{
  "document": {
    "acknowledgments": [
      {
        "names": [
          "An anonymous researcher"
        ],
        "summary": "reported these vulnerabilities to CISA"
      }
    ],
    "category": "csaf_security_advisory",
    "csaf_version": "2.0",
    "distribution": {
      "text": "Disclosure is not limited",
      "tlp": {
        "label": "WHITE",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/traffic-light-protocol-tlp-definitions-and-usage"
      }
    },
    "lang": "en-US",
    "notes": [
      {
        "category": "legal_disclaimer",
        "text": "This product is provided subject to this Notification (https://www.cisa.gov/notification) and this Privacy & Use policy (https://www.cisa.gov/privacy-policy).",
        "title": "Legal Notice and Terms of Use"
      },
      {
        "category": "summary",
        "text": "Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could enable attackers to gain unauthorized administrative control over vulnerable charging stations or disrupt charging services through denial-of-service attacks.",
        "title": "Advisory Summary"
      },
      {
        "category": "other",
        "text": "Energy, Transportation Systems",
        "title": "Critical infrastructure sectors"
      },
      {
        "category": "other",
        "text": "Worldwide",
        "title": "Countries/areas deployed"
      },
      {
        "category": "other",
        "text": "Netherlands",
        "title": "Company headquarters location"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of these vulnerabilities.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, ensuring they are not accessible from the Internet.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolating them from business networks.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "general",
        "text": "No known public exploitation specifically targeting these vulnerabilities has been reported to CISA at this time.",
        "title": "Recommended Practices"
      }
    ],
    "publisher": {
      "category": "coordinator",
      "contact_details": "central@cisa.dhs.gov",
      "name": "CISA",
      "namespace": "https://www.cisa.gov/"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "category": "self",
        "summary": "ICS Advisory ICSA-26-274-02 JSON",
        "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2026/icsa-26-274-02.json"
      },
      {
        "category": "self",
        "summary": "ICSA Advisory ICSA-26-274-02 - Web Version",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-26-274-02"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/alerts/ICS-ALERT-10-301-01"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ics-recommended-practices"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Cybersecurity_Best_Practices_for_Industrial_Control_Systems.pdf"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/topics/industrial-control-systems"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ics-alert-10-301-01"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/recommended_practices/NCCIC_ICS-CERT_Defense_in_Depth_2016_S508C.pdf"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/targeted-cyber-intrusion-detection-and-mitigation-strategies-update-b"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/secure-our-world/teach-employees-avoid-phishing"
      },
      {
        "category": "external",
        "summary": "Recommended Practices",
        "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/avoiding-social-engineering-and-phishing-attacks"
      }
    ],
    "title": "Monta monta.app",
    "tracking": {
      "current_release_date": "2026-10-01T06:00:00.000000Z",
      "generator": {
        "date": "2026-09-30T17:51:15.493537Z",
        "engine": {
          "name": "CISA CSAF Generator",
          "version": "1.0.0"
        }
      },
      "id": "ICSA-26-274-02",
      "initial_release_date": "2026-10-01T06:00:00.000000Z",
      "revision_history": [
        {
          "date": "2026-10-01T06:00:00.000000Z",
          "legacy_version": "Initial",
          "number": "1",
          "summary": "Initial Publication"
        }
      ],
      "status": "final",
      "version": "1"
    }
  },
  "product_tree": {
    "branches": [
      {
        "branches": [
          {
            "branches": [
              {
                "category": "product_version_range",
                "name": "vers:all/*",
                "product": {
                  "name": "Monta monta.app: vers:all/*",
                  "product_id": "CSAFPID-0001"
                }
              }
            ],
            "category": "product_name",
            "name": "monta.app"
          }
        ],
        "category": "vendor",
        "name": "Monta"
      }
    ]
  },
  "vulnerabilities": [
    {
      "cve": "CVE-2026-95102",
      "cwe": {
        "id": "CWE-306",
        "name": "Missing Authentication for Critical Function"
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "category": "summary",
          "text": "WebSocket endpoints lack proper authentication mechanisms, enabling attackers to impersonate charging stations. As a result, attackers can exploit this weakness to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data or perform unauthorized actions. Given that no authentication is required, this can lead to privilege escalation and potentially compromise the security of the entire system.",
          "title": "Vulnerability Summary"
        },
        {
          "category": "details",
          "text": "SSVCv2/E:N/A:Y/2026-09-30T06:00:00.000000Z",
          "title": "SSVC"
        }
      ],
      "product_status": {
        "known_affected": [
          "CSAFPID-0001"
        ]
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "cwe.mitre.org",
          "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/306.html"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.cve.org",
          "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-95102"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3-1#CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4-0#CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N"
        }
      ],
      "remediations": [
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that they are actively working to increase adoption of authenticated connections across their network and to deprecate unauthenticated access on a rolling basis. Monta states that they provide support for OCPP 1.6 Security Profile 2 (HTTP Basic Auth with TLS) and encourage operators to enable it.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that they have implemented rate limiting and automated connection throttling at the WebSocket layer. Connections exhibiting abusive patterns, including rapid reconnection, ID brute-forcing behavior, or excessive command volume, are automatically identified and blocked.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that their platform handles duplicate connection attempts per the OCPP specification, where a new authenticated connection supersedes an existing session for the same station ID.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "scores": [
        {
          "cvss_v3": {
            "baseScore": 9.4,
            "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "products": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cve": "CVE-2026-97363",
      "cwe": {
        "id": "CWE-307",
        "name": "Improper Restriction of Excessive Authentication Attempts"
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "category": "summary",
          "text": "The WebSocket Application Programming Interface lacks restrictions on the number of authentication requests. This absence of rate limiting may allow an attacker to conduct denial-of-service attacks or brute-force attacks to gain unauthorized access.",
          "title": "Vulnerability Summary"
        },
        {
          "category": "details",
          "text": "SSVCv2/E:N/A:Y/2026-09-30T06:00:00.000000Z",
          "title": "SSVC"
        }
      ],
      "product_status": {
        "known_affected": [
          "CSAFPID-0001"
        ]
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "cwe.mitre.org",
          "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/307.html"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.cve.org",
          "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-97363"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1#CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4-0#CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N"
        }
      ],
      "remediations": [
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that they are actively working to increase adoption of authenticated connections across their network and to deprecate unauthenticated access on a rolling basis. Monta states that they provide support for OCPP 1.6 Security Profile 2 (HTTP Basic Auth with TLS) and encourage operators to enable it.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that they have implemented rate limiting and automated connection throttling at the WebSocket layer. Connections exhibiting abusive patterns, including rapid reconnection, ID brute-forcing behavior, or excessive command volume, are automatically identified and blocked.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that their platform handles duplicate connection attempts per the OCPP specification, where a new authenticated connection supersedes an existing session for the same station ID.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "scores": [
        {
          "cvss_v3": {
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "products": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cve": "CVE-2026-97212",
      "cwe": {
        "id": "CWE-613",
        "name": "Insufficient Session Expiration"
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "category": "summary",
          "text": "The WebSocket backend uses charging station identifiers to uniquely associate sessions but allows multiple endpoints to connect using the same session identifier. This implementation results in predictable session identifiers. This vulnerability may allow unauthorized users to authenticate as other users or enable a malicious actor to cause a denial-of-service condition by overwhelming the backend with valid session requests.",
          "title": "Vulnerability Summary"
        },
        {
          "category": "details",
          "text": "SSVCv2/E:N/A:Y/2026-09-30T06:00:00.000000Z",
          "title": "SSVC"
        }
      ],
      "product_status": {
        "known_affected": [
          "CSAFPID-0001"
        ]
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "cwe.mitre.org",
          "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/613.html"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.cve.org",
          "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-97212"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3-1#CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4-0#CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N"
        }
      ],
      "remediations": [
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that they are actively working to increase adoption of authenticated connections across their network and to deprecate unauthenticated access on a rolling basis. Monta states that they provide support for OCPP 1.6 Security Profile 2 (HTTP Basic Auth with TLS) and encourage operators to enable it.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that they have implemented rate limiting and automated connection throttling at the WebSocket layer. Connections exhibiting abusive patterns, including rapid reconnection, ID brute-forcing behavior, or excessive command volume, are automatically identified and blocked.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that their platform handles duplicate connection attempts per the OCPP specification, where a new authenticated connection supersedes an existing session for the same station ID.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "scores": [
        {
          "cvss_v3": {
            "baseScore": 7.3,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "products": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cve": "CVE-2026-93474",
      "cwe": {
        "id": "CWE-522",
        "name": "Insufficiently Protected Credentials"
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "category": "summary",
          "text": "Charging station authentication identifiers are publicly accessible via web-based mapping platforms.",
          "title": "Vulnerability Summary"
        },
        {
          "category": "details",
          "text": "SSVCv2/E:N/A:Y/2026-09-30T06:00:00.000000Z",
          "title": "SSVC"
        }
      ],
      "product_status": {
        "known_affected": [
          "CSAFPID-0001"
        ]
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "cwe.mitre.org",
          "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/522.html"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.cve.org",
          "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-93474"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1#CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "www.first.org",
          "url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4-0#CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N"
        }
      ],
      "remediations": [
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that they are actively working to increase adoption of authenticated connections across their network and to deprecate unauthenticated access on a rolling basis. Monta states that they provide support for OCPP 1.6 Security Profile 2 (HTTP Basic Auth with TLS) and encourage operators to enable it.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that they have implemented rate limiting and automated connection throttling at the WebSocket layer. Connections exhibiting abusive patterns, including rapid reconnection, ID brute-forcing behavior, or excessive command volume, are automatically identified and blocked.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "mitigation",
          "details": "Monta states that their platform handles duplicate connection attempts per the OCPP specification, where a new authenticated connection supersedes an existing session for the same station ID.",
          "product_ids": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "scores": [
        {
          "cvss_v3": {
            "baseScore": 6.5,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "products": [
            "CSAFPID-0001"
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}