summon, to call, to attract, to interest TC. 'gud|Present: {'gud} [CD], DK. \nPast: {gud} [CD], DK.\nFuture: {gud} DK.\nImperative: {gud} DK.\nMeaning: To go aside; to avoid DK.\nNote:CD invites under {'gud} ' v[ide] {gud} ' and under {gud} ' v[ide] {'gud} '. 'gum|Present: {'gum} CD (archaic), DK, TC. \nPast: {gum} DK, TC.{'gums} (Chang 1971: vii.17).\nFuture: {'gum} DK, TC.\nImperative: {gums} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'gums} (Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259): (Duff).\nMeaning: To die (of natural death, of disease) CD. To die DK, TC.\nNote: Compare {kum} 'gums|Present: {'gums} ND, DK, DS, TC. {'gum} (Chang 1971: vii.17)\nPast: {bkums} ND, DS, TC. {bkum} DK.\nFuture: {dgum} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {gums} ND. {'gums} DK. {khum} DS. {khums} TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'gum} (Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {srog} ND.\nMeaning: To kill; to put to death DK. To kill DS, TC. 'gul|Present: {'gul} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'guld} LZ, DK. {'gul} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'gul} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'gul} LZ.{'guld} DK.- TC\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgul} (Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {sa sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To move, quake, shake CD. To become unsteady, to move DK. To move apart from a previous location, to change a previous characteristic or location DS. To move, to shake TC. 'gegs|{'gegs} CD, DS give as a present of {'gog} 'geng|Present: {'geng} KYT, KYN, LZ, (DK), DS. {'gengs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. \nPast: {bkang} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bkangs} LZ.\nFuture: {dgang} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bkang} LZ.\nImperative: {khengs} KYT. {khong} KYN, CD, TC. {khongs} LZ, ND, DS. {gengs} LZ {'gengs} DK.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {gang} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)\nCausative of: {kheng} (Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {bum bchus} TD. {snod sogs} ('geng, bkang, bkang, khongs) LZ. {mda'} ('gengs, bkangs, bkang, gengs) LZ. {bum pa lta bu chu sogs kyis} ('gengs, bkhang, dgang, khongs)LZ. {snod dang gzhu sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To fill up, to satiate CD. To fill up; to fulfill; to pull the string of a bow with an arrow for shooting DK. 1. To fill. 2. To draw a bow string TC.\nNote: Compare {skong} , and {kheng}. 'gebs|Present: {'gebs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'geb} (DK). \nPast: {bkab} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {dgab} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bgab} CD.\nImperative: {khobs} LZ, ND, DS. {khob} CD, DK, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {khebs} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff). {gab} (Chang vii.16-17), (Gyurme 1992: 259). \nResultative of: {sgab} [CD], [Coblin 1986]\nDenominative of: {khebs} 'a cover'NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {na bza' sogs kyis} LZ, {gos dang drebs sogs ?} NDB, {gos dang khebs sogs} NDA.\nMeaning: To cover up, to put on; to conceal CD. To cause to spread over; to cover; to put on, to wear DK. 1. To become obscure from darkness. 2. To hide, make secret DS. To conceal, to cover TC. 'gem|Present: {'gem} DS. {'gems} TC. \nPast: {'gems} DS, TC.\nFuture: {'gem} DS. {'gems} TC.\nImperative: {'gems} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To defeat, subdue, overcome DS. To crush TC. 'ger|{'ger} DS gives as the present of {dgar} 'gel|Present: {'gel} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {kal} CD. {bkald} ND. {bkal} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {dgal} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khol} CD, DS, TC {khold} ND. {'geld} DK.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgal} [Coblin 1986] \nCausative of: {'khel} (Beyer 1992: 113).\nCharacteristic Example: {khal dang khral sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To load, to lay on a burden, to impose tax or rent, to commission; to put, to place on, over; to impose a fine; to give punishment CD. To give responsibilities, to load; to impose, lay a tax, to levy a tax DK. 1. To burden cattle with a load. 2. To trust, hope. 3. For someone of high rank to impose a certain task or aim to be accomplished upon person of lower rank DS. 1. To impose, to burden. 2. To load a pack animal. 3. to hang. 4. To trust, to entrust TC. 'ges|{'ges} CD gives as the present of {dgas} or {'gas} 'go|Present: {'go} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gos} LZ, CD, DK, DS. {gos} CD, TC.\nFuture: {'go} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {gos} LZ. {'gos} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {sgo} (Chang 1971: vii.18), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {lus lha dang skyon sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To stain, lose color, dirty sully CD. To be infected; to be covered DK. For one thing to stick to or contaminate another thing DS. 1. To catch (an illness), to be infected. 2. To be stained, to be sullied, to have a stain or substance stick to oneself TC. 'gog|Present: {'gog} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'gogs} CD. {'gegs} CD, (DS).\nPast: {bkag} KYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {dgag} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {dgags} CD.\nImperative: {khogs} KYT, DK, DS. {khog} KYN, TD, LZ, ND, TC. \nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TC, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276), (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'gag} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)\nCausative of: {khegs} (Beyer 1992: 113).\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhan gyi grub mtha' sogs} TD, {grub mtha' dang rgol ngan sogs} LZ, {lam sogs dgag bya} ND.\nMeaning: To prevent; to avert unfortunate events, as danger, to suppress, drive back, expel CD. To hinder, obstruct, keep back or in CD. To block, obstruct; to stop, hinder; limit DK. 1. To obstruct, to block, to interrupt. 2. To resist, to oppose TC.\nNote: Compare {bgag}. 'gog|Present: {dgog} LZ. {'gog} CD, ND, DS, TC. {dgogs} DK \nPast: {bkogs} LZ. {bkog} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bkog} LZ. {dgog} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {gog} LZ. {khog} CD, ND, DK, TC. {khogs} DS.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {gog} (Chang 1971: vii.17). {khog} (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nCharacteristic Example: {rtsa ba sogs} LZ, {rtsa ba nas} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To take away forcibly; to snatch, take away, pull out. 2. To take off a cover, lid CD. To detach from; to pull out; to extract; to extirpate DK 1. For something which adheres together to separate apart. 2. To pluck, comb DS. 1. To extract, to pull out. 2. To detach, to scrape off, to peel off TC. 'gogs|{'gogs} CD gives as the present of {'gog}. 'gong|Present: {'gong} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bkong} CD. {'gongs} DK, DS.\nFuture: {'gong} DK, DS.\nImperative: {'gongs} DK. - DS.\nInvoluntary: DS.\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To bewitch, enchant, pass over, get the better of. (the past tense {bkong} in compounds means 'threat') CD. To be trespassed or violated; to be disgraced; to be afraid of DK. 1. To obtain release from entrapment. 2. To surpass, exceed DS. (archaic) 1. To be intimidated, to be afraid, to be oppressed. 2. To transgress. 3. To rival, to get the better of. 4. To demean, to put down. 5. To exceed, to go beyond. 6. To be released, to escape TC.\nNote: Compare {bkong} and {'khong}. 'god|Present: {'god} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {dgod} LZ.\nPast: {bgod} KYTC, {'god} KYTZ,{bkod} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {dgod} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'khod} CD.\nImperative: {khod} KYT, KYNZ (see note), LZ, ND, CD, DS, TC. {'khod} KYNC, TD, LZ, (DS). {'god} DK\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khod} (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).{'go} (Chang vii.19, see note)\nCharacteristic Example: {gnas su} TD, {tshom bu dang yi ger sogs su} ('god) LZ, {gral dang gnas su} (dgod) LZ. {rgyan dang bde dang bral sogs} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To design, project, plan; to found, establish, lay out; to fix, put ('god) CD. To build, arrange, plan (bkod) CD. To register, make a record; to coronate, enthrone; to make peace; to put a signature or seal on DK. 1. To insert, to establish, to put, to secure. to rectify. 2. To design, to formulate, to plan out, to build, to lay out. 3. To write, to sign, to record, to document TC.\nNote: Root given as *go+d (Chang 1971: vii.18).\nNote:KYNZ has an erasure of one character i.e. {'khod} may have been the original reading. (Chang 1971: vii.18) suggests that 'god functions as a causative of {'go} in Lhasa dialect. (Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with {mkhos} /{khos} /{khod} 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, {sko} and {'khod}. (Takeuchi 1990: 175) suggests that the noun {god} 'order to execute' is derived from the intransitive perfect form of this verb. 'gom|Present: {gom} LZ{'gom} CD, DK, DS, TC. {bgom} CD, ND. {bgoms} (CD).\nPast: {bgoms} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bgomd} LZ{bgom} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'gom} LZ- ND. {goms} DK, DS. {bgoms} TC.\nInvoluntary: ND Voluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rkang pa sogs kyis} LZ. {gom pa} NDA, {gom pas} NDB.\nMeaning: To walk, step, stride, pace (bgom) CD. 1. To tread. 2. (Acc. Sch. = {'ges} , {'gum} ) To pass over, = {'gro} ('gom) CD. To walk; to pace DK. To pass thither from above DS. To walk over, to cross over, to pass over TC. 'gor|Present: {bgor} CD, TC. {'gor} CD, DK, DS. \nPast: {bgord} DK.{bgor} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bgor} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'gord} DK. {bgor} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'gor2} (Duff).\nMeaning: To linger, loiter in the way; delay CD. To delay; to detain DK. To make time pass DS. To take [time], to elapse, to delay TC. 'gor|Present: {'gor} LZ, CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {'gord} LZ, DK. {'gor} TC.\nFuture: {'gor} LZ, DK, TC.\nImperative: {'gord} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 271), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 271).\nResultative of: {'gor1} (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {dus dang lam sogs su} LZ.\nMeaning: To tarry, linger, loiter CD. To be delayed; to be late DK. To take time, to be delayed TC. 'gol|{'gol} CDgives as the present to gol. 'gold|{'gold} DKgives as the present to {gol}. 'gyag|Present: {'gyag} CD, DK. \nPast: {gyags} DK. \nFuture: {gyag} DK.\nImperative: {'gyags} DK.\nMeaning: To be sold, spend, expended (Cs.) CD. To lose, to destroy DK.\nNote: CD suggests comparison with {skyag} 'gyang|Present: {'gyang} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gyangs} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'gyang} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'gyangs} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'gyangs} (Duff). {sgyang} NWH.\nMeaning: To be delayed, postponed, farthest [sic] CD. To be delayed; to be late DK. For time to pass DS. To delay, to postpone, to put off TC. 'gyangs|Present: {'gyangs} LZ, DK. {bgyang} TC.\nPast: {bgyangs} LZ, DK, (DS), TC.{brgyangs} (LZ).\nFuture: {bgyang} LZ, DK, (DS), TC.\nImperative: {'gyangs} LZ, DK.{bgyongs} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {'gyang} (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {dus dang yun sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To delay DK. To cause a delay DS. To postpone, delay TC.\nNote: Compare {sgyang} 'gyas|Present: {'gyas} DK. \nPast: {gyas} DK.\nFuture: {gya} DK.\nImperative: {gyos} DK.\nMeaning: To decay; to diminish DK. 'gying|Present: {'gying} LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. \nPast: {'gyings} LZ, DK, TC. {'gying} ND.\nFuture: {'gying} LZ, DK, TC.\nImperative: {'gying} LZ. {'gyings} DK, TC. - ND.\nInvoluntary: ND.Voluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nResultative of: {sgying} (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {nyams kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To assume air or appearance of greatness; to sit lifting up in the manner of a lion. 2. To look haughtily; to look down upon; to slight a person CD. To assume a posture, to pose DK. To put on airs, to act haughtily or arrogantly TC. 'gyu|Present: {'gyu} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gyus} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'gyu} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'gyu} LZ. {'gyus} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {dus tshe sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To move quickly to and fro (e.g. lightning, a mirage, the mind) CD. To focus one's mind on an object; to scatter from the intended object of meditation; to form the limbs of a child in the womb DK. 1. To quiver back and forth. 2. To be mentally distracted DS. To move TC. \nNote: Compare {rgyu} 'gyur|Present: {'gyur} LZ, CD DS. {'gyurd} DK. - TC (see note).\nPast: {gyurd} LZ.{gyur} CD, DK, DS, TC.{'gyur} DS, TC (see note).\nFuture: {'gyur} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'gyur} LZ.{gyurd} DK.- DS, TC.\nInvoluntary:DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Goldstein 1991: 130), (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgyur} [CD], (Chang 1971: vii.20-21), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nMeaning: 1. To become; to grow, increase, change. 2. (Annexed to an infinitive may denote either the perfect or future tense, the context decides in every instance how it is to be understood) CD. To change, become DK. For an essence, ingredient, circumstance &c. to arise as different from before DS. 1. To change, alter. 2. To turn into, become TC.\nNote:DS gives two verbs {'gyur} , {gyur} , {'gyur} , - and {'gyur} , {'gyur} , {'gyur} -, just like TC does. However for DS the two definitions are the same. TC lists {'gyur} , {'gyur} , {'gyur} , -, and -, {gyur} , {'gyur} , - as two verbs the second immediatley following the first in his verb tables. However in the body of the dictionary under 'gyur the first definition is listed without verb stems. The second definition is listed with the stems: {'gyur} , {gyur} , {'gyur} , - with the definition 'to be established, or arise different than before'. (Li yung khrang 1988) which is supposed to be an excerpt of verb material form TC is exactly the same but lists defintion one with the stems: 'gyur, 'gyur, 'gyur, -. (Hoshi 2003) also distinguishes two verbs NWH. 'gye|{'gye} LZ, CD, DS. give as the present of {'gyes} 'gye|{'gye} LZ gives as the present of {'gyed} 'gyed|Present: {'gye} LZ. {'gyed} (LZ), CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bkyes} LZ, ND, DS, TC. {bgyes} CD.{bkye} DK, (DS). \nFuture: {bkye} LZ, CD, TC. {dgye} ND, DS. {dgyed} DK.\nImperative: {bkye} LZ. {kyes} (LZ). {khyes} ND, (DS), TC. {'gyed} DK. {khye} DS.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: CD (def. 1), DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'gyes} (Chang 1971: vii.20).{'khyed} (Coblin 1986), (Beyer 1992: 113)\nCharacteristic Example: {'od zer sogs} LZ,{sprul pa 'od sbyin} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To divide, to scatter, disperse. 2. To institute, set going. 3. To give an entertainment, banquet CD. To focus rays; to send; to distribute; to fight a war DK. 1. To deploy (troops in battle). 2. To apply paint, varnish.3. To mutually fight. 4. To give, having divided into pieces. 5. To give off, radiant light DS. 1. To send, to dispatch. 2. To emit. 3. To display, to send forth. 4. To dispute. 5. To give TC. 'gyed|Present: {'gyed} DS. {dgyed} (DS). \nPast: {bkyed} DS.\nFuture: {bgyed} DS. {dgyed} (DS).\nImperative: {khyed} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To stretch, prolong DS. 'gyed|Present: {'gyed} LZ. \nPast: {'gyed} LZ.\nFuture: {'gyed} LZ.\nImperative: {'gyed} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {'gyed ston sogs} LZ.\nNote: perhaps to be connected with {'gyed} 'gyer|Present: {'gyerd} CD. {'gyer} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gyer} DK.\nFuture: {'gyer} DK.\nImperative: {gyerd} DK.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To drop, or let fall; to throw down; to quit, abandon, throw away (Sch.) CD. To give up; to abandon DK. (archaic) 1. To get rid of, hide away. 2. To separate, break a connection DS. (archaic) To renounce, to abandon TC. 'gyel|Present: {'gyel} LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gyeld} LZ. {'gyel} ND, [DS], TC.{gyel} (Chang 1971: vii.20)\nFuture: {'gyel} LZ, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'gyel} LZ. - ND, TC. {gyel} (Chang 1971: vii.20)\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: [CD], DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgyel} CD, (Chang 1971: vii.20), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {sa la} LZ.\nMeaning: To fall; to tumble down CD. (for a person or upright thing) To lie horizontally DS. To fall, to collapse TC.\nNote: Root given as gyel < *gyal < gal (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15) 'gyes|Present: {'gye} LZ, CD, DS.{'gyes} CD, ND, DK, TC. \nPast: {gyes} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{'gyes} LZ.\nFuture: {'gyes} ND, TC.{'gye} LZ, DK, DS.\nImperative: {gyes} LZ, CD, ND. {gyed} DK. - DS, TC. \nVoluntary: ND, CD. Involuntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC, DS.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'gyed} (Chang 1971: vii.20), [Coblin 1986].\nCharacteristic Example: {so sor} LZ, ND.\nMeaning: 1. To be dispersed; to be divided. 2. To issue, proceed, spread, branch from CD. To become separate; to disperse; to be divorced DK. 1. To separate, place apart DS. To be separated, to separate, to split TC.\nNote: Root given as gye < *gya < *ga (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). cf. {'gas}. 'gyog|Present: {'gyog} LZ, CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gyags} LZ. {bkyags} DS, TC.\nFuture: {'gyog} LZ, DS. {bkyag} TC.\nImperative: {chogs} LZ. {khyogs} DS. {khyog} (DS), TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.], (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137).\nCharacteristic Example: {mgron 'grul rnams} LZ. \nMeaning: To ascend CD. To lift, hold a thing up DS. To raise, to lift, to support TC. 'gyod|Present: {'gyod} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gyod} ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'gyod} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'gyod} DK. - ND, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To repent; to grieve for. To lament, relent (not only for bad, but also for good actions, when the latter are attended with disadvantages) CD. To repent; to feel sorry; to befall of regret DK. To mentally suffer latter on account of an action previously done DS. To regret, to fell remorse, to feel sorry TC. 'grags|{'grags} CD. gives as a present of {grags} and {grags} 'grang|Present: {'grang} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'grangs} LZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'grang} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'grang} LZ. {'grangs} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 249).\nCharacteristic Example: {zas sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To satisfy with food; to satiate CD. To be full (after meals) DK. To be sated, satiated, to be full TC. 'grang|{'grang} [CD] gives as the present of {bgrang} 'grad|{'grad} CD, DK give as the present of {bgrad}. 'gran|Present: {'gran} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {'grand} LZ, DK. {'gran} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'gran} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'gran} LZ. {'grand} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {sgrun} [CD].\nCharacteristic Example: {phan tshun rtsal sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To vie with, contend with; to strive (for victory) CD. To compete, to challenge DK. To contest for victory DS. To rival, to compete, to contest, to hold a test TC. 'grams|Present: {'grams} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {gram} DK. {'grams} TC.\nFuture: {'gram} DK. {'gram} TC.\nImperative: {grams} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To spread over CD. To be spread out, dispersed, scattered DK. To pervade, to diffuse, to be agitated TC.\nNote: Compare {gram} and {'grem} 'gras|Present: {'gras} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gras} LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'gras} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'gras} LZ, DK. - ND, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {dgra sogs dang} LZ.\nMeaning: To hate, to bear ill-will, to have spite against CD. To have spite; to hate DK. For the thought of fighting against an enemy to arise DS. To come to hate, to dislike TC.\nNote: related to noun {dgra} 'enemy'. 'grig|Present: {'grig} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'grigs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'grig} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'grigs} LZ. {'grigs} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166). (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'khrig} (Beyer 1992: 112).\nResultative of: {sgrig} [CD], (Chang 1971: vii.19), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {rten 'brel sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To suit, agree, correspond; to be right CD. To be suitable; to be fitting; to be ok DK. 1. To agree, accord, be in harmony. 2. To be appropriate, suitable DS. 1. To suit, to be suitable. 2. To make harmonious, to reconcile TC. 'grib|Present: {'grib} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {grib} (Zeisler 2004: 462).{'grib} ND, [DS], TC. {'gribs} DK.\nFuture: {'grib} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'gribs} DK. - ND, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgrib} [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nMeaning: 1. To grow dim; to get dark (Cs.) 2. To grow less, to decrease, to be diminished, to decay CD. To be diminished; to decay; to become smaller; to be reduced DK. To become smaller, to become fewer DS. 1. To decrease, to decline. 2. To grow dim, to be covered to set, to disappear TC.\nNote:(Beyer 1992: 73) suggests comparison with {rab rib} 'mist, dimness'. 'grim|Present: {'grim} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'grims} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'grim} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {grims} LZ. {'grims} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {za tugs dang chos grwa sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To march about, perambulate; to rove or stroll about; walk round CD. To wander from place to place; to travel widely, to advance through monastic life, &c. DK. 1. To go to many places. 2. To link from one thing to another DS. To travel, to journey, to wander, to undergo, to attend TC. 'gril|Present: {'gril} CD, DS, TC. {'grild} DK. \nPast: {gril} CD, DS, DS. {'gril} TC.\nFuture: {'gril} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {grild} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgril} [CD], (Rona-Tas 1978: 359), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nMeaning: 1. To be twisted or wrapped round, to be collected, concentrated; to flock or crowd together. 2. To be turned, rounded, made circular or cylindrical. 3. To fall, drop down (for {'khril} Sch.) CD. To roll up; to snowball DK. 1. To twist, turn. 2. (according to some {dag yig} 'spelling primers') To collect together, to wrap in DS. 1. To be rolled up, to recoil, to be condensed, to be assembled. 2. To roll down TC.\nNote: Root given as ril (Rona-Tas 1978: 359), (Beyer 1992: 73)\nNote:(Rona-Tas 1978: 359) calls {'dril} 'to be turned, rolled round, twisted into a thing.' the 'passive' of this verb, in addition he suggests a connection to the adjective {hril po} 'round, globular, close, dense' and the noun {ril ba} 'scroll'. (Beyer 1992: 73) similarly suggests comparision with {ril po} 'round'. 'gru|{'gru} CD. gives as the present of {'grus}. 'grung|{'grung} DK gives as the present of {bgrung} 'grub|Present: {'grub} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {'grubs} DK. \nPast: {grub} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'grub} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'grub} LZ. {grubs} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: [CD], DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgrub} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nDenominative of: {grabs} 'preparation' (Simon 1971: 474).\nCharacteristic Example: {bsam don sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: (Situ 69) To be accomplished; to be made ready, to be finished CD. To be accomplished DK. 1. To become, arise. 2. To exist, stay. 3. To know, understand DS. To become accomplished, to be made, to be fulfilled, to be completed TC. 'grum|Present: {'grum} CD.{'grums} DK.{grums} DS. {grum} TC. {drum} (TC).\nPast: {grums} CD, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'grum} DK.{grums} [DS]. {grum} TC. \nImperative: {grums} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To pinch, nip off (the point of a thing); to cut off; to prime, lop, clip the wings (Cs.) CD. To be broken or cracked DK. To break into many pieces DS. 1. To be broken, to be damaged. 2. To be exhausted, to be worn out TC. 'grul|Present: {'grul} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {'gruld} DK. {'grul} TC.\nFuture: {'grul} DK, TC.\nImperative: {'gruld} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {'khrul} (Beyer 1992: 112).\nMeaning: 1. To walk; to pass; to ravel. 2. Fig. To walk, to live, act, or behave. 3. To pass as good; to be current (of coins) CD. To journey; to go DK. To travel, to tour, to take a trip TC. 'grus|Present: {'grus} LZ, TC. {'gru} CD.\nPast: {'grus} LZ, [CD], TC.{grus} CD.\nFuture: {'grus} LZ, TC.\nImperative: {'grus} LZ, TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {chos phyogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To bestow pains upon a thing CD. To persevere, to be diligent TC. 'gre|Present: {'gre} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'gres} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'gre} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'gres} LZ, ND, DK. - ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND Involuntary: ND, DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgre} (Chang 1971: vii.19), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {snga phyi} LZ, {rigs} ND.\nMeaning: To roll one's self CD. To apply a same reasoning; to adjust one's sleeping position DK. 1. To turn over the body while lying down. 2. To use previous reasoning to consider an new topic DS. 1. To be collated, to be juxtaposed, to be mixed. 2. To toss and turn. 3. (archaic) To move TC. 'greng|Present: {'greng} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'grengs} LZ, DK, TC. {'greng} ND, [DS].\nFuture: {'greng} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {grengs} LZ. - ND. {'grengs} DK, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND. Voluntary: TC. \nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgreng} [CD], (Chang 1971: vii.19), [Coblin 1986], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {gyen dang lus sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To stand CD. To rise up; to get up DK. To stand up, to rise up TC. 'gred|{'gred} LZ, (DS), (TC). give as a present of {'dred} 'grem|Present: {'grem} KYT, KYN, CD, (ND), DS. {'grems} LZ, ND, DK, (CD), TC. \nPast: {bkram} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {dgram} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {khroms} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.{khrems} DK.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {gram} (Gyurme 1992: 258)(Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {rgyan dar sogs} LZ, {chu dang gcal du} ND.\nMeaning: To spread (as of grain, for drying) CD. To scatter; to spread out DK. To spread, to lay out many things DS. To be spread out, to lay out, to distribute TC. 'grem|Present: {'grem} LZ. \nPast: {'grems} LZ.\nFuture: {'grem} LZ.\nImperative: {grems} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {chab sogs} LZ. 'grel|Present: {'grel} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bkrald} LZ, ND, DK. {bkral} DS, TC.\nFuture: {dgrol} LZ, DS, TC. {dgral} ND. {bkral} DK.\nImperative: {'greld} LZ, DK. {khrold} ND. {khrol} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhung tshig sogs} LZ. {dgongs la khyal dang 'grel} NDB.{dgongs la khyal dang 'grel pa} NDA.\nMeaning: 1. To beg, supplicate. 2. To put in, arrange. 3. To explain, comment upon CD. To classify; to elucidate meaning; to explain in detail DK. To comment on, to elucidate the difficult points of a text TC. 'grel|Present: {'grel} ND. \nPast: {'grel} ND. 'gro|Present: {'gro} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {song} CD, DS. {'gro} ND.{phyind} DK.{phyin} TC.\nFuture: {'gro} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {song} CD, DK, DS, TC. {rgyu} (Denwood 1999)\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC, (Goldstein 1991: 93), (Gyurme 1992: 251), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC, (Goldstein 1991: 93), (Gyurme 1992: 251).\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To go, to live CD. To go, to move DK. 1. To go, to proceed, to set off, to move. 2. To be acceptable [to the senses]. 3. To hold, to contain. 4. To become. 5. To be used for TC.\nNote: Root given as 'gro < ' + TB *ga + *ro, *ro < TB *ra 'to come' (Delancey 1908: 233)\nNote:song < s + *ong, *ong < TB *wang (Delancey 1980: 233).\nNote: The past tense {song} is more typical of eastern dialects whereas phyin more of central dialects (Tournadre pers. comm.). Denwood's imperative is for Lhasa dialect. For more etymological thoughts on motion verbs compare {'ong}. 'grogs|Present: {'grogs} CD, ND, DK, TC. {'grog} (DK), DS. \nPast: {'grogs} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'grogs} DK, TC. {'grog} (DK), DS.\nImperative: - ND, DS.{'grogs} DK, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND, DS.Voluntary: TC. \nIntransitive: DS. Transitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To associate with; to keep company, to be in the company of; to accompnay CD. To be accompanied by; to associate with; to stay together DK. To act with mutual connection, to co-habitate, to co-operate DS. To accompany, to associate with TC.\nNote: Perhaps to be compared with {rogs} 'help' 'grong|{'grong} ND, DSgive as the present of {dgrong} 'grongs|Present: {'grong} ND.{'grongs} DK, TC. \nPast: {'grong} ND. {grong} DK. {grongs}. TC.\nFuture: {'grong} DK. {'grongs} TC.\nImperative: - ND, TC. {grongs} DK.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nResultative of: {dgrong} (Chang 1971: vii.18), (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nDenominative of: {ro} 'corpse'(Hahn 1999: 124)\nMeaning: To die CD. (honorific) To die TC.\nNote: Root given as 'g- ro - ng (Hahn 1999: 124) 'grod|{'grod} DK gives as a present of {bgrod} 'grol|Present: {'grol} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {dgrol} LZ.\nPast: {bkrol} KYT, KYN, DK, DS, TC. {bkrold} TD, LZ, ND.\nFuture: {dgrol} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {khrol} KYT, DS, TC.{khrold} KYN, LZ, ND, DK. {grold} TD, LZ.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC. \nCausative of: {grol (Chang 1971: vii.18),} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). Resultative of: {sgrol} [Duff]\nCharacteristic Example: {mdud pa sogs} TD,{mdud bcings sogs} ('grol) LZ,{bcings pa sogs} (dgrol) LZ{, mdud pa khrims} ND.\nMeaning: To unravel, to make loose, to set free, to unfasten CD. To loosen; to set free from bondage DK. 1. (for a knot, tied rope &c.) To unravel, unwind. 2. (for a higher ranking [person]) To allow, approve DS. 1. To untie, to unravel, to liberate, to release, to unfasten. 2. To comment on, to elucidate TC. 'grol|{'grol} or{'grold} CD, DK, (Bielmeier 1988: 20)give as the present to {grol}. rga|Present: {rga} CD, DK, DS, TC. {rgad} DK. \nPast: {rgas} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {rga} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rgas} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To be old, aged. 2. To go down, to set (of the sun) (Ja) CD. To become old; to become physically weak, to become lean and thin DK. 1. (for men or cattle) To age. 2. To become old, for time to pass DS. To age, to grow old TC.\nNote: Root given as rga < *gra (Beyer 1992: 85 n.16)\nNote: related to the nouns {rgad po} , {rgad mo} , {rgan po} , {rgan mo} , {rgas po} , {rgas mo} 'old man, old woman' and the verb {bgres}. rgal|Present: {rgol} LZ, ND, (DS). {rgal} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brgald} LZ, ND, DK.{brgal} CD, DS, TC. \nFuture: {brgal} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rgold} LZ, ND, DK. {rgol} CD, DS, TC. \nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS. Transitive TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {sgrol} [Beyer 1992: 85]\nCharacteristic Example: {chu sogs dang gzhan dang} LZ, {phar la} ND.\nMeaning: To ford (a river), to travel through, to pass over, to surmount a pass CD. To cross the river, to cross a limit, to take a bath DK. To cross (a river, valley, pass). 2. To pass, exceed a measure. 3. To go into water DS. To cross, to traverse, to go beyond, to exceed TC.\nNote: Root given as rgal < *gral (Beyer 1992: 85).\nNote:CD gives {rgal ba} and {rgal pa} , the latter perhaps indicates the variant rgald pa. rgud|Present: {rgud} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {rgud} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {rgud} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {rgud} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rlung rta sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To decline, to sink, grow fail CD. To decay; to decline; to become weak or smaller DK. To break down (of power, ability &c. ) DS. To decline, to deteriorate TC. rgod|{rgod} CD, DK give as a separate verb from and DS, TC give as an an alternate present to {dgod}. rgol|Present: {rgol} KYN, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brgald} KYN, DK. {brgal} TC.{rgol} CD. {rgol} [DS].\nFuture: {brgal} KYN, ND, DK, TC. {brgol} DK.\nImperative: {rgold} KYN.{rgol} DK, TC.\nVoluntary: KYN, ND, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To dispute, combat, fight, make controversy CD. To find out by debating, to debate DK. 1. To fight. 2. To negate DS. To oppose, to attack, to assault, to resist TC.\nNote: Whether KYN intends these forms here or a {rgal} cannot be known. rgya|Present: {rgya} CD, ND, TC. {rgyas} DK, DS.\nPast: {rgyas} CD, ND, [DK], DS, TC.\nFuture: {rgya} ND, TC.{rgyas} DK, [DS].\nImperative: - ND, TC.{rgyas} ND, DK.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003). Voluntary: ND.\nIntransitive:DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {sangs} (-) ND, {sangs rgya dmigs rgya} (rgyas) ND.\nMeaning: To increase in bulk or quantity, to augment, to spread CD. To increase, enlarge, flourish DK. To increase, to multiply DS. To increase, to swell, to grow larger, to develop TC. rgya|Present: {rgya} CD.\nMeaning: To be useful and of service, to exert oneself CD. rgyag|Present: {rgyob} LZ. {rgyab} CD, DK. {rgyag} (CD Central Dialect), DK, DS, TC. {rgyeg} ND.\nPast: {brgyab} LZ, CD, DS, TC.{brgyabs} ND, DK, (DS). {rgyag} DK.\nFuture: {brgyab} LZ, CD, DK, DS. {brgyag} ND, TC. {rgyag} DK. \nImperative: {rgyob} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {rgyabs} DK. {rgyag} DK. \nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {zor dang mtshon sogs} LZ. {rdo sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To throw, to fling; to hit, to beat, to strike CD. The meaning of this verb differs according to context, e.g. to build; to shoot; to reply; to mark, etc. DK. 1. i. To strike, to hit. ii. A house, wall etc. to make new. iii. To propel to cast 2. In the colloquial language there are many definitions, used like 'jug DS. To project, propel away, send off; to enter, place inside; to do; to make TC. \nNote: Root given as rgyab < *gryab (Beyer 1992: 4)\nNote:DK lists two verbs {rgyag} , {rgyag} , {rgyag} , {rgyag} and and {rgyab} , {rgyabs} , {brgyab} , {rgyabs} /{rgyob} with nearly identical meanings. (Chang 1984) conjectures that the termination -b is original. This verb is frequently added to nouns to form new verbs, it generally indicates a voluntary verb, whereas {'thebs} is used in the same way to indicate lack of volition or to show that the action was well done (Chang 1984). rgyag|Present: {rgyag} TC. \nPast: {brgyab} TC.\nFuture: {rgyag} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To rise, to emit TC. rgyags|Present: {rgyags} LZ, DK, TC. {rgyag} DS. \nPast: {brgyags} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brgyag} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rgyags} LZ, DK. {rgyogs} DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: DS. Involuntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive : DS. Intransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {nor dang nga rgyal sogs kyis} LZ. \nMeaning: To use provisions on a journey DK. To give a bribe of wealth DS. To be full, to be satisfied, to be satiated TC.\nNote:LZ evidently conflates this verb with the following. TC fits here morphologically but semantically is better at {brgyags}. The relationship between these three verbs ({rgyags} , {rgyags} , {brgyags} ) is hardly clear. rgyags|Present: {rgyags} DK, TC. \nPast: {rgyags} DK, TC. \nFuture: {rgyags} DK, TC. \nImperative: {rgyags} DK. - TC\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To be self satisfied, to be haughty, priggish DK. To be self satisfied TC. rgyang|Present: {rgyang} (CD), DK. \nPast: {brgyangs} DK.\nFuture: {brgyang} DK.\nImperative: {rgyangs} DK.\nMeaning: To stretch, extend, stretch forth (one's hands to a person), put out (the tongue); spread; distend (the wings, a curtain) CD. To cause to be delayed; to extend DK.\nNote: Root given as rgyang < *gryang (Beyer 1992: 85).\nNote: Compare {rgyong} and {rkyong}. rgyan|Present: {rgyan} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brgyand} LZ, DK {brgyan} DS, TC.\nFuture: {brgyan} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rgyand} LZ, DK. {rgyan} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {rgyan} 'ornament' (Beyer 1992: 111)\nCharacteristic Example: {rgyan dang dar sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To ornament; to beautify or to decorate, to wear or to put on DK. To adorn, ornament DS. To adorn, ornament, to decorate TC. rgyab|{rgyab} CD, DK. give as the present to {rgyag}. rgyal|Present: {rgyal} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {rgyald} LZ, DK. {rgyal} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {rgyal} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {rgyal} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Abl/Ela.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhan dang sho sogs las} LZ. \nMeaning: To be victorious; to win; to conquer; to subdue, to overpower CD. To win, conquer, subdue DK. 1. To remain having defeated an opposing side or enemy. 2. To be superior than another DS. To be victorious, to conquer TC. rgyal|{rgyal} DK. gives as the present of {brgyal}. rgyas|{rgyas} DK, DS give as the present of {rgya}. rgyu|Present: {rgyu} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {rgyu} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {rgyu} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {rgyu} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To go, walk, move, wander, range (this verb is generally used instead of {'gro} in Sikkim) CD. To go; to move DK. To go DS. To move, to roam, to go TC.\nNote: Compare {'gyu} rgyu|{rgyu} DK, DS, (TC). give as the present to {rgyud}. rgyug|Present: {rgyug} DK, TC. \nPast: {rgyug} DK. {rgyugs} TC.\nFuture: {rgyug} DK, TC.\nImperative: {rgyug} DK. {rgyugs} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To run; to race DK. 1. To run. 2. To flow. 3. To sell, engage in commerce TC. rgyug|Present: {rgyug} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brgyugs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brgyug} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rgyugs} TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. {rgyug} DK. - ND.\nVoluntary: TD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292), (Hoshi 2003). Involuntary: ND.\nIntransitive: DS. Transitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rta sogs} TD, {sngon rjes sogs su} LZ, {rta zong dang sogs} (rgyugs) NDB, {rta dang zong sogs} (rgyugs) NDA, {zong sogs} (-) ND.\nMeaning: To run CD. To run a race; to make one run DK. To race TC. rgyugs|Present: {rgyugs} DK. \nPast: {rgyugs} DK. \nFuture: {rgyugs} DK. \nImperative: {rgyugs} DK. \nMeaning: To serve; to serve drink DK. rgyung|Present: {rgyung} DS. \nPast: {rgyungs} DS.\nFuture: {rgyung} DS.\nImperative: {rgyungs} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To wash the stomach (as with cleansing medicine) DS. rgyud|Present: {rgyud} TD, LZ, CD, ND, TC. {rgyu} DK, DS, (TC). \nPast: {brgyus} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brgyu} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rgyus} TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {phreng ba sogs} TD, LZ. {skud pa mig la} ND.\nMeaning: To tie, fasten, connect together (rgyud) CD. To make a string of, to stick together (brgyus) CD. To string; to put in line DK. To put a rope or thread through a hole DS. To thread, to stringTC. rgyud|{rgyud} DK. gives as present to {brgyud}. rgyeg|{rgyeg} ND. gives as the present of {rgyag} rgyo|Present: {rgyo} CD, DK, DS (dialect), TC. \nPast: {brgyos} CD, DK, DS.\nFuture: {brgyo} CD, DK, DS.\nImperative: {rgyos} CD, DK, DS.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, (Hoshi 2003).\nMeaning: To have sexual intercourse; (acc. to Cs.) To deflower, ravish CD. To deflower; to have sexual intercourse DK. To have sexual intercourse DS. (archaic) To have sexual intercourse TC. rgyong|Present: {rgyong} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {brgyang} CD. \nPast: {brgyangs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {brgyang} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {rgyongs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS. Transitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {pags pa sogs} LZ, {gru sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To extend, stretch forth, distend (rgyong) CD. To extend, stretch out, set out, arrange (brgyang) CD. To fill up, to stretch DK.1. To stretch, to extend, to distend. 2. To fill up TC.\nNote: Root given as *rgyang < *gryang (Coblin 1986). rgyob|{rgyob} LZ. gives as the present to {rgyag} rgyor|Present: {rgyor} CD. \nMeaning: To kill CD. sgag|Present: {sgag} LZ, CD, TC. \nPast: {bsgags} LZ, TC.\nFuture: {bsgag} LZ, TC.\nImperative: {khog} LZ.{sgogs} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {mna' sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To ravish, to copulate; to embrace in sexual union CD. To bind, to tie, to fasten TC. sgang|Present: {sgang} CD, ND, DK. \nPast: {bsgang} CD, DK. {bsgongs} ND.\nFuture: {bsgang} CD, ND, DK.\nImperative: {sgongs} ND. {sgangs} DK.\nVoluntary: ND.\nCausative of: {gang} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {zas sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To grow, become full (Cs.) CD. To cause to fill DK.\nNote: Compare {kheng} , {skong} , {'geng}. sgab|Present: {sgab} LZ, CD, TC. {sgob} DK.\nPast: {bsgabs} LZ, DK. {bsgab} TC.\nFuture: {bsgab} LZ, DK, TC.\nImperative: {sgobs} LZ, DK. {sgob} TC\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {'gebs} [CD], (Coblin 1986).\nCharacteristic Example: {'dri dang sri sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To cover CD. To cause to cover or to spread over; to cause to wear or patch DK.1. To cover, to conceal. 2. To protect TC.\nNote: Compare the noun {khebs} 'a cover'. sgar|Present: {sgar} DK, TC. \nPast: {bsgard} DK. {bsgar} TC.\nFuture: {bsgar} DK, TC.\nImperative: {sgord} DK. {sgor} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To dip fry; to solidify in oil DK. 1. To condense, solidify. 2. To attach, to fit, to insert TC. sgal|Present: {sgal} CD. \nCausative of: {'gel} [Coblin 1986].\nMeaning: To carry a load (on one's back), to cause a load to be carried on the back of a beast of burden CD.\nNote: Compare the noun {khal} 'a load, burden'. sgug|Present: {sgug} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgugs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bsgug} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \n TD gives bsgrub, an obvious manuscript error.\nImperative: {sgugs} TD, LZ, CD, NDB, DK, DS, TC. {skugs} NDA.\nVoluntary: TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306).\nCharacteristic Example: {rjes la} TD, {grogs po sogs} LZ, {lam du} ND.\nMeaning: To wait CD, DK. To wait for TC.\nNote: This word may be a causative formed on a stem *gug. Perhaps it is cognate to {'gugs pa} 'to summon' and {'gugs pab po} 'one who is summoned, a waiter' (Coblin 1986). sgur|Present: {sgur} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgurd} LZ, DK. {bsgur} TC. {sgur} [DS].\nFuture: {sgur} LZ, [DS]. {bsgur} DK, TC.\nImperative: {sgurd} LZ, DK. {sgur} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {rked pa sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To become afraid CD. To cause to bow down, to bend down DK. Of the body, to bend forward DS. To bend, to bend down TC. sgul|Present: {sgul} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsguld} LZ, ND, DK. {bsgul} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgul} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sguld} LZ, ND, DK. {sgul} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 248).\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'gul} [CD], (Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {lag pa sogs kyis} LZ, {g-yo ba'i} ND.\nMeaning: To move, agitate, put in motion CD. To shake; to cause to move DK. 1. To make something move, or shake. 2. To cause a transformation DS. To move, to shake, to agitate TC. sgeg|Present: {sgeg} CD. (Goldstein 2001)\nMeaning: To brag, boast (Cs.) CD. To be charming, graceful (Goldstein 2001) sgo|Present: {sgo} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgos} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgo} LZ, [CD], ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgos} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'go} (Chang 1971: vii.18) (Duff, def. 2 )\nCharacteristic Example: {dri bzang sogs skyis} LZ, {dka' dang dus ra dri ma sogs (?)} ND.\nMeaning: (obsolete) To say; to speak, (mostly) to bid, to order CD. To order; to cause to be predisposed; to be habituated DK. 1. To make one thing to stick to or contaminate another thing. 2. To teach to another DS 1. To command, to order, to exhort, to instruct. 2. To be contaminated, to be polluted TC.\nNote:CD lists the fut seperatley with definition 'to rub with; to apply on'. (Chang 1971: vii.18) only gives the definition 'to soil, stain, defile, infect with disease'. sgog|Present: {sgog} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgags} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgag} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgogs} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {mna'} ND.\nMeaning: To make one swear (Cs.) CD. To make one swear; to cause to take an oath DK. 1. To bind tightly. 2. To restrict, prohibit. 3. To coerce, force, compel DS. To take an oath, to swear an oath TC. sgong|Present: {sgong} TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bsgangs} TD, LZ, DS. {bsgongs} CD, DK, (DS), TC.\nFuture: {bsgang} TD, LZ, DS. {bsgong} CD, DK, (DS), TC.\nImperative: {sgongs} TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {sgong} CD.\nVoluntary: TD, CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {zan sogs} TD, {zas sogs dang gcig tu} LZ.\nMeaning: To make in tea balls to eat [sic], to make round balls of dough (Cs.). CD. To make a globular mass: to heap; to make paste for food DK. To make into a ball (barley flower &c.) DS.To make into a ball TC. sgong|Present: {sgong} DS, TC. \nPast: {sgong} [DS].{bsgongs} TC.\nFuture: {sgong} [DS].{bsgong} TC.\nImperative: {sgongs} TC\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To load firewood &c. on to a fire DS. (dialect) To heap fuel onto a fire TC. sgongs|Present: {sgong} CD.{sgongs} CD. \nMeaning: To hide; to conceal (a thing) (Sch.) CD. sgob|{sgob} DK. gives as the present of {sgab}. sgom|Present: {sgom} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bsgoms} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgom} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgoms} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {sgom} CD.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {goms} [Duff].\nCharacteristic Example: {ting nge 'dzin} TD, {ting nge 'dzind sogs} LZ, {ting 'dzin} ND.\nMeaning: 1. (originally) to fancy, imagine. 2. (now, with accusative and dative) To meditate, contemplate systematically. 3. (with accusative and terminative, or with double accusative) To have; to entertain; to reproduce (in one's mind) CD. To meditate, to practice meditation; to cultivate in meditation DK. To bring to memory again and again in the mind DS. To meditate TC. sgor|Present: {sgor} LZ, CD, ND, DS. \nPast: {bsgard} LZ, ND. {bsgar} CD, DS.\nFuture: {bsgar} LZ, CD, ND, DS.\nImperative: {sgord} LZ, ND. {sgor} DS.\nVoluntary: ND, DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {bu ram sogs} LZ, {bu ram} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To boil down; to condense by boiling. 2. To turn on a lathe (Ja) CD. 1. To make syrup by boiling down tree sap. 2. (dialect) To invert a vessel DS. sgyang|Present: {sgyang} LZ, DS. {sgyong} ND. \nPast: {bsgyangs} LZ, ND, DS. \nFuture: {bsgyang} LZ, NDA, DS. {bsgyong} NDB.\nImperative: {sgyangs} LZ, ND. {sgyongs} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nCausative of: {'gyang} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {dus sogs} LZ. {ring du} ND.\nMeaning: To cause a delay DS.\nNote: Compare {'gyangs} sgying|Present: {sgying} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. {bsgyings} TC. \nPast: {bsgyings} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgying} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{bsgyings} TC. \nImperative: {sgyings} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. - TC.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {'gying} [CD], (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {nyams kyis rnam par} LZ, {seng ge rnam par} ND.\nMeaning: To yawn, to gape CD. To display emotion through physical posture DK. To yawn and to stretch out the limbs when tired.2. To straighten. 3. To leap, jump, to be erect. 1. To sigh, to stretch the limbs. 2. To straighten. 3. To leap, to jump, to act haughtily TC. sgyur|Present: {sgyur} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgyurd} KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. {bsgyur} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgyur} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgyurd} KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. {sgyur} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'gyur} CD, (Chang 1971: vii.20-21), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {chos sogs} TD, {chos sogs dang chos kyis} LZ, {dbang dang skad mdog bon chos} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To transform, alter, change, to correct; translate; revise. 2. To cast aside; dissuade, divert; to turn; to cause to turn. 3. To govern, steer, control (sgyur) CD. To multiply, increase (bsgyur) CD. To translate; to change; to transform; to multiply DK. 1. To change, transform (method, essence, characteristic, direction, &c.). 2. To translate. 3. To take control, power. 4. To make various kinds of sound appear (from an instrument &c.). 5. To multiply. 6. To show various styles of body (as in dance &c.). 7. To drive away, expel, repel, reverse DS. 1. To change, to transform, to alter. 2. To translate, to interpret. 3. (math) To multiply, times, fold TC. sgyel|Present: {sgyel} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgyeld} TD, LZ, ND, DK. {bsgyel} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgyel} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgyeld} TD, LZ, ND, DK. {sgyel} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: TD, ND, DS, TC.\nIntransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'gyel} CD, (Chang 1971: vii.20), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {rtsig pa sogs} TD, {shing dang gyang sogs} LZ, {kan rkyal dang par la} NDB.{gan rkyal dang phar la} NDA.\nMeaning: To throw down, to overturn, to lay or put down (a bottle, a book); to thwart (the charm of an enemy); to kill (Ja) CD. To cause to fall down; to cause to break down, to overturn DK. To cause to a person or upright thing to lie horizontally DS. To cause to fall down, to bring down to overthrow, to thwart, to be thrown down TC.\nNote: Compare {dgyel} sgyong|Present: {sgyong} CD. \nPast: {bsgyongs} CD.\nFuture: {bsgyong} CD.\nMeaning: 1. To fill, to stuff (a sausage). 2. (colloquial in West) to put into (the pocket) CD.\nNote: Perhaps originally = {sgong} 'to hide' CD. sgyong|{sgyong} ND gives as the present of {sgyang} sgrang|{sgrang} CD, DK, DS. give as the present to {sgrong} sgrad|{sgrad} DK. gives as the present of {bsgrad} sgral|Present: {sgral} CD. \nMeaning: 1. To cut into small pieces, viz. the picture of an enemy one wishes to destroy (Ja). 2. To pass over or travel upon a river or sea CD. sgrig|Present: {sgrig} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrigs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgrig} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgrigs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{sgrig} CD.\nVoluntary: TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'grig} (Chang 1971: vii.19), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {gral du} TD, {go rim sogs} LZ, {cho ga dang bral la} ND.\nMeaning: To arrange in order or row, to lay or put in order, to arrange, adjust; to put or fit together; to join (the separate parts), to compile (books), to stitch close [sic](books etc.) CD. To put in order; to arrange or to rectify DK. 1. To arrange in a certain plain, order. 2. To collect in one place. 3. To mutually agree, be in one house DS. 1. To arrange, to put in order, to align. 2. To compile, to collect, to edit, to assemble, to join together TC. sgrin|Present: {sgrin} LZ, DK, DS (archaic), TC. \nPast: {bsgrind} LZ, DK. {bsgrin} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgrin} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgrind} LZ, DK. {sgrin} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {phan tshun} LZ.\nMeaning: To have a competition; to cause to compete or to compare DK. (archaic) To contest for victory DS.To rival, compete with, to compare TC. sgrib|Present: {sgrib} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgribs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgrib} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgribs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{sgrib} CD.\nVoluntary: TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'grib} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)\nCharacteristic Example: {'od sogs} TD,{zla nyi sogs} LZ, {yol bas} ND.\nMeaning: To obscure; to cover, to darken, defile CD. To cover, to hide by covering, to hide DK. To cover, hide, create an obstacle for seeing something DS. To obscure, to cover, to conceal TC. sgrim|Present: {sgrim} TD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrims} TD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bsgrim} TD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {sgrims} TD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: TD, ND, CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {grim} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {blo dang skud pa sogs} TD, {rig pa dang skud pa sogs} LZ, {rig las skud pa} NDB. {rig pa las dang skud pa} NDA.\nMeaning: 1. To hold fast; to force or twist together; to endeavor; (Cs.) to squeeze in, crow in, (Sch.) to be confused CD. To concentrate; to exercise the mental power on; to pay attention; to spin or twist the threads together, to entwine DK. 1. To tightly spin (rope, thread &c.). 2. To be intelligent, careful DS. 1. To concentrate, to focus. 2. To twist together TC. sgril|Present: {sgrild} LZ. {sgril} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrild} LZ, ND, DK. {bsgril} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgril} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgrild} LZ, ND, DK. {sgril} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'gril} [CD], (Rona-Tas 1978: 359), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). {'khril} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {thig skud sogs} LZ, {mar la dang gcig tu} ND.\nMeaning: To make a roll of, to roll, wrap up; to wind into a spool CD. To fold, to wrap up; to cause to fold or roll up; to combine DK. 1. To make something roll. 2. To roll up, make into a ball. 3. To twist, braid, spin (rope and thread) DS. 1. To twist, to wind. 2. To combine, to muster. 3. To stuff. 4. To barter, to convert currency, to exchange currency, exchange merchandise. 5. (math) To convert lower digits into higher numeric places TC.\nNote:(Rona-Tas 1978: 359) calls {'dril} 'to be turned, rolled round, twisted into a thing.' the 'passive' of this verb, in addition he suggests a connection to the adjective {hril po} 'round, globular, close, dense' and the noun {ril ba} 'scroll'. sgrug|Present: {sgrug} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrugs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bsgrug} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {sgrugs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {sgrug} CD.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276).\nCharacteristic Example: {rdo ba sogs} LZ, {shing sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To collect, gather, pluck, pick CD. To collect; to pick up DK. 1. To gather, collect. 2. (in some dialects) To take care of, preserve DS. To pick up, to gather, to collect TC. sgrung|Present: {sgrung} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrungs} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgrung} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgrungs} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To mix, to invert, to feign (Cs.) CD. To cause to purify DK. To absorb, having been wet in water DS. To dissolve TC. sgrun|Present: {sgrun} LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrund} LZ, ND, DK. {bsgrun} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgrun} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgrund} LZ, ND, DK. {sgrun} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'gran} [CD].\nCharacteristic Example: {yon tan sogs phan tshun} LZ, {'bran pa'i} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To resound; to reply in the same tone; to rival. 2. To compare; emulate, vie, contend with (Cs.) CD. To have competition; to compete; to compare DK. To compete, rival DS. To rival, to compare TC. sgrub|Present: {sgrub} KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrubs} KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bsgrub} KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {sgrubs} KYT, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {sgrub} CD.\nVoluntary: KYT, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 247),\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'grub} [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {cho sgrub sogs} TD, {cho ga dang tshe sgrub sogs} LZ, {bya ba chos sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To complete, finish, carry out, accomplish CD. To carry out; to accomplish; to perform DK. 1. To do an action. 2. To judge the truth, having presented arguments and scriptural citations. 3. To take on the means of religion DS. 1. To attain, to do, to perform, to carry out, to execute. 2. To procure, to gain to acquire through effort. 3. (logic) To prove, to affirm, to establish, to establish a proof. 4. (math) To calculate, to find the value of, to make. 5. To attain, to practice religion, to perfect TC. sgre|Present: {sgre} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgres} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bsgre} CD.\nFuture: {bsgre} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgres} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'gre} (Chang 1971: vii.19), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {rigs pas gong 'og sogs} LZ, {rigs} ND.\nMeaning: To repeat; to put or place in order; put together; collate CD. To yoke; to apply the same method DK. 1. To compare a known situation in order to know a similar situation. 2. To churn something inside a liquid (such as water) DS. To collate, to juxtapose, to assimilate TC. sgreg|Present: {sgreg} CD. \nPast: {sgregs} CD.\nMeaning: To belch CD. sgreng|Present: {sgreng} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrengs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgreng} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgrengs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {sgreng} CD.\nVoluntary: TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'greng} [CD], (Chang 1971: vii.19), [Coblin 1986], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {rgyal mtshan} TD, {rgyal mtshan sogs} LZ, {rgyal mtshan dar sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To lift, hoist, rise up CD. To make stand up, to make erect DS. To erect, to raise up, to hoist TC. sgro|Present: {sgro} CD, DS. \nPast: {bsgros} CD, DS.\nFuture: {bsgro} CD, DS.\nImperative: {sgro} CD, {bsgros} DS.\nVoluntary: CD, DS.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To debate, discuss, chatter freely CD. 1. 'go bar bya pa'i [to make into a head], e.g. 'go nad mi la ma bsgo. 2. To speak to others (e.g. a teacher to students) DS. sgrog|Present: {sgrog} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrags} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bsgrag} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {sgrogs} KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {sgrag} CD. {sgrags} CD.\nVoluntary: KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {grags} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {dam tshig dang dril bu} TD, {dam tshig dang bka' shog sogs} LZ, {skad sgra} ND.\nMeaning: To call, shout forth, publish, proclaim, declare CD. To read; to announce; to declare; to proclaim, promulgate DK. 1. To make a large noise. 2. To make known to all by speaking from the mouth or presenting in writing DS. To call out, to shout out, to roar, to proclaim, to read aloud TC. sgrog|Present: {sgrog} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrogs} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgrog} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgrogs} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To mend; to re-stitch DK. To bind with a rope &c. the feet and hands of men and cattle DS. 1. To sew, to stitch. 2. To tie, to fasten, to attach TC. sgrong|Present: {sgrong} TD, LZ, ND, TC. {sgrang} CD, DK, DS. \nPast: {bsgrangs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsgrang} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgrong} CD. {sgrongs} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {bgrang} NWH. \nCharateristic Example: {grangs dang phreng ba sogs} TD,{gzhan gyis grangs sogs} LZ, {grangs su} ND.\nMeaning: To enumerate; to reckon up separately CD. To make someone count DK. To count, calculate, find out by working with numbers DS. To deem, to consider, to estimate, to count TC. sgrod|Present: {sgrod} LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgrod} LZ, ND, TC.\nFuture: {bsgrod} LZ, ND, TC.\nImperative: {sgrod} LZ, ND, TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {bgrod} [CD], [DS].\nCharacteristic Example: {phan tshun} LZ, {lam la} NDB, {shing khams lam sogs} NDA.\nMeaning: (rare) To go CD. (in some {dag yig} 'spelling primers' a way of spelling {bgrod} ) 1. To go. 2. 'dod spyadDS. To engage in sexual intercourse TC. sgron|Present: {sgron} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgron} CD, DS, TC. {bsgrond} ND, DK.\nFuture: {bsgron} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sgrond} ND. {bsgrond} DK. {sgron} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {na bza'} ND.\nMeaning: To cover, lay over, adorn, decorate; to light, kindle CD. To cause to wear or put on DK. 1. To set on fire. 2. (honorific) To ornament with ornaments, have wear attire DS. 1. (honorific) To offer. 2. (honorific) To wear. 3. (honorific) To report. 4. (honorific) To lay out, to set out. 5. To light a fire, to kindle, to ignite, to set fire to TC. sgrol|Present: {sgrol} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsgral} KYT, CD, DS, TC.{bsgrald} KYN, TD, LZ, DK. \nFuture: {bsgral} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {sgrol} KYT, KYN, DS, TC. {sgrold} TD, LZ, DK.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {grol} (Gyurme 1992: 259). {rgal} [Beyer 1992: 85]\nCharacteristic Example: {dgra dang 'khor ba} TD, {dgra bo dang 'khor ba sogs las} LZ.\nMeaning: To save, rescue, deliver; to set free; to liberate CD. To save, rescue; to set free; to liberate DK. 1. To set free from (fear &c.). 2. To sentence to death DS. To liberate, to free, to deliver, to release, to cross over TC. brgyags|Present: {brgyags} DS.\nPast: {brgyags} [DS].\nFuture: {brgyags} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: 1. To be satisfied with food and drink. 2. (of bodily flesh) To be fatty, corpulent DS.\nNote: Compare {rgyags} brgyal|Present: {brgyal} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {rgyal} DK.\nPast: {brgyald} LZ, DK.{brgyal} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {brgyal} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {brgyal} LZ. {rgyald} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {dug sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To fall down senseless; to lie senseless, to sink down unconscious, to faint. 2. To howl, of a fox (Sch.) CD. To become unconscious; to faint; to become weary; to tire DK. To become unconscious; to faint; to become weary; to tire DS. To faint, to become unconscious TC. brgyud|Present: {rgyud} [CD], DK. {brgyud} LZ, DS, TC.\nPast: {brgyud} LZ, [CD], DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {brgyud} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {rgyud} DK. - TC. {brgyud} LZ.\nInvoluntary: TC.Voluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC. Intransitive:DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {gcig la gcig} LZ.\nMeaning: To descend; to send, arrive by way of; to do indirectly; to continue without interruption DK. 1. (trans.) To pass many stages. 2. (intr.) A. To pass through a place on one's way somewhere else. B. To transmit consecutively DS.To pass through, to conduct, to transmit, to pass down, to hand down, through care of, by way of TC. bsgom|Present: {bsgom} ND. \nPast: {bgoms} ND.\nFuture: {bgom} ND.\nImperative: {bkoms} ND.\nVoluntary: ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {gom pas} ND.\nNote: a baffling list of principal parts, presumably he has conflated {sgom} , and {bgom}. bsgyings|{bsgyings} TC gives as the present to sgying. bsgrang|Present: {bsgrang} CD.\nCausative of: {grang} NWH.\nMeaning: To cause to get cold CD. bsgrad|Present: {sgrad} DK. {bsgrad} LZ, CD, [DS], TC.\nPast: {bsgrad} LZ, DK, TC.\nFuture: {bsgrad} LZ, DK, TC.\nImperative: {bsgrad} LZ.{sgrad} DK. {bsgrod} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {bgrad} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {mig sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To open wide CD. To cause to open (eyes, mouth &c.) DK. To open the eyes wide (alternate orthography of {bgrad} ) DS. 1. To open wide. 2. To set apart, to spread open TC. bsgral|Present: {bsgral} CD. \nMeaning: To pass, cross over CD.\nNote: perhaps a specialization of {sgrol} , or a varient of {rgal}. ngar|Present: {ngar} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {ngard} DK. {ngar} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {ngar} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {ngard} DK. - TC\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To strengthen the mental power; to be vigorous; to be active DK. To become increasingly hot DS. To be encouraged, to be inspired, to be stimulated, to be excited, to be inflamed TC. ngal|Present: {ngal} LZ, CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {ngald} LZ, DK. {ngal} TC.\nFuture: {ngal} LZ, DK, TC.\nImperative: {ngald} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {lus sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be fatigued, wearied, prostrate with exercise of the body CD. To feel tired; to be weary DK. To be tired, to be exhausted TC. ngu|Present: {ngu} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {ngus} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {ngu} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {ngu} LZ. {ngus} DK, DS, TC\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {nyam thag pa sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To cry, weep CD. To cry; weep DK. 1. To shed tears and make a noise of suffering because of pain, illness, or sadness. 2. To make a noise like crying, sobbing DS. To weep, to cry TC. ngur|Present: {ngur} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {ngur} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {ngur} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {sngur} [CD].\nMeaning: To grunt (of pigs and yaks) CD. For a yak or dri to make a sound DS. To grunt (used of pigs and cattle) TC. nger|Present: {nger} TC. \nPast: {nger} TC. \nFuture: {nger} TC. \nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.Intransitive:(li yung khrang 1988).\nMeaning: To growl, to snarl, to roar (used of dogs and so forth) TC. nges|Present: {nges} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {nges} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {nges} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {nges} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {blo la} LZ.\nMeaning: To be the sum of a mathematical calculation, i.e. to hold it as a certain result CD. To be confirmed; to be certain DK. 1. To hold in mind having come to know. 2. To decide, resolve DS. To determine, to ascertain, to be certain; (preceded by a verb) will, would certainly do; to must, to ought to [sic] TC. ngom|Present: {ngom} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {ngoms} CD, DK, TC. {ngom} [DS].\nFuture: {ngom} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {ngoms} DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To satisfy one's self with gain, to be contented CD. To be satisfied; to be content; to quench DK. To show and make other understand your own qualities and merits DS. To show off TC. ngoms|Present: {ngoms} ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {ngoms} ND, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {ngoms} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To be satisfied, appeased DS. To be satisfied, to be satiated TC. dngang|Present: {dngang} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {dngangs} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.{sngangs} CD.\nFuture: {dngang} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {dngangs} LZ, DK. - DS, TC\nInvoluntary: DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {yid sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To be out of breath, to pant, to feel oppressed (e.g. when plunged into cold water, but especially when frightened and terrified). 2. To be frightened, to fear, to be afraid of CD. To suffocate, to be out of breath; to choke, to be frightened DK. Same as {sngangs} DS. To gasp, to pant [out of fear]. 2. To be afraid, to be terrified TC.\nNote: Perhaps not to be separated from {sngang} I have given {dngangs} ND, and {sngangs} CD in both places. See note at {sngang}. dngar|Present: {dngar} LZ, CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {dngard} LZ, DK. {dngar} TC.\nFuture: {dngar} LZ, DK, TC.\nImperative: {dngar} LZ. {dngard} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {go rim sogs legs par} LZ.\nMeaning: To put in order, arrange properly CD. To put in order, to put in a line, to arrange properly; to line up or to be in a line DK. To line up, put in rows TC. dngom|Present: {dngom} LZ. \nPast: {dngoms} LZ.\nFuture: {dngom} LZ.\nImperative: {ngoms} LZ.\nVoluntary: (Goldstein 2001).\nCharacteristic Example: {yon tan dang nor sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To boast, to show off (Goldstein 2001). mngag|Present: {mngag} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mngags} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {mngag} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {mngag} LZ. - ND. {mngags} DK, DS. {mngogs} TC\nInvoluntary: ND. Voluntary: DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227).\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhan du} LZ, {las la} ND.\nMeaning: To commission, charge, send, delegate (a messenger commissary &c). CD. To send a delegate or a message; to give instructions, to keep as a servant DK. To entrust, commit someone to go to do an action DS. 1. To entrust, to assign, to commission, to appoint. 2. To send, to dispatch TC. mngan|Present: {mgan} CD. \nMeaning: To curse, to execrate (Ja) CD.\nNote:(Stein 1942: 317-218) connects this with the adjective {ngan} 'evil'. He notices the alternate spelling {ma ngan} 'accursed' of a nominal use in Gesar, and suggests mngan is a contraction of {mo ngan} 'evil woman.' Other dictionaries DS, TC list the word only as an archaic noun 'sin, fault.' mnga'|Present: {mnga'} CD, ND, DK, DS. \nPast: {mnga'} ND, DK.\nFuture: {mnga'} DK.\nImperative: {mnga'} DK.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] 'to have dominion over' (Hackett 2003). [Obl. Abs.] 'to have' (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To own, possess. 2. (honorific) To be, exist CD. To own, possess; to have something in mind, to have knowledge of; to remember DK. To be ({yod} ), to have ({ldan} ) DS. mnga'|Auxiliary: DS.\nFunction: To be ({yod} ), to have ({ldan} ) DS. mngar|Present: {mngar} LZ. \nPast: {mngar} LZ.\nFuture: {mngar} LZ.\nImperative: {mngar} LZ.\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bza' ba'i ro sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: [To be ] sweet(Hoshi 2003). mngon|Present: {mngon} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mngond} LZ, DK. {mngon} ND, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mngon} LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mngond} LZ, DK. - ND, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rtags mtshan sogs} LZ, {mthong ba'i} ND.\nMeaning: To be evident, to appear clearly CD. To manifest, to observe, to become visible DK. To become clear DS. To become clear, to become visible, to become evident, to appear TC. rnga|Present: {rnga} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {brngad} [CD].\nPast: {brngas} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {brnga} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rngos} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {btsas ma sogs} TD, {rtswa dang btsas ma sogs} LZ, {btsas ma} ND.\nMeaning: To mow, reap, cut with a sickle CD. To mow, reap; cup with a sickle; harvest DK. To cut down grain DS. To cut, mow, harvest TC. rngan|Present: {rngan} LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. {rngon} DS. \nPast: {brngand} LZ, ND, DK. {brngan} CD, DS, TC\nFuture: {brngan} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rngan} LZ, DK. {rgnond} ND. {rngon} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {mchod pa dang nor sogs} LZ, {gla rdan} ND.\nMeaning: To pay hire to, to pay wages or remuneration; (sometimes) to bribe, corrupt (rngan) CD. To honor, worship (brngan) CD. To reward; to award; to give a present, to give a prize; to bribe DK. To give a person salary for work performed DS. To bribe TC. rngab|Present: {rngab} CD, DK, [DS], TC. \nPast: {brngabs} DK, TC.{brngab} [CD].\nFuture: {brngab} DK, TC.\nImperative: {rngabs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: 1. To be hungry, to be greedy, have a craving appetite. 2. (cf. {rnam} ) to crave, to desire earnestly; acc (Ja) CD. To feel greedy; to crave DK. (archaic) To be hungry DS. 1. To be hungry. 2. To be greedy for, to crave for, to have an appetite for TC. rngab|Present: {rngab} CD \nMeaning: 3. (In West) To mow, reap, cut down with a sickle CD.\nNote: Compare {rnga} rngab|{rngab} DS. gives as the present of {sngab} rngam|Present: {rngom} LZ, ND, (TC).{rngam} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brngams} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brngam} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rngams} DK. {rngom} LZ.{rngoms} ND, DS. - TC.\nVoluntary:ND, DS. Involuntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {lus srog sogs la} LZ.{dgra dang las la} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To rage at; be furious; devastate. 2. To breathe violently, to pant for, to desire ardently CD. To feel greedy, to crave DK. To be angry DS. To want, to crave, to be desirous of. 2. To be hostile, to be ferocious TC. rngam|Present: {rngam} DS. \nPast: {rngam} [DS]. {rngams} [CD].\nFuture: {rngam} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To hunger, crave [CD]. To thirst for, crave DS. rngub|Present: {rngub} LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brngubs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {brngub} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {rngubs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {du ba sogs} LZ, {kha sna ru} ND.\nMeaning: To draw in, inhale, breathe in CD. To breathe, to inhale, sniff DK. To draw inside the mouth (breath, smoke &c.) DS. To sip, to inhale, to breath in TC. rngul|Present: {rngul} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {rnguld} LZ, DK. {rngul} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {rngul} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {rnguld} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {sman dang dub pas} LZ.\nMeaning: To perspire DK. To sweat, perspire DS, TC. rngul|Present: {rngul} CD, DK \nPast: {brngul} CD.{brnguld} DK.\nFuture: {brngul} DK.\nImperative: {rnguld} DK.\nCausative of: {rngul} [DK]\nMeaning: To sweat, perspire CD. To cause to perspire DK. rngo|Present: {rngo} CD. \nMeaning: To be able (Cs.) CD. rngod|Present: {rngod} TD, CD, DS, TC {rngo} (TD), ND, DK, TC. {rngos} (TD)\nPast: {brngos} TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {brngod} [CD]\nFuture: {brngod} TD, CD, DS, TC}. {brngo} (TD), (CD Ja, Cs.), ND, DK, TC.\nImperative: {rngos} TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {rngod} CD.\nVoluntary: TD, CD, ND, DS, TC., (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227).\nCausative of: ngho(macron)o(grave) (Chang 1971: ii.5, see note).\nCharacteristic Example: {nas sran sogs} TD, {yos} ND.\nMeaning: To parch (barley, wheat, or rice); to bruise, to roast; to fry (e.g. meat in a pan) (rngod)CD. (barley) To be cropped (Situ 77) (brngod) CD. To roast barley, fry meat, &c. DK. Having put (foot &c.) in a frying pan to heat and cook DS. To parch, to roast, to fry TC.\nNote: The spoken Tibetan non-causative nghoo has no written Tibetan correspondent, and may be a secondary derivative, formed by analogy to such pairs as par 'to cause to be increased', phar 'to be increased' (Chang 1971: ii.5). rngod|Present: {rngod} TD, [CD?], DK, TC. \nPast: {brngod} TD, CD, DK, TC.\nFuture: {brngod} TD, DK, TC.\nImperative: {brngod} TD, DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TD, TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhan sgyu babs kyis dring pa} TD.\nMeaning: (acc. to Cs.) To desire (rngod) CD. To seduce, deceive (Situ 75) (brngod pf.)CD. to seduce; deceive DK. To delude, deceive TC. rngon|Present: {rngon} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brngond} LZ, DK. {brngon} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brngon} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rngon} LZ, DS, TC. {rngond} DK.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {ri dwags sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To pursue wild beasts, to hunt. 2. To seduce, especially to sensual indulgences (Ja) CD. To hunt; to chase wild animals for killing DK. To catch and slay a beast DS. To hunt TC. rngon|{rngon} DS gives as the present of {rngan}. rngob|Present: {rngob} CD. \nMeaning: To do, to be able (vide {rngo} ) CD. rngom|{rngom} LZ, ND, (TC). give as the present of {rngam}. snga|Present: {snga} CD, DS. \nPast: {sngas} CD. {snga} [DS].\nFuture: {snga} [DS].\nInvoluntary:(Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To be the first, to come first, to be beforehand CD. To happen at a certain early time DS. sngag|{sngag} CD, DS. give as the present of {bsngags} sngang|Present: {sngang} DK, DS. {dngang} ND. \nPast: {sngangs} CD, DK, DS.{bsnangs} ND.\nFuture: {sngang} DK, DS.{bsngang} ND.\nImperative: {sngangs} ND, DK.- ND. {sngongs} DS.\nVoluntary: DS. Involuntary: ND.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {skrag pa'i} (-) ND. {bred pa'i} (sngangs) ND.\nMeaning: 1. To be out of breath, to pant, to feel oppressed (e.g. when plunged into cold water, but especially when frightened and terrified). 2. To be frightened, to fear, to be afraid of CD. To fear; frighten; suffocate DK. To be suddenly afraid DS.\nNote:ND lists this verb twice, his conjugation seems unlikely but compare {sbyin} / {byin}. I would like to see three verbs: (1) {sngang} , {sngangs} , {sngang} , {sngnags} (2) {sngang} , {bsngangs} , {bsngang} , {sngangs} , (3) {dngang} , {dngangs} , {dngang} , {dngangs} but the evidence does not warrant. sngab|Present: {sngab} DS. {rngab} (DS).\nPast: {sngab} [DS].{rngab} [(DS)].\nFuture: {sngab} [DS]. {rngab} [(DS)].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To very much crave DS. sngam|Present: {sngam} LZ, DS. \nPast: {bsngam} LZ. {sngam} [DS].\nFuture: {sngam} LZ, [DS].\nImperative: {sngam} LZ.\nIntransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {dbugs sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To breath deeply DS. sngal|Present: {sngal} DK. \nPast: {bsngal} CD.{bsngald} DK.\nFuture: {bsngal} DK.\nImperative: {sngald} DK.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be faint or exhausted (Cs.) CD. To exhaust, to cause to be weary DK. sngas|{sngas} DK. gives as the present of {bsngas}. sngur|Present: {sngur} LZ, CD. \nPast: {bsngurd} LZ.\nFuture: {sngur} LZ.\nImperative: {sngurd} LZ.\nCausative of: {ngur} [CD].\nCharacteristic Example: {gnyid kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To snore CD. sngo|Present: {sngo} KYT, KYN, TD, CD (Cs.), ND, DK, DS, TC. {sngod} CD. \nPast: {bsngos} KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsngo} KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sngos} KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rge rtsa sogs} TD, {dge ba} ND.\nMeaning: I. To bless, pronounce benedictions. 2. To design, intend (sngo) CD. To make a firm resolve to go the way of Nirvana, or do any act of piety (bsngos) CD. To dedicate one's virtue; to transfer, multiply DK. 1. To give or send with the mind. 2. To explain the reason DS. To calculate, to enumerate, to estimate, to investigate TC. sngo|Present: {sngo} CD (Cs.), DK, TC. {sngod} CD. \nPast: {bsngos} CD, DK, TC.\nFuture: {bsngo} CD, DK, TC.\nImperative: {sngos} CD, DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To become green CD. To make blue DK. To become blue or black TC. sngog|Present: {sngog} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsngogs} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsngog} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {sngogs} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, CD, DS, TC, \nTransitive: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {skyon dang mtshang sogs} LZ, {'khrugs pa'i skyo} ND, {smyu gu snag tshar} NDB, {snyu gu snag tshar} NDA.\nMeaning: To vex, annoy, cause petty irritation, disturb from rest CD. To excavate, search; find out, discover a mistake DK. 1. To speak critically (mtshang dang skyon rjen par bshad pa) 2. To dig, excavate DS. To rummage through, to search, to empty out, to extract TC. sngog|{sngog} ND gives as the present of {bsngag}. brngad|Present: {brngad} CD. {brngab} (CD def. 1)\nMeaning: 1. To crop barley. 2. To tempt (Situ 77). 3. To seduce deceitfully (a woman or man) (Sch.); to draw out; distill; extract the juice of CD. brngab|{brngab} CD. gives as a present of {brngad} brngog|Present: {brngog} CD. \nMeaning: To point out another's faults; seek out faults; to search for a lost article CD.\nNote: probably a xylograph error for bsngog future of {sngog}. bsngags|Present: {bsngags} LZ, DK, TC. {sngag} CD, DS. {sngags} CD. {sngog} ND. \nPast: {bsngags} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsngags} LZ, DK, TC. {bsngag} CD, ND, DS.\nImperative: {bsngags} LZ, DK, TC. {sngog} CD. {sngogs} ND, DS. \nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {ngag} 'speech, talk, word' (Chang 1971: ii.4).\nCharacteristic Example: {yon tan dang bkas} LZ, {bstod pa'i} ND.\nMeaning: To praise, commend, extol, recommend CD. To praise, eulogize DK. To speak well of a man, deed, or thing DS. To praise, to eulogize, to glorify TC. bsngas|Present: {sngas} DK. {bsngas} CD, DS.\nPast: {bsngas} , DK. [DS]. \nFuture: {bsngas} DK, [DS].\nImperative: {sngas} DK.\nIntransitive: DS.\nDenominative of: {ngas} 'pillow, cushion'NWH.\nMeaning: To place the head or body upon a cushion, to recline CD. To rest on a pillow; to lean on or support DK. One's own body not falling down is supported by another object DS. can|Auxiliary: {can} DS. \nMeaning: To have, posses DS.\nNote:DS is wrong to think of this as a verb, rather than a nominal suffix NWH. cer|{cer} LZ. gives as the present of {'cher}. cog|Present: {cog} CD. \nMeaning: To have leisure CD.\nNote:DS, and [Li shi'i gur khang] consider this to be particle added to the reduplicating a sentence final particle, meaning {tham cad} 'all' or {yod tsad} 'quality' cong|Present: {cong} CD. \nMeaning: To raise wailings, loud lamentations CD.\nNote:CD probably infers this verb from the word {gcong skad} 'a cry, lamentation' which may also be spelled {cong skad}. gcar|Present: {gcar} LZ, DS. \nPast: {bcard} LZ. {bcar} DS.\nFuture: {gcar} LZ, DS.\nImperative: {gcord} LZ. {gcor} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {gam du} LZ.\nMeaning: In the presence of, near to DS. gcar|Present: {gcar} DS. \nPast: {gcar} DS.\nFuture: {gcar} DS.\nImperative: {gcor} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To hit or strike DS. gcal|Present: {gcal} CD. \nMeaning: To spread, display; lay out (e.g. precious stones, jewels on a table or the ground (Ja)). CD.\nNote: probably the substantive {gcal} 'flat, surface'. gci|Present: {gci} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {gcid} CD.\nPast: {gcis} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.{bcis} (DK).\nFuture: {gci} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.{bci} (DK).\nImperative: {gci} LZ, DK. {gcis} CD, (DK), DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nDenominative of: {gcin} 'urine'NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {gcin} LZ.\nMeaning: To discharge urine, to make water; to piss CD. To urinate DK, DS, TC}.\nNote: Root gci (= gtoei) < *gtsyi < *g-tsi < *tsi (Beyer 1992: 83). gcir|Present: {gcir} DS, TC. \nPast: {bcir} DS. {gcir} TC.\nFuture: {gcir} DS, TC.\nImperative: {chir} DS. {gcir} TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To press flat DS. To squeeze, to press TC (Duff).\nNote: {'chir} and {'tshir} gcil|Present: {gcil} CD, DS. \nPast: {gcil} [DS].\nFuture: {gcil} [DS].\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To spoil, destroy (Sch.) CD. To cut (meat &c.) with a knife DS. gcis|Present: {gcis} ND. \nPast: {gcis} ND.\n NDAA seems to have gces, a carvo. \nInvoluntary: ND.\nNote: a variant present for {gci} ? gcu|Present: {gcu} LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. {gcud} CD, DK.\nPast: {gcus} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.{bcus} ND.{lcus} CD.\nFuture: {gcu} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {lcu} CD.\nImperative: {cus} LZ, ND. {'chus} DK. {gcus} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DC, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {ske dang gyas gyon du} LZ, {lag pas} ND.\nMeaning: To squeeze, strain, whirl, turn round like the twisting of a screw (gcud) CD. To turn, to turn round, to twist, to twine, to plate, to braid (gcu) CD. To twist, to turn aside DK. To make something change from being straight DS. To twist around, to wring, to screw in TC (Duff). gcugs|Present: {gcugs} LZ, DS. \nPast: {gcugs} LZ, [DS].\nFuture: {gcugs} LZ, [DS].\nImperative: {gcugs} LZ.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {mdza' grogs sogs dang} LZ. \nMeaning: 1. (intrans.) To be emotionally close, in harmony. 1. (trans.) To love DS. gcud|Present: {gcud} DS. \nPast: {gcud} [DS]. \nFuture: {gcud} [DS]. \nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To wrap, enclose inside of something DS. gcun|{gcun} CD, ND give as a present of {'jun} gcur|Present: {gcur} LZ, ND, TC. {bcur} CD. {'jur} DS.{'chur} [TC].\nPast: {gcurd} LZ. {bcurd} ND.{bcur} DS, TC.\nFuture: {gcur} LZ, ND, DS. {bcur} TC.\nImperative: {churd} LZ.{curd} ND.{chur} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {phug dang dka' sar} LZ, {phug tu} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To be flattened down (Sch.). 2. (colloquial) To bar, obstruct, block up by snow obstructing a roadCD. To become helpless DS. 1. To squeeze into, inside some place. 2. To be trapped, helpless TC (Duff).\nNote: Compare {'jur} and '{churd} gcus|Present: {gcus} CD. \nMeaning: To interfere, to meddle with (Nag) CD. gcem|{gcem} DK. gives as the present of {bcem} gcer|Present: {gcer} DK. \nPast: {bcard} DK.\nFuture: {bcar} DK.\nImperative: {gcerd} DK.\nMeaning: To squash, squeeze DK.\nNote: Compare {bcer} gces|Present: {gces} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gces} LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gces} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gces} LZ, DK.- ND, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rang gzhan la} LZ.\nMeaning: To have attachment, to love CK. To feel sympathy or pity for DS. To value, cherish, prize, respect TC. gcog|Present: {gcog} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcag} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gcog} LZ, DS. {gcag} ND, DK, TC.\nImperative: {gcog} LZ. {cog} ND, CD, TC. {chogs} CD, DK, DS, \nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'chag} [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nCharacteristic Example: {sgo nga dang rdo sogs} LZ, {rdo sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To break, to burst asunder, to cleave, to split, blast, to violate CD. To break, split DK. 1. To break something hard into many pieces. 2. To recover from illness. 3. To not respect, not comply, not agree to. 4. To make fewer DS. 1. To break, split, fragment. 2. To oppress, to suppress. 3. To reduce, deduct, lower. 4. To contradict, to break a pledge, to disobey TC. gcong|Present: {gcong} CD. \nPast: {bshongs} CD.\nMeaning: 1. To excavate, wash out, undermine through the action of water. 2. To get faint, languid wearied in mind (Ja) CD.\nNote: Compare {gshong} gcod|Present: {gcod} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcad} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {gcad} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {chod} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {gcod} CD.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'chad} [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {shing sogs} TD, {srog dang don thag sogs} LZ, {gri tshar stangs dang nam 'phang tha ga dang mcams khrims sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To cut, to cut asunder, to cut down, to fell; (variety of metaphorical uses) stop, hinder, judge, avoid, lock, to wake from sleep CD. To hew or cut; to decide a case DK. 1. To cut a long thing into a short one. 2. To settle, determine. 3. To follow pursue something gone earlier. 4. To examine a circumstance and come to have knowledge. 5. To sever, stop, cut off. 6. To quite (a bad habit &c.). 7. To block, obstruct. 8. To kill. 9. To break off a previous mutual connection. 10. To annihilate, get rid of. 11. To arrive at a goal. 12. To understand a profound meaning having analyzed and argued. 13. To block of the end (of a hole &c.) by stuffing in something round DS. 1. To cut, to shear, to shave off. 2. To kill. 3. To intervene, to interrupt. 3. To give up, to abandon, to stop, to break off. 5. To close, to block off, to impede. 6. To establish, to determine. 7. To implement, to execute, to exact. 8. To explore, to investigate, to pursue. 9. To differentiate, to discriminate, to scrutinize, to analyze, to discern. 10. To traverse, to arrive after a journey TC. gcom|Present: {gcom} LZ, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {gcoms} LZ. {bcam} ND. {bcams} DS, TC.{'chams} DS.\nFuture: {gcom} LZ, {bcam} NDB, TC.{gcam} NDA. {bcom} DS.\nImperative: {coms} LZ. {'choms} ND, DS. {gcoms} TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {gros sogs} LZ, {gros} ND.\nMeaning: (archaic) To negotiate DS. To promise, to make a promise or contract TC. gcor|Present: {gcor} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bcor} LZ.\nPast: {bcard} LZ, ND. {bcar} [CD], DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gcar} LZ, DK, DS, TC. {bcar} LZ, ND.\nImperative: {gcord} LZ, DK. {bcord} LZ. {cord} NDA. {chord} NDB. {chor} DS. {gcor} TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {sku mdun sogs su} (gcor) LZ, {mig sogs} (bcor) LZ, {mig sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To spread, scatter, disperse (Cs.) (gcor) CD. 1. To squeeze to press. To crowd, to throng. 2. To pull or force down, to wrest (bcar) CD. To maker closer, to cause to meet DK. To squash, squish DS. 1. To go to meet, to approach, to draw near. 2. To crush, to squeeze TC. gcol|Present: {gcol} TC. \nPast: {gcol} TC.\nFuture: {gcol} TC.\nImperative: {gcol} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {'chol} (Duff).\nMeaning: To scatter, to disperse, to cause disruption TC. bcas|Present: {bcas} DS. \nPast: {bcas} [DS].\nFuture: {bcas} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368).\nMeaning: To have DS. bca'|{bca'} DS gives as the preset of {'chos} bcir|{bcir} LZ. gives as the present of {'chir} bcu|{bcu} LZ,CD. give as the present of {'chu} bcum|Present: {bcum} CD. \nMeaning: (= {bskum} also {bzung} ) 1. To become contracted. 2. (acc. Sch.) To use artifices; to chicane CD. bcur|{bcur} CD. gives as the present of {gcur}. bcem|Present: {bcem} LZ, TC. {'chems} CD (archaic). {gcem} DK. \nPast: {bcems} LZ, CD, DK, TC.\nFuture: {bcem} LZ, CD, DK, TC.\nImperative: {bcem} LZ. {gcems} DK. {bcems} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {so yis bca' ba sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To chew (Medical, Ja) CD. To crush with teeth; to squash or press together DK. To chew TC. bcer|Present: {gcer} [CD], {bcer} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcer} TC.\nFuture: {bcer} TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nMeaning: 1. To heap, to pile up; collect in one place. 2. To glare at. 3. (colloquial = {bcir} ) to squeeze, press CD. (archaic) To heap, pile up DS. To heap, to pile up TC.\nNote: Root bcer < *btyer < *bter (Beyer 1992: 84) cf. gter 'treasure.' bco|Present: {bco} CD. \nPast: {bcos} CD.\nImperative: {bcos} CD.\nMeaning: (properly the root of the future tense of {'chos} , but in the West the usual word for {byed} ) To make, to perform CD. bcog|Present: {bcog} CD. \nMeaning: To reduce, cut down CD. bcor|{bcor} LZ. gives as the present of {gcor} lcigs|Present: {lcigs} DS, TC. \nPast: {lcigs} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {lcigs} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary:TC.\nTransitive:DS Intransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To be able, capable DS.To understand, realize TC. lceb|Present: {lceb} LZ, CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {lcebs} LZ, DS, TC.\nFuture: {lceb} LZ, DS, TC.\nImperative: {lcebs} LZ, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {brag gyang sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To kill oneself, to commit suicide. 2. (used of insects that fly into a flame) CD. To end ones own life DS. To commit suicide (especially by jumping off a high place), to take one's own life TC. lcogs|Present: {lcog} CD. {lcogs} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {lcogs} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {lcogs} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {lcogs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nMeaning: 1. To be agitated, shaken, to tremble. 2. To be able CD. To be able, capable DS. To have time for or to have time to. 2. To handle, to be able to cope TC. cha|Present: {chas} LZ, DS, TC. {cha} CD, DK, (TC). \nPast: {chas} LZ, CD (see def.), DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {cha} LZ, DK. {chas} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {chos} LZ. {chas} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhan du} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To adorn, bedeck, wear (S. Lex). 2. (archaic) To go away, to start, to leave (a place) (cha) CD. ({chas} , originally the past of {cha} but always used as a separate verb) 1. To set forth, depart. 2. To prepare for, to set about, to start (chas) CD.To go, to compose DK. To go on a path DS. To go, to set out, to depart TC.\nNote: Ja. gives this as the normal verb 'go' in the west, the past and imperative song having replaced chas. chag|{chag} TC gives as the present of {'chag} chags|Present: {chags} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {chags} LZ, DK, [DS], TC. \nFuture: {chags} LZ, DK, [DS], TC. \nImperative: {chags} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, [Hoshi 2003].\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {'dod yon la} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To be fond of, to be attached to, to love; to cling to. 2. To be begotten, produced CD. To be attached to, to rest upon, to love, to lust DK. To become attached to, to be loyal to etc. DK. To become desirous, to feel loyal &c. DS. 1. To be attached to, to be in love. 2. To be situated, to be settled TC. chags|Present: {chags} TC. \nPast: {chags} TC.\nFuture: {chags} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117).\nCharacteristic Example:\nMeaning: To become, to occur, to form, to be created, to come into being TC. chags|Past: {chags} (Takeuchi 1995: 49).\nIntransitive: (Takeuchi 1995: 49).\nSyntax: [Abs All.] (Takeuchi 1995: 49).\nMeaning: A loan of (something abs.) was made to (someone all.) (Takeuchi 1995: 49).\nNote: Takeuchi appears to understand this verb as a specialization of the preceding. chags|Past: {chags} (Takeuchi 1995: 49).\nTransitive: (Takeuchi 1995: 49).\nSyntax: [Erg. Abl. Abs.] (Takeuchi 1995: 49).\nMeaning: (in Old Tibetan) To borrow (something abs.) from (someone abl.) (Takeuchi 1995: 49).\nNote: as frequently occurs in Old Tibetan the allative can substitute for the ablative in this construction (Takeuchi 1995: 49). chad|Present: {chad} CD. \nMeaning: 1. To open, to separate, liberate, to give out. 2. To promise, bind one's self. 3. To be descended from; to be born of or with (generally with {nas} or {las} ) CD. chas|{chas} LZ, DS, TC. give as the present to {cha} chibs|chibs ND. gives as the present to {'chib} chug|Present: {chug} DK. \nPast: {chugs} DK.\nFuture: {chug} DK.\nImperative: {chugs} DK.\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To come under; to be included DK. To allow (Hackett 2003). To be able to distinguish, tell the difference (Hoshi 2003). chud|Present: {chud} CD, DS, TC. {'chud} DK.\nPast: {chud} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'chud} DK. {chud} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {chud} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To get into, to enter, to put into, insert CD. To get in; to be included, admitted DK. 1. To fit, hold inside. 2. To congregate in. 3. To be certain, confident in mind. 4. To finish preparations DS. 1. To be included, to get into, to be inserted. 2. To understand. 3. To fit, to hold, to have room TC.\nNote: Compare {'jud} chun|Present: {chun} CD. \nMeaning: To bunch or bundle together CD. chub|Present: {chub} ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {chub} [ND], [DS], TC.\nFuture: {chub} [ND], [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To understand, comprehend DS. To be perfected, to have perfect comprehension, to comprehend, to master TC. chum|Present: {chum} CD (archaic), TC. \nPast: {chum} [TC].\nFuture: {chum} [TC].\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To be frightened, also to shrink CD. To shrink in fear, to cower TC. che|Present: {che} CD. \nPast: {ches} CD.\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nMeaning: [To be great] CD.\nNote:Root che (= toehe) < *thye < *the (Beyer 1992: 83). ches|Present: {ches} TC. \nPast: {ches} TC. \nFuture: {ches} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To believe (used with {yid} ) TC. chog|Present: {chog} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {chog} DK, TC.\nFuture: {chog} DK, TC.\nImperative: {chog} DK\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To be permitted, to be allowable (in books generally with the instrumental particle). 2. To suffice, to be sufficient CD. To be permissible; to be allowed DK. 1. To be sufficient, to suffice, to be enough. 2. To be suitable, to be fit for, to be ready, to be able, to be permitted, to be allowed TC. chog|Auxiliary: {chog} DS.\nMeaning: To be suitable, appropriate, acceptable DS. chod|Present: {chod} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {chod} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {chod} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {chod} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1.To be cut off. 2.To be decided, settled fixed. 3. To cover over, to put into shade CD. To cut off; to be decided DK. 1. (of an action) To be able to perform it. 2. To cut off DS. To be cut off, to be separated, to be broken off TC. chom|Present: {chom} CD, TC. \nPast: {chom} TC.\nFuture: {chom} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be finished, accomplished (in West, Ja) CD. To be subdued, to be vanquished, to be overcome, to be beaten down TC. mchi|Present: {mchi} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mchis} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {mchi} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {mchi} LZ. {mchis} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {skyabs 'og sogs su} LZ.\nMeaning: (elegant) To come, to go CD. To take refuge, shelter, to take asylum, to go for protection DK. To go or come DS. (archaic) To go TC. mchid|Present: {mchid} LZ. \nPast: {mchid} LZ.\nFuture: {mchid} LZ.\nImperative: {mchid} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {'phros pa 'os rigs} LZ. \nNote: possibly a variant of {mched}. mchis|Present: {mchis} [CD],DK, TC. {mchi} DS. \nPast: {mchis} DK, DS.\nFuture: {mchis} DK. {mchi} DS.\nImperative: {mchis} DK.\nIntransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Obl. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be; to have DK. To exist, posses, to stay DS. To be, to exist TC.\nNote: as a copula verb stems should not be differentiated. mched|Present: {mched} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mched} LZ, [ND], DK, [ND], TC.\nFuture: {mched} LZ, [ND], DK, [ND], TC.\nImperative: {mched} LZ, DK. - [ND], TC.\nInvoluntary: [ND], TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {me lce sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To spread, gain ground, increase, multiply (seldom used except for fire, plague &c.) CD. To spread over, to increase DK. To rapidly grow greater, spread DS. To spread, to increase, to become widespread TC. mchog|Present: {mchog} ND. \nPast: {mchog} [ND].\nFuture: {mchog} [ND].\nImperative: - [ND]\nInvoluntary: [ND]\nNote: Probably a verbal use of the adjective 'excellent, fine'. mchong|Present: {mchong} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {mchongs} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {mchong} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {mchong} LZ. {mchongs} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {brag gyang sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To leap, jump. 2. To bathe in water CD. To jump; leap DK. To leap DS. To jump, to leap, to leap across TC. mchod|Present: {mchod} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mchod} KYN, LZ, [ND], DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mchod} KYN, LZ, [ND], DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mchod} KYN, LZ, DK, TC.\nVoluntary: KYN, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137).[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {lha sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To honor, worship CD. To offer, to worship; to respect or praise; to eat DK. 1. To lay out food in remembrance of the dead. 2. To burn in a fire, or scatter to the sky, or spread on high food &c. in a superstitious liturgical procedure thought to make offerings to gods and demons. 3. (in Buddhism) To religiously offer food &c. DS. To offer, to worship, to make offerings. 2. (honorific) To eat, to drink, to wear TC. mchor|Present: {mchor} LZ, ND. \nPast: {mchord} LZ. {mchor} ND.\nFuture: {mchor} LZ, [ND].\nImperative: {mchord} LZ. - [ND].\nInvoluntary: [ND].\nCharacteristic Example: {gos rgyan sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To be elegant, well appareled NWH.\nNote: A verbal use of the adjective. mchol|Present: {mchol} ND. \nPast: {mchol} ND.\nFuture: {mchol} [ND].\nImperative: - [ND].\nInvoluntary: [ND]. 'chag|Present: {'chag} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {chags} CD. \nPast: {bcags} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bcag} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {chogs} KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {zhabs kyis} TD, LZ, ND.\nMeaning: To tread, walk, move CD. 1. To walk, to visit. 2. To wash a new cloth DK. To step on, to walk DS. 1. To walk on, to step on, to treat, to visit, to travel. 2. To reduce, to slow down. 3. (dialect) To beat gently, to pat TC. 'chag|Present: {'chag} CD, DK, DS. {'cheg} CD. {chag} TC. \nPast: {chag} CD, DK, DS, TC. {chags} CD.\nFuture: {'chag} DK, DS. {chag} TC.\nImperative: {chag} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {gcog} [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259)\nMeaning: 1. To break, be broken. To cut in twain, cleave, split. 2. To abate, beat down from the price CD. To be broken DK. 1. To break apart, be broken. 2. To not do what was to be done at a certain time [i.e. to be interrupted]. 3. To decrease, become less DS. To break, to fragment, to be broken. 2. To be interrupted TC. 'chag|Present: {'chag} DS. \nPast: {'chags} DS.\nFuture: {'chag} DS.\nImperative: - DS.\nInvoluntary: DS.\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: 1. For one thing to be on top of another thing 2. To cover or stick to the outside of something DS. 'chags|Present: {bshags} LZ.{'chags} CD, DK, DS, TC. {'cheg} CD. \nPast: {bshags} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bshags} LZ.{bshag} CD, DS, TC. {bshags} DK.\nImperative: {bshags} LZ.{shogs} (LZ).{shog} CD, DS. {'chags} DK. {bshogs} TC.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {sdig pa sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To explain, lay open. To confess, to acknowledge (Ja). 2. To be afraid of CD. To confess, to lay one's heart open and speak DK. 1. Having recognized and regretted past sins, to commit not to do them. 2. (of water &c.) To move [splash?] DS. To confess, to admit TC. 'chang|Present: {'chang} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcangs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bcang} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nImperative: {chongs} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. {chong} CD.\nVoluntary: TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {yid dang lus la} TC. {rang sems dang lus la} LZ. {lag tu} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To hold, to take hold of, to keep, to bear. 2. To carry, wear. 3. To have, to assume (e.g. body of a goddess). 4. To bite, bark at CD. 1. To hold with the hand. 2. To hold in mind without forgetting DS. To hold, to grasp to seize, to maintain, to assume. 2. To keep in mind, to retain TC. 'chad|Present: {'chad} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {chad} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {chad} LZ. {'chad} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {chad} LZ, DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: [CD], DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {gcod} [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {srog dang thag pa sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To cut into pieces, to decay, to break off, separate, to break asunder. 2. To cease, end, stop, die CD. To be broken off, be cut off; to discontinue; to be tired DK. 1. For a long thing to break into pieces. 2. To separate into many sections. 3. To be omitted, discarded. 4. To degenerate, decay, cease to exit DS. To be interrupted, to be broken, to be cut off. 2. To be incomplete, to be missing TC.\nNote: Compare (Takeuchi 1995: 223). 'chad|Present: {'chad} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {shod} TC.\nPast: {bshad} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bshad} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {shod} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {chos dang gtam sogs} LZ. {bon chos gtam} ND.\nMeaning: To explain CD. To speak, tell, mention DK. 1. To explain verbally. 2. To give an commentary or exegesis. 3. To speak of good and evil DS. To discourse, to teach, to explain, to speak TC. 'chab|Present: {'chab} LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcabs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bcab} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {chobs} LZ. {chob} CD. {'chobs} ND, TC. {'chabs} DK. {chobs} DS.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {lhung ba sogs} LZ. {nyes pa} ND.\nMeaning: To conceal, to keep secret CD. To conceal, to hide DK. To keep a misdeed secret DS. To conceal, to hide, to keep secret TC. 'cham|Present: {'cham} CD, DK, DS. {'chams} TC. \nPast: {bcam} CD. {'chams} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'cham} DK, DS. {'chams} TC.\nImperative: {'chams} DK. {'choms} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To dance CD, DS,TC. To dance; to take a walk DK. 'cham|Present: {'cham} CD. {'chams} TC. \nPast: {bcam} CD. {'chams} TC. \nFuture: {'chams} TC. \nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To accord, to agree CD. To get along with, to agree with, to be compatible TC.\nNote: Root given as 'cham (= '?Sham) < *'thyam < 'tham 'grasp, embrace, join' (Beyer 1992: 84). 'cha'|Present: {'cha'} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bcas} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{'chas} CD.\nFuture: {bca'} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {chos} LZ, CD, ND, DS.{'cha'} DK. {'chos} TC.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To draw up, prepare, construct, adjust. 2. (with {dam} ) To make a vow, to promise, assert. 3. (with {zhen pa} or {chags pa} ) To be attached to CD. 1. To make. 2. To vow, take an oath DK. 1. To resolve, determine (rules &c.) 2. To make a place for staying, supporting.3. To promise, take an oath DS.1. To establish, to draw up, to construct, to invent, to prepare. 2. To uphold, to promise, to keep TC.\nNote: Compare {'chos}. 'cha'|Present: {'cha'} TC.\nPast: {bcas} TC.\nFuture: {bca'} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be settled down, to be established, to be set up, to be made TC. 'cha'|Present: {'cha'} CD, DS,TC.\nPast: {'chos} DS, TC.\nFuture: {'cha'} DS, TC. \nImperative: {'cho} DS.{'chos} TC. \nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gnas sogs} LZ. {gnas dang khrims dam gtor ma} ND.\nMeaning: To snap at, mangle, gnaw CD. To chew, to gnaw, to bite TC. To chew hard food with the teeth DS. 'char|Present: {'char} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {shar} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'char} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'char} LZ. {shard} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {shar} 'east' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {nye zla sogs dang blo la} LZ.\nMeaning: To arise, to start up, become visible, shine CD. To rise, to start DK. 1. (for the light of sun, moon, or stars) To spread, come out from the snyom thig of the east. 2. For the flower of a fruit tree to bloom. 3. (of a new era) To arrive. 4. To know or remember. 5. To reflect in a mirror &c. DS. 1. To arise, to emerge, to occur, to dawn, to bloom. 2. To become. 3. To recollect. 4. To be calculated, to be given, to be left (made in an arithmetic calculation) TC. 'chal|Present: {'chal} CD, DS, TC. {'chald} DK. \nPast: {chal} DK. {'chal} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'chal} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {chald} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To loose one's wits, to be confused, to be in disorder. 2. To hesitate, fluctuate in mind, be irresolute. 3. To fornicate, to commit adultery CD. To be out of order, to be disorderly or to be in a state of confusion DK. 1. To deteriorate in good activity of body and speech. 2. To deteriorate in understanding. 3. To be slanted (of a wall face) DS. To lose control, to be or become deranged. 2. (dialect) To tilt, to be unstable. 3. To be promiscuous, to fornicate TC. 'chi|Present: {'chi} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {shi} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'chi} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {shi} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To die, to expire, to go out (as light, fire) CD. To die, to end one's life DK. For a life to end DS. 1. To die, to perish. 2. To expire, to die out, to perish TC. 'ching|Present: {'ching} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. {'chings} DK. \nPast: {bcings} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bcing} KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {chings} KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'chings} CD. {'ching} CD.\nVoluntary: KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {zhags pa sogs kyis} TD. {thag pa sogs kyis} LZ. {dam du} ND. \nMeaning: To bind, tie up, make fast, exorcise CD. To tie with a rope, bind DK. 1. To tie (a rope &c.). 2. To be a rule, standard DS. To bind, to tie, to fasten TC. 'ching|Present: {'ching} DK. \nPast: {chings} DK. {ching} (DK).\nFuture: {'ching} DK.\nImperative: {chings} DK.\nMeaning: To be tied, fasted; to be unruly DK. 'chib|Present: {'chib} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {'chibs} CD. {chibs} ND. \nPast: {bcibs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bcib} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {chibs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Byams pa rdo rje 1996), [Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {chibs} 'horse' (Beyer 1992: 111)\nCharacteristic Example: {rta sogs} LZ. {rta sogs la} ND.\nMeaning: (respectful) To mount a horse or carriage CD. To ride a horse, &c. DK. (honorific) to ride a horse DS, TC. 'chir|Present: {bcir} LZ. {'chir} (CD), DK, TC. {cir} (CD).\nPast: {bcird} LZ.{bcir} (CD), DK, TC.\nFuture: {bcir} LZ, TC. {gcir} DK.\nImperative: {bcir} LZ.{'chird} DK. {'chir} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {rlan sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To press, squeeze CD. To squeeze, press, interrogate DK. To squeeze, to press, to wring out TC.\nNote:Root chir (= toehir) < *tshyir < *tshir (Beyer 1992: 83).\nNote: Compare {gcir} and {'tshir}. 'chir|Present: {'chir} DK. \nPast: {chir} DK.\nFuture: {'chir} DK. \nImperative: {chird} DK.\nMeaning: To go in between; to be pressed DK. 'chu|Present: {'chu} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bcu} LZ,CD. \nPast: {bcus} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bcu} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.{gcu} LZ.\nImperative: {chus} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bcus} LZ.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC. \nTransitive: DS, TC.\nDenominative of: {chu} 'water' (Simon 1971: 474), (Beyer 1992: 111).\nCharacteristic Example: {dbyibs kyis skyogs su} ('chu) LZ. {chu dang ja sogs} (bcu) LZ. {chu sogs} ND. \nMeaning: To scoop up, to ladle (water), to irrigate, to water ('chu) CD. 1. To draw out water, to irrigate. 2. To distill (Situ 75) (bcu) CD. To draw out water, to fetch water DK. To pick up sand, water &c. with a ladle &c. and pour it into a vessel DS. 1. To fetch with a vessel. 2. To loose appetite. 3. (archaic) To plunder TC.\nNote: related to the noun {bcud} 'humor, elixir' (Stein 1942: 205). Related to the nouns chab 'water' and bca 'drink' by ablaut (Simon 1971: 474). 'chu|Present: {'chu} CD, DK, DS. {'chus} TC. \nPast: {'chus} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'chu} DK, DS. {'chus} TC.\nImperative: {'chus} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be twisted, distorted CD. 1. To be crooked, to be distorted, twisted. 2. To lose one's appetite DK. 1. To loose appetite. 2. To become crooked or in the shape of a twisted conch DS. To be or get twisted, to sprain, to be or get sprained TC. 'chug|Present: {'chug} ND, DK, DS, [TC]. \nPast: {'chugs} ND, DK, DS.\nFuture: {'chug} ND, DK, DS.\nImperative: - ND, DS. {'chugs} DK.\nInvoluntary: ND, DS.\nIntransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {don sogs} ND. \nMeaning: To be mistaken, to be in a wrong direction DK. To make a mistake, to be confused (similar to {'phyug} ) DS. To make a mistake, blunder, go wrong (alternative orthography of {'phyug} ) TC.\nNote: Compare {'phyug}. 'chugs|Present: {'chugs} [TC]. \nTransitive: (Skorupski 2001).\nMeaning: (archaic) To settle a dispute TC. 'chud|{'chud} DK. gives as the present of {chud} 'chun|Present: {'chun} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {chun} DK, TC.\nFuture: {'chun} DK, TC.\nImperative: {chund} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nResultative of: {'jun} (Beyer 1992: 112).\nDenominative of: {'chun pa} 'under one's control' CD.\nMeaning: To be tamed, subdued, made to yield CD. To be under control, to be subdued, to be able to contain DK. To become tamed, to become disciplined TC.\nNote:CD suggests this verb is a denominal use of the adjective {'chun pa} 'under one's control'. 'chun|{'chun} LZ gives as the present of {'jun}. 'chum|Present: {'chum} LZ, CD, TC. {'chums} DK. \nPast: {'chums} LZ, TC. {chum} DK.\nFuture: {'chum} LZ, DK, TC. \nImperative: {'chums} LZ. {chums} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {rgyu nor sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To wish, to long for CD. 1. To be attached to. 2. To be frightened, to contract, to become small DK. To be attached to, to be fond of, to be addicted to. 2. To shrink, to shrivel TC. 'chums|Present: {'chums} DS. \nPast: {'chums} [DS].\nFuture: {'chums} [DS].\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: 1. To enforce a given command by force. 2. Having established authority to make someone listen DS. 'chur|Present: {'chur} TC. \nIntransitive: (Skorupski 2001).\nMeaning: (archaic) To arrive TC. 'churd|Present: {'churd} DK. \nPast: {chur} DK.\nFuture: {'chur} DK.\nImperative: {churd} DK.\nMeaning: To be able to contain, to suffice in capacity DK.\nNote: Compare {gcur}. 'chus|{'chus} TC. gives as the present to {'chu} 'che|Present: {'che} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'ches} LZ, DS, TC. {bces} CD. {ches} DK.\nFuture: {'che} LZ, DK, DS, TC. {bce} CD.\nImperative: {'ches} LZ, DS, TC. {ches} CD, DK. \nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'ches} [DK]\nCharacteristic Example: {dam bca' ba'i ched khas} LZ.\nMeaning: To attest, to promise CD. To promise DK, DS. To promise, to make a promise, to affirm TC. 'cheg|{'cheg} CD. gives as the present of {'chag} 'chel|Present: {'chel} (Hackett 2003). \nPast: {chel} (Hackett 2003).\nFuture: {chel} (Hackett 2003).\nSyntax:[Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To fixate (on), to be fixated (on) (Hackett 2003). 'chor|Present: {'chor} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {shor} (DK).\nPast: {shord} LZ, DK. {shor} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {shor} LZ, DK. {'chor} DS, TC.\nImperative: {'chor} LZ. {'chord} DK. {shord} (DK). - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [(Erg.)Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {la rgya dang sdom pa sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To escape, flee, steal away. 2. To flow out CD. To be let loose (a dog, &c.). 2. To lose, be stolen. 3. To escape, run away DK. 1. To escape from bondage. 2. To deteriorate, become weak. 3. To be unable to protect, or block. 4. To be unable to control the sense faculties DS. 1. To be robbed of, to be lost, to be deprived. 2. To make a slip TC. 'chor|Present: {'chor} CD. \nPast: {bshor} CD.\nFuture: {gshor} CD.\nMeaning: To pursue, chase, go after CD. 'chol|Present: {'chol} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcold} KYN, LZ, ND, DK. {bcol} CD, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bcol} KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {'chold} KYN. {chold} LZ, ND, DK. {'chol} DS. {chol} TC. \nVoluntary: KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {'phrin las} LZ. {lam sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To entrust, lay open, commit a thing to another's charge, to make, appoint CD. To entrust, rely upon DK. 1. To give something to another, and have him take care of it for some time. 2. To request another to attend to one's affairs in one's stead. 3. To have another attend to an affair having given something to another DS. To entrust, to charge with, to leave in someone's charge, to deposit TC. 'chol|Present: {'chold} DK. {'chol} [DS], TC. \nPast: {chol} DK. {'chol} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'chol} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {chold} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: [DS], TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be disorderly, to be in a state of confusion DK. Similar in meaning to {'chal} DS. To be disorderly, to be mistaken, to be confused. 2. To totter, to stagger TC.\nNote: Compare {'chal}. 'chos|Present: {'chos} LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, (DS), TC. {bca'} DS.\nPast: {bcos} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'chos} CD.\nFuture: {bco} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. {bcos} TC.\nImperative: {chos} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gtor ma sogs} LZ. {bzo bos} ND.\nMeaning: To make, make ready, prepare, construct, build CD. To make, manufacture, build DK. To make, prepare, make ready DS. To make, create TC.\nNote: Compare {'cha'} 'chos|Present: {'chos} LZ. \nPast: {bcos} LZ.\nFuture: {bca'} LZ.\nImperative: {chos} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {khrims sogs} LZ.\nNote: Doubtless identical to the previous. mjal|Present: {mjol} KYN.{mjal} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mjald} KYN, LZ, ND, DK. {mjal} DS, TC.\nFuture: {mjal} KYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {mjold} KYN, LZ. {mjol} CD, DS, TC. - ND. {mjald} DK. \nInvoluntary: ND, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117). Voluntary: CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: TC. Intransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). [Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bla ma'i zhal sogs} LZ. {bla ma} ND. \nMeaning: (honorific) To meet, interview, wait on, pay ones respects CD. To have interviews, meet DK. (honorific) To meet DS. (honorific) To meet, see, visit TC. mjed|Present: {mjed} DK, DS. \nPast: {mjed} DK, [DS]. \nFuture: {mjed} DK, [DS]. \nImperative: {mjed} DK.\nIntransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To cause to be intolerable, to be intolerable DK. To be irritating or unbearable DS. mjol|{mjol} KYN. gives as the present of {mjal}. 'jag|Present: {'jag} CD. \nPast: {jags} CD (Cs.).\nMeaning: (Sch.) To establish, settle, fix, found CD. 'jags|Present: {'jags} LZ, TC. {'jag} DK.\nPast: {'jags} LZ, DK, TC.\nFuture: {'jags} LZ, TC. {'jag} DK.\nImperative: {'jags} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {gtam snyan sogs yid la} LZ.\nMeaning: To be settled, become calm DK. 1. To remain in the mind, to remember. 2. (honorific) to be seated. 3. To settle, to calm down, to become still, to remain unchanged TC. 'jags|Present: {'jags} CD. ND, DK, DS. \nPast: {bcags} ND, DS. {gcags} [CD], DK.\nFuture: {gcags} ND, DS. {gcag} DK.\nImperative: {chog} ND. {'jags} DK. {chogs} DS.\nVoluntary: ND, DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {yid la} ND.\nMeaning: To remember, keep in mind ('jags) CD. (A. K. 1. 24) 1. 1o apprehend, to grasp (with the understanding); to impress (generally with {yid la} 'on the mind'). 2. relative to persons it may be synonymous with {chags pa} 'to love' (gcags) CD. To keep in mind, to memorize DK. To bear in mind, hold in mind DS. 'jags|Present: {'jags} CD.\nMeaning: (in Central Tibet) To give, to make a present, to formally present (Georgi's Alphabetum Tibetanum ) CD.\nI find no entry for 'jags in the index of (Giorgi 2001). 'jang|Present: {'jang} CD, TC. \nPast: {'jang} TC.\nFuture: {'jang} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To devour, swallow (Sch.) CD. To have diarrhea. 2. (archaic) To eat, to drink TC. 'jab|Present: {'jab} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bzhabs} LZ, CD (probably), DK, (TC archaic). {'jabs} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bzhab} LZ, CD, DK (DS). {gzhab} (DS), (TC archaic). {'jab} DS, TC.\nImperative: {bzhob} LZ. {'jab} (LZ). {'jabs} DK. {'jobs} DS, TC.{bzhabs} (DS).\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {nyams ma tshod bar} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To sneak, slink, creep privily. 2. To lie in wait, in ambush CD. To hide, conceal DK. To act as to not be noticed by another DS. To hide, ambush, lie in wait for TC. 'jam|Present: {'jam} ND, (Hoshi 2003).{gzham} DK.\nPast: {'jam} ND. {bzhams} CD, DK, [DS], [TC].\nFuture: {gzhams} [(CD)], [DS]. {bzham} DK.\nImperative: - ND.{gzhams} DK.\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nMeaning: To stroke, caress CD. To advise on religious practice, to give advice at the time of admission into the higher order of Buddhist monk-hood. To contain, subsume [TC]. 1. To be soft, smooth, quiet. 2. To cool down, become cold (Hoshi 2003).\nNote: [DS] gives {bzhams} , and {gzhams} as archaic equivalents of {'jam bo} 'soft, tender'. CD gives no indication of which stem his forms are assigned to. 'ja'|Present: {'ja'} CD, DK, TC. {zha} DS, TC.\nPast: {zha} DK,[DS], TC. {'jas} TC.\nFuture: {'ja'} DK. TC.{zha} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'ja'} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To bespeak, to concert, to confederate (Sch.) CD. To be maimed in feet or hands, to become lame, to be a cripple DK. To go lame DS, (zha) TC. To be lame, disabled, crippled, weak ('ja') TC. 'jar|Present: {'jar} CD, DK, [DS], TC. \nPast: {'jard} DK. {'jar} TC.\nFuture: {'jar} DK, TC.\nImperative: {'jard} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To stick together, to cohere CD. To go nearer, be nearer; to touch DK. (archaic) To patch, mend DS. 1. To hide. 2. To be close to, to associate with, to hand out with. 3. (archaic) To patch, to mend TC. 'jal|Present: {'jal} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcal} KYT, CD, DK, DS, TC. {bcald} KYN, TD, LZ, ND. \nFuture: {gzhal} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {'jol} KYT, CD, DS, TC. {'jold} KYN, TD, LZ, ND. {'jald} DK.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {tshad kyis} TD. {tshad dang bu lon sogs} LZ. {blo yis} ND. \nMeaning: 1. To weigh, measure, appraise. 2. To tax. 3. To pay, pay back, repay. 4. To ponder. CD. 1. To repay, give in return. 2. To measure, estimate, ascertain DK. 1. To account for whether a thing is heavy or light, long or short, many or few etc, with instruments. 2. To analyze and understand. 3. To pay (e.g. taxes, a loan) DS. 1. To measure, weigh. 2. To appraise, examine. 3. To repay, to return TC. 'jig|Present: {'jig} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {zhig} LZ, CD, DK, TC.{bzhig} CD.{'jig} [DS].\nFuture: {gzhig} [LZ]. {'jig} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {zhig} [LZ]. {zhigs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'jig} (Gyurme 1992: 261)\nCharacteristic Example: {bskal ba sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be lost, undermined, to decay, perish CD. To ruin, decay, to be destroyed, perish DK. To deteriorate, become nonexistent DS. To perish, decay, disintegrate, come to ruin TC. 'jig|Present: {'jig} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK., DS, TC. {bshig} CD.\nPast: {bshig} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bshigs} CD. {bzhig} CD. \nFuture: {gzhig} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. {bshig} TC.\nImperative: {zhig} TD, LZ. {shig} CD, ND, TC. {shigs} DK, DS.\nVoluntary: TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'jig} (Gyurme 1992: 261)\nCharacteristic Example: {rdza 'um sogs} TD. {mkhar dang brag sogs} LZ. {brag sogs} ND. \nMeaning: (Rdo. 46) To destroy, to devastate, to devour, to abolish, to do away with, dissolve (an encampment) CD. To destroy, break into pieces DK. 1. To tear down. 2. To not adhere to, not support; to destroy, ruin, annihilate: 3. (dialect) To undo, untie DS. To destroy, exterminate, demolish TC.\nNote:(Skorupski 2001) amends TC's future to {gzhig}. Compare {shig}. jig|{jig} CD (Sch.). gives as an alternate present to {'jib} 'jigs|Present: {'jigs} CD, ND, DK, TC. \nPast: {'jigs} ND, DK, TC.\nFuture: {'jigs} DK, TC.\nImperative: {'jigs} DK. - ND, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Instr.] (archaic) CD. [Abs. Obl.] CD, (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To fear, be afraid, be terrified CD. To be terrified, to be afraid of DK. To be afraid, to fear, to be terrorized TC.\nNote:The supine is {'jigs su} and not {'jigs par} CD. 'jib|Present: {'jib} LZ. \nPast: {'jibs} LZ.\nFuture: {'jib} LZ. \nImperative: {'jibs} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {bcud sogs} LZ. 'jib|Present: {'jib} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {'jibs} CD. {'jig} CD (Sch.) \nPast: {bzhibs} LZ, CD, DS. {gzhibs} CD, TC.{bzhib} DK.\nFuture: {gzhib} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {bzhib} CD.\nImperative: {jibs} LZ. {'jibs} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {nu 'zho dang rkang sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To suck. 2. To taste, relish CD. To such juice, to suck with lips DK. 1. To draw (water &c.) inside with the mouth or nose. 2. To soak up DS. To suck TC. 'jil|Present: {'jil} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcild} TD, LZ, ND. {bcil} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {gzhil} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {cild} TD, LZ. {child} ND. {'jild} DK. {cil} DS. {chil} TC.\nVoluntary: TD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {nyon mongsogs} TD. {me dang nyon mong sogs} LZ. {phyin la} ND.\nMeaning: To expel, eject, remove, turn off CD. To take out, remove, give up DK. To put out (a fire) DS. To expel, to shed, to banish, to extract, to remove TC. 'jil|Present: {'jil} CD, TC. \nPast: {'jil} TC.\nFuture: {'jil} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To shed blood CD. To be damaged TC. 'ju|Present: {'ju} LZ, CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {'jus} LZ, CD, DS, TC. \nFuture: {'ju} LZ, DS, TC. \nImperative: {jus} LZ. {'jus} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS. Transitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {lus sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: (used with {la} [Dag 8]) To seize, grasp, lay hold of CD. 1. To hold (with the hand). 2. (for a dog) To bite. 3. To save, spare DS. To hold, catch, grasp, seize TC. 'ju|Present: {'ju} DS, TC. \nPast: {zhu} DS, TC.\nFuture: {'ju} DS, TC. \nImperative: - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To digest DS, TC. 'ju|Present: {zhu} LZ.{'ju} CD, ND, DK, DS. {bzhu} TC.\nPast: {bzhus} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {zhus} CD. {bzhur} TC (see note).\nFuture: {bzhu} LZ,CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {zhu} DK. {zhus} LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {zhu} (Gyurme 1992: 261), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {mar sogs} LZ.{mar khu} ND.\nMeaning: To melt, digest CD, DK. To liquefy, melt down DS. To boil, liquefy, having set a fire TC.\nNote:TC notices {bzhur} as an alternate from Si tu sum rtag 'grel chen 'jug|Present: {'jug} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {zhugs} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {zhug} DK. {'jug} DS, TC.\nImperative: {zhugs} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To go into, enter (generally used with terminative case, but sometimes occurs with la). 2. To begin, to set about (always coupled to participle by la) CD. 1. To enter or practice. 2. To follow or go DK. 1. To affix (a letter to a syllable). 2. To affix (a grammatical morpheme to a syllable). 3. To go, arrive DS. To enter, to join, to set out, to embark on TC. 'jug|Present: {'jug} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcug} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'jugs} (CD).\nFuture: {gzhug} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {chugs} KYT, KYN, LZ, ND, DS. {chug} TD, CD, DK, TC.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC., (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {zhugs} (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nCharacteristic Example: {nang du dang btan pal} TD. {tshogs dang nang du} LZ. {nang du} ND. \nMeaning: 1. To put into, insert, infuse. inject. 2. To appoint, constitute, manifest, place out, settle. 3. To command, induce. 4. To permit, allow suffer (in sense 3 and 4 with the terminative case of root of verb [sic]) CD. 1. To put in, insert, to admit. 2. To cause to enter to make or to allow to do DK. 1. To make go inside from outside (e.g. sheep). 2. To put a thing in its container. 3. To be put in order, series (e.g. a student into a particular class). 4. An auxiliary verb indicating the double causative. 5 (when prefixed by {kha} ) To speak DS. 1. To insert, to place in, to put in, to infuse, to inject. 2. To introduce, to induce, to admit into, to induct, cause to enter. 3. To engage in, to participate, to undertake. 4. To encourage, to let, to permit, to allow, to cause to TC.\nNote: Root given as jug (= ?xug) < *dzyug < dzug cf. 'dzugs (Beyer 1992: 84). 'jug < (='-d-zhug < *'zhug) NWH. 'jud|Present: {'jud} CD (archaic), DS, TC. \nTransitive: (Skorupski 2001), (Goldstein 2001).\nMeaning: [To go into, enter]CD. (archaic) To enter, put inside DS. (archaic) To cause to enter, to insert, to induce TC.\nNote: Compare {chud}. 'jud|{'jud} DK. gives as the present of {bzhud} 'jun|Present: {'jun} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {'chun} LZ. {gcun} CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcund} LZ, ND. {bcun} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gcun} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {gzhun} CD.\nImperative: {cund} LZ, ND. {gcund} DK. {chun} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'chun} (Beyer 1992: 112).\nCharacteristic Example: {thags dang sngags dang thabs sogs} ('jun) LZ. {g.yog 'khor sogs} ('chun) LZ. {rtsad nas} ND. \nMeaning: (acc. Cs.) To subdue, make tame. To make confess. To make soft, soften. To punish (by words or blows). To convert CD. To subdue, control, subjugate, restrain DK. To make (someone or something) obey a command, using force DS. 1. To subdue, to take, to discipline, to shape. 2. (archaic) to keep in mind TC. 'jun|Present: {'jun} DS. \nPast: {'jun} [DS]. \nFuture: {'jun} [DS]. \nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: After having made a promise, or done a fault, to deny DS. 'jum|Present: {'jum} CD, ND, DK, TC. {'jums} DS, (TC).\nPast: {bcums} ND, DS.{bcum} CD, (ND), DK, TC. {'jum} CD (see note).\nFuture: {gzhum} CD, TC.{'jum} ND.{gcum} DK.{bcum} DS.\nImperative: {chum} CD, TC. {chums} ND, DS. {'jums} DK.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, TC.\nIntransitive: CD, TC. Transitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {chud du} ND. \nMeaning: Properly to cause to shudder, but frequently as neutral verb to contract CD. To make smaller, contract DK. To become shorter DS. 1. To contract, to shrink. 2. (archaic) To reduce pride TC.\nNote:CD gives {'jum} as the past in his main entry, but transliterates it as the impossible {bjum} , he lists {bcum} separately as the past of this verb, and perhaps that is what was meant to appear in the main entry as well. 'jums|{'jums} DK. gives as the present of {zhum}. 'jur|Present: {'jur} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {'chur} [TC].\nPast: {bcurd} LZ. {bcur} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bcur} LZ. {gcur} DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {curd} LZ. {'jurd} DK. {chur} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {'jur mig dang dka' gnas sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To draw tight. 2. (= {'dzur} ) To evade, to shun, to go out of the way CD. To draw tightly, to channel, to discipline, control DK. To extrude, draw out (a metal wire) DS. 1. To interrogate, to discipline. 2. To draw through or into. 3. (archaic) to arrive TC.\nNote: Compare {gcur}. 'jur|Present: {'jur} DS. \nPast: {'jur} [DS]. \nFuture: {'jur} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: For a part of something to emerge or protrude outside from a hole DS. 'jur|Present: {'jur} DK. \nPast: {bzhur} DK.\nFuture: {gzhur} DK.\nImperative: {'jurd} DK.\nMeaning: To tame, subdue; to check, examine; to draw tightly DK. 'jebs|Present: {'jeb} ND. {'jebs} TC. \nPast: {'jeb} ND. {'jebs} TC.\nFuture: {'jebs} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To be pleasing, to be agreeable TC. 'jem|Present: {'jem} ND. \nPast: {'jem} ND.\nNote: Probably a verbal use of the adjective {'jem pa} 'skilled, capable'. 'jo|Present: {'jo} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {gzho} (CD).\nPast: {bzhos} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bzho} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {zhos} LZ, ND, DK. {'jos} CD, TC. {gzhos} DS.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nDenominative of: {zho} 'yoghurt' (Beyer 1992: 112 n.11)\nCharacteristic Example: {'o ma sogs} LZ. {'o ma} ND. \nMeaning: To milk CD, DK. To take milk from the breast of a milch animal DS. 1. To yield, extract, to milk. 2. To satisfy, to fulfill. 3. To captivate, to bewitch TC. 'jo|Present: {'jo} LZ, DS. \nPast: {'jos} LZ. {'jo} [DS].\nFuture: {'jo} LZ, [DS].\nImperative: {'jo} LZ.\nIntransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {'dod pa sogs} LZ. \nMeaning: 1. To satisfy, fulfill. 2. To rain, or many desires to be fulfilled DS. 'jog|Present: {'jog} KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bzhag} KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {gzhag} KYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {zhogs} KYT. {zhog} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nVoluntary: KYT, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC., (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159)., (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {zhags pa} 'lasso'(Chang 1971: viii.3) \nCharacteristic Example: {gnas su} TD, ND. {dam bca' dang gnas sogs su} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To put, place, make a place, settle, to assign. 2. To leave, leave behind CD. 1. To keep in place. 2. To leave, give up DK. 1. For a thing to remain in its own place. 2. To give an example. 3. To make a success 4. To add, augment (e.g. {lud} ). 5. To go into retreat DS. 1. To fix, to settle, to keep, to place, to put down, to arrange. 2. To establish, to found, to make, to sign. 3. To leave or to have. 4. To leave aside, to put aside, to neglect, to reject TC. 'jog|Present: {zhogs} LZ.{'jog} CD, TC. \nPast: {zhogs} CD.{bzhogs} LZ, CD, TC.\nFuture: {bzhog} LZ.{gzhog} CD. TC.\nImperative: {zhog} CD. {zhogs} LZ, TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: TC.\nDenominative of: {mar zhog} 'a part cut off, one half of a mar ril (i.e. a globular piece of fresh butter)' (Chang 1971: viii.4).\nCharacteristic Example: {shing sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To cut, hew, to square (a pen, timber &c.); to carve, chip CD. To carve, plane, chip, strain TC. 'jog|Present: {'jog} LZ. \nPast: {'jogs} LZ.\nFuture: {'jog} LZ.\nImperative: {'jog} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {them skas sogs la} LZ. 'jog|{'jog} DS. gives as an alternate present to {gshag}. 'jong|Present: {'jong} TC. \nPast: {'jangs} TC.\nFuture: {'jang} TC.\nImperative: {'jongs} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To gulp down TC. 'jom|{'jom} DK. gives as the present of {zhom} 'joms|Present: {'joms} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bcom} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bcoms} CD.\nFuture: {gzhom} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {zhom} ND.\nImperative: {choms} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS. {chom} CD, TC.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {zhom} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {bdud kyi dpung sogs} TD. {nyon mongs dang gyul sogs} LZ. {'dud sogs} ND. \nMeaning: 1. To conquer, subdue, put down, suppress. 2. To oppress, tyrannize over, plunder CD. To destroy, to put an end to, to conquer, defeat, quell DK. 1. To destroy, to defeat. 2. To annihilate, remove, cure DS. To subdue, to quell, to plunder, to defeat, to suppress, to damage TC. 'jol|Present: {'jol} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {'jol} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'jol} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: 1. To hang down. 2. (for {'byol} ) To turn aside, to make way CD. To hang down, to dangle DS. To sag, to hand down, to drag down, to trail down, to dangle TC. rjid|Present: {rjid} DK. \nPast: {rjid} DK.\nFuture: {rjid} DK. \nImperative: {rjid} DK.\nMeaning: To become weak and thin, to decay, diminish DK.\nNote: Compare {rjud}. rjud|Present: {rjud} DK. \nPast: {rjud} DK.\nFuture: {rjud} DK. \nImperative: {rjud} DK.\nMeaning: To become weak and thin, to decay, diminish DK.\nNote: Compare {rjid}. rje|Present: {rje} LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. {brje} CD, DK.\nPast: {brjes} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brje} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rjes} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {brjes} CD.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 258), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 258), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {dngos po sogs phan tshun} LZ. {phan tshun} ND.\nMeaning: To change, barter, to give or take in exchange CD. To exchange, change DK. To exchange DS. To exchange, to change TC. rjed|Present: {rjed} CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC. {brjed} LZ.\nPast: {brjed} LZ,CD, TC. {rjed} DK, [DS].\nFuture: {brjed} LZ, CD, TC. {rjed} DK, [DS].\nImperative: {rjed} DK, TC. {brjed} LZ.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {rje} 'master, lord' (Beyer 1992: 112 n. 11)\nCharacteristic Example: {bcol gtad sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To honor, reverence CD. To offer, to respect DK. (archaic) To pay compliments, respect DS. To respect, to venerate, to revere, to honor TC. rjed|{rjed} CD, DS. give as a present of {brjed} rjod|Present: {rjod} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brjod} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {brjod} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {rjod} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC. \nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {ngag gis} TD. {ngag dnag tshig gis} LZ. {tshig} ND.\nMeaning: To say, recite, pronounce, utter, announce, promulgate, enumerate, set forth CD. To express; to say, speak DK. To say, speak DS. To say, to tell, to express, to pronounce, to utter, to recount TC. rjod|Present: {rjod} (Hackett 2003). \nPast: {brjod} (Hackett 2003).\nFuture: {brjod} (Hackett 2003).\nImperative: {rjod} (Hackett 2003).\nSyntax: [Obl. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be expressed (by), to be called (Hackett 2003). ljen|Present: {ljen} CD. \nMeaning: To enter, penetrate CD. brjid|Present: {brjid} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {brjid} DK, TC.\nFuture: {brjid} DK, TC.\nImperative: {bjid} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Obl. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To shine, glitter CD. To brighten, beautiful; to be glorious DK. To be majestic, to be mighty, to be splendid TC. brje|{brje} DK. gives as the present of {rje} brjed|Present: {brjed} CD, DK, TC. {rjed} (CD), DS. \nPast: {brjed} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brjed} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {brjed} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Obl. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To forget CD,DS, TC. To forget, to neglect DK. brjed|{brjed} LZ. gives as the present of {rjed}. nya|Present: {nya} TC. \nPast: {nya} TC.\nFuture: {nya} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: (of celestial bodies) To be full TC. nyan|Present: {nyan} KYN,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {mnyan} DK.\nPast: {mnyand} (Thomas 1935-63.II: 97 and 157 qtd. in Coblin 1976:50), KYN, LZ, ND, DK. {nyand} DK. {mnyan} DS, TC.\nFuture: {mnyan} KYN,LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {nyan} DK.\nImperative: {nyond} KYNcw, LZ, ND, DK. {nyon} KYNz. CD, DS, TC.{mnyand} DK.\nVoluntary: KYN,CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] nyan(Hackett 2003). [Obl. Abs.] mnyan(Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {chos sogs} LZ. {bon chos gtam} ND. \nMeaning: To hear, to give ear to, to listen CD. To listen, obey (nyan) DK. To listen to, to cause to listen (mnyan) DK. To hear DS. To be attentive to, to listen to TC. nyan|Present: {nyan} CD, DK, TC. \nImperative: - CD.\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nMeaning: To be able CD. To be suitable, fitting, possible DS. To be fit for TC. nyan|Auxiliary: [CD], DS.\nFunction:Used as a formative, added to the root of a verb, signifying capability, possibility &c. CD.1. (when following certain words such as bshad 'say') To willingly accomplish. 2. (when prefixed by kha this verb, added to another verb) To promise DS. nyams|Present: {nyams} ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {nyams} ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {nyams} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {nyams} DK. - [ND], TC.\nInvoluntary: [ND], TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To deteriorate, to grow weak, to decline DK. To deteriorate, decline, perish, come to ruin DS. To degenerate, to decline, to deteriorate TC. nyar|Present: {nyar} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {nyard} DK. {nyar} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {nyar} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {nyard} DK. {nyor} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To keep, preserve DK. To keep, take care of, preserve, conserve DS. To keep TC. nyal|Present: {nyal} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {nyald} LZ, DK. {nyal} DS, TC.\nFuture: {nyal} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {nyold} LZ, DK. {nyol} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {mal sogs su} LZ.\nMeaning: To lie down, to sleep CD,DK. 1. (of men and cattle) To rest, lying on the side of the body. 2. To sleep. 3. (of twigs and chaff) to fall upon the surface of the ground DS. To lie down, to rest, to fall asleep, to go to sleep, to stop, to come to a halt TC.\nNote: Root given as nyal < *nal (Beyer 1992: 84) cf. {mnal} 'to sleep.' nyil|Present: {nyil} DK, DS, TC. {gnyil} CD, DS.\nPast: {nyild} DK. {nyil} [DS], TC.{gnyil} [DS].\nFuture: {nyil} DK, [DS], TC.{gnyil} [DS].\nImperative: {nyild} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {snyil} CD, (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116).\nMeaning: To be desiccated, to crumble away, to thaw CD. To fall apart, to become old, to be ruined DK. 1. To crumble, collapse. 2. To fall down as many droplets (nyil) DS. To become dull, less sharp (gnyil)DS. To collapse, to crumble, to pour or flow down, to erode TC. nyug|Present: {nyug} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {nyugs} LZ, DK, TC. {nyug} [DS].\nFuture: {nyug} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {nyugs} LZ, DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rkang pa dang lag pa sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To anoint, apply oil or ointment DK. 1. To touch. 2. To apply, anoint DS. 1. To touch, to grope for, to stretch out. 2. To apply, to smear, to put on TC. nyung|Present: {nyung} ND. \nPast: {nyung} ND.\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nMeaning: To be few [ND]. nyul|Present: {nyul} CD, DK, DS, TC. {gnyul} CD.\nPast: {nyuld} DK. {nyul} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {nyul} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {nyuld} DK. {nyul} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To wander, rove about; to step gently, steal through, creep CD. To wander DK. To go without having a goal DS. 1. To roam, to wander, to search for. 2. (archaic) To delay, to linger, to loiter TC.\nNote: Compare {gnyul}. nye|Present: {nye} CD, DK. \nPast: {nye} DK.\nFuture: {nye} DK.\nImperative: {nye} DK.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nDenominative of: {nye} 'near' NWH.\nMeaning: To be near, to approach CD. To go nearer, to be near; to become close friends DK. nyed|{nyed} (CD), DS, TC. gives as the present of {mnyed} nyen|Present: {nyen} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {nyend} DK. {nyen} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {nyen} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {nyend} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To be pained, pinched, pressed hard (e.g. by hunger); to labor, to drudge CD. To be in danger DK. To suffer DS, TC. nyes|Present: {nyes} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {nyes} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {nyes} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {nyes} LZ, DK - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gnod ba sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To commit an offence (commoner usage is with -{byed} ) CD. To be spoilt, to become useless DK. To harm, damage &c. DS. To be defective, to be flawed, to be wrong, to go wrong TC. nyo|Present: {nyo} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {nyos} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {nyo} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {nyos} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {ja mar sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To buy, obtain by payment CD. To purchase, buy DK. To exchange money for something DS. To buy, to purchase TC. nyog|Present: {nyog} DK, DS. \nPast: {nyogs} DK. {nyog} [DS].\nFuture: {nyog} DK, [DS].\nImperative: {nyogs} DK.\nIntransitive: DS, (Hoshi 2003).\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {rnyog} [CD]. {snyog} (Gyurme 1992: 260).\nMeaning: 1. To become muddy, to be unclean or obscure. 2. To feel dull DK. To be disorderly, disarrayed DS. nyob|Present: {nyob} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {nyob} DK, [DS], TC. {nyobs} (DK).\nFuture: {nyob} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {nyob} DK.{nyobs} (DK). - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To become lazy, inactive. To be idle or disinterred DK. To be unable (in mental capacity, or mental and physical activity) DS. To be tired, to be run down, to be weary, to be exhausted TC. nyor|Present: {nyor} DK. \nPast: {nyord} DK. \nFuture: {nyor} DK. \nImperative: {nyord} DK.\nInvoluntary:(Hoshi 2003).\nMeaning: To fall down slowly, to collapse DK. To become overripe, squishy (Hoshi 2003). gnyid|Present: {gnyid} ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {gnyid} ND, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gnyid} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - [ND], TC.\nInvoluntary: [ND], TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To fall asleep DS. To sleep, to fall asleep TC. gnyil|{gnyil} CD, DS. give as the present of {nyil} gnyul|Present: {gnyuld} LZ. {gnyul} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {nyul} CD.\nPast: {gnyuld} LZ, DK. {nyuld} ND. {gnyul} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gnyul} LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gnyul} LZ, TC. {nyuld} ND. {gnyuld} DK. \nVoluntary: ND, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {yul sogs su rtog dpyid kyis} LZ. {rgyal khams sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To search, find, to spy, to wander DK. To look around, search about, to wander DS. To transverse, to wander, to roam, to travel TC.\nNote: Compare {nyul}. gnye|Present: {gnye} CD. \nPast: {gnye} CD.\nMeaning: To woo, court CD. gnyeg|Present: {gnyeg} DK. \nPast: {gnyags} DK.\nFuture: {gnyag} DK.\nImperative: {gnyegs} DK.\nMeaning: To press down DK. gnyer|Present: {gnyer} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gnyerd} LZ, DK. {gnyer} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gnyer} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gnyer} LZ, TC. {gnyerd} DK.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {don sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To tend, to take care of, to provide for; to seek for, to procure, to acquire CD. To keep, preserve; to get into, to seek DK. 1. To keep after (good qualities &c.). 2. To become wrinkly DS. 1. To strive for, to work for, to provide for, to procure. 2. To look after, to manage, to supervise, to take care of. 3. To gnash the teeth, to frown. 4. (archaic) To summon TC. gnyel|{gneyl} CD, DS. gives as an alternative present of {mnyel}. gnyog|Present: {gnyog} LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {bnyags} LZ. {gnyag} ND. {gnyags} DS, TC.\nFuture: {gnyag} LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nImperative: {nyogs} LZ. {gnyog} ND. {gnyogs} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {snyog} [CD Ja.]\nCharacteristic Example: {bza' btung gi phyir} LZ. {mtho dang bza' phyir} NDA. {mtho dang zab phyir} NDB.\nMeaning: To desire, wish earnestly (Cs.) CD. To chew DS. To chew, to masticate, to munch. 2. To whip, to strike, to beat, to pound TC. gnyog|Present: {gnyog} DS. \nPast: {gnyog} [DS].\nFuture: {gnyog} [DS].\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To hit, strike, beat DS. mnyan|{mnyan} DK. gives as a present of {nyan} mnyam|Present: {mnyam} LZ, ND, DK, DS. \nPast: {mnyam} LZ, ND, DK, [DS].\nFuture: {mnyam} LZ, DK, [DS].\nImperative: {mnyam} LZ, DK.\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS.\nResultative of: {snyom} (Beyer 1992: 117 n. 13).\nCharacteristic Example: {mtho dman sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be alike, to be equal DK. To be similar, to compare DS.\nNote: Compare {bnyam} in (Takeuchi 1995: 314). mnyed|Present: {mnyed} LZ, CD, ND, DK, (DS), TC. {nyed} (CD), DS, TC.\nPast: {mnyes} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{nyed} TC.\nFuture: {mnye} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.{nyed} TC.\nImperative: {mnyed} LZ, DK. {mnyes} CD, DS, TC. {mnyos} ND. {nyed} TC.\nVoluntary: LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {lus sogs la rdzas kyis} LZ. {ko lpags} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To rub between the hands or feet (e.g. ears of corn). 2. To tan, curry, dress. 3. To coax (Cs.) CD. To rub; to tan; to tame; to crush, grind; to knead DK. To make a hard thing (e.g. leather, hide) supple by rubbing DS. To tan, to rub (mnyed) TC. To massage, to rub gently (nyed) TC. mnyen|Present: {mnyen} LZ. \nPast: {mnyend} LZ.\nFuture: {mnyen} LZ.\nImperative: {mnyen} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {rtsa rgyus sogs} LZ.\nNote: Likely a deverbal use of the adjective {mnyen} 'soft, flexible, mild.' mnyel|Present: {mnyel} LZ, CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC. {gnyel} (CD), (DS). \nPast: {mnyeld} LZ, DK. {mnyel} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mnyel} LZ, DK, [DS], TC. \nImperative: {mnyel} LZ. {mnyeld} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {zhu don sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be tired, fatigued; to get tired CD. To be tired DK. (honorific) To be tired DS. To be tired, to be exhausted TC. mnyes|Present: {mnyes} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mnyes} LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mnyes} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mnyes} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abl. Obl.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {mchod yul sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: (honorific) To be glad, to take delight in CD, DS. To be fond of, to be happy, pleased DK. (honorific) To rejoice, to be glad, to delight, to be pleased TC. rnya|Present: {rnya} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brnyas} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brnya} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rnyos} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DK, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To borrow (Nag 30). 2. To take on lease (Nag 30). 3. To seize (by force), to usurp (Sch.) CD. To lend, borrow DK. (archaic) To lend, borrow DS. To borrow, lend TC.\nNote: Root given as rnya < *r?K?ya <*?K?ya (Beyer 1992: 83).\nNote: Compare {rnyan}. rnyang|Present: {rnyang} CD, DS. \nPast: {brnyangs} DS. \nFuture: {brnyang} DS.\nImperative: {rnyongs} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: 1. To rinse. 2. (in West) To suffer from diarrhea CD. To have diarrhea DS. rnyan|Present: {rnyan} LZ, DK, TC. {rnyon} ND, DS.\nPast: {brnyand} LZ, ND, DK. {brnyan} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brnyan} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rnyond} LZ, ND. {rnyand} DK. {rnyon} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {chos gos sogs gzhan las} LZ. {gos sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To borrow CD. To lend, borrow DK, DS,TC.\nNote: Compare {rnya}. rnyab|{rnyab} DS. gives as the present of {rnyob} rnyas|{rnyas} DK. gives as the present of {brnyas}. rnying|Present: {rnying} CD, ND, DK, DS. \nPast: {brnyings} CD, ND, DK. {rnyings} DS.\nFuture: {brnying} ND, DK. {rnying} DS.\nImperative: {rnyings} ND, DK. - ND, DS.\nInvoluntary: ND, DS, (Hoshi 2003). Voluntary: ND.\nIntransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {zad pa'i} (rnyings) ND. {zas gos sogs} (-) ND.\nMeaning: To age, wax old CD. To cause to become old, to cause to wear out DK. To wear out, show the passage of time DS. rnyid|Present: {rnyid} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {brnyid} CD.{brnyis} CD, (DS).{rnyid} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gnyid} CD.{brnyid} (DS). {rnyid} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: CD (Sch.), DS, TC.\nMeaning: 1. To whither, fade. 2. To grieve CD. To whither DS. 1. To wither, to shrivel. 2. To be discouraged, to be dispirited, to be fed up TC. rnyil|Present: {rnyil} ND. \nPast: {brnyild} ND.\nFuture: {brnyil} ND.\nImperative: {rnyild} ND.\nVoluntary: ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {so yi} ND.\nNote: certainly derived from the noun {rnyil} 'gums', though of uncertain meaning. rnyil|{rnyil} CD. gives as an alternative present to {snyil} rnyis|Present: {rnyis} ?CD (archaic). \nPast: {rnyis} ?CD (archaic).\nMeaning: To be worn out, become old, faded CD.\nNote: The entry is unclear about what ???? refers to. rnyed|Present: {rnyed} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brnyed} CD. {brnyes} CD, DK. {rnyed} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {brnyed} CD, DK. {rnyed} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {rnyes} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC., (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, (Skorupski 2001). Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210).[Erg. Abs. ](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To find, discover, acquire, meet with, get CD. 1. Having searched, to acquire at hand. 2. To newly know an unknown meaning DS. To procure, to get, to find DK. To find, to discover, to obtain, to get TC. rnyog|Present: {rnyog} CD, DK, (DS). \nPast: {brnyogs} CD, DK, (DS).\nFuture: {brnyog} CD, DK, (DS).\nImperative: {rnyog} DK. {rnyogs} (DS).\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {nyog} [CD].\nMeaning: To trouble, to stir up (Cs.) CD. To make dirty, to cause to get into bad habits DK. To make impure, unclear through the agitation of liquid DS.\nNote: Compare {snyog}. rnyong|Present: {rnyong} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. \nPast: {brnyongs} LZ, CD, DK, DS. {brnyangs} ND.\nFuture: {brnyong} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. {brnyang} LZ.\nImperative: {rnyongs} LZ, CD, DK, DS. {snyongs} ND.\nVoluntary: ND, CD, DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {rkang lag sogs} LZ. {don gzhan dang mi 'khral tshe brnyang sogs rung ngo} LZ {rkyong shad} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To ensnare, to trap (Cs.). 2. To stretch out CD. To stretch one's legs, &c. DK. 1. To understand, examine closely. 2. To stretch out (hand and feet) DS. rnyong|Present: {rnyong} DK, TC. \nPast: {brnyangs} DK, TC.\nFuture: {brnyang} DK, TC.\nImperative: {rnyongs} DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To discharge, loose motion, to loosen bowels DK. To stretch out, to set, to lay, to share TC. rnyon|{rnyon} ND, DS. give as the present to {rnyan} rnyob|Present: {rnyob} ND, DK, TC. {rnyab} DS. \nPast: {brnyabs} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brnyab} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rnyobs} ND, DK, DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS. Involuntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {lag pas} ND.\nMeaning: To reach out, to cause to touch DK. To grasp with the hand DS. 1. To reach. 2. To take TC. snya|Present: {snya} DS, TC. \nIntransitive: [DS], (Skorupski 2001).\nMeaning: (for body or mind) To become dull, fatigued (an orthographic variant of {rmya} ) DS. (archaic) To fall asleep, to faint TC. snyag|Present: {snyag} CD, DK. \nPast: {bsnyags} DK.\nFuture: {bsnyag} DK.\nImperative: {snyags} DK.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs. ](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: (colloquial for {snyeg} ) To follow CD. To follow DK. snyad|Present: {bsnyad} LZ.{snyad} CD, DS. {snyod} CD, ND, TC. \nPast: {bsnyad} LZ,CD, ND, DS, TC.{brnyad} [CD].\nFuture: {bsnyad} LZ,CD, ND, DS, TC.{brnyad} [CD].\nImperative: {bsnyad} LZ.{snyod} CD, ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {lo rgyus sogs} LZ. {gtam sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To relate, to report, to tell, relate CD. (archaic) To explain, tell about DS. To tell narrate, describe relate TC. snyab|Present: {snyab} CD. \nMeaning: To smack with the lips (Sch.) CD. snyam|Present: {snyam} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {snyam} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {snyam} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {snyam} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To think, consider, imagine CD. To think, to suppose DK. 1. (when affixed to some verbs) To want to. 2. To have finished experiencing DS. To think, to wish, to want, to feel, to imagine, to wonder TC. snyal|Present: {snyald} DK. \nPast: {bsnyald} DK.\nFuture: {bsnyal} DK.\nImperative: {snyald} DK.\nMeaning: To wash DK. snyal|{snyal} DS. gives as the present to {snyol}. snyig|Present: {snyig} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyigs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyig} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyigs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {lhung bzed sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To pollute, to cause to be impure DK. To segregate to one side what is unclean within something DS. To discard, to set aside, to reject (as a sediment, scum or dregs) TC. snyigs|Present: {snyigs} LZ.{snyig} DS. \nPast: {snyigs} LZ.{snyig} [DS].\nFuture: {snyigs} LZ.{snyig} [DS].\nImperative: {snyigs} LZ.\nIntransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {dus dang sems can sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To sink into deep water. 2. To become bad, evil (e.g. the times). 3. To be left behind (e.g. a sheep) DS. snyil|Present: {snyil} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyild} LZ, ND, DK. {bsnyil} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyil} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyild} LZ, ND, DK. {snyil} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {nyil} (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116).\nCharacteristic Example: {tshogs pa'i nang nas phyir} LZ. {phyir la} ND.\nMeaning: To push, throw down, to break, destroy; to squander CD. To expel, to remove, take out by force, to tear, slash DK. 1. To overcome, destroy, bring down. 2. To drift down, to tumble down (e.g. snow). 3. To fall, cascade (e.g. rain, dirt) DS. 1. To destroy, to fragment, to crush. 2. To expel, to drive out TC. snyug|Present: {snyug} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyugs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyug} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyugs} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {mar sogs kyis} LZ. {mar khu} ND.\nMeaning: To dip in, to immerse CD. To vomit, to anoint DK. (archaic) To apply oil, anoint DS. 1. To smear to apply. 2. To vomit. 3. To immerse, submerge, drop to the bottom TC.\nNote: Compare {smyug}. snyung|Present: {snyung} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyung} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyung} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {smyung} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nDenominative of: {nyung} 'few' (Gyurme 1992: 260), (Beyer 1992: 116).\nCharacteristic Example: {yo byad sogs} LZ. {yo byad snyung gnas} NDA. {yo byad dang snyung gnas} NDB.\nMeaning: To make less, reduce, to diminish, (acc. Sch.) to disparage CD. To cause to decrease, to reduce in number DK. (archaic) To reduce, make fewer DS. To reduce, to diminish TC. snyung|Present: {bsnyung} LZ.{snyung} CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyungs} LZ, CD, ND, TC. {snyung} [DS].\nFuture: {bsnyung} LZ,CD, ND, TC.{snyung} [DS].\nImperative: {bsnyungs} LZ.{snyungs} [ND]. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300).\nCharacteristic Example: {nad kyis sku sogs} LZ.{yo byad snyung gnas} NDA. {yo byad dang snyung gnas} NDB.\nMeaning: To be ill, sick, indisposed CD. To be ill, sick DS. (honorific) To be ill TC.\nNote: surely related to {snyun}. snyun|Present: {snyun} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyund} LZ, DK. {bsnyun} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyun} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyund} LZ, DK. {snyun} DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: DS. Involuntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {nad kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To be ill, to labor under a disease CD. To cause to become ill; to be ill DK. To be ill DS. (honorific) To be ill, to be sick, to be unwell TC.\nNote: surely related to {snyung}. snyul|Present: {snyul} ND, DK. \nPast: {bsnyuld} ND, DK.{bsnyul} [CD archaic]\nFuture: {bsnyul} ND, DK.\nImperative: {snyuld} ND, DK.\nVoluntary: ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {lag pa} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To be rubbed (Nag 30). 2. To wash CD. 1. To cause to wander, to make to roam about. 2. To wash DK. snye|Present: {snye} ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyes} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnye} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyes} ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {sngas la} ND.\nMeaning: To lean on, lean against DK. To lean on, be supported by DS. To lean against, to rest against TC. snyeg|Present: {snyeg} KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyegs} KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyeg} KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyogs} KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS. {snyegs} DK, (DS), TC.\nVoluntary: KYN,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs. ](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gnas su} TD. {bu lon dang rjes sogs} LZ. {rjes su} ND.\nMeaning: 1. (with accusative) To hasten after, run after, pursue. 2. To overtake. 3. (with dative) To hasten (to some place). 4. To strive, struggle for, to aspire to CD. To follow DK. 1. To go somewhere with a specific goal. 2. To follow after. 3. To arrive at DS. 1. To pursue. 2. To reach, to scale. 3. To follow TC. snyeng|Present: {snyeng} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {snyengs} CD.\nPast: {bsnyengs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyeng} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {snyeng} CD.\nImperative: {snyengs} LZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS. Involuntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {sdug bsngal dang me mtshon sogs la} LZ. {'jigs pa} ND.\nMeaning: To fear, to be afraid of CD. To frighten, fear, cause to be afraid of DK. (archaic) To produce fear DS. To be afraid TC. snyeng|Present: {snyeng} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyengs} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyeng} DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyengs} DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: DS. Involuntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To stretch CD. (archaic) To stretch DS, TC. snyen|Present: {bsnyen} LZ.{snyen} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyend} LZ, DK. {bsnyen} [CD[, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyen} LZ, DS, TC.\nImperative: {bsnyend} LZ.{snyend} DK. {snyen} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nDenominative of: {nye} 'near' (Gyurme 1992: 260).\nCharacteristic Example: {nye ba dang lha sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. (with dative) To come, go near, approach. 2. To gain, procure. 3. To propitiate, soothe, satisfy (e.g. a deity). 4. To accept, receive, admit CD. To cause to be close, near, to bring nearer DK. To bow in a place near to DS. To attend upon, to serve, to practice TC. snyems|Present: {snyems} LZ, CD, DK, TC. {snyem} ND, DS. \nPast: {bsnyems} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyem} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyems} LZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS. Involuntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {sgeg nyams kyi} LZ. {don la mnga' nga rgyal} NDA. {don la mnga' dang brgyal} NDB. \nMeaning: To be proud, arrogant, to boast CD. To cause to be haughty, self satisfied, to cause to be come proud DK. To demonstrate the characteristic of haughtiness, pride DS. To be proud, to be arrogant TC. snyer|Present: {snyer} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyerd} LZ, DK. {bsnyer} [CD], DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyer} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyerd} LZ, DK. {snyer} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nDenominative of: {gnyer ma} 'wrinkle' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {khong khros pas ngo 'dzum} LZ.\nMeaning: To make grimaces, gesticulation CD. To cause to wrinkle, frown DK. To wrinkle DS. To frown, grimace, snarl TC. snyel|Present: {bsnyel} CD (archaic), TC. {snyel} DK, DS. \nPast: {bsnyeld} DK. {bsnyel} DS TC.\nFuture: {bsnyel} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyeld} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: (honorific) To forget CD. To forget DK, DS. snyo|{snyo} CD. gives as a present of {smyo}. snyog|Present: {snyog} DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyags} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyag} DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyogs} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To collect payment DS. To pursue, to pester TC. snyog|Present: {snyog} LZ, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyogs} LZ, ND, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bsnyog} LZ, ND, DS, TC. \nImperative: {snyogs} LZ, ND, DS, TC. \nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {nyog} (Gyurme 1992: 260).\nCharacteristic Example: {zas sogs khar} LZ. {kha} ND.\nMeaning: To make impure, unclear through the agitation of liquid DS. To agitate, to stir, to churn, to disturb TC.\nNote: Compare {rnyog}. snyogs|Present: {snyogs} CD. \nFuture: {bsnyog} [CD].\nMeaning: To wish earnestly, to crave for, to implore CD.\nNote: Compare {brnyog}. snyod|Present: {snyod} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyod} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bsnyod} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyod} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {zas sogs} LZ. {zas sogs khas} ND.\nMeaning: To feed, to give to eat and drink CD. To give food from mouth to mouth (as a mother feeds her baby); to give or feed DK. To give food to, feed (e.g. a young child) DS. To feed, to nourish, to spoon feed TC. snyod|Present: {snyod} CD, TC. \nPast: {bsnyod} CD, TC. {bsnyos} CD.\nFuture: {bsnyod} CD, TC.\nImperative: {snyod} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To draw out and twist as in spinning (Ja) CD. To spin evenly, to twist TC. snyod|{snyod} CD, ND, TC. give as the present to {snyad}. snyon|Present: {snyon} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyond} LZ, DK. {bsnyon} CD, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bsnyon} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyond} LZ, DK. {snyon} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {tshig don sogs la} LZ. \nMeaning: To deny, disavow (dishonestly) CD. To make a false charge, accuse without basis DK. To make (someone) obey a command, using force DS. To make a false statement, to dissimulate, to contradict deceitfully TC. snyob|Present: {snyob} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyabs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.{bsnyobs} CD.\nFuture: {bsnyab} LZ, DK, DS, TC. {bsnyob} CD. \nImperative: {snyobs} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {me tog dang 'bu sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To stretch forth. 2. To reach by stretching oneself out. 3. To arrive at CD. To reach out, to cause to touch DK. To take something with outstretched hand DS. To reach out for, to stretch out for TC. snyom|Present: {snyoms} LZ, CD, DK. {snyom} ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyams} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bsnyoms} CD.\nFuture: {bsnyam} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bsnyom} CD.\nImperative: {snyoms} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {mnyam} (Beyer 1992: 117 n. 13).\nCharacteristic Example: {mtho dman sogs} LZ. {che chung} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To make even, to level. 2. To equalize (different things), to arrange uniformly CD. To equalize DK. 1. To make what is uneven even, to plane. 2. To make of equal measure, equalize DS. To equalize, to regulate, to make even, to make level, to balance TC. snyoms|Present: {snyoms} LZ, CD, DK. {snyom} ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyams} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bsnyoms} CD.\nFuture: {bsnyam} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bsnyom} CD.\nImperative: {snyoms} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {mnyam} (Beyer 1992: 117 n. 13).\nCharacteristic Example: {mtho dman sogs} LZ. {che chung} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To make even, to level. 2. To equalize (different things), to arrange uniformly CD. To equalize DK. 1. To make what is uneven even, to plane. 2. To make of equal measure, equalize DS. To equalize, to regulate, to make even, to make level, to balance TC. snyor|Present: {snyor} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsnyord} LZ, ND, DK. {bsnyor} DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyor} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyor} LZ, DS, TC. {snyord} ND, DK. \nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {gro nas sogs} LZ. {nas sogs} ND. \nMeaning: To knock down, destroy, pull down, beat DK. To take care of, protect, take charge of DS. 1. To hit, to strike. 2. To crush, to squeeze, to compress. 3. To care for, to tend, to nurse TC. snyol|Present: {snyol} LZ. [CD], ND, DK, (DS). TC. {snyal} DS. \nPast: {bsnyald} LZ, ND, DK. {bsnyal} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsnyal} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {snyold} LZ, DK. {snyald} LZ. {snyol} LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {nyal} [CD].\nCharacteristic Example: {ru mtshon sogs} (snyold) LZ. {lag pa sogs} (snyald) LZ. {chanb phab sogs} (snyol) LZ. {mal du} ND. \nMeaning: 1. To lay anything down. 2. To bed a person, assign him to a couch, bed CD. 1. To put to bed. 2. To lay out for fermentation (e.g. to make beer, curd) DK. 1. To make sleep. 2. To process (meal, beer &c) by adding a fermenting agent, and setting it in a warm place. 3. To bring down, throw down DS. 1. To ferment. 2. To lay down, to put to sleep. 3. To suppress, fell TC. brnyas|Present: {brnyas} LZ, DS, TC. {rnya} DK, TC.\nPast: {brnyas} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {brnyas} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {brnyas} LZ. TC. {rnya} DK. {rnyos} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Obl. ](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {dman pa sogs la} LZ. \nMeaning: To insult, look down upon, disparage DK. To ridicule, belittle DS. To abuse, to harass, to mistreat (brnyas) TC. To bully (rnya) TC. brnyes|Present: {brnyes} LZ, DS, TC. \nPast: {brnyes} LZ, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {brnyes} LZ, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {brnyes} LZ. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {yon tan sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To attain, acquire. 2. To start, found DS. To be attained, to be founded, established TC. brnyog|Present: {brnyog} TC. \nPast: {brnyogs} TC.\nFuture: {brnyog} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To be addicted to, to be partial to CD.\nNote: perhaps to be connected with {snyogs}. bsnyad|{bsnyad} LZ. gives as the present to {snyad}. bsnyigs|Present: {bsnyigs} CD. \nMeaning: To return, restore, deliver up (Cs.) CD. bsnyung|{bsnyung} LZ. gives as the present of {snyung} bsnyug|Present: {bsnyug} CD. \nPast: {bsnyugs} CD.\nMeaning: To become full (Sch.) CD. bsnyen|{bsnyen} LZ. gives as the present of {snyen}. bsnyel|{bsnyel} CD, TC. give as the present of {snyel} bsnyor|Present: {bsnyor} CD. \nMeaning: To sort, sift, divide (Nag 30) CD. bsnyol|Present: {bsnyol} TC. \nIntransitive: (Skorupski 2001).\nMeaning: (archaic) To fear TC. tron|Present: {tron} LZ. \nPast: {trond} LZ.\nFuture: {tron} LZ.\nImperative: {trond} LZ.\nDenominative of: {tron} 'discipline'NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {dge ba'i chos sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: Having worked very hard at virtue, and being allied with the disciplinary officer in a temple to assist with his work (ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997). gtag|Present: {gtag} DS. \nPast: {gtags} DS.\nFuture: {gtags} DS.\nImperative: {gtag} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To hit, strike DS. gtan|Present: {gtan} DS. \nPast: {gtan} [DS].\nFuture: {gtan} [DS].\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To tighten a door DS. gtam|Present: {gtam} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gtams} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gtam} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {tams} LZ. {gtams} DK. {thoms} DS. {gtoms} TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {nor rdzas sogs gzhan la} LZ.\nMeaning: To be surety for a security (K. du. da 200) CD. To entrust, rely on DK. To entrust to, give over for the care of DS, TC. gtam|Present: {gtam} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gtams} CD, DK, DS. {btams} TC.\nFuture: {gtam} DK, DS. {btam} TC.\nImperative: {gtams} DK. {gtoms} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning:. To appoint, to commission (Ja) CD. To tell DK. To say, to tell DS, TC. gtams|Present: {gtams} LZ, TC. {gtam} CD, DK.\nPast: {gtams} LZ, CD, DK, TC.\nFuture: {gtams} LZ, TC.{gtam} DK\nImperative: {gtams} LZ, DK. {gtoms} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {'od dang nor sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: 1 To fill up, make full (acc. Ja frq. spelt {bltams} ) CD. To fill up DK. To fill CD.\nNote: Compare {ltems}. gta'|Present: {gta'} TC. \nMeaning: (archaic) To hit, strike TC. gtar|Present: {gtar} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gtard} LZ, ND, DK. {gtar} DS, TC.\nFuture: {gtar} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {gtar} LZ. {gtord} ND. - ND. {gtard} DK. {gtor} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC. Involuntary: ND.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {khrag sogs} LZ. {khrag sogs} (gtord) ND. {khrag sogs} (-) ND.\nMeaning: To bleed, blister (human beings, animals &c.) in the way of medical treatment CD. To let out blood from a vein, to take out blood DK. To take puss, blood from the body of a diseased person DS. To let blood TC. gti|Present: {gti} CD, DS, TC. \nMeaning: (archaic) To question, to speak CD. (archaic & dialect) To speak, tell, say DS. (archaic) To say, speak, tell TC. gtig|Present: {gtig} ND, DS, TC. {gtigs} CD, DK. {btig} CD.\nPast: {gtigs} ND. {btigs} CD, TC.{btig} DK, DS. \nFuture: {gtig} ND. {gtig} DK, TC. {btig} DS.\nImperative: {gtigs} ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.Involuntary: ND.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'thig} [CD].\nDenominative of: {thigs} 'droplet' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {chu sogs} (gtigs) ND. {chu sogs} (-) ND.\nMeaning: To trickle down, to fall in drops, to drip CD. To cause to drip, to let fall in drops DK. To make something moist (e.g. water) fall down individually in droplets DS. For water droplets to fall TC. gtib|Present: {gtib} LZ,CD, DS, TC. {gtibs} CD, DK. \nPast: {gtib} DK. {gtibs} LZ, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gtib} LZ,DK, DS, TC (see note).\nImperative: {tibs} LZ. {gtibs} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'thib} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {du ba dang sprin sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be gathered (of clouds) CD. To make overcast, to pile up, crowd together DK. (for a haze of vapor &c.) to obscure a line of vision DS. To pile up, come together; to darken, obscure TC.\nNote:TC has {gtug} an obvious misprint in the verb tables, but has {gtib} in the text. gtim|{gtim} DS. gives as alternate present to {stim} ,CDrefers it to {thim} but perhaps intending it as a separate verb. gtug|Present: {gtug} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gtugs} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {btugs} ND. {btug} CD, DK.\nFuture: {gtug} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC (see note).\nImperative: {gtugs} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {thug} CD, (Duff).\nCausative of: {gtugs} (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {drung du} LZ. {zhabs la} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To reach, meet with, fall down to, touch, join. 2. (acc. Sch.) to sue, to bring an action against a person CD. 1. To touch, cause to come into contact. 2. To reach the climax of an appointed time. 3. To file a case DK. 1. To mutually meet (someone). 2. To arrive. 3. To mutually come in contact, encounter. 4. To search for the source, origin. 5. To take the matter of a dispute to a higher authority or national government office for a decision. 6. To cause a fight DS. 1. To touch, meet. 2. To visit, meet, attend on. 3. To meet, match, take on. 4. To take the matter of a dispute to higher authority for a decision TC (Duff).\nNote:TC's verb tables has {gtugs} for the future, but the text and (li yung krang 1988) have {gtug}. gtugs|Present: {gtugs} TC. \nPast: {gtugs} TC.\nFuture: {gtugs} TC (see note).\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To reach the end of, to run out TC.\nNote:TC's verb tables give the future as {gtub} , but (li yang krang 1988) gives {gtugs} , as is implied from the silence of TC's text. gtub|Present: {gtub} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'thub} (TC).\nPast: {gtubs} LZ, CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gtub} LZ, DS, TC.\nImperative: {tubs} LZ. {gtubs} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {shing sogs sta re lta bus} LZ.\nMeaning: To cut to pieces, cut up, chop, mince CD. To cut something up into pieces DS. To chop up, cut into pieces TC.\nNote: Compare {'thub}. gtum|{gtum} LZ, CD, TC. give as the present of {'thum}. gtum|Present: {gtum} LZ, ND. \nPast: {gtum} LZ, ND.\nFuture: {gtum} LZ.\nImperative: {gtum} LZ. - ND.\nInvoluntary: ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {rgyud dang rang bzhin sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be fierce, harsh, stern (Goldstein 2001). gtur|Present: {gtur} LZ. \nPast: {gturd} LZ.\nFuture: {gtur} LZ.\nImperative: {turd} LZ.\nDenominative of: {thur} 'a stick' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {mig sogs nang du shing thur sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To poke, jab (?) NWH. gtul|Present: {gtul} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {gtul} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gtul} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gtul} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'thul} (Gyurme 1992: 259).\nMeaning: To grind, pulverize (colors, medicinal substances &c.) CD. To grind something into powder on top of something else DS. 1. To make smoke (e.g. by burning incense). 2. To grind something into powder on top of something else TC.\nNote: Compare {'dul} , {'thul}. gtog|Present: {gtog} LZ, CD, DK DS, TC. \nPast: {gtogs} LZ, DS, TC. {gtog} DK.\nFuture: {gtog} LZ, DK DS, TC. \nImperative: {togs} LZ. {gtog} DK. {gtogs} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {se gol sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To grab, pluck, gather, tear out. 2. To snap the fingers CD. To snap ones fingers DK, DS, TC. gtog|Present: {gtog} LZ. \nPast: {btags} LZ.\nFuture: {gtag} LZ.\nImperative: {thogs} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {sde dang khyim sogs la} LZ. gtogs|Present: {gtogs} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gtogs} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gtogs} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gtogs} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {khoms dang sder} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To assign, classify. 2. To belong to, appertain to CD. To belong, include, appertain DK. 1. To belong to. 2. To have power. 3. To meet, adhere to a standard, limit DS. To be included with, to belong to TC (Duff). gtong|Present: {gtong} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {btang} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, (ND), DK, DS, TC. {btangs} ND.\nFuture: {gtang} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {thongs} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS. {thong} CD, TC.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Obl. Abs.] 'send,' [Erg. Abs.] 'let go' (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117). [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {sbyin pa sogs} TD, LZ. {blos} ND. \nMeaning: To send, to let go, to permit to go, to dismiss CD. To dispatch, send DK. 1. To free from bondage and let roam independent. 2. To do. 3. To use (e.g. money). 4. To discard, give away. 5. To confer (e.g. a letter, message). 6. To emit, excrete (e.g. breath, urine, excrement) DS. 1. To give, hand over. 2. To abandon, discard. 3. To release, let go, leave off. 4. To send, dispatch, appoint, commission. 5. To drive, steer. 7. To do TC. gtong|Present: {gtong} TC. \nPast: {btang} TC.\nFuture: {gtang} TC.\nImperative: {thong} TC.\nAuxiliary:(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117).\nFunction: Added to nouns in order to form compound verbs, especially common in the colloquial NWH. Similar to {rgyag pa} TC. gtod|Present: {gtod} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gtad} LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. {btad} CD, DK.\nFuture: {gtad} LZ, CD, ND. DK, TC. {gtod} DS.\nImperative: {gtod} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {btod} CD.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {lag tu} LZ, ND.\nMeaning: To deliver up, hand over, to commit to another, to bestow, confer CD. To give a responsibility, to entrust a duty, to aim, to concentrate, imagine DK. 1. To believe. 2. To entrust, commit. 3. To open up. 4. To face. 5. To be undistracted, unwavering DS. To entrust to, give to. 2. To face. 3. To concentrate, remain undistracted TC. gtod|Present: {gtod} LZ, TC. {'dod} DS.\nPast: {btod} LZ, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gtod} LZ, TC. {gdod} DS.\nImperative: {btod} LZ. {thod} DS. {dod} (DS). {gtod} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {grub mtha' sogs kyi srol} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To newly establish (a road, tradition &c.). 2. To produce, to make DS. To newly make, newly found TC.\nNote:in the colloquial language the three: past, future, present, are not distinguished but are all {btod} DS. gtor|{gtor} CD, DS, TC. give as the present of {'thor} gtol|Present: {gtol} LZ, CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {btold} LZ, DK.\nFuture: {gtol} LZ. {btol} DK.\nImperative: {gtol} LZ. {gtold} DK.\nCharacteristic Example: {gnas dang yul du} LZ.\nMeaning: (acc. Sch.) To perforate, pierce; to discover, disclose CD. 1. To pierce, prick. 2. To ascertain. 3. To familiarize, acquaint, find solutions, methods DK. (archaic) 1. To route out wrongdoings. 2. To pierce, open a hole TC. btig|{btig} CD (Cs.). gives as a present to {gtig}. btungs|Past: {btungs} CD, TC, (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).\nMeaning: To kill CD, TC, (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). btub|{btug} LZ, CD, DS. give as a present to {thub}. rtag|Present: {rtag} ND. \nPast: {rtag} ND.\nInvoluntary: ND. rtag|{rtag} ND. gives as the present to {rtog}. rtab|Present: {rtob} LZ. {rtab} CD, DK, DS, TC. {stab} (CD).\nPast: {brtabs} LZ.{rtabs} DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brtab} LZ. {rtab} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rtobs} LZ, DS. {rtabs} DK.- TC.\nVoluntary: DS. Involuntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {rta sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: (acc. Ja = {stab} ) To be in a hurry. 2. To be confused, frightened, in a state of alarm CD. 1. To cause to be in a hurry, to hurry. 2. To cause to be afraid. 3. To apprehend DK. To become restless, impatient DS. To be afraid, terrified TC. rtas|Present: {rtas} LZ, ND, DS. {brta} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {brtas} LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brta} LZ, ND, DS, TC. - CD (see note). {brta'} DK. \nImperative: {rtas} LZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS.Involuntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS.Intransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {lus dang khams sogs} LZ. {nyams} ND.\nMeaning: To grow wide, expand, be copious, abundant CD. To cause to grow up, to increase, enlarge DK. To grow in size, spread DS. To grow, increase TC. rtib|Present: {rtib} CD,DS. \nPast: {brtibs} CD,DS.\nFuture: {brtib} CD,DS.\nImperative: {rtibs} CD,DS. {rtib} CD.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nCausative of: {rdib} [CD].\nMeaning: 1. To break, pull down. 2. (in Sikkim) To beat thoroughly, thrash CD. To indent, make a mark on something DS. rtung|Present: {rtung} CD. \nPast: {brtungs} CD.\nFuture: {brtung} CD.\nMeaning: To make less, to shorten, to contract (Ja) CD.\nNote: Compare the variant of this verb {stung} CD, (Beyer 1992: 75). rtun|Present: {rtun} LZ, DK. \nPast: {brtund} LZ, DK.\nFuture: {brtun} LZ, DK.\nImperative: {rtund} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {dge chos sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To try hard, to make constant effort DK. rtul|Present: {rtul} LZ, ND, DK TC. \nPast: {brtuld} LZ, ND, DK. {brtul} TC.\nFuture: {brtul} LZ, ND, DK, TC.\nImperative: {rtuld} LZ, ND, DK. {rtul} TC.\nVoluntary: ND, TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {spros pa rnams} LZ. {rno man} NDB. {rno min} NDA.\nMeaning: To blunder, cause to become blunt, cause to become foolish DK. 1. To conclude, draw to a close, to gather up, draw together. 2. To tame. 3. (archaic) To strive, exert TC. rten|Present: {rten} KYN,CD, DK, DS, TC. {rtend} LZ. \nPast: {brtend} KYN,LZ, DK. {brten} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brten} KYN,LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rtend} KYN,LZ, DK. {rton} CD. {rten} DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: KYN,CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gnas dang yul sogs bzhan la} LZ. \nMeaning: To keep, hold, adhere to, lean on CD. To base on, depend on, rest upon DK. To rely on, depend on DS. 1. To rely on, use as a support. 2. To stay, remain, live TC. rtog|Present: {rtog} KYT,LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {rtag} ND. \nPast: {brtags} KYT,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {brtag} CD.\nFuture: {brtag} KYT,LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rtogs} KYT,LZ, ND, DS, TC. {rtog} CD. {rtags} DK. \nVoluntary: KY, CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bzang ngan sogs} LZ. {legs par} ND.\nMeaning: To consider, examine, search into, muse upon CD. To examine, interrogate, experiment DK. 1. To make a small idea deeper. 2. To make judgments, after carefully examining the good and bad qualities of something DS. To coarsely investigate, analyze, judge TC. rtogs|Present: {rtog} LZ, ND. {rtogs} CD, DK, DS, TC \nPast: {rtogs} LZ, DK, [DS], TC. {rtog} ND.\nFuture: {rtogs} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {rtogs} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS.Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {shes bya'i gnas tshul sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To perceive, to know, to understand CD. To ascertain, confirm, to understand DK. To understand a meaning after analysis DS. To know TC. rtod|Present: {rtod} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brtod} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brtod} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rtod} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {rta sogs} LZ. {phur bus rta sogs} NDB. {phur bus} NDA.\nMeaning: To fasten, secure, tether CD. To tie, to fasten with pegs DK. To fasten cattle with a long rope in a grassy place to let them pasture DS, TC. rton|Present: {rtond} LZ, ND. {rton} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {rtond} LZ. {brtond} ND. {brton} CD. {brtan} CD, DS, TC. {brtand} DK.\nFuture: {rton} LZ. {brton} ND, DK. {brtan} (DK), DS, TC.\nImperative: {rtond} LZ, ND, DK. {rton} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {chos dang don sogs la} LZ. {yid} ND.\nMeaning: To place confidence in a person, to rely on, to adhere to, to act in accordance with CD. To trust, to have faith DK. To believe DS. To trust, have confidence in, believe TC. rtob|{rtob} LZ. gives as the present of {rtab} rtol|Present: {rtol} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brtold} LZ, ND, DK. {brtol} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {brtol} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rtold} LZ, ND. DK. {rtol} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {rdol} (Gyurme 1992: 260).\nCharacteristic Example: {rnag dang skrang pa sogs} LZ. {chu bur sogs sgong} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To bore, to pierce, to perforate. 2. To be present in, at, to reach CD. 1. To pierce, to penetrate, hollow out, to prick holes DK. 1. To make a hole. 2. To show clearly DS. To dig, bore, dig out TC. rtol|Present: {rtol} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {brtold} DK. {brtol} DS, TC.\nFuture: {brtol} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {rtold} DK. {rtol} DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: [DS]. Involuntary: TC.\nTransitive: [DS].Intransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To arrive, to reach a place, destination DK. To arrive DS, TC. lta|Present: {lta} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bltas} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {ltas} (CD).\nFuture: {blta} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {ltos} KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {blta} CD. {ltas} (CD).\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, TD CD, ND, DS, TC. (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Obl.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {mig gis} TD, ND. {gzugs dang ltad mo sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To look, take a look at, espy. 2. (common in West) To look for, to search for. 3. To view mentally, to consider, look into, examine, investigate CD. To look, to see DK. 1. To see with the eyes. 2. To examine, investigate. 3. To visit, see, call on. 4. To desire, crave, love. 5. To think, consider, ponder DS. 1. To see, know with the eyes. 2. To research, examine, analyze. 3. To desire, crave, love TC. lta|Present: {lta} (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). \nVoluntary: (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159).\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159).\nMeaning: To read (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 159). ltan|Present: {ltan} TC. \nMeaning: (archaic) To come, arrive, receive, get TC. ltab|{ltab} CD, ND, DK, (DS). give as a present to {lteb} ltam|Present: {bltams} LZ, TC. {ltam} CD, DK, DS, (TC). \nPast: {bltams} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bltams} LZ, TC. {bltam} CD, DK, DS.\nImperative: {bltams} LZ. {ltams} DK. {ltoms} DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: DS. Involuntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {sku sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: (honorific) To be born CD. To cause to be born, to give birth to DK. (honorific) To give birth to a child DS. To bear a child, give birth to a child TC. ltung|Present: {ltung} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {ltung} LZ, DK. {lhung} CD, DS. {ltungs} ND, TC.\nFuture: {ltung} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {ltung} LZ, DK. {ltungs} ND. - ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND. Involuntary: ND, DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {nyes pa sogs kyi} LZ. {ngan 'gror (ltungs)} ND. {ngan song} (-) ND.\nMeaning: To fall, to fall down CD. To cause to fall down DK. 1. To fall down. 2. To become smaller, fewer DS. To fall down TC, (Duff).\nNote: Root given as ltung < t + lhung (Hahn 1999: 125).\nNote: Perhaps to be connected to the noun {klung} 'valley'. Compare also the syllable slungs occurring in the entries from (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997){slungs stod smad} 'place name' and {slungs tshangs} 'the lower juncture of a road' NWH. lteb|Present: {lteb} LZ, (CD), (DK), DS, TC. {ltab} CD, ND, DK, (DS). \nPast: {bltabs} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bltab} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {ltebs} LZ, (DK), DS. {ltob} CD. {ltobs} ND, TC. {ltabs} DK.\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nDenominative of: {leb} 'flat' (?) NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {gos dang na bza' sogs} LZ. {gos sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To fold, gather up, to lay together, put together CD. To fold up (clothes &c.) DK. To bend a flat thing and stack one of its two faces upon the other DS. To bend something back and forth and stack one of its two faces upon the other TC. ltem|Present: {ltem} TC. \nPast: {ltem} TC.\nFuture: {ltem} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: (honorific) To be sick TC. ltems|Present: {ltam} CD, DK.{ltems} DS. \nPast: {bltams} CD, DK,DS.\nFuture: {bltam} CD, DK,DS.\nImperative: {ltams} DK.{ltoms} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To be full CD. To fill DK. 1. To fill up a vessel with something. 2. To attain, obtain much DS.\nNote: Compare {gtams}. ltogs|Present: {ltogs} CD, DS, TC. {ltog} DK. \nPast: {ltogs} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {ltog} DK. {ltogs} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {ltogs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To be hungry. 2. (acc. Sch.) To regret CD. To feel hungry DK. To want to eat food when the stomach is empty of food DS. The feeling which arises when there is no food TC. ltos|Present: {ltos} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {ltos} [DS]. {bltos} TC.\nFuture: {ltos} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nVoluntary:(Hoshi 2003).\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.]CD, (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To attend to, look at, on, to (akin to {lta} ) CD. To examine, compare, evaluate DS. To mutually interact, for one thing to depend upon another TC. stang|{stang} TCgives as the present of {stangs}. stangs|Present: {stangs} LZ.{stang} TC. \nPast: {bstangs} LZ, TC.\nFuture: {bstang} LZ, TC.\nImperative: {stongs} LZ, TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {phan zhing brtse bas} LZ.\nMeaning: To help, to aid, to give help TC. stad|Present: {stad} CD, DK. \nPast: {bstad} CD, DK.\nFuture: {bstad} CD, DK.\nImperative: {stad} CD, DK.\nMeaning: To load, to put on, to lay on CD. To turn, to turn one's face, to give, to get ready DK. rtab|Present: {rtab} CD. \nMeaning: (acc. Sch.) To suffer, tolerate, yield CD. star|Present: {star} LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. \nPast: {bstard} LZ, ND, DK. {bstar} CD, TC.\nFuture: {bstar} LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC.\nImperative: {stard} LZ, DK. {stor} CD, TC. {stord} ND. \nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gral dang sa gzhi sogs} LZ. {legs par} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To file on a string (e.g. pearls), to tie, fasten to. 2. To clean, polish CD. 1. To practice, take an action. 2. To arrange, line up. 3. To put on. 4. To clean DK. 1. To set up, arrange. 2. To take in hand, do. 3. To decorate, adorn, embellish TC.\nNote: perhaps not to be divided form {stor} , and in the meaning 'to clean' compare {star}. sti|Present: {sti} CD, DK, DS, TC. {bsti} LZ, CD.\nPast: {bstis} LZ,CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsti} LZ,CD, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {stis} LZ,CD, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {gnas su} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To rest, take rest, repose, refresh oneself. 2. To honor CD. To take, have rest, to stay restfully, to cause to situate DK. (archaic) To rest, relax, vacation DS. To stay in order to rest, relax TC. sting|Present: {sting} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {bstings} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bsting} CD, DS, TC.\nImperative: {stings} CD, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: CD, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To rebuke, scold, abuse CD. (archaic) To threaten, menace, scold, insult DS. 1. To verbally point out faults in an abusive manner. 2. To belittle, disparage TC.\nNote: Compare {steng}. stib|Present: {stib} CD, DK. {stibs} CD. \nPast: {bstibs} DK.\nFuture: {bstib} DK.\nImperative: {stibs} DK.\nMeaning: (rare) To offer (sacrifice) (Ja) CD. To offer, worship, cause to collapse DK. stim|Present: {stim} KYN,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bstims} KYN,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bstim} KYN,LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {stims} KYN,(LZ), CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {thim} LZ.\nVoluntary: KYN,CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'thim} CD, (Beyer 1992: 116).\nCharacteristic Example: {ye shes pa sogs} LZ. {gzugs pa} NDB. {gzugs la} NDA.\nMeaning: To enter, penetrate, pervade, be absorbed in CD. To absorb, cause to merge DK. 1. To mix, combine into an undifferentiated essence, to cause to dissolve, combine. 2. To give, send DS. To combine, mix, dissolve as undivided, inseparable TC. stir|Present: {stir} DK. \nPast: {bstird} DK.\nFuture: {bstir} DK.\nImperative: {stird} DK.\nMeaning: To take, have a rest DK.\nNote: Likely a derivative of {sti}. stug|Present: {stug} DK. \nPast: {bstugs} DK.\nFuture: {bstug} DK.\nImperative: {stugs} DK.\nMeaning: To thicken, make thicker DK.\nNote: Perhaps to be compared with {bstugs}. stung|Present: {stung} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bstungs} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bstung} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {stungs} TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: TD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nDenominative of: {thung} 'short' (Gyurme 1992: 260).\nCharacteristic Example: {thug ngur byas pa} TD. {rtsis nges dang thag pa sogs} LZ. {sna sogs} ND.\nMeaning: To shorten, to near, draw near CD. 1. To make shorter. 2. To make fewer DS. To make shorter TC.\nNote: Compare the variant of this verb {rtung} CD, (Beyer 1992: 75). stud|Present: {stud} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bstud} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {bstud} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {stud} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {mthud} (ngag dbang tshul khrims 1996).\nCharacteristic Example: {slar yang} LZ, ND.\nMeaning: To repeat, reiterate, give, offer repeatedly CD. To piece on to join, to bow in greeting DK. To interrupt, cut a continuum, interstices DS. To break, cut a continuum TC. stun|Present: {stund} LZ. {stun} CD, DK, DS, TC.\nPast: {bstund} LZ. {bstun} CD, DS, TC. {stund} DK.\nFuture: {bstun} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {stun} DK.\nImperative: {stund} LZ, DK. {stun} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {mthun} (Gyurme 1992: 260).\nCharacteristic Example: {dgongs pa dang yul sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To agree, to be accordant with CD. To smash in a mortar with a pestle DK. To be in harmony, accord, to follow after DS. To rely on, accord with another TC. steg|Present: {steg} DS. \nPast: {steg} [DS].\nFuture: {steg} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To dance &c. DS. steng|Present: {steng} LZ. \nPast: {bstengs} LZ.\nFuture: {bsteng} LZ.\nImperative: {stengs} LZ\nCharacteristic Example: {skyon nam brnyas thabs sogs kyis} LZ.\nNote: the autograph almost certainly read {sting} quid vide. sten|Present: {sten} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bsten} TD, CD, DS, TC. {bstend} LZ, ND, DK.\nFuture: {bsten} TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {stend} TD, LZ, ND, DK. {sten} CD, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: TD, ND, CD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bshes gnyen sogs} TD. {bshes gnyen sogs rang gis} LZ. {bla ma lha sogs} ND.\nMeaning: 1. (akin to {rten} but with accusative) To keep close to, adhere to, to retain, depend upon. 2. To side with, partake of. 3. To attend, wait upon, serve CD. 1. To accompany, keep as a teacher. 2. To cause to be together DK. 1. To request to be a student. 2. To do, behave, use. 3. To be firm in mind, find key mental points DS. To stay near, serve, accompany TC. stem|Present: {stem} CD, TC. \nPast: {stems} CD.\nFuture: {stems} CD.\nMeaning: (seems to occur in popular literature and in colloquial) To shut, fasten (a door), to block (with a beam, bar) CD. (archaic) 1. To press. 2. To hit, strike. 3. To close a door TC. ster|Present: {ster} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {sterd} ND. {bster} CD. {bsterd} DK. {ster} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {ster} ND, [DS], TC. {bster} CD, DK.\nImperative: {sterd} NDA,DK. - ND. {ster} TC. \nInvoluntary: ND.Voluntary: ND, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {phar la} (sterd) ND. {gzhan la} (-) ND.\nMeaning: 1. To grant, give, bestow. 2. (in the West) to feed, give food, drink (Ja) CD. stong|Present: {stong} LZ, DK, DS, TC. {stongs} CD.\nPast: {stongs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.{bstangs} CD.\nFuture: {stong} LZ, DK, DS, TC.{bstang} CD.\nImperative: {stongs} LZ, DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Instr.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bskal ba sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To make empty, to be empty, become waste or desolate CD. To become empty, be empty DK. To finish, become nonexistent DS. To be empty, become finished. TC. stongs|Present: {stongs} CD, DK. {stong} DS., TC.\nPast: {bstangs} CD.{bstongs} DK, DS.{stongs} TC.\nFuture: {bstang} CD. {bstong} DK, DS. {stong} TC.\nImperative: {stongs} DK, DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: 1. To accompany CD. To help, benefit DK. To give help, aide DS. To ripen, mature, help, give aide TC. stod|Present: {stod} LZ, ND, DS, TC. {bstod} CD.\nPast: {bstad} LZ, ND, DS, TC. \nFuture: {bstad} LZ, ND, TC. {stod} DS.\nImperative: {stod} LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {'gro chas dang sga sogs} LZ. {'gro chas} ND.\nMeaning: To tether cattle (such as horses) (Situ 75) CD. 1. To saddle, affix a saddle on an animal. 2. To fly high (as a bird or airplane) DS. 1. To make preparations. 2. To turn toward TC (Duff). ston|Present: {ston} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bstan} KYT, KYNZ, CD, DS, TC. {bstand} KYNCW, LZ, ND, DK.\nFuture: {bstan} KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {ston} KYT,CD, DS, TC. {stond} KYN, LZ, ND, DK.\nVoluntary: KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {chos dang gdams ngag sogs} LZ. {bon chos don} ND.\nMeaning: To show, indicate (acc. of thing shown, dat. of person shown to) CD. To show, guide, preach DK. 1. To make someone see a goal. 2. To speak, tell. 3. To make someone understand or see something manifest DS. 1. To speak, tell. 2. To make someone understand something manifest TC. stob|Present: {stob} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bstabs} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bstab} CD. {bstob} CD (Cs.).\nFuture: {bstab} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {bstob} CD (Cs.).\nImperative: {stob} LZ, CD. {stobs} ND, DK, DS, TC. {thob} (ND).\nVoluntary: CD, ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bza' bca' dang nor sogs} LZ. {zhal dang byin len sna sogs} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To put into another's mouth, to feed. 2. To offer, make a donation CD. To give, give and take DK. To give, offer something to another (e.g. food) DS. To offer, give TC. stor|Present: {stor} DK,DS, TC. \nPast: {bstord} DK. {bstar} DS, TC. \nFuture: {bstor} DK. {bstar} DS, TC. \nImperative: {stord} DK.{stor} DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {'thor} (Duff).\nMeaning: To destroy, crush DK. To join together with rope or twine and bring together DS. 1. To break, scatter, disperse. 2. To clean TC.\nNote: perhaps not to be divided from {star}. stor|Present: {stor} CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {stord} ND. {stor} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {stor} ND, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {stord} ND. - ND, TC.\nVoluntary: ND. Involuntary: ND, TC.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {bor ba'i} ND.\nMeaning: To go astray, to be lost CD. To leave behind DS. To leave behind, loose TC. stos|Present: {stos} TC, (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1996). \nMeaning: (archaic) To give TC. To give, grant, distribute (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1996). brta|{brta} CD, DK, TC. give as the present of {rtas} brtan|Present: {brtan} LZ. \nPast: {brtand} LZ.\nFuture: {brtan} LZ. \nImperative: {brtand} LZ.\nCharacteristic Example: {rten dang zhabs pad sogs} LZ.\nNote: Surely to be linked with {rton} or {rten}. brtul|Present: {brtul} CD. \nMeaning: To conquer CD. bltams|{bltams} LZ, TC. give as the present to {ltam}. bstar|Present: {bstar} CD, DS. \nPast: {bstar} [DS].\nFuture: {bstar} [DS].\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: 1. To sweep, clean, cleanse. 2. To appreciate, be aware of (Lic) CD. 1. To practice, experience take in hand. 2. To purify, make clean DS.\nNote: Compare {star}. bsti|{bsti} LZ. gives as the present to {sti}. bstu|Present: {bstu} CD. \nMeaning: To bring together discordant elements, to collect in one heap things unlike one another CD. bstugs|Present: {bstugs} CD\nMeaning: To maker lower, to lower (Sch.) CD. bstun|Present: {bstun} CD, DK. \nPast: {bstund} DK.\nFuture: {bstun} DK.\nImperative: {bstund} DK.\nMeaning: To be compared CD. To accord with, to cause to comply DK.\nNote: not to be differentiated from {stun}. bstod|Present: {bstod} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {stod} CD, (DK). \nPast: {bstod} LZ, CD, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bstod} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {bstod} LZ, (DK), TC. {stod} DK.\nVoluntary: DK, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bla ma dang lha sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To praise, commend, laud CD. To praise, to express one's admiration DK. To say good things about qualities DS. To praise TC. thad|Present: {thad} (Hoshi 2003).\nPast: {thad} (Hoshi 2003).\nFuture: {thad} (Hoshi 2003).\nImperative: {thad} (Hoshi 2003).\nInvoluntary:(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210)\nSyntax: [Abs] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210).\nMeaning: (honorific)To go (Hoshi 2003).\nNote:(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210) give this as a non honorific form of {theg}. thams|Present: {thams} CD. \nMeaning: 1. To lock together, hold fast with the arms (either in love or with anger). 2. To stick fast CD.\nNote:(Hahn 1973: 430) suggests a verbal root tham 'to be complete' to which the adjective tham pa 'complete' and the adverb tham cad 'all together' are referable. thar|Present: {thard} LZ. {thar} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {thard} LZ, DK. {thar} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {thar} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {thard} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive:DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Abl/Ela.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {'khor ba sogs las} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To be freed, to be liberated. 2. To escape, get through, be able, pass CD. To be freed, liberated, to get through, cross a bar DK. To become free, to escape, slip away DS, TC. thal|Present: {thald} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {thel} CD. {'thal} CD. {'thald} DK. \nPast: {thald} LZ. {thal} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {thal} LZ, [DS], TC. {'thal} DK.\nImperative: {thald} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bya bye sogs ha cang} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To pass, to step by, to step beyond, miss a mark. 2. To elapse, be passed, to change, pass from. 3. To go, pass through. 4. To come, to get to, to arrive at. 5. To be over, past, finished, done CD. To cross a limitation, to pass beyond DK. To leave, go away DS. 1. To exceed the limit, overdo. 2. To go. 3. To go unimpeded TC. thig|Present: {thig} DS, TC. \nPast: {thig} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {thig} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To be able to meet, adhere to a standard, limit DS. To know a standard, be able to adhere to a standard TC. thigs|Present: {thigs} DS. \nPast: {thigs} [DS].\nFuture: {thigs} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To fall down (as droplets of water &c.) DS.\nNote: Compare {'thig} , thing|Present: {things} DS. {thing} TC.\nPast: {things} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {things} [DS]. {thing} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: 1. To come clearly to the ear. 2. To come, arrive, to receive, obtain DS. To arrive, meet, reach TC. thim|{thim} CD, (DS), TC. give as the present of {'thim} thu|Present: {thu} CD. \nMeaning: To pluck, collect flowers CD. thug|Present: {'thug} LZ.{thug} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {thug} LZ,DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {thug} LZ,DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {thug} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003). Voluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). [Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117).\nCharacteristic Example: {phan tshun} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To reach, arrive at, come to. 2. To interview, to encounter, to meet, to light upon CD. To meet DK. 1. To meet. 2. To arrive DS. To meet TC. thug|Present: {thug} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {thug} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {thug} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {thug} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: (colloquial) To touch, to hit, strike against CD. To touch, reach DK. To touch DS. To touch TC. thub|Present: {btub} LZ, CD, DS. {thub} (LZ), DK. \nPast: {btubs} LZ, DK. {btub} [DS].\nFuture: {btub} LZ, DK, [DS].\nImperative: {btub} LZ. {thub} (LZ), DK.\nTransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCausative of: {thub} NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {bya ba dang yin brtan sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be able CD. To enable, to make able DK. To be able DS. thub|Present: {thub} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {thub} DK, TC.\nFuture: {thub} DK, TC.\nImperative: {thub} DK. - TC.\nAuxiliary: [CD], DS, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 149).\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {thub} NWH.\nMeaning: (potential verb with accusative or root of another verb) To be able, capable of, to withstand, to be equal to CD. To be able, to be capable of DK. (when suffixed to the present or future of a verb) To be able to do that verb DS. To have an opportunity to, to be able to TC. thub|Present: {thub} DS. \nPast: {thub} [DS].\nFuture: {thub} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: (when suffixed to a noun) To prevail, withstand that noun DS. thul|Present: {thul} CD, TC. \nPast: {thul} TC.\nFuture: {thul} TC.\nImperative: {thul} CD. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'dul} (Duff).\nMeaning: To restrain, tame, curb, check CD. To be made suitable for an action, to become soft TC. the|Present: {the} CD, DS, TC. {thi} CD (in Central Tibet, Ja).{'the} DK.\nPast: {thes} CD. {the} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {the} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {thes} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: 1. To belong, appertain to. 2. To occupy oneself with a thing, to meddle with, interfere. 3. To pertain to, be applied to, to be of use CD. To cause to involve, to cause to interfere DK. To be included in, belong to, to come together, be together DS. To be included in, to belong to, be placed in TC. theg|Present: {theg} CD, DK, DS, TC. {'thegs} (CD).\nPast: {thegs} DK. {theg} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {theg} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {thegs} DK - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {'degs} NWH.\nMeaning: 1. To support. 2. To lift, raise, hold up. 3. To endure, to be able to carry CD. 1. To bear, endure. 2. To lift. 3. To have a trip. 4. To be floated DK. To withstand, endure DS. To endure, to withstand, to carry, bear TC. theg|Present: {'thegs} CD. {theg} DK, DS.{'degs} TC. {thegs} TC. \nPast: {thegs} DK, TC. {bteg} DS, TC.\nFuture: {theg} DK{bteg} DS. {gteg} TC. {thegs} TC.\nImperative: {thegs} DK, DS.{theg} TC. - TC.\nVoluntary: DS, [TC], (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). Involuntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210).\nMeaning: 1. To prepare for a journey, to pack up. 2. To depart ('thegs) CD. To have a trip DK. To leave to, to depart for DS. (honorific) To go (thegs) TC. To go ('degs) TC. theng|Present: {theng} TC. \nPast: {thengs} TC.\nFuture: {theng} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To reach, complete, arrive at, pass (of a certain number or period of time) TC. thed|Present: {thed} DS. \nPast: {thed} [DS].\nFuture: {thed} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To rip, tear (of wool &c.) DS. then|Present: {then} DS. \nPast: {then} [DS].\nFuture: {then} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To love, be affectionate, friendly DS. thebs|Present: {thebs} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'theb} CD, DK. {'thebs} (DS).\nPast: {thebs} LZ, CD, DK, [DS], TC.{'thebs} [(DS)].\nFuture: {thebs} LZ, [DS], TC.{theb} DK.{'thebs} [(DS)].\nImperative: {thebs} LZ. {'thebs} DK- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: [CD], DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'debs} CD, (Beyer 1992: 113).\nCharacteristic Example: {sku rim sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To reach, arrive at. 2. To collect, assemble. 3. To be taken, be captured, to fall into. 4. To adjust, fit, cause to fit, make appropriate, make suitable (thebs) CD. 1. To be thrown, overthrown, seized by or with. 2. To be opened out, spread about. 3. (Sometimes used as an active verb instead of 'debs) ('theb) CD. 1. To be fallen in the hand of or in traps. 2. To fall sick. 3. To be accurate or required answers [sic.]. 4. To be hit at marks [sic] DK. To be struck by, contaminated, despoiled, to catch (a disease) DS. To reach, meet with, be struck by TC.\nNote This verb is frequently added to nouns to form new verbs, it generally indicates an involuntary verb or to show that an action was well done, whereas {rgyag} /{rgyab} is used in the same way to indicate volition (Chang 1984). them|{them} CD. gives as a present of {'thems} thems|Present: {thems} DS. {'thems} (DS).\nPast: {thems} [DS].{'thems} [(DS)].\nFuture: {thems} [DS]. {'thems} [(DS)].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To get, obtain DS. thel|{thel} CD. gives as a present to {thal} thogs|Present: {thogs} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'thog} DK.\nPast: {thogs} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {thogs} LZ, [DS], TC. {'thog} DK.\nImperative: {thogs} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gdos bcas sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To strike, stumble, run against, to throw against, to be impeded, delayed CD. To be struck, blocked DK. 1 To meet an obstacle. 2. To take the hand, bind the body. 3. To exist, be present, become, be produced. 4. To be fond of, love, be friendly toward. 5. To block, impede, prevent DS. 1. To be delayed, made late. 2. To meet an obstacle. 3. To appear, be present, become, be produced TC. thogs|Present: {thogs} CD, TC. {'thog} CD, DK.\nPast: {'thogs} CD. {thogs} DK, TC.\nFuture: {thog} DK. {thogs} TC.\nImperative: {thogs} DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To bear aloft (thogs) CD. 1. To take, bear away, carry. 2. To receive. 4. To name, to call ('thog)CD. To hold in ones hand DK. To carry, take TC. thong|Present: {thong} TC. \nPast: {thong} TC.\nFuture: {thong} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: (An intransitive verb similar in meaning to {gtong} ) TC. To be given (Hackett 2003). thob|{thob} CD. gives as the present of {'thob}. thol|{thol} (CD) gives as the present of {mthol}. thos|Present: {thos} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {thos} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {thos} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {thos} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {gzhung tshig sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To hear. (originally had the sense of hearing at second hand, thus -) 2. To hear of, to have word of, to understand CD. To hear, to listen DK. To perceive sound with the ear DS. To listen, understand with the ears TC. mthug|Present: {mthug} ND. \nPast: {mthug} ND.\nImperative: - ND.\nInvoluntary: [ND].\nMeaning: A verbal use of the adjective {mthug po} 'thick, dense' NWH. mthud|Present: {mthud} LZ, (CD), DK, DS, TC. {'thud} CD. \nPast: {mthud} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mthud} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mthud} LZ, DK, TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {chad pa dang sne sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To add on, make longer, piece on, prolong CD. To join, add on, continue, carry on, be carried DK. 1. To connect the ends (of something). 2. To make a distance shorter DS. To connect, link, join TC. mthun|Present: {mthun} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. {'thun} (CD).\nPast: {mthund} LZ, DK. {mthun} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mthun} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mthun} LZ. {mthund} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {stun} (Gyurme 1992: 260).\nCharacteristic Example: {khams dang thugs sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To agree with, to be accordant, to be on par with CD. To agree, to be in agreement, to become similar DK. 1. To be alike, similar. 2. To agree. 3. To be alright, be harmonious. 4. To help, assist, give aid DS. To be friendly, harmonious TC. mtho|Present: {mtho} LZ, CD, ND. \nPast: {mtho} LZ, ND.\nFuture: {mtho} LZ.\nImperative: {mtho} LZ.\nInvoluntary:(Hoshi 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {mnga' thang dang dbu rmog sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be high (Ja) CD. mthong|Present: {mthong} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {mthong} LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {mthong} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {mthong} LZ, DK. - ND, TC.\nInvoluntary: ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {ltas sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To see, view. 2. To witness, observe (mentally). 3. (colloquial) To experience, endure CD. 1. To see. 2. To comprehend DK. 1. To see, know with the eyes. 2. To experience DS. To see, know, appear TC. mthol|Present: {mthol} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'thol} (CD), (DS). {thol} (CD). {'thold} DK.\nPast: {mthold} LZ. {mthol} [DS], TC.{thol} DK.{'thol} [(DS)]. \nFuture: {mthol} LZ, [DS], TC.{'thol} DK.{'thol} [(DS)].\nImperative: {mthol} LZ. - TC. {thold} DK. \nInvoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nDenominative of: {thal mo} 'palm of the hand' CD.\nCharacteristic Example: {ltung ba sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To confess CD. To reveal, come outward, confess DK. To tell ones faults openly DS. 1. To announce, proclaim, speak not secretly. 2. To speak openly about faults TC. 'thag|Present: {'thag} KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'thog} CD (Sch.).\nPast: {btags} KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {btag} KYN,TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'thag} (ND).\nImperative: {thogs} KYN,TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS. {thog} CD. {'thog} TC. {'thags} (DK).\nVoluntary: KYN,TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265).\nCharacteristic Example: {thags dang phye mar} TD. {phye sogs} LZ. {zhib tu} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To grind, crush. 2. To weave CD. To weave, grind DK. To produce cotton cloth, silk cloth, woolen cloth &c. from threads of wool, flax, cotton, silk, &c DS. 1. To destroy. 2. To make fine. 3. To weave cotton &c. TC. To attach (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 265). 'thag|Present: {'thag} DS, TC. \nPast: {'thag} [DS], {thag} TC.\nFuture: {'thag} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To reduce by boiling DS. To dry up, dry out TC. 'thad|Present: {'thad} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'thad} ND, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'thad} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'thad} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To be delightful, pleasant, agreeable, well pleasing. 2. (not governing a case) To please, to be acceptable, to be considered as good, to be (generally) admitted CD. To be delightful, to be pleasant, agreeable DK. 1. To come to a unanimous decision. 2. To want, desire. 3. To be alright, suitable. 4. To be in harmony, to accord DS. To be alright, suitable, allowed. 2. To want, desire, like, enjoy TC. 'thab|Present: {'thab} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'thab} LZ, ND, [DS]. {'thabs} DK, TC.\nFuture: {'thab} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {'thab} LZ. {'thabs} DK. {'thobs} TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368).[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {dgra sogs dang} LZ.\nMeaning: To fight, quarrel, dispute, brawl CD. To fight, struggle DK. 1. To brawl, fight, argue. 2. To strive, exert DS. 1. To fight. 2. To balance a budget TC. 'tham|Present: {'tham} CD, ND, DS, TC. {'thams} DK. \nPast: {'thams} CD, ND, DS, TC. {thams} DK.\nFuture: {'tham} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {thams} DK. - DS. {'thoms} TC.\nInvoluntary: DS. Voluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS. Transitive: TC.\nMeaning: 1. To seize, to lay hold of, to clutch, to attach oneself to, to realize mentally. 2. To join together, enlock CD. 1. To grasp, hold tightly. 2. To shut, close DS. 1. To hug, embrace. 2. To grasp tightly with the hand. 3. To close tightly, not to open once closed TC.\nNote: Compare {'thems} (?) NWH. 'thams|Present: {'thams} TC. \nMeaning: (archaic) 1. To love, be kind. 2. To not finish, conclude. 3. To blame, scold TC. 'thal|{'thal} CD, DK. give as the present of {thal}. 'thas|Present: {'thas} ND. \nPast: {'thas} ND.\nMeaning: Probably a verbal use of the adjective {'thas} 'hard, solid' NWH. 'thig|Present: {'thig} CD. \nPast: {btigs} CD.\nFuture: {btig} CD.\nTransitive: CD.\nMeaning: To cause to fall in drops, to distill (Ja) CD. 'thig|Present: {'thig} CD, DS.{'thigs} DK. \nPast: {'thigs} CD, DS. {thigs} DK.\nFuture: {'thig} DK, DS.\nImperative: {thigs} DK. - DS.\nInvoluntary: DS.\nIntransitive: [CD], DS.\nMeaning: To fall in drops, to drip from CD. To leak through DK. (for droplets of water) To fall down DS.\nNote: Compare {thigs}. 'thib|Present: {'thib} LZ, DS, (TC). {'thibs} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {'thibs} LZ, DS, TC. {thibs} CD. {thib} DK.{gtibs} CD.\nFuture: {'thib} LZ, DK, DS, (TC).{'thibs} TC.\nImperative: {thibs} LZ, DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS,TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {gtib} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {mun pa dang blo dbang sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be covered, darkened CD. To be cloudy, gloomy DK. To thicken, roll in (of clouds and smoke) DS. To thicken, obscure TC. 'thim|Present: {thim} CD, (DS), TC. {'thims} DK. {'thim} DS. \nPast: {thim} DK, [(DS)], TC. {'thim} [DS].\nFuture: {'thim} CD, DK, [DS]. {thim} [(DS)], TC.\nImperative: {thims} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {stim} CD, (Beyer 1992: 116).\nMeaning: (with {la} or {nang du} ) To be lost (in something else), to melt down, be dissolved in, vanish CD. To merge into DK. To mix into an un-differentiable essence DS. To sink, dissolve, vanish TC. 'thu|Present: {'thu} LZ, CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {'thus} LZ, CD, TC. {thu} DK.\nFuture: {'thu} LZ, DK, TC. {thu} DK.\nImperative: {'thu} LZ. {thus} CD. {thu} DK. {'thus} TC. \nVoluntary: CD, TC.\nTransitive: TC. Intransitive: TC.\nCausative of: {'du} (Beyer 1992: 112)\nDenominative of: {'thun} 'gatherer' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {shing dang lci ba sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To gather, collect, pick up CD. To collect, pick up, to collect wood for fuel DK. To gather collect TC.\nNote:TC gives as transitive in its verb tables, but as intransitive in the text. 'thu|Present: {'thu} LZ, DK. \nPast: {'thus} LZ, DK.\nFuture: {gdu} LZ, {'thu} DK.\nImperative: {thus} LZ. {'thus} DK.\nCharacteristic Example: {zas sogs la} LZ.\nMeaning: To be included DK. 'thu|Present: {sdus} LZ.{'thu} CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {btus} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {btu} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {sdud} LZ.{thus} ND, DS, TC. {'thu} DK.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC. Intransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {me tog dang gces par} ND.\nMeaning: To gather, collect, pick up CD. To group, to collect, to pick up DK. To bring together in one place a thing laying in pieces DS. 1. To gather, collect. 2. To gather, assemble TC.\nNote:TC gives as transitive in its verb tables, but as intransitive in the text. 'thug|{'thug} LZ. gives as the present of {thug} 'thung|Present: {'thung} LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'thungs} LZ, CD. DS. {btungs} (LZ), ND, DK, (DS), TC.\nFuture: {btung} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {thungs} LZ, ND, DK, DS. {'thungs} TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS. Intransitive: TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {ja chang sogs} LZ. {skom du} ND.\nMeaning: To drink, to imbibe fluid CD. To drink DK. To imbibe liquid in the mouth DS. [To drink] TC. 'thun|{'thun} CD. gives as a present of {mthun}. 'thub|Present: {'thub} LZ, CD, ND, DK. \nPast: {btubs} LZ, ND, DK. {'thubs} CD. {btub} CD.\nFuture: {gtub} LZ, CD, ND, DK.\nImperative: {thubs} LZ. {'thub} CD. {thub} ND. {'thubs} DK.\nVoluntary: CD, ND.\nCharacteristic Example: {shing dang lus kyi yan lag sogs dum bur} LZ. {dum bur} ND.\nMeaning: To cut into pieces, to split CD. To hew, chop, cut to pieces DK.\nNote: Compare {gtub}. 'thum|Present: {'thum} CD, DK, DS, (TC). '{thums} TC. \nPast: {'thums} CD, DS, TC. {thum} DK.\nFuture: {'thum} CD, DK, DS, (TC).{'thums} TC.\nImperative: {'thum} CD. {thums} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS,TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To cover, lay over, put over, wrap up, envelop CD. To be covered DK. To be cognitively unclear DS. 1. To have difficulty breathing. 2. To be mentally unclear TC. 'thum|Present: {gtum} LZ, CD, TC. {'thum} LZ, CD, ND, DS. \nPast: {gtums} LZ. {btum} DK, CD. {btums} LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nFuture: {gtum} LZ, ND, TC. {btum} LZ, CD, DS. {gtums} DK.\nImperative: {thums} LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. {'thum} CD.\nVoluntary: ND, DS,TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'thum} NWH.\nDenominative of: {thum} 'a cover'NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {mgo sogs} (gtum) LZ. {gos dar sogs kyis} ('thum) LZ. {gos kyis} ND.\nMeaning: To wrap round, wrap up, envelope, veil, cover (gtum) CD. To cover, lay over, put over, coat, wrap up, envelop ('thum)CD. To warp in, to cover DK. 1. To put a cover on the outside of something. 2. To be similar to covering with an outer cover (e.g. a mountaintop with mist) DS. To wrap, wrap up TC, (Duff). 'thul|Present: {'thul} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {'thuld} DK. \nPast: {btuld} LZ. {thul} DK, DS. {'thul} TC.\nFuture: {gtul} LZ. {'thul} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {'thuld} LZ. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {'dul} (Gyurme 1992: 260). {gtul} (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).\nCharacteristic Example: {spos sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To raise, to spread, to smell of CD. 1. To be fumigated. 2. To be tamed DK. Once tamed, to act appropriately DS. To emerge, arise, occur (of smoke or smell) TC.\nNote: Compare {gtul}. 'thus|Present: {'thus} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'thus} DK, [DS], TC. {thus} (DK).\nFuture: {'thus} DK, [DS] TC.\nImperative: {'thus} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To be permissible, to be right DK. To be capable, able, sufficient, effective DS. To be able permissible, all right TC. 'the|{'the} DK. gives as present of {the} 'thegs|{'thegs} CD. gives as present of {theg} 'theng|Present: {'theng} CD, DS, TC. {'thengs} (DS).\nPast: {'theng} [DS]. {'thengs} [(DS)], TC.\nFuture: {'theng} [DS], TC. {'thengs} [(DS)].\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To be lame, to go lame CD. For feet and hands to go lame DS. To be crippled, to be lame TC. 'then|Present: {'then} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {'then} LZ, [DS], TC. {thend} DK.\nFuture: {'then} LZ, [DS], TC. {then} DK.\nImperative: {'then} LZ, TC. {'thend} DK.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 243), (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {thag pa dang dbyangs sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To draw, to pull. 2. To stop, to stop short, to halt (Ja). 3. (in West) To lean, recline upon CD. To pull, draw, delay, reduce, derogate DK. 1. To inhale. 2. To take, take out. 3. To pull, to drag. DS simply gives 'rope &c.' my translation based on (Goldstein 2001). 4. To fall in rank. 5. To collect, draw together. 6. To recite, sing DS. To pull, draw, lead. 2. To asses taxes. 3. To take longer, to prolong. 4. To inhale TC. 'theb|{'theb} CD, DK. give as the present of theb 'thems|Present: {'thems} CD, DK, DS. {them} CD. {'them} TC. \nPast: {them} DK. {'thems} [DS]. {thems} TC.\nFuture: {'them} DK, TC. {'thems} [DS].\nImperative: {thems} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: 1. To shut in, comprise, cover, include. 2. To suffice ('thems) CD. 1. To be full, complete. 2. (in West) To be sufficient, enough (Ja) (them) CD. To be completed, to be filled, to be careful DK. To be tight, compact (of flesh and bone &c.) DS. To be complete TC.\nNote: Compare {'tham} (?) NWH. 'thog|Present: {'thog} TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {btogs} TD, LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nFuture: {btog} TD, LZ, (ND), DS, TC. {'thog} ND.\nImperative: {thogs} TD, LZ, ND, DS. {'thogs} TC.\nVoluntary: TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {spu sogs} TD, ND. {sha rus sogs} LZ. \nMeaning: 1. To pick, pluck (a fruit, flower &c.). 2. To depilate. 3. To peck (with the beak of a bird) DS. To cut, remove with the hand, to pluck, pick TC.\nNote: Compare the syllable {tog} in the words {sil tog} 'fruit', {shing tog} 'fruit', {me tog} 'flower', {lo tog} 'harvest.' 'thog|{'thog} CD, DK. give as the present to {thogs}. 'thog|{'thog} DK. gives as the present to {thogs}. 'thon|Present: {'thon} LZ, CD, DS. {'thond} DK. \nPast: {thond} LZ. {thon} CD, DK, DS.\nFuture: {thon} LZ. {'thon} DK, DS.\nImperative: {thond} LZ, DK. - DS.\nInvoluntary: DS, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nResultative of: {'don} (Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 260).\nCharacteristic Example: {nang nas phyir} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To go out, come forth. 2. (in West, colloquial) To come, to arise. 3. To occur (Ja) CD. To go out, to come forth DK. 1. To come out from within. 2. To arrive. 3. To achieve, success DS. 'thon|Present: {'thon} LZ, CD, DS, TC.\nPast: {thon} CD, DS, TC.\nFuture: {'thon} DS, TC.\nImperative: - DS. {thon} TC.\nInvoluntary: DS. Voluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).\nMeaning: 1. To depart. 2. (in West, colloquial) To come, to arise. 3. To occur (Ja) CD. 1. To arrive. 3. To achieve, success DS. 1. To go. 2. To appear, arise. 3. To dawn, rise. 4. To arrive TC. 'thob|Present: {'thob} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {thob} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {thob} LZ, DK. {'thob} CD, DS, TC.\nImperative: {thob} LZ. {'thobs} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {rgyal ba'i go 'phang sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To find, get, obtain (especially in West and Sikkim unacceptable in classical). 2. To get, obtain, procure, receive (in classical). 3. To become CD. To obtain, get DK. 1. To come in hand. 2. To take, seize. 3. To be worthy, suitable, conform to, comply with DS. To find TC. 'thom|Present: {'thom} LZ, CD, DS. {'thoms} DK, TC. \nPast: {'thoms} LZ, CD, DS, TC. {thoms} CD.{thom} DK.\nFuture: {'thom} LZ, DK, DS. {'thoms} TC.\nImperative: {thoms} LZ, DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {mgo sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To be confused, puzzled, to grope, to be stunned. 2. (in West) To doze, slumber (Ja) CD. To be bewildered, be confused, to be puzzled DK. To be confused, ignorant concerning things DS. To be confused TC. 'thor|Present: {'thord} LZ, DK. {gtord} (LZ). {gtor} CD, DS, TC. {'thor} CD, (TC).\nPast: {thord} LZ. {btor} CD. {gtord} DK.{gtor} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gtor} LZ, CD, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {thord} LZ. {'thor} CD. {gtord} DK.{gtor} TC.\nVoluntary: CD, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: CD, DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'dor} (Beyer 1992: 112).\nDenominative of: {thor bu} 'liitle piece' NWH.\nCharacteristic Example: {me tog sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To be strewn, scattered. 2. To be dispersed, desiccated, burst (of a gun) ('thor)CD. 1 To scatter, strew, spread over (Mon). 2. To cast, throw, throw out (gtor) CD. To spread over, strew, scatter DK. To spread out, separate individually. 2. To throw to the ground DS. To scatter, throw in small bits. 2. To tear apart, destroy TC.\nNote: Compare {stor}. 'thor|Present: {'thor} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {thor} DK, DS. {'thor} TC.\nFuture: {'thor} DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {thord} DK. - DS, TC.\nInvoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {'thor} NWH.\nMeaning: To be separated, scattered DK. 1. To be individually separated. 2. For something to fall down DS. To fragment, become pieces, go in sundry directions TC.\nNote: Compare {stor}. 'thol|{'thol} (CD), DK, (DS). give as the present of {mthol}. dwangs|Present: {dwangs} DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {dwangs} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dwangs} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {dwangs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300).\nMeaning: To be clear, to become clear, to awake to DK. To get rid of (filth, darkness &c.) DS. To clean, clear away TC. To heal, recover (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300). dad|Present: {dad} CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {dad} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dad} DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {dad} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To believe, to have faith CD. To have faith, to have interest in, to long for DK. For earnest desire or delight to arise DS. 1. To believe faithfully. 2. To be happy, to love, be fond of, to crave TC.\nNote: (Ja) suggests a relationship with {'dod}. dar|Present: {dar} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {dar} LZ, [DS], TC. {dard} DK.\nFuture: {dar} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {dard} LZ. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bstan pa dang chos sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To be diffused, grown up, to spread CD. To become popular, to become common, to spread out, to be increased DK. 1. To grow, increase upward. 2. To have a good coat, a good sheen, to grow fat, to put on flesh (for animals) DS. To grow, make larger TC. dugs|Present: {dugs} CD, DS. \nPast: {dugs} [DS].\nFuture: {dugs} [DS].\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: 1. To make warm, to warm. 2. To light, to kindle (Ja) CD. To alternate between hot and cold things on the body in order to cure some diseases DS. dung|Present: {dung} DS.\nPast: {dung} [DS]. \nFuture: {dung} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To become clear, clean DS. dungs|Present: {dungs} ND, DS. {dung} (DS), TC. \nPast: {gdungs} ND.{dungs} [DS], TC.{dung} [(DS)]. \nFuture: {gdung} ND.{dungs} [DS]. {dung} [(DS)], TC.\nImperative: {dungs} ND.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {brtse bas} ND.\nMeaning: To love, be fond of DS. To cling to, carve, desire TC. dud|Present: {dud} CD, DS, TC. {gdud} CD. {'dud} DK.\nPast: {dud} CD, DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {'dud} DK. {dud} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {dud} DK.- TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {'dud} (Duff).\nMeaning: To stoop, to bend CD. To hang down, to bend down, to be suspended from DK. To bend down DS, TC. dud|Present: {dud} CD. \nMeaning: To tie, to knit CD.\nNote:(Stein 1942: 205) suggests this verb is connected to {'du} 'gather together, unite, be married' {sdud} 'join, unite, marry' {mdun ma} 'spouse', {'dun ma} 'council, association, society, fiance' {mdud pa} 'knot' and the word {'dun ma} 'assembly' found Dunhuang texts with the variants {'dun tsha} , {'dun sa} , {mdu tsa} , {bdun tsa}. (Beyer 1992: 97) adds {sdud} 'fold of a garment' dub|Present: {dub} LZ, CD, DK, TC. {'dubs} (DK).\nPast: {dub} LZ, DK, TC.\nFuture: {dub} LZ, DK, TC. {'dub} (DK).\nImperative: {dub} LZ, DK. {dubs} (DK). - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {khur sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To be fatigued, to be tired CD, DK. To be warn out, tired (in body, mind) TC. dur|Present: {dur} CD, DK. \nPast: {durd} DK.\nFuture: {dur} DK.\nImperative: {durd} DK.\nMeaning: To dispose of the dead, to keep a dead body CD. To keep a dead body, to bury, to eat DK. dul|Present: {dul} DK. \nPast: {duld} DK.\nFuture: {dul} DK.\nImperative: {duld} DK.\nInvoluntary:(Hoshi 2003).\nResultative of: {'dul} NWH.\nMeaning: To become peaceful, to be tamed, make peaceful minded, to sober DK. ded|Present: {ded} DS. \nPast: {ded} [DS].\nFuture: {ded} [DS].\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To travel towards a goal, after looking at a path, road marker DS. do|Present: {do} TC. \nPast: {do} TC.\nFuture: {do} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To be able TC. dogs|Present: {dogs} CD, DS, TC. {dwogs} DK. \nPast: {dwogs} DK. {dogs} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dwogs} DK. {dogs} [DS], TC.\nImperative: {dwogs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nMeaning: To fear, dread, apprehend CD. To doubt, to be uncertain, to be afraid of DK. To examine, avoid DS. To doubt TC dod|Present: {dod} CD, DK, TC. \nPast: {dod} DK, TC.\nFuture: {dod} DK, TC.\nImperative: {dod} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: (often with {'bur du} ) To project, to be prominent CD. To jut out DK. To stick out (like a form, design) TC. don|Present: {don} DK. \nPast: {dond} DK.\nFuture: {don} DK.\nImperative: {dond} DK.\nVoluntary: (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228), (Hoshi 2003).\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).\nMeaning: To come out DK. To leave, depart (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). 1. To get out, be away from, cross (a river). 2. To pretend. 3. To play (a role) (Hoshi 2003). don|Present: {don} (Hoshi 2003).\nPast: {don} (Hoshi 2003).\nInvoluntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nMeaning: 1. To come out, emerge. 2. To have a boil. 3. To excrete, perspire, transpire. 4. To reach a state, condition, be destroyed, found. 5. To be published. 6. To get elected (Hoshi 2003). dra|{dra} CD, DK. give as the present of {'dra} drag|Present: {drag} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {drags} LZ. {drag} DK, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {drag} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {drag} LZ, DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300), (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 300). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {nad sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To recover from illness, to become better DK. 1. To recover from illness. 2. (dialect) To be without harm, without defect DS. To be clear of illness TC. drags|Auxiliary: {drags} DS. \nFunction: (suffixed to verbs and adjectives) To past beyond measure DS. dran|Present: {dran} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {drand} LZ, DK. {dran} [DS], TC\nFuture: {dran} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {drond} LZ. {drand} DK. {dron} DS. {dran} TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC. Involuntary: (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {bla ma'i sku drin sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: 1. To think, ponder. 2. (with {yid la} ) To remember, recollect. 3. To become conscious. 4. To think of with love or affection, to be attached to, to long for CD. To remember, recollect, to think of, to ponder DK. 1. For an earlier affair to come to mind again. 2. For an affair to come to mind. 3. To love, be affectionate toward DS. To not forget, to turn again and again in the mind TC. dras|{dras} CD gives as a present of {gras} drub|{drub} CD, TC. give as the present of {'drub} dregs|Present: {dregs} DK, TC. \nPast: {dregs} DK, TC.\nFuture: {dregs} DK, TC.\nImperative: {dregs} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nMeaning: To be self-satisfied, to be haughty, to pride DK. To be full, bloated TC. dred|Present: {dred} DS. \nPast: {dred} [DS].\nFuture: {dred} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To not avoid, to not be suspicious DS. dro|Present: {dro} CD, TC. {dros} DS. \nPast: {dros} [CD], [DS], TC.\nFuture: {dro} TC. {dros} [DS].\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nResultative of: {sro} (Chang 1971: iv.9).\nMeaning: To be warm CD. To heat up, warm because of sunlight, fire &c. DS. To be hot TC. gdang|Present: {gdang} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gdangs} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gdang} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {gdongs} LZ, DS, TC. {gdangs} DK.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {kha sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To gape, to open wide (the mouth and nostrils), to stretch CD. To open widely, to open mouth [sic], to cure a disease DK. For an opening to open wide DS. To open TC. gdam|{gdam} (DS) gives as a present to {'dem} gda'|Present: {gda'} CD, DS. \nPast: {gda'} [DS].\nFuture: {gda'} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: (honorific) 1. To be, to be there. 2. (with terminative infinitive of another verb) Expresses possibility of being or of doing CD. To stay, remain, exist DS. gdal|Present: {gdal} [CD], DK, DS, TC. {bdal} CD, TC. \nPast: {bdald} DK. {bdal} DS, TC. \nFuture: {bdal} DK, DS, TC. \nImperative: {gdald} DK. {gdol} DS. {bdol} TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCausative of: {'dal} (Duff).\nMeaning: To spread forth, to expend CD. To give away wealth, to cause to spread over, cover up DK. 1. To spread out. 2. To increase area by flattening DS. To spread, lay out TC. gdal|Present: {gdal} TC.\nPast: {gdal} TC.\nFuture: {gdal} TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: TC.\nResultative of: {rdal} (Duff).\nMeaning: To spread, pervade TC. gdas|Present: {gdas} LZ, DS, TC. \nPast: {gdas} LZ, [DS], TC.\nFuture: {gdas} LZ, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {gdas} LZ, TC.\nVoluntary: TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {gtam dang chos don sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To speak DS. To speak, request, understand TC. gdu|Present: {gdu} LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. \nPast: {gdus} LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gdu} LZ, ND, DS, TC.\nImperative: {gdu} LZ. {gdus} ND, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: ND, DS, TC.\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {sman dang ja khu sogs} LZ. {thang sogs} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To stir up together, to mingle, mix up, to mix up drugs. 2. To covet, to hanker after CD. To boil for a long time (water &c.) DS. 1. To make thick by boiling. 2. (dialect) To desire, crave TC. gdu|Present: {gdu} ND, DS. \nPast: {gdus} ND, DS.\nFuture: {gdu} ND, DS.\nImperative: - ND, DS.\nInvoluntary: ND, DS.\nIntransitive: DS.\nCharacteristic Example: {thang sogs} ND.\nMeaning: 1. To continue in a rolling boil. 2. To very quickly move back and forth (of water) DS. gdug|{gdug} DS. gives as the present of {bdug} gdung|Present: {gdung} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gdungs} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gdung} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {gdung} LZ. {gdungs} DK, DS. - TC.\nVoluntary: DS. Involuntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nSyntax: [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).\nCharacteristic Example: {sngag bsnagl sogs kyis} LZ.\nMeaning: To be pained by physical causes, to be tormented, to be scorched CD. To torment, to cause to suffer, to harm DK. To suffer, to produce suffering DS. To suffer from pain or heat TC.\nNote:(Beyer 1992: 84) suggests that 'jungs-pa (<*dyungs) 'avarice' derives via palatalization from the same as this verb gdungs 'desire, long for, feel pain'. gdung|Present: {gdung} CD, DS, TC. \nPast: {gdung} [DS]. {gdungs} TC.\nFuture: {gdung} [DS], TC.\nImperative: - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC.\nIntransitive: DS, TC.\nMeaning: To desire, to long for CD. To love, to be fond of DS. To strongly wish for, desire TC.\nNote:(Beyer 1992: 84) suggests that 'jungs-pa (<*dyungs) 'avarice' derives via palatalization from the same as this verb gdungs 'desire, long for, feel pain'. gdud|{gdud} CD. gives as the present of {dud} gdeg|{gdeg} LZ. gives as the present of {'degs} gdeng|Present: {gdeng} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {gdengs} LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.\nFuture: {gdeng} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nImperative: {gdengs} LZ, DK, DS, TC.\nVoluntary: DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {phyag mtshan sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: To raise, to lift CD. To raise something for hitting, to cause a weapon [sic] DK. To raise up, lift up, brandish DS. To raise, preparing to strike TC. gdon|Present: {gdon} LZ. \nPast: {gdond} LZ.\nFuture: {gdon} LZ.\nImperative: {gdond} LZ.\nDenominative of: {gdon} 'demon' NWH\nCharacteristic Example: {'byung po dang rdzas ngan gyis} LZ. bdag|Present: {bdag} DK, TC. \nPast: {bdag} DK, TC.\nFuture: {bdag} DK, TC.\nImperative: {bdag} DK. - TC.\nInvoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nIntransitive: TC.\nDenominative of: {bdag} 'self, owner' NWH.\nMeaning: To own, belong to, preserve DK. To own, to have power over TC. bdam|Present: {bdam} DS. \nPast: {bdams} DS.\nFuture: {bdam} DS.\nImperative: {bdams} DS.\nVoluntary: DS.\nTransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To ask a superior about a secret, hidden affair, to speak to a person about a secret matter DS. bda'|Present: {bda'} DS. \nPast: {bda'} [DS].\nFuture: {bda'} [DS].\nIntransitive: DS.\nMeaning: To crave food DS. bdar|Present: {bdar} LZ, DK, DS, TC. \nPast: {bdard} LZ, DK. {bdar} [DS], TC.\nFuture: {bdar} LZ, DK, [DS], TC.\nImperative: {bdar} LZ. {bdard} DK. {bdor} TC.\nVoluntary: TC, (Hoshi 2003).\nTransitive: DS, TC.\nCharacteristic Example: {bden tshig dang zas nor sogs} LZ.\nMeaning: (archaic) 1. To adjust exactly, adjust in a very accurate manner. 2. To pray earnestly (in casting lots and in divination). 3. To grind, polish, rub, file CD. 1. To prove a statement by interrogating whether it is true or false. 2. To make clean by sweeping. 3. To grind DK. 1. To speak words which pass judgment. 2. To arrange and then invite. 3. To plane, and sand DS. 1. To arrange. 2. To [go] in front. 3. To speak. 4. To plane, file, grind finely. 5. To clean off, wipe, rub TC.\nNote:(Beyer 1992: 75) sees rdar (