Lead Creator: Carrine E. Blank, University of Montana, fall 2013 through spring 2016. Co-contributors and advisors: Hong Cui (University of Arizona), Lisa Moore (University of Southern Maine), and Ramona Walls (University of Arizona).
Many thanks to Chris Mungall (LBNL), Elvis Hsin-Hui Wu (University of Arizona), Gail Gasparich (Towson University), and Gordon Burleigh (University of Florida) for comments and/or assistance with ontology construction and compilation of taxonomic descriptions and term definitions. Thanks to Oliver He (University of Michigan) for technical assistance with OntoBee and OntoFox, and Gareth Owen (ChEBI project leader, head curator) and other curators at ChEBI for assistance in the incorporation of microbial-specific chemical terms and synonyms into ChEBI. Thanks also to the instructors (Melissa Haendel, Matt Yoder, Jim Baihoff) and students of the 2013 NESCent Ontologies for Evolutionary Biology workshop, and to Karen Cranston (NESCent director) and the support staff at NESCent. This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Assembling the Tree of Life Program (DBI-1208534), and by a travel grant to attend the 2013 NESCent Ontologies for Evolutionary Biology workshop.
MicrO (An Ontology of Prokaryotic Phenotypic and Metabolic Characters). Version 1.5 released 1/23/2018. Includes terms and term synonyms extracted from > 3000 prokaryotic taxonomic descriptions, collected from a large number of taxonomic descriptions from Archaea, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Mollicutes. The ontology and the synonym lists were developed to facilitate the automated extraction of phenotypic data and character states from prokaryotic taxonomic descriptions using a natural language processing algorithm (MicroPIE). MicroPIE was developed by Hong Cui, Elvis Hsin-Hui Wu, and Jin Mao (University of Arizona) in collaboration with Carrine E. Blank (University of Montana) and Lisa R. Moore (University of Southern Maine). Descriptions and links to MicroPIE can be found at http://avatol.org/ngp/nlp/overview-2/. https://github.com/biosemantics/micropie2 The most current version of MicrO can be downloaded from https://github.com/carrineblank/MicrO.
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
Really of interest to developers only
BFO OWL specification label
Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2
BFO CLIF specification label
editor preferred label
editor preferred term
editor preferred term~editor preferred label
The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
PERSON:Daniel Schober
example
A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not
A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
example of usage
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
definition editor
term editor
Name of editor entering the definition in the file. The definition editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The definition editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115.
20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
definition source
formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
curator note
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
imported from
For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
expand expression to
OBO foundry unique label
elucidation
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Person:Barry Smith
Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms
has associated axiom(nl)
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language
has associated axiom(fol)
An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax
records an alternate, ReO-preferred derfinition for classes imported from external ontologies. This definition may extend that in a source ontology, but should ultimtely be consistent with its original meaning (otherwise a new class should be created).
This definition is included/written to be consistent with the role of the class in the current ontology, and/or to make distincitons important in the context of the current ontology. In some cases, may involve simple converting to appropriate aristotelian format for the current ontology.
ReO-preferred_definition
ReO annotations
An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context.
temporal interpretation
S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S
An assertion that involves at least one OWL object that is intended to be expanded into one or more logical axioms. The logical expansion can yield axioms expressed using any formal logical system, including, but not limited to OWL2-DL.
logical macro assertion
A logical macro assertion whose domain is an IRI for a property
logical macro assertion on a property
logical macro assertion on an object property
If Rel is the relational form of a process Pr, then it follow that: Rel(x,y) <-> exists p : Pr(p), x subject-partner-in p, y object-partner-in p
is asymmetric relational form of process class
If Rel is the relational form of a process Pr, then it follow that: Rel(x,y) <-> exists p : Pr(p), x partner-in p, y partner-in p
is symmetric relational form of process class
An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class.
This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO
Notes on the homology status of this class.
Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'.
Notes on the how instances of this class vary across species.
Notes on the evolved function of instances of this class.
Notes on the structure, composition or histology of instances of this class.
Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies.
Notes on the location, position or part-parents of instances of this class.
A is disconnected_from B if they have no parts in common.
Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: (BFO_0000050 some ?X) and (BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
A metadata relation between a class and its taxonomic rank (eg species, family)
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
inheres in
is bearer of
participates in
has participant
concretizes
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
has function
has role
x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal).
x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y.
A duck swimming in a pond is partially surrounded by air and partially surrounded by water.
x partially_surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for the region r that is adjacent to x, r partially overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies a non-trivial proportion of the outermost boundary of x
Definition modified from 'surrounded by'.
has measurement unit label
is about
Relationship between an assay (x) and a microbiological culture medium (y), where the medium is needed to carry out the assay.
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a shape (y).
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a position quality (y).
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a structure (y).
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a morphology (y).
Relationship between two connected entities that are connected and have a spatial relationship defined by an angle that exists between the two connected entities.
Relationship between an assay (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity is used as a chemical reagent or substance used to carry out the assay.
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a size (y).
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a physical quality (y).
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a texture (y).
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and an organismal quality (y).
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a physical object quality (y).
Relationship between a material entity (x) and a cellular organism or environmental material (y) where the material entity is created as a result of a chemical extraction procedure performed via the process of enzymatic hydrolysis.
is an enzymatic hydrolytic extract derived from
Relationship between a material entity (x) and a cellular organism or environmental material (y) where the material entity is created as a result of a chemical extraction procedure performed via the process of acid hydrolysis.
is an acid hydrolytic extract derived from
Relationship between a quality (x) and an assay (y).
Relationship between a microbiological culture medium (x) and a cellular organism (y) where the culture medium is used to support the growth of cellular organism y.
Relationship between a material entity (x) and a cellular organism or environmental material (y) where the material entity is created as a result of a chemical or physical extraction procedure.
Relationship between an oleoginous (oily) material entity (x) and a cellular organism or environmental material (y) where the material entity is created as a result of a chemical extraction procedure performed from material derived from the organism.
Relationship between a material entity (x) and a cellular organism or environmental material (y) where the material entity is created as a result of a chemical extraction procedure performed via the process of an aqueous extraction (an extraction with water).
Relationship between an assay (x) and a quality (y).
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell or prokaryotic metabolic process (x) and a chemical entity (y).
Relationship between an assay (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity used is a chemical enzymatic reactant in the designated process (namely a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme).
Relationship between an assay (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity is a chemical enzymatic product of the designated process (namely a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme).
Relationship between an assay (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity is a metabolic substrate used in the designated process (generally a metabolic process deriving from a combination of enzymatic processes).
Relationship between an assay (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity is a metabolic product in the designated process (generally a metabolic process deriving from a combination of enzymatic processes).
Relationship between a chemical entity (x) and an assay (y), where the chemical entity is a metabolic substrate (generally a metabolic process deriving from a combination of enzymatic processes) assayed by the diagnostic assay.
Relationship between a chemical entity (x) and an assay (y), where the chemical entity is a chemical enzymatic reactant (namely a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme) being assayed in the diagnostic assay.
Relationship between a chemical entity (x) and an assay (y), where the chemical entity is a metabolic product of the process (a metabolic process deriving from a combination of enzymatic processes) which is being assayed by the diagnostic assay.
Relationship between a chemical entity (x) and an assay (y), where the chemical entity is a chemical enzymatic product of the enzymatic process (a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme) assayed by the diagnostic assay.
A relationship between a molecular function (x), namely the enzymatic activity being tested and an assay (y), namely an analytical investigation/test for the presence of an enzymatic activity.
A relationship between an assay (x), namely an analytical investigation/test for the presence of an enzymatic activity, and a molecular function (y), namely the enzymatic activity being tested.
is an assay for the enzymatic activity of
Relationship between an assay (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity used is a fermentation substrate in the designated process (generally a metabolic fermentation process deriving from a combination of enzymatic processes).
is an assay for the fermentation substrate
Relationship between a chemical entity (x) and an assay (y), where the chemical entity is a fermentation product (generally a metabolic fermentation process deriving from a combination of enzymatic processes) assayed by the diagnostic assay.
Relationship between a chemical entity (x) and an assay (y), where the chemical entity is a fermentation substrate (generally a metabolic fermentation process deriving from a combination of enzymatic processes) being assayed by the diagnostic assay.
A relationship between a process, quality, cellular component, molecular function, or a chemical entity (x) and an assay (y).
A relationship between a microbiological diagnostic test (x) and a biological process, quality, cellular component, molecular function, or a chemical entity (y).
A relationship between an assay (x), namely an analytical investigation/test for the presence of a physical biological process, and a biological process (y).
is an assay for the biological process of
A relationship between a biological process (x), and an assay (y) which is an analytical investigation/test for the presence of a physical biological process.
A relationship between a n assay (x), namely an analytical investigation/test for the presence of a metabolic product, and a chemical entity (y).
is an assay for the biosynthetic production of
A relationship between a chemical entity (x), which is a biosynthetic product, that is assayed by an assay (y). Differentiated from 'is metabolic production of' which has the same domain and ranges, but is where an assay is used to detect a product of metabolism (i.e. energy generation).
A relationship between a prokaryotic physiological quality (x) and a prokaryotic physiologically differentiated cell (y).
A relationship between an assay (x), namely an analytical investigation/test for the presence of a physical cellular component, and a cellular component (y).
A relationship between a cellular component (x), and an assay (y) which is an analytical investigation/test for the presence of a cellular component.
Wikipedia:ingredient An ingredient is a substance that forms part of a mixture (in a general sense). For example, in cooking, recipes specify which ingredients are used to prepare a specific dish. Many commercial products contain a secret ingredient that is purported to make them better than competing products. In the pharmaceutical industry, an active ingredient is that part of a formulation that yields the effect required by the customer. National laws usually require prepared food products to display a list of ingredients, and specifically require that certain additives be listed. In most developed countries, the law requires that ingredients be listed according to their relative weight[1] in the product. If an ingredient itself consists of more than one ingredient (such as the cookie pieces which are a part of "cookies and cream" flavor ice cream), then that ingredient is listed by what percentage of the total product it occupies, with its own ingredients displayed next to it in brackets. The term constituent is often chosen when referring to the substances that constitute the tissue of living beings such as plants and people, because the word ingredient in many minds connotes a sense of human agency (that is, something that a person combines with other substances), whereas the natural products present in living beings were not added by any human agency but rather occurred naturally ("a plant doesn't have ingredients"). Thus all ingredients are constituents, but not all constituents are ingredients.
Relationship between a material entity (x), which is a man-made material entity such as a chemical solution or a culture medium, and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity forms part of a mixture of chemicals that make up the material entity.
Relationship between a chemical entity (x) and a mixture, culture medium, or chemical solution (y), where y is artificial created by human activity.
Relationship between a prokaryotic cell or cellular component (x) and a chemical solution or chemical entity (y).
Relationship between an independent continuant (x) and another independent continuant (y), where x develops (or transforms) into y through a developmental process.
Relationship between a microbiological culture medium (x) and a salinity quality (y).
Relationship between a microbiological culture medium (x) and a pH quality (y).
Relationship between a microbiological culture medium (x) and a redox quality (y).
Relationship between a microbiological culture medium (x) and a quality (y).
Relationship between a material entity (x) and a material entity (y), where the material entity is a natural substance (such as a chemical entity) that has a mixture of chemical substances in it.
Relationship between an assay (x) and a material entity (y), where the material entity is needed to carry out the assay.
Relationship between a quality (x), such as a pH quality, redox quality, or salinity quality, and a microbiological culture medium (y) which is an independent continuant.
Relationship between a material entity (x) and a cellular organism or environmental material (y) where the material entity is derived from the starting complex entity y.
Relationship between a particular cellular organism (x) and an external encapuslating structure (y).
Relationship between an assay (x) and cellular organisms (y), where the organism(s) is needed to carry out the assay.
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell or prokaryotic metabolic process (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity is a carbon source.
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell or prokaryotic metabolic process (x) and a chemical entity or sunlight (y), where the chemical entity or sunlight is a energy source.
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell or prokaryotic metabolic process (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity is a electron donor.
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell or prokaryotic metabolic process (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity is an electron acceptor.
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a symmetry quality (y).
Relationship between a cellular component, prokaryotic cell or prokaryotic colony (x) and a spatial position quality (y).
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell (x) and a prokaryotic metabolic process (y).
A relationship between a prokaryotic physiologically differentiated cell (x) and a prokaryotic physiological quality (y).
A relationship between a prokaryotic metabolic process (x) and an inorganic molecular entity, an organic molecular entity or sunlight (y).
is prokaryotic metabolic process carried out in the presence of
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolic process (x) and a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell (y).
is prokaryotic metabolic process occuring in
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell (x) and a prokaryotic metabolic quality (y).
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolic quality (x) and a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell (y) which is an independent continuant.
A relationship between a prokaryotic metabolic quality (x) and a prokaryotic metabolic process (y).
is prokaryotic metabolic quality of a cell carrying out the process
Relationship between a prokaryotic metabolic process (x) and a prokaryotic metabolic quality (y).
is prokaryotic metabolic process which makes a cell
Relationship between a prokaryotic colony (x) and a symmetry quality (y), pertaining specifically to the symmetry of the prokaryotic colony margin.
A relationship between a prokaryotic differentiated cell (x) and a biological process (y).
Relationship between an assay (x) and a chemical entity (y), where the chemical entity is a fermentation product in the designated process (generally a metabolic fermentation process deriving from a combination of enzymatic processes).
is an assay for the fermentation product
has_specified_input
see is_input_of example_of_usage
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay
Alan Ruttenberg
is_specified_input_of
has_specified_output
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
is_specified_output_of
this fragility inheres in this vase
this red color inheres in this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists.
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
quality of
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has quality
is location of
my head is the location of my brain
this cage is the location of this rat
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
location of
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body
a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity
A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts.
Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape.
2D boundary of
my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin
a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity
has 2D boundary
has synaptic terminal of
A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane.
bounding layer of
A relation that holds between two linear structures that are approximately parallel to each other for their entire length and where either the two structures are adjacent to each other or one is part of the other.
Note from NCEAS meeting: consider changing primary label
Example: if we define region of chromosome as any subdivision of a chromosome along its long axis, then we can define a region of chromosome that contains only gene x as 'chromosome region' that coincident_with some 'gene x', where the term gene X corresponds to a genomic sequence.
Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure that its soma is part of.
has soma location
fasciculates with
Relation between a neuron and some structure its axon forms (chemical) synapses in.
Chris Mungall
David Osumi-Sutherland
axon synapses in
Every B cell[CL_0000236] has plasma membrane part some immunoglobulin complex[GO_0019814]
Holds between a cell c and a protein complex or protein p if and only if that cell has as part a plasma_membrane[GO:0005886], and that plasma membrane has p as part.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ?Y)
has plasma membrane part
Relation between a neuron and some structure (e.g.- a brain region) in which it receives (chemical) synaptic input.
has postsynaptic terminal in
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)
has presynaptic terminal in
dendrite synapsed in
A general relation between a neuron and some structure in which it either chemically synapses to some target or in which it receives (chemical) synaptic input.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002131> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)
has synaptic terminal in
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
The relation between a neuron projection bundle and a neuron projection that is fasciculated with it.
has fasciculating neuron projection
x partially overlaps y iff there exists some z such that z is part of x and z is part of y, and it is also the case that neither x is part of y or y is part of x
We would like to include disjointness axioms with part_of and has_part, however this is not possible in OWL2 as these are non-simple properties and hence cannot appear in a disjointness axiom
partially overlaps
a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones).
a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b
connected to
Relation between an arterial structure and another structure, where the arterial structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy.
Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between an artery and an anatomical structure
supplies
Relation between an collecting structure and another structure, where the collecting structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy away from the other structure.
Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between a vein and an anatomical structure
drains
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity.
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit.
has component
A relationship that holds between a biological entity and a phenotype. Here a phenotype is construed broadly as any kind of quality of an organism part, a collection of these qualities, or a change in quality or qualities (e.g. abnormally increased temperature). The subject of this relationship can be an organism (where the organism has the phenotype, i.e. the qualities inhere in parts of this organism), a genomic entity such as a gene or genotype (if modifications of the gene or the genotype causes the phenotype), or a condition such as a disease (such that if the condition inheres in an organism, then the organism has the phenotype).
has phenotype
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
x actively participates in y if and only if x participates in y and x realizes some active role
actively participates in
'heart development' has active participant some Shh protein
x has participant y if and only if x realizes some active role that inheres in y
This may be obsoleted and replaced by the original 'has agent' relation
has active participant
x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x
surrounded by
A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts.
The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis.
The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies.
The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used.
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
This relation acts as a join point with BSPO
adjacent to
surrounds
Hydrozoa (NCBITaxon_6074) SubClassOf 'has habitat' some 'Hydrozoa habitat' where 'Hydrozoa habitat' SubClassOf overlaps some ('marine environment' (ENVO_00000569) and 'freshwater environment' (ENVO_01000306) and 'wetland' (ENVO_00000043)) and 'has part' some (freshwater (ENVO_00002011) or 'sea water' (ENVO_00002149)) -- http://eol.org/pages/1795/overview
x 'has habitat' y if and only if: x is an organism, y is a habitat, and y can sustain and allow the growth of a population of xs.
A population of xs will possess adaptations (either evolved naturally or via artifical selection) which permit it to exist and grow in y.
has habitat
A relationship that is mediated in some way by the environment or environmental feature (ENVO:00002297)
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving ecological interactions
ecologically related to
An experimental relation currently used to connect a feature possessed by an organism (e.g. anatomical structure, biological process, phenotype or quality) to a habitat or environment in which that feature is well suited, adapted or provides a reproductive advantage for the organism. For example, fins to an aquatic environment. Usually this will mean that the structure is adapted for this environment, but we avoid saying this directly - primitive forms of the structure may not have evolved specifically for that environment (for example, early wings were not necessarily adapted for an aerial environment). Note also that this is a statement about the general class of structures - not every instance of a limb need confer an advantage for a terrestrial environment, e.g. if the limb is vestigial.
confers advantage in
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
Clp1p relocalizes from the nucleolus to the spindle and site of cell division; i.e. it is associated transiently with the spindle pole body and the contractile ring (evidence from GFP fusion). Clp1p colocalizes_with spindle pole body (GO:0005816) and contractile ring (GO:0005826)
a colocalizes_with b if and only if a is transiently or peripherally associated with b[GO].
In the context of the Gene Ontology, colocalizes_with may be used for annotating to cellular component terms[GO]
colocalizes with
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
formed as result of
has dendrite location
This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (plant branches and roots, leaf veins, animal veins, arteries, nerves)
in branching relationship with
Deschutes River tributary_of Columbia River
inferior epigastric vein tributary_of external iliac vein
x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein.
tributary of
Deschutes River distributary_of Little Lava Lake
x distributary_of y if and only if x is capable of channeling the flow of a substance to y, where y channels less of the substance than x
distributary of
x anabranch_of y if x is a distributary of y (i.e. it channels a from a larger flow from y) and x ultimately channels the flow back into y.
anabranch of
x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location
This relation is added for formal completeness. It is unlikely to be used in many practical scenarios
spatially coextensive with
x is a branching part of y if and only if x is part of y and x is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of y
branching part of
x main_stem_of y if y is a branching structure and x is a channel that traces a linear path through y, such that x has higher capacity than any other such path.
main stem of
x proper_distributary_of y iff x distributary_of y and x does not flow back into y
proper distributary of
x proper_tributary_of y iff x tributary_of y and x does not originate from y
proper tributary of
p contributes to morphology of w if and only if a change in the morphology of p entails a change in the morphology of w. Examples: every skull contributes to morphology of the head which it is a part of. Counter-example: nuclei do not generally contribute to the morphology of the cell they are part of, as they are buffered by cytoplasm.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction that holds between two genetic entities (genes, alleles) through some genetic interaction (e.g. epistasis)
An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities and are executing molecular processes that are directly causally connected.
An interaction relationship in which at least one of the partners is an organism and the other is either an organism or an abiotic entity with which the organism interacts.
An interaction relationship in which the partners are related via a feeding relationship.
An interaction relationship involving a predation process, where the subject consumes all or part of the target
A biotic interaction in which the two organisms live together in more or less intimate association.
We follow GO and PAMGO in using 'symbiosis' as the broad term encompassing mutualism through parasitism
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which one benefits and the other is unaffected (GO).
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other (GO).
An interaction relationship between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms (GO).
This relation groups a pair of inverse relations, parasite of and parasitized by
interacts with via parasite-host interaction
Pediculus humanus capitis parasite of human
A biotic interaction relationship in which one partner is an organism and the other partner is inorganic. For example, the relationship between a sponge and the substrate to which is it anchored.
participates in a abiotic-biotic interaction with
all dengue disease transmitted by some mosquito
A relationship that holds between a disease and organism
The term host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis (GO)
This relation is intended to be used for biotic pollination - e.g. a bee pollinating a flowering plant. Some kinds of pollination may be semibiotic - e.g. wind can have the role of pollinator. We would use a separate relation for this.
Intended to be used when the target of the relation is not itself consumed, and does not have integral parts consumed, but provided nutrients in some other fashion.
a is a vector for b if a carries and transmits an infectious pathogen b into another living organism
'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate'
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to y
This is an exploratory relation. The label is taken from the FMA. It needs aligned with the neuron-specific relations such as has postsynaptic terminal in.
s 'determined by part of' w if and only if there exists some f such that (1) s 'determined by' f and (2) f part_of w, or f=w.
x overlaps the sequence of x if and only if x has a subsequence z and z is a subsequence of y.
Forelimb SubClassOf has_skeleton some 'Forelimb skeleton'
A relation between a segment or subdivision of an organism and the maximal subdivision of material entities that provides structural support for that segment or subdivision.
The skeleton of a structure may be a true skeleton (for example, the bony skeleton of a hand) or any kind of support framework (the hydrostatic skeleton of a sea star, the exoskeleton of an insect, the cytoskeleton of a cell).
x is a hyperparasite of y iff x is a parasite of a parasite of the target organism y
Note that parasite-of is a diret relationship, so hyperparasite-of is not considered a sub-relation, even though hyperparasitism can be considered a form of parasitism
x is an allelopath of y iff xis an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of y
x is a conduit for y iff y overlaps through the lumen_of of x, and y has parts on either side of the lumen of x.
This relation holds between a thing with a 'conduit' (e.g. a bone foramen) and a 'conduee' (for example, a nerve) such that at the time the relationship holds, the conduee has two ends sticking out either end of the conduit. It should therefore note be used for objects that move through the conduit but whose spatial extent does not span the passage. For example, it would not be used for a mountain that contains a long tunnel through which trains pass. Nor would we use it for a digestive tract and objects such as food that pass through.
x lumen_of y iff x is the space or substance that is part of y and does not cross any of the inner membranes or boundaries of y that is maximal with respect to the volume of the convex hull.
s is luminal space of x iff s is lumen_of x and s is an immaterial entity
participates in a biotic-biotic interaction with
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite lives on or in the integumental system of the host
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite lives inside the host, beneath the integumental system
A sub-relation of parasite-of in which the parasite is partially an endoparasite and partially an ectoparasite
A sub-relation of endoparasite-of in which the parasite inhabits the spaces between host cells.
A sub-relation of endoparasite-of in which the parasite inhabits host cells.
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
produced by
has measurement value
Describes the percentage of sodium chloride concentration in which an organism is capable of growth.
Describes the pH (hydrogen ion concentration) in which an organism is capable of growth.
Chemical Ingredients [Chemical/Ingredient]
The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.
Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.
Peptide Hydrolases [Chemical/Ingredient]
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
An amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. The activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone COLLAGEN. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories.
Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds.
A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.
A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in ACATALASIA.
A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.
A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.
A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.
Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function.
Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.
Serine Endopeptidases [Chemical/Ingredient]
Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.
ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.
Metalloendopeptidases [Chemical/Ingredient]
Biological catalysts and their cofactors.
Enzymes and Coenzymes [Chemical/Ingredient]
A thermostable extracellular metalloendopeptidase containing four calcium ions. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) 3.4.24.27.
Bacillus thermoproteolyticus neutral proteinase
A class of enzymes that catalyzes the degradation of gelatin by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-.
A metalloproteinase which degrades helical regions of native collagen to small fragments. Preferred cleavage is -Gly in the sequence -Pro-Xaa-Gly-Pro-. Six forms (or 2 classes) have been isolated from Clostridium histolyticum that are immunologically cross-reactive but possess different sequences and different specificities. Other variants have been isolated from Bacillus cereus, Empedobacter collagenolyticum, Pseudomonas marinoglutinosa, and species of Vibrio and Streptomyces. EC 3.4.24.3.
Microbial Collagenase [Chemical/Ingredient]
A secreted endopeptidase homologous with INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 [Chemical/Ingredient]
An endopeptidase that is structurally similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2. It degrades GELATIN types I and V; COLLAGEN TYPE IV; and COLLAGEN TYPE V.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 [Chemical/Ingredient]
A member of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes that is principally responsible for cleaving FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. It can degrade interstitial collagens, types I, II and III.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 [Chemical/Ingredient]
A member of the MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES that cleaves triple-helical COLLAGEN types I, II, and III.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 [Chemical/Ingredient]
A secreted matrix metalloproteinase that plays a physiological role in the degradation of extracellular matrix found in skeletal tissues. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminal propeptide.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 [Chemical/Ingredient]
Activated Charcoal [Chemical/Ingredient]
Peptide hydrolases that contain at the active site a SERINE residue involved in catalysis.
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
specifically dependent continuant
a collection of cells in a blood biobank.
a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds
a symphony orchestra
an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)
defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization
defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite
defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container
defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital
the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint
the aggregate of blood cells in your body
the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere
the restaurants in Palo Alto
your collection of Meissen ceramic plates.
An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects
BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee).
ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158.
b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])
(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004]
object aggregate
material entity
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
Examples: collection of random bacteria, a chair, dorsal surface of the body
Material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] subsumes object [snap:Object], fiat object part [snap:FiatObjectPart], and object aggregate [snap:ObjectAggregate], which assume a three level theory of granularity, which is inadequate for some domains, such as biology.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane.
Fiat anatomical region extending a short distance from the boundary of an object inwards.
The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane.
The side that is higher relative to the substrate.
The side that is lower relative to the substrate.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and lateral regions of the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and dorsal regions of the body or body part.
Anatomical region located deep within an organism or structure.
Anatomical region superficially located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and medial regions of the body or body part.
An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
Anatomical side that is located on the apical end of an organism or structure.
Anatomical side that is located on the basal end of an organism or structure.
The part of the organism attached to a substrate. Axis of symmetry.
Anatomical side that is centrally located on an organism or structure.
inherited from flybase cv. not clear how this would be used. Suggest we obsolete, and use the corresponding relation.
Anatomical side that is distally located on an organism or structure.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and medial regions of the body or body part.
a point in the centre of the organism (where the left-right axis intersects the midsagittal plane)
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane.
Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and medial regions of the body or body part.
A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm.
Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region located on the apical end on the body or body part.
Anatomical region located basally on the body or body part.
Anatomical region centrally located on the body or body part.
inherited from flybase cv. not clear how this would be used
Anatomical region proximally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region distally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part.
This is an example of a composition of two axis positions.
The region corresponding to the ventral region of the entity, towards the midline.
Anatomical region peripherally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the anterior side of a body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the apical side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the basal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the proximal region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the distal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorsal side of body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the lateral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the medial side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-dorso region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-dorsal region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-ventral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-ventral region of the body or body part.
A monocarboxylic acid comprising 1,8-naphthyridin-4-one substituted by carboxylic acid, ethyl and methyl groups at positions 3, 1, and 7, respectively. An orally administered antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of lower urinary-tract infections due to Gram-negative bacteria, including the majority of E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Proteus species.
1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1,4-dihydro-1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1-Ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1-ethyl-7-methyl-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid
A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-CYCLOPROPYL-6-FLUORO-4-OXO-7-PIPERAZIN-1-YL-1,4-DIHYDROQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-hexahydro-1-pyrazinyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.
1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1,4-Dihydro-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.
7-[3-(aminomethyl)-4-(methoxyimino)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a methyl substituent at the 4-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
A carotenol, the structure of which is (6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene hydroxy-substituted at C-3' with R-stereochemistry.
A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.
A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.
Any fatty acid with a hydroxy functional group in the alpha- or 2-position.
A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.
A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.
3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-7-[[2-(2-furanyl)-2-methoxyimino-1-oxoethyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.
A sphingomyelin 36:3 in which the fatty acyl and sphingoid portions are specified as oleoyl and (4E,14Z)-sphingadienine respectively.
(2S,3R,4E,14Z)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]amino}octadeca-4,14-dien-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An organic 3-carboxyphenyl phosphonate monoester.
3-Carboxyphenyl phenylacetamidomethylphosphonate
3-[(hydroxy{[(phenylacetyl)amino]methyl}phosphoryl)oxy]benzoic acid
m-Carboxyphenyl phenylacetamidomethylphosphonate
Any member of the class of naturally-occurring straight-chain fatty acids n carbon atoms long with a carboxyl group at position 1 and a hydroxyl at position n (omega).
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 16 carbons and is fully saturated.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 16 carbons and 1 double bond
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 18 carbons and is fully saturated.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 20 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 22 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 24 carbons and is fully saturated.
4-[(4-carboxy-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)methyl]-5-methyl-2-furancarboxylic acid
2,3,4,5-tetrafluoro-6-(3-methoxyanilino)benzoic acid
4-[(1-naphthalenylamino)-oxomethyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid [(3,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)amino] ester
7-[[2-[5-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-pyrazolyl]-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-[[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 24 carbons and 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 26 carbons and is fully saturated.
3-(acetyloxymethyl)-7-[[3-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)-2-methyl-1-oxopropyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 26 carbons and 1 double bond.
2-[1-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]-3-indolyl]acetic acid methyl ester
5-[3-[[[[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-oxomethyl]hydrazinylidene]methyl]-2,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
7-[[2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-8-oxo-3-prop-1-enyl-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
D-(3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide, inner salt
A mamber of the class of rifamycins that is obtained by formal N-hydroxylation at position 2' of rifampicin.
(2S,8E,12Z,14E,16S,17S,18R,19R,20R,21S,22R,23S,24E)-5,6,17,19-tetrahydroxy-8-{[hydroxy(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)amino]methylidene}-23-methoxy-2,4,12,16,18,20,22-heptamethyl-1,9,11-trioxo-1,2,8,9-tetrahydro-2,7-(epoxypentadeca[1,11,13]trienoimino)naphtho[2,1-b]furan-21-yl acetate
The (R)-enantiomer of 3-(indol-3-yl)-2-oxobutyric acid.
(3R)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxobutanoic acid
A glycerophosphocholine having an unspecified O-acyl substituent at the 1-position of the glycerol fragment.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of 3-hydroxybutyric acid by a sodium ion.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid by a sodium ion.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the 3-hydroxy group of ascorbic acid by a sodium ion.
sodium (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.
An adenosine 5'-phosphate derivative that has the structure of coenzyme A dephosphorylated at C-3' and with a 5-triphospho-alpha-D-ribosyl substituent at C-2'.
2'-(5-triphospho-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl)adenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)butyl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of hexanoic acid by a sodium ion.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of sodium dihydrogenphosphate.
sodium dihydrogen phosphate--water (1/1)
7-[[2-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-[[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
Conjugate base of 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconic acid.
An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.
disodium oxido(oxo)-kappa(4)-sulfanesulfonate
A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the 3-hydroxy group of ferulic acid by a sodium ion.
sodium (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid monosodium salt
Monosodium 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate
A glycerophosphocholine having an unspecified acyl group attached at the 2-position.
Cinchonan or (8S)-cinchonan in which one of the hydrogens at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the protons from the carboxy groups of fumaric acid by sodium ions.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of gallic acid by a sodium ion.
A coumarate that is the conjugate base of 2-coumaric acid.
A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.
1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
(+-)-1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1,4-Dihydro-6,8-difluoro-1-ethyl-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
7-[[2-(4-chloro-3-methyl-1-pyrazolyl)-1-oxopropyl]amino]-3-[[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A sphingomyelin 40:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of tricosanoic acid with the amino group of 14-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-14-methyl-2-(tricosanoylamino)hexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin 33:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the amino group of 15-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(hexadecanoylamino)-3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexacosanoic acid with the amino group of 14-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R)-2-(hexacosanoylamino)-3-hydroxy-14-methylhexadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
4-[1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-4-oxo-2-azetidinyl]benzoic acid methyl ester
A sphingomyelin 38:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of henicosanoic acid with the amino group of 14-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(henicosanoylamino)-3-hydroxy-14-methylhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin 41:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of tetracosanoic acid with the amino group of 14-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-14-methyl-2-(tetracosanoylamino)hexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(henicosanoylamino)-3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin 42:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pentacosanoic acid with the amino group of 14-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-14-methyl-2-(pentacosanoylamino)hexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of octadecanoic acid with the amino group of 15-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-15-methyl-2-(octadecanoylamino)hexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A ceramide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexacosanoic acid with the amino group of 14-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(hexacosanoylamino)-3-hydroxy-14-methylhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin 34:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of heptadecanoic acid with the amino group of 15-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(heptadecanoylamino)-3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
2-[(1-acetyl-3-indolyl)amino]benzoic acid
2-[(6-butoxy-3-pyridinyl)amino]-4-chlorobenzoic acid
An oxo fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 5-oxohexanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A sphingomyelin 41:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of tetracosanoic acid with the amino group of 15-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-15-methyl-2-(tetracosanoylamino)hexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A glycosylglucose that is D-glucose attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 2 via a glycosidic linkage.
A sphingomyelin 39:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of docosanoic acid with the amino group of 15-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(docosanoylamino)-3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
5-[(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-6-quinazolinyl)sulfonylamino]benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
A sphingomyelin 39:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of docosanoic acid with the amino group of 14-methylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(docosanoylamino)-3-hydroxy-14-methylhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.
(6R,7R)-3-(acetoxymethyl)-8-oxo-7-(thiophen-2-ylacetamido)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-(thiophen-2-ylacetamido)-3-acetoxymethyl-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
3-Acetoxymethyl-7-(2-thienylacetamido)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
7-(2'-thienylacetamido)cephalosporanic acid
7-(2-Thienylacetamido)cephalosporanic acid
A sphingomyelin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of docosanoic acid with the amino group of 14-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R)-2-(docosanoylamino)-3-hydroxy-14-methylhexadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of tetracosanoic acid with the amino group of 14-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine. It is a metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-14-methyl-2-(tetracosanoylamino)hexadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An L-phenylalanine derivative obtained by trimethylation of the amino function of L-phenylalanine.
A D-phenylalanine derivative obtained by trimethylation of the amino function of D-phenylalanine.
An L-tyrosine derivative obtained by trimethylation of the amino function of L-tyrosine.
A D-tyrosine derivative obtained by trimethylation of the amino function of D-tyrosine.
An acyclic mixed acid anhydride that results from the formal condensation of the phosphoryl group of AMP with the carboxy group of 17-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptadecanoic acid.
17-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptadecanoyl adenylate
An acyclic mixed acid anhydride that results from the formal condensation of the phosphoryl group of AMP with the carboxy group of 19-(4-hydroxyphenyl)nonadecanoic acid.
19-(4-hydroxyphenyl)nonadecanoyl adenylate
A glucosamine phosphate that is D-glucosamine substituted by a phosphate group at position 6.
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A glycol that is ethylene glycol in which all four methylene hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.
A glycol that is (5Z,8Z)-1,5,8-undecatriene with the two hydroxy substituents located at positions 3 and 7.
A glycol that is (8E)-undeca-1,8-dien-5-yne with the two hydroxy substituents located at positions 3 and 7.
Any deoxyhexose existing in the pyranose form and lacking a hydroxy group at position 2.
A glycol that is 1,2-butanediol carrying an additional methyl substituent at position 2.
A glycol that is cumene carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 2
A hydrate that is the pentahydrate form of disodium selenite.
Selenious acid disodium salt, pentahydrate
A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.
sodium 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxybicyclo[3.3.1]tetraboroxane-1,5-diide--water (1/10)
A glycol that is 1,4-butanediol substituted at position 2 by a methylidene group.
An inorganic phosphate having Fe(3+) as the counterion.
A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of iron(3+) phosphate.
A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of ferrous ammonium sulfate.
A branched alkane that is nonane carrying seven methyl substituents at positions 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8 and 8.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of iron(3+) sulfate.
A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.
magnesium 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioate
A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.
magnesium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (3/2)
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of magnesium dichloride.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of manganese(II) chloride.
A disaccharide formed by a (1<->1)-glycosidic bond between two hexopyranose units.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is pentadecanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 12.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is pentadecanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 13.
An oxime O-ether obtained by formal condensation of glyceraldehyde with O-methylhydroxylamine.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two phosphatidyl acyl groups each contain 20 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 39 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 39 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 39 carbons in total with 6 double bonds.
Any organic heterotricyclic compound with a skeleton consisting of a pyrrole ring ortho-fused at any position to a benzodiazepine bicyclic system.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 28 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 35 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 7 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two phosphatidyl acyl groups contain a total of 16 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 18 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 20 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 23 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 25 with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexanoyl.
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl dihexanoate
1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid
hexanoic acid, (R)-1-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]-1,2-ethanediyl ester
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.
A hydrate that is the pentahydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.
A poly(hydroxybutyrate) composed of repeating (R)-3-hydroxybutyryl units.
A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.
A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of phosphoric acid.
An A-type aurachin that is quinoline N-oxide which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2, a hydroxy group at position 3, and a triprenyl group at position 4.
A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxal with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.
3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine-4-carbaldehyde hydrochloride
4-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-1-ium chloride
2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyridine hydrochloride
3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde, hydrochloride
A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxamine with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol hydrochloride
[3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-4-yl]methanaminium chloride
4-(Aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-pyridinemethanol hydrochloride
An L-alanyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-alanyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An L-arginyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-arginyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-arginyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-asparaginyl derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-asparagine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-asparaginyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-asparaginyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-aspartic acid derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-aspartic acid with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-alpha-aspartyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-aspartyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-cysteinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-cysteine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-cysteinyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-cysteinyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-methionine derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-methionine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-(N-formyl-L-methionyl)adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-(N-formyl-L-methionyl)adenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-glutaminyl derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-glutamine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-glutaminyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-glutaminyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-glutamyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-glutamic acid with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-alpha-glutamyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-glutamyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
A glycinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycinne with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-glycyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An L-histidine derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-histidine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-histidyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-histidyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-isoleucine derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-isoleucine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-isoleucyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-isoleucyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-leucine derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-leucine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-leucyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An L-lysyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-lysine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-lysyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An L-methionine derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-methionine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-methionyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-methionyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-phenylalanine derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-phenylalanine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-phenylalanyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-proline derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-proline with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-prolyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An L-serine derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-serine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-seryladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An L-threonine derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-threonine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-threonyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-threonyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-tryptophan derivative that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-tryptophan with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-tryptophyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-tryptophyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-tyrosyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-tyrosine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-tyrosyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-O-L-tyrosyladenosine 5'-monophosphate
An L-valyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-valine with the 3'-hydroxy group of AMP.
3'-O-L-valyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of 8,12-diethyl-3-vinylbacteriochlorophyll d.
8,12-diethyl-3-vinylbacteriochlorophyllide d
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of 12-ethyl-8-propyl-3-vinylbacteriochlorophyll d.
12-ethyl-8-propyl-3-vinylbacteriochlorophyllide d
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of 12-ethyl-8-isobutyl-3-vinylbacteriochlorophyll d.
12-ethyl-8-isobutyl-3-vinylbacteriochlorophyllide d
A ketoaldonic acid phosphate that is 3-deoxy-D-glycero-beta-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid carrying a monophosohate substituent at position 9.
3-deoxy-9-O-phosphono-D-glycero-beta-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
3-deoxy-D-glycero-beta-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid 9-phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group (position unspecified) contains 15 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 27-carbon (cholestane) skeleton.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecanoyl and (5Z,8Z,10E,12S,14Z)-12-hydroxyicosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,10E,12S,14Z)-12-hydroxyicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecanoyl and (5S,6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(5S,6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as (9Z)-hexadecenyl.
(2R)-2-(acetyloxy)-3-{[(9Z)-hexadec-9-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as (9Z)-hexadecenoyl and acetyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(acetyloxy)-3-{[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as heptadecanoyl and (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(heptadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
phosphatidylcholine (17:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z))
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecanoyl and 9,10-epoxyoctadecanoyl respectively.
3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[8-(3-octyloxiran-2-yl)octanoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as methyl and hexadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-methoxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as pentadecyl and acetyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(acetyloxy)-3-(pentadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecyl and formyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(formyloxy)-3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-acyl-2-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl and alkyl groups at posiitons 1 and 2 are specified respectively as hexadecanoyl and methyl.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-methoxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino group (the configuration of the C=C and C=N bonds in the grouping that links the two heterocycles is not specified). A nitrofuran antibiotic with properties similar to nitrofurantoin, furagin is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by an ethyl group at position 1 and by a pyridin-4-yl group at position 7. An antibacterial drug, active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it has been used for treating urinary tract infections and certain sexually transmitted diseases.
1-ethyl-4-oxo-7-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-pyridyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.
An erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydrogen attached to the carbon at position 8 (alpha to the ketone carbonyl group) has been replaced by a fluorine. It has been used (generally as the corresponding monoethyl succinate ester) as an antibacterial drug.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulfamazone. An antibacterial agent that antipyretic activity, it has been used (generally as its sodium salt) for the treatment of infections of the upper respiratory tract.
rac-(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl){4-[(6-methoxypyridazin-3-yl)sulfamoyl]anilino}methanesulfonic acid
alpha-{p-[(6-methoxy-3-pyridazinyl)sulfamoyl]anilino}-2,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-4-methanesulfonic acid
A substituted aniline that is sulfanilamide in which on of the hydrogens of the sulfonamide group has been replaced by a 5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl group.
A substituted aniline that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a (p-aminophenyl)sulfonyl group.
A cephalosporin compound having (carbamoyloxy)methyl and N-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)pent-2-enoyl]amino side-groups. It is used (generally as the corresponnding pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug) as an oral antibacterial.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)pent-2-enoyl]amino}-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-3-[(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(7R)-7-(alpha-D-4-hydroxyphenylglycylamino)-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylthiomethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
A cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and [(3,5-dichloro-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl)acetamido side-groups.
(6R,7R)-7-[2-(3,5-dichloro-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl)acetamido]-3-{[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A penicillin that is benzylpenicillin in which the phenylacetyl group has been replaced by a (3,4-dichlorophenyl)(methoxy)acetyl group. It is a mixture of epimers at the methoxy-bearing carbon.
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)(methoxy)acetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6-(alpha-methoxy-3,4-dichlorophenylacetamido)penicillanic acid
A penicillanic acid ester that is the acetoxymethyl ester of benzylpenicillin. It is a prodrug for benzylpenicillin.
acetoxymethyl (2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as tertadecanoyl (myristoyl).
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:1 in which the acyl group is located at position 1.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:1 in which the acyl group is located at position 2.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:3 in which the acyl group is located at position 1.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:3 in which the acyl group is located at position 2.
A cytidine 5'-phosphate obtained by formal condensation of the phosphate group of CMP with the phosphono group of phosphonoformic acid.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of dodecanoic acid by a sodium ion.
A glycol that is 2-methylpropane in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 1 and 2..
A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
Any oxygenated derivative of C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Any saturated fatty acid anion carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as pentadecanoyl.
A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:1 in which the acyl group is located at position 1.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:3 in which the acyl group is located at position 2.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 22:4 in which the docosatetraenoyl group is located at position 1.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 22:5 in which the acyl group is located at position 1.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 22:6 in which the docosahexaenoyl group is located at position 1.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 22:6 in which the acyl group is specified as docosahexaenoyl and is located at position 2.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group has a fully saturated C19 chain and is attached to the glycero moiety at either position 1 or 2.
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as nonadecanoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(nonadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A monoalkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group contains 18 carbons and no double bonds.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 18 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pentacosanoic acid with the amino group of sphingosine.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(pentacosanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 43 with 1 double bond.
An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of glycerol 2-phosphate.
disodium 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl phosphate
Glycerol, 2-(dihydrogen phosphate), disodium salt
A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of sodium glycerol 2-phosphate.
sodium 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl phosphate--water (1/4)
sodium glycerol 2-phosphate tetrahydrate
An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and glycolate ions.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of sodium metavanadate.
sodium oxido(dioxo)vanadium--water (1/1)
An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and methoxyacetate ions.
A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of sodium molybdate.
sodium dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum--water (1/4)
An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and octanoate ions.
An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and orotate ions.
sodium 2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylate
Sodium 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxopyrimidine-4-carboxylate
An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.
An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.
A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of trisodium phosphate.
Phosphoric acid, trisodium salt, decahydrate
A hydrate that is the nonahydrate form of sodium silicate.
An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and stearate ions.
An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and syringate ions.
A methoxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of syringic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy and methyl groups respectively.
(2S,3R)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid
Any member of the class of benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone or its C-substituted derivatives.
A member of the class of dihydroxybenzoic acids that is o-orsellinic acid carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5.
2,4-dihydroxy-3,5,6-trimethylbenzoic acid
A naphthoquinone in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the parent naphthalene ring.
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy groups of hyaluronic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An alkane that is hexane in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 3 have been replaced by methyl groups.
A nucleobase analogue that is uracil substituted at position 5 by a 4,5-dihydroxypentyl group.
A branched alkane consisting of decane bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 6 and 7.
A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is a lignan obtained by cyclodimerisation of ferulic acid. It is isolated from several plants including spearmint.
(2E)-3-[(2R,3S)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]prop-2-enoic acid
A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is a lignan obtained by cyclodimerisation of ferulic acid.
(2E)-3-[(2S,3R)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]prop-2-enoic acid
A member of the class of phenazines that is 1,4,10,10a-tetrahydrophenazine substituted at position 1 by a carboxy group (the 1R,10aS-diastereomer).
(1R,10aS)-1,4,10,10a-tetrahydrophenazine-1-carboxylic acid
A member of the class of phenazines that is (10aS)-10,10a-dihydrophenazine substituted at position 1 by a carboxy group
(10aS)-10,10a-dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylic acid
An lysophosphatidylcholine derived from epoxidation across the double bond of 1-O-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-({8-[(2S,3R)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]octanoyl}oxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-({8-[(2R,3S)-3-octyloxiran-2-yl]octanoyl}oxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A branched alkane consisting of tridecane bearing a single methyl substituent at position 4.
A branched alkane consisting of dodecane bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 6 and 11.
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine obtained by hydroxylation at position 8 of 1-O-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{[(9Z)-8-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine obtained by hydroxylation at position 11 of 1-O-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{[(9Z)-11-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A branched alkane consisting of heptadecane bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.
A branched alkane consisting of icosane bearing a single methyl substituent at position 2.
A member of the class of phenazines that is 1,4,5,10-tetrahydrophenazine substituted at position 1 by a carboxy group (the R-enantiomer).
(1R)-1,4,5,10-tetrahydrophenazine-1-carboxylic acid
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of butyric acid.
S-[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] butanethioate
A thioester obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid.
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of hexanoic acid.
S-[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] hexanethioate
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of octanoic acid.
S-[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] octanethioate
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of decanoic acid.
S-[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] decanethioate
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of dodecanoic acid.
S-[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] dodecanethioate
A magnesium salt that is the monomagnesium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
magnesium 2,2',2'',2'''-(ethane-1,2-diyldiazaniumyl)tetraacetate
magnesium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of tetradecanoic acid.
S-[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] tetradecanethioate
S-tetradecanoyl-D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid.
S-[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] hexadecanethioate
S-hexadecanoyl-D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of cholic acid.
S-[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholane-24-thioate
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with the carboxy group of 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid.
S-[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-trihydroxycholestane-26-thioate
S-(3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl)-D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group contains 16 carbons and is fully saturated while the 2-acyl group contains 20 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A carotenol that is 3,4-didehydrolycopene carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 1'.
A carotenol that is gamma-carotene carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 1'.
A carotenol that is 7,8-dihydro-beta,beta-carotene carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3'.
A phosphosphingolipid consisting of sphinganine having a phosphocholine group attached to its primary hydroxyl group.
(2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxyoctadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An alpha-D-glucoside that is (27R)-1,27-dihydroxyoctacosan-3-one on which the hydroxyl hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by an alpha-D-mannosyl residue.
(27R)-27-hydroxy-3-oxooctacosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside
A deuterated compound that is is an isotopologue of alanine in which all seven hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group (position not specified) contains 18 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A monoalkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group (position not specified) contains 14 carbons and is fully saturated.
A monoalkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group (position not specified) contains 17 carbons and is fully saturated.
A monoalkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group (position not specified) contains 5 carbons and is fully saturated.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl group contains 17 carbons and no additional double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 34 carbons and 7 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 35 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 36 carbons and 8 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 38 carbons and 8 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 40 carbons and 10 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 42 carbons and 11 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 44 carbons and 12 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 28 carbons and no double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 34 carbon atoms in total with 4 additional double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 36 carbon atoms in total with 4 additional double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 36 carbon atoms in total with 5 additional double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 38 carbon atoms in total with 5 additional double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 38 carbon atoms in total with 6 additional double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 40 carbon atoms in total with 5 additional double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 31 with no double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 33 with no double bonds.
A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.
A lysophosphatidic acid in which the acyl group (position not specified) contains 14 carbons and no double bonds.
A lysophosphatidic acid in which the acyl group (position not specified) contains 16 carbons and no double bonds.
A lysophosphatidic acid in which the acyl group (position not specified) contains 18 carbons and no double bonds.
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of vanillic acid by a sodium ion.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of thiamine hydrochloride.
3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium chloride hydrochloride--water (1/2)
3-[(4-azaniumyl-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium chloride--water (1/2)
thiamine chloride hydrochloride dihydrate
A hydrochloride obtained by combining triethanolamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride.
2,2',2''-nitrilotri(ethan-1-ol) hydrochloride
2-hydroxy-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethan-1-aminium chloride
2,2',2''-Nitrilotriethanol hydrochloride
2,2',2''-Nitrilotrisethanol hydrochloride
N,N,N-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine hydrochloride
A vanadyl sulfate hydrate containing five water molecules.
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of zinc sulfate.
An organic sodium salt consisting of sodium and oxalate ions in a 2:1 ratio.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of sodium metavanadate.
sodium oxido(dioxo)vanadium--water (1/2)
An organic sodium salt composed of sodium and nitrilotriacetate ions in a 3:1 ratio.
N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine, trisodium salt
Trisodium N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)glycinate
An iron coordination entity composed from Fe(3+) cations and diphosphate(4-) anions in a 4:3 ratio.
An inorganic sodium salt that has fluorate as the counter-ion.
A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
The potassium salt of benazolin. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control of annual weeds in crops.
potassium (4-chloro-2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazol-3(2H)-yl)acetate
potassium 4-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ylacetate
potassium 4-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazoleacetate
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that is tetradecanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at psoition 10 has been replaced by a methyl group. It is one of a number of methyl-branched fatty acids that have been identified as constituents of sheep perinephric fat.
A carbocyclic fatty acid consisting of octanoic acid, which is terminally substituted by five fused butane-rings ([5]-ladderane). Ladderane fatty acids can be found in anammox bacteria.
An N-substituted putrescine that is thymine in which a hydrogen of the methyl group has been replaced by one of the amino groups of putrescine. It replaces about half of the thymine residues in the DNA of bacetriophage phiW-14.
An octadecenoate in which the double bond is at C-9.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of any tartaric acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of maleic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of suberic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of sebacic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of azelaic acid.
An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propanoic acid anion
2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propanoic acid anions
An N-acylglycinate obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) and its derivatives.
An S-acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine obtained by formal condensation of the thiol group of D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate with one of the carboxy groups of malonic acid.
3-{[2-({N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl]sulfanyl}-3-oxopropanoic acid
S-malonyl-D-phosphopantetheine 4'-phosphate
A 3-hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid that is the conjugate base of 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
N-Acetylneuraminic acid reduced across the 2,3-bond with loss of the hydroxy group at C-2 and in which the 9-hydroxy group is substituted by a glutaramido group.
5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-9-(4-carboxybutanamido)-3,5,9-trideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enonic acid
5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-9-glutaramido-3,5,9-trideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enonic acid
2,9-dideoxy-9-glutaramido-2,3-dehydo-N-acetylneuraminic acid
A 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoate in which the stereocentres at positions 2 and 3 both have R-configuration.
A branched-chain fatty acid that is 3-methylpentanoic acid carrying a hydroxy substitutent at position 2.
A 2-hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is octadecane in which both terminal methyl groups have been replaced by carboxy groups.
A potassium salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clofencet and potassium hydroxide. It is used as a chemical hybridisation agent for commercial hybrid seed production. It is not approved for use within the European Union.
potassium 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydropyridazine-4-carboxylate
potassium 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-2,5-dihydro-5-oxo-4-pyridazinecarboxylate
potassium 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-2,5-dihydro-5-oxopyridazine-4-carboxylate
potassium 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-2,5-dihydro-5-oxo-4-pyridazinecarboxylate
potassium 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-2,5-dihydro-5-oxopyridazine-4-carboxylate
potassium 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydropyridazine-4-carboxylate
A thiazolidine-containing homodetic cyclic peptide that is isolated from human nasal bacteria. Exhibits bactericidal activity against many major pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
A potassium salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of karetazan and potassium hydroxide. It is used as a chemical hybridisation agent for commercial hybrid seed production. It is not approved for use within the European Union.
potassium 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate
potassium 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylate
potassium 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxonicotinate
potassium 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylate
potassium 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxonicotinate
potassium 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-6-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that is octadecanoic (stearic) acid carrying a methyl substituent at position 17.
An N-acylhexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(hexadecanoylamino)-3-hydroxyhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2-hydroxydecanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A member of the class of oxindoles that is 2-oxindole carrying a carboxymethyl substituent at position 3.
(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid
ammonium 2-[(4R)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinate
ammonium 5-(methoxymethyl)-2-[(4R)-4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylate
ammonium 2-[(4S)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinate
ammonium 5-(methoxymethyl)-2-[(4S)-4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylate
A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds.
An oxo fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 3-oxo fatty acid.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any oxo dicarboxylic acid.
A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.
A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan consisting of elementary cellulose fibrils or their bundles, whose diameter lies typically in the range of 20-40 nm, but may be as small as 3-10 nm. The fibrils can exceed 1 mum in length.
An N-acylglycine obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with the amino group of glycine.
An oligosaccharide phosphate consisting of D-myo-inositol having a 6-O-(2-aminoethylphosphono)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosaminyl residue attached at the 6-position.
(1R,2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxycyclohexyl 6-O-[(2-aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A PC(18:3/0:0) in which the 1-acyl group is specified as alpha-linolenoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 3-hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A 2-hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A lysophosphatidylcholine(0:0/16:1) in which the 2-acyl group is specified as (9Z)-hexadecenoyl.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An oxalate salt resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of thiocyclam and oxalic acid. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, it was used as a broad-spectrum insecticide. It is not approved for use within the European Union.
N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3-trithian-5-aminium hydrogen oxalate
5-dimethylamino-1,2,3-trithiane hydrogen oxalate
N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3-trithian-5-amine ethanedioate (1:1)
N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3-trithian-5-amine hydrogenoxalate
N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3-trithian-5-ylamine oxalate (1:1)
N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3-trithian-5-ylammonium hydrogen oxalate
oxalic acid--N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3-trithian-5-amine (1/1)
A phosphatidylcholine 33:2 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as pentadecanoyl and linoleoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy}-3-(pentadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-pentadecanoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPC (15:0/18:2)
A phosphatidylcholine 33:1 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as pentadecanoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-(pentadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-pentadecanoyl-2-oleoyl-GPC (15:0/18:1)
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as heptadecanoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(heptadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 35 with 1 double bond.
A 1-palmitoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group has 20 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:3 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl) and icosatrienoyl respectively.
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups are specified as (1Z)-hexadecenyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl]oxy}-3-{[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-docosahexaenoyl-GPC (P-16:0/22:6)
A lysophosphatidylcholine 22:4 in which the acyl group is specified as (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl and is located at position 1.
(2R)-3-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyl]oxy}-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl group is specified as (1Z)-octadecenyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups are specified as (1Z)-octadecenyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl]oxy}-3-{[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-(1-enyl-stearoyl)-2-docosahexaenoyl-GPC (P-18:0/22:6)
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups are specified as (1Z)-hexadecenyl and tetradecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yl]oxy}-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-myristoyl-GPC (P-16:0/14:0)
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups are specified as (1Z)-hexadecenyl and hexadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-{[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-palmitoyl-GPC (P-16:0/16:0)
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is tryptophan in which the hydrogen at position 5 on the indole ring is replaced by a bromo group.
2-amino-3-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
A hydroxy fatty acid anion that is octanoate (caprylate) substituted by a hydroxy group at any position.
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as (9Z,12Z)-heptadecadienoyl.
(2R)-3-{[(9Z,12Z)-heptadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy}-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholine (17:2(9Z,12Z)/0:0)
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl.
(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A hydroxy fatty acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 2-hydroxyhexanoic acid.
A tricarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of citric acid.
A tricarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of pimelic acid.
A branched beta-D-glucan that consists of a beta-1,3-linked nonaglucan backbone with a beta-1,6-glucotetraose branch at the 6-O-position of the nonaglucan central sugar unit.
A branched beta-D-glucan that consists of a beta-1,3-linked nonaglucan backbone with a beta-1,3-glucodiaose branch at the 6-O-position of the nonaglucan central sugar unit.
A branched beta-D-glucan that consists of a beta-1,3-linked nonaglucan backbone with a beta-1,3-glucotetraose branch at the 6-O-position of the nonaglucan central sugar unit.
A (1->3)-beta-D-glucan consisting of 12 glucosyl residues linked in a linear sequence.
A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C21H18O9, originally isolated from Aspergillus niger.
A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C21H18O9, originally isolated from Penicillium claviforme.
An azaphilone that is the ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,4-dimethylhexanoic acid with the tertiary hydroxy group of 7-hydroxy-3-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-7-methyl-6H-2-benzopyran-6,8(7H)-dione.
3-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-7-methyl-6,8-dioxo-7,8-dihydro-6H-2-benzopyran-7-yl 2,4-dimethylhexanoate
A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde which is substituted by a methyl group at position e and by a at positions 3 and 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentyl group at position 6. A fungal metabolite isolated from Pseudobotrytis and Aspergillus niger (stereochemistry not been determined).
A uridine 5'-phosphate that is UMP in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by an enolpyruvyl group.
3'-O-(1-carboxyethenyl)uridine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
3'-(1-carboxyvinyl)uridine 5'-monophosphate
3'-(enolpyruvyl)uridine 5'-monophosphate
Abbreviation for nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide when its oxidation state is unknown or unspecified. It is used in metabolic pathways like glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
A coenzyme that may be NAD(+) or NADP(+).
A pyrrolopurine that is 2,6-diiminodecahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]purine carrying an additional hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4 as well as two hydroxy substituents at position 10. A toxin that is isolated from marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria and is known to cause paralytic shellfish poisoning.
A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in which all three phenyl hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.
A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in which the hydrogens hydrogens at positions 3, 5, and 6 have been replaced by methyl, methyl, and ethyl groups, respectively.
An artemoin in which the two hydroxy groups on the C-30 side-chain are located at positions 15 and 16.
An artemoin in which the two hydroxy groups on the C-30 side-chain are located at positions 17 and 18.
An artemoin in which the two hydroxy groups on the C-30 side-chain are located at positions 19 and 20.
A member of the class of cohibins in which the long-chain dihydroxyalkyl group at position 3 is specified as 15,16-dihydroxydotriacont-19-en-1-yl. NB The absolute configuration of the stereocentre at position 5 on the furanone ring is known to be S, but only the relative configuration of the diol moiety has been assigned as threo. It has not yet been established whether it is the (R,R)-diol (as shown here) or the (S,S)-diol.
A member of the class of cohibins in which the long-chain dihydroxyalkyl group at position 3 is specified as 13,14-dihydroxydotriacont-17-en-1-yl. NB The absolute configuration of the stereocentre at position 5 on the furanone ring is known to be S, but only the relative configuration of the diol moiety has been assigned as threo. It has not yet been established whether it is the (R,R)-diol (as shown here) or the (S,S)-diol.
A member of the class of tetracyclines obtained by selective hydroxylation at position 11a of tetracycline.
A phosphatidic acid (36:2) in which both acyl groups are specified as octadec-9-enoyl.
3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl dioctadec-9-enoate
[2,3-bis(octadec-9-enoyloxy)propoxy]phosphonic acid
1,2-bis(octadec-9-enoyl)phosphatidic acid
An N-octadecenoylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (11Z)-octadecenoic acid with the amino group of sphinganine-1-phosphocholine.
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl]amino}octadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An N-octadecenoylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of sphinganine-1-phosphocholine.
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]amino}octadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2-{[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enamido]octadecyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as pentadecanoyl and octadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)-3-(pentadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as octadecanoyl and penttadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-(pentadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide obtained by formal stereo- and regioselective hydration across the 5,6-double bond in the nicotinyl ring of NADH, with the hydroxy group located at position 6, having (R)-configuration.
adenosine 5'-(3-{5-[(2R)-5-carbamoyl-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl]-5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
(6R)-6-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide
(6R)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide
Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
A macrolide antibiotic that is 20-oxotylactone having a beta-D-mycaminosyl residue attached at position 5.
(4R,5S,6S,7R,9R,11E,13E,15S,16R)-16-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5,9,13,15-tetramethyl-2,10-dioxo-7-(2-oxoethyl)-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-6-yl 3,6-dideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A ketohexose that is 1,2,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexan-3-one having L-xylo-configuration.
(2R)-2-(icosanoyloxy)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:0 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as icosanoyl (arachidyl) and tetradecanoyl (myristoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2-{[(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
A family of gamma-lactones that are isolated from the seeds of Annona atemoya.
A family of gamma-lactones that are isolated from the seeds of Annona muricata and Annona nutans.
A phosphatidic acid in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 36 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two phosphatidyl acyl groups contain a total of 37 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A teichoic acid consisting of 2-O-L-alanyl-4-O-substituted-D-ribitol units connected via 1->5 phosphodiester linkages.
2-O-alanyl-4-O-substituted-D-ribitol teichoic acid
Any phenol carrying an additional methoxy substituent at the ortho-position.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 35 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
The straight-chain keto form of L-tagatose.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 15 carbons and no double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 13 carbons and no double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 10 carbons and no double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 12 carbons and no double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 13 carbons and no double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 15 carbons and 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 18 carbons and no double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 18 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 18 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A hexitol that is hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having (2R,3R,4S,5R) configuration; the D-enantiomer of altritol.
An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).
An aliphatic alcohol where the hydroxy carbon is beta to a double bond.
An N-oxide where there are three organic groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.
Any carboxylic acid in which the carbon bearing the carboxy group is substituted by a bromine.
A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H22N2O9 that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus.
An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens.
An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to one other carbon and one hydrogen.
An amino acid betaine that is D-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.
A triacyl lipopeptide that is N-palmitoyl-Cys-Ser-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys in which the side-chain thiol hydrogen on the Cys residue has been replaced by a 2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl group.
Any oxo fatty acid in which an oxo substituent is located at position 3.
A leukotriene with formula C23H39NO6S that results from the metabilism of leukotriene B4 by human keratinocytes.
(5S,6R,7E,9E,12R,14Z)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-7,9,14-trienoic acid
(5S,6R,12R)-Dihydroxy-6-(S-cysteinyl)-(7E,9E,14Z)-eicosatrienoic acid
5,12-Dihydroxy-6-cysteinyl-7,9,14-eicosatrienoic acid
5S,12R-Dihydroxy-6-S-cysteinyl-7E,9E,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid
(12R)-hydroxy-10,11-dihydroleukotriene E4
A leukotriene that is 10,11-dihydroleukotriene B4 in which two of the methyl hydrogens at position 20 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.
(5S,6Z,8E,12S,14Z)-5,12,20,20-tetrahydroxyicosa-6,8,14-trienoic acid
10,11-dihydro-20,20-dihydroxy-leukotriene B4
10,11-dihydro-20,20-dihydroxyleukotriene B4
A phosphatidylcholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 33 carbons and no double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 35 carbons and no double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 31 carbons and no double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 37 carbons and one double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain a total of 37 carbons and no double bonds.
A phosphorus oxoanion resulting from the removal of one proton from the phosphonic acid group of tenofovir. The major microspecies at pH 7.3.
hydrogen ({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phosphonate
A spirostanyl glycoside that is sarsasapogenin in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety. It is isolated from Asparagus officinalis.
(25S)-5beta-spirostan-3beta-yl beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside
sarsasapogenin 3-O-{beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside}
A leukotriene that is leukotriene E4 in which the terminal methyl grop has been oxidised to the corresponding aldehyde
(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-5-hydroxy-20-oxoicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid
6-(S-Cysteinyl)-20-oxo-(5S)-hydroxy-(7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid
A leukotriene that is leukotriene B4 in which two of the methyl hydrogens at position 20 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.
A leukotriene that is leukotriene E4 in which the terminal methyl grop has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
(6Z,9Z,11E,13E,15R,16S)-15-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-16-hydroxyicosa-6,9,11,13-tetraenedioic acid
6-(S-Cysteinyl)-(5S)-hydroxy-(7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenedioic acid
A dicarboxylic acid having 2 or more units of unsaturation.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and contain a total of 29 carbons and no double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine 29:0 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as tetradecanoyl and pentadecanoyl respectively
(2R)-2-(pentadecanoyloxy)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 30:1 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C14:0 and C16:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 32:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C14:0 and C18:2 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 32:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C14:0 and C18:3 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:6 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C14:0 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 31:0 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as pentadecanoyl and hexadecanoyl respectively
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(pentadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 31:1 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C15:0 and C16:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 33:1 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C15:0 and C18:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 33:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C15:0 and C18:2 respectively.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and contain a total of 33 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine 33:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C15:0 and C18:3 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 35:4 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C15:0 and C20:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 33:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C15:1 and C18:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 33:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C15:1 and C18:2 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 32:1 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:0 and C16:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 33:1 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:0 and C17:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 34:1 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:0 and C18:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 34:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:0 and C18:3 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:0 and C20:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:5 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:0 and C22:5 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:0 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 39:5 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:0 and C23:5 respectively.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl and 7-oxoheptanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(7-oxoheptanoyl)oxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-acyl-2-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl and alkyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecanoyl and hexadecyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 16:1 in which the acyl group is located at position 1.
A C14 straight-chain saturated fatty acid where the aliphatic hydrogens have been replaced by deuterium atoms.
A D-glucose in which the six carbon atoms have been replaced by the (13)C isotope.
A phosphatidylcholine 32:2 in which both the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:1.
A phosphatidylcholine 34:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:1 and C18:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 34:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:1 and C18:2 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:5 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:1 and C20:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:6 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:1 and C20:5 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:7 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:1 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 32:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C16:2 and C16:0 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 35:1 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C17:0 and C18:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 35:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C17:0 and C18:2 respectively.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 37 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine 37:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C17:0 and C20:3 respectively.
A member of the class of tetracyclines that is anhydrotetracycline in which one of the methyl groups attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by hydrogen.
A oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido substituents.
(6R,7R)-7-{2-[(difluoromethyl)sulfanyl]acetamido}-3-({[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)-7-methoxy-8-oxo-5-oxa-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A phosphatidylcholine 37:4 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C17:0 and C20:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 39:6 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C17:0 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 35:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C17:1 and C18:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 35:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C17:1 and C18:2 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:0 and C18:2 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:0 and C20:3 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:4 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:0 and C20:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:0 and C22:3 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:4 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:0 and C22:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:6 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:0 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:1 and C18:2 respectively.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 37 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine 37:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:1 and C19:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:1 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:1 and C20:0 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:1 and C20:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:5 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:1 and C20:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:2 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:1 and C22:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:1 and C22:2 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:6 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:1 and C22:5 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:7 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:1 and C22:6 respectively.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:2 in which the acyl group is located at position 1.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:2 in which the acyl group is located at position 1.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:3 in which the acyl group is located at position 1.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are both specified as C18:2.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:5 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:2 and C18:3 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:3 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:2 and C20:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:2 and C20:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:7 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:2 and C20:5 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:6 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:2 and C22:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:8 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:2 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:9 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C18:3 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:5 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C20:0 and C20:5 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:5 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C20:1 and C20:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:6 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C20:2 and C20:4 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 42:8 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C20:2 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:7 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C20:3 and C20:4 respectively.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 9 double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine 42:9 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C20:3 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:8 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are both specified as C20:4.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:9 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C20:4 and C20:5 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 42:5 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C20:4 and C22:1 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 42:10 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C20:4 and C22:6 respectively.
A 1-acyl-2-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-alkyl moiety can be any alk-1-enyl group.
A 1-acyl-2-(alk-1-enyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group contains 20 carbons and 4 double bonds while the alk-1-enyl group contains 18 carbons with 1 additional double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 10 double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine 44:10 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as C22:4 and C22:6 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 44:12 in which the fatty acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are both specified as C22:6.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group contains 18 carbons and 1 double bond while the alkyl group contains 16 carbons and is fully saturated.
A lysophosphatidylcholine O-18:1 in which the alkyl group is located at position 1.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group contains 18 carbons and 2 double bonds while the alkyl group contains 16 carbons and 1 double bond.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group contains 20 carbons and 4 double bonds while the alkyl group contains 16 carbons and 1 double bond.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group contains 20 carbons and 4 double bonds while the alkyl group contains 18 carbons and 1 double bond.
A monoalkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is a 1-alkenyl group containing 18 carbons and 1 additional double bond.
A lysophosphatidylcholine P-18:1 in which the alkenyl group is located at position 1.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups contain a total of 32 carbon atoms with 1 additional double bond.
A phosphatidylcholine P-32:1 in which the 1-alk-1-enyl group contains 16 carbons and no additional double bonds while the 2-acyl group contains 16 carbons and 1 double bond.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups contain a total of 34 carbon atoms with 1 additional double bond.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups contain a total of 34 carbon atoms with 3 additional double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups contain a total of 36 carbon atoms with 1 additional double bond.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups contain a total of 40 carbon atoms with 6 additional double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine P-34:1 in which the 1-alk-1-enyl group contains 16 carbons and no additional double bonds while the 2-acyl group contains 18 carbons and 1 double bond.
A phosphatidylcholine P-34:3 in which the 1-alk-1-enyl group contains 16 carbons and no additional double bonds while the 2-acyl group contains 18 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine P-36:4 in which the 1-alk-1-enyl group contains 16 carbons and no additional double bonds while the 2-acyl group contains 20 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine P-38:6 in which the 1-alk-1-enyl group contains 16 carbons and no additional double bonds while the 2-acyl group contains 22 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A phosphatidylcholine P-36:1 in which the 1-alk-1-enyl group contains 18 carbons and no additional double bonds while the 2-acyl group contains 18 carbons and 1 double bond.
A phosphatidylcholine P-40:6 in which the 1-alk-1-enyl group contains 18 carbons and no additional double bonds while the 2-acyl group contains 22 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin 33:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of heptadecanoic acid with the amino group of hexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(heptadecanoylamino)-3-hydroxyhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin 34:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of octadecanoic acid with the amino group of hexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(octadecanoylamino)hexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin 39:1 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of docosanoic acid with the amino group of heptadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(docosanoylamino)-3-hydroxyheptadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin 41:2 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any tetracosenoic acid with the amino group of hexadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine.
An N-acylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any octadecenoic acid with the amino group of sphinganine-1-phosphocholine.
A sphingomyelin 32:2 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of tetradecanoic acid with the amino group of any sphingadienine-1-phosphocholine.
A sphingomyelin 33:2 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pentadecanoic acid with the amino group of any sphingadienine-1-phosphocholine.
A sphingomyelin 34:2 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the amino group of any sphingadienine-1-phosphocholine.
A sphingomyelin 36:2 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of octadecanoic acid with the amino group of any sphingadienine-1-phosphocholine.
A sphingomyelin 41:2 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of tricosanoic acid with the amino group of any sphingadienine-1-phosphocholine.
A sphingomyelin 42:3 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any tetracosenoic acid with the amino group of any sphingadienine-1-phosphocholine.
A sphingomyelin 36:2 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any heptadecenoic acid with the amino group of nonadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 43 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin 43:2 obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any tetracosenoic acid with the amino group of nonadecasphingosine-1-phosphocholine.
An N-acetylneuraminate obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->6)-beta-D-galactoside
an N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->6)-beta-D-galactosyl derivative
A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.
A (1->3)-beta-D-glucan consisting of five D-glucosyl residues linked in a linear sequence.
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of 2-hydroxy-(indol-3-yl)acetic acid. This is a very minor tautomer; the major tautomer is the corresponding oxindole.
A member of the class of indoles obtained by dimerisation of 2-imino-3-(7-chloroindol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
3,4-bis(7-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,5-diiminohexanedioic acid
3,4-bis(7-chloroindol-3-yl)-2,5-diiminohexanedioic acid
A beta-D-glucan consisting of a poly[(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl] chain attached at position 4 of D-glucono-1,5-lactone via a glycosidic linkage.
A beta-D-glucan consisting of (1->4)-beta-D-glucan in which the residue at the non-reducing end has undergone formal dehyderogenation resulting on conversion of the hydroxy group at position 4 to the corresponding ketone.
A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. This is a very minor tautomer; the major tautomer is the corresponding oxindole.
A acetal obtained from a carboxylic acid by replacement of the hydrogen attached to the carboxy group by a pivaloyloxymethyl group.
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl esters
A L-histidine derivative that is ergothioneine in which the thiol hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
Any organic heterotricyclic compound with a skeleton consisting of a pyrrole ring fused to a purine ring system.
A methyl glycoside in which the glycosyl moiety consists of three alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-[alpha-abequosyl-(1->3)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnosyl tetrasaccharide units all linked sequentially (1->4). Corresponds to the O polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhimurium, a serogroup B nontyphoidal Salmonella serovar.
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-[3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-[3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-[alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranoside
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexosyl-(1->3)-[3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexosyl-(1->3)-[3,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexosyl-(1->3)-[alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannoside
methyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[alpha-abequopyranosyl-(1->3)]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[alpha-abequopyranosyl-(1->3)]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[alpha-abequopyranosyl-(1->3)]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside
methyl alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-[alpha-abequosyl-(1->3)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-[alpha-abequosyl-(1->3)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-[alpha-abequosyl-(1->3)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnoside
methyl alpha-abequopyranosyl-(1->3)-[alpha-abequopyranosyl-(1->3)-[alpha-abequopyranosyl-(1->3)-[alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside
methyl alpha-abequosyl-(1->3)-[alpha-abequosyl-(1->3)-[alpha-abequosyl-(1->3)-[alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->2)]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-L-rhamnoside
An aromatic ether that is the derivative of 2-phenylethylamine with methoxy substituents at the 3- and 4-positions. It is an alkaloid isolated from the Cactaceae family.
A class of sulfur-containing amino acids consisting of homologues of methionine where there is a minimum of four methylene groups between the alpha-carbon and sulfur atoms.
An L-polyhomomethionine in which there are four methylene groups between the alpha-carbon and sulfur atoms.
(2S)-2-amino-6-(methylsulfanyl)hexanoic acid
An L-polyhomomethionine in which there are five methylene groups between the alpha-carbon and sulfur atoms.
(2S)-2-amino-7-(methylsulfanyl)heptanoic acid
An L-polyhomomethionine in which there are six methylene groups between the alpha-carbon and sulfur atoms.
(2S)-2-amino-8-(methylsulfanyl)octanoic acid
An L-polyhomomethionine in which there are seven methylene groups between the alpha-carbon and sulfur atoms.
(2S)-2-amino-9-(methylsulfanyl)nonanoic acid
An L-polyhomomethionine in which there are eight methylene groups between the alpha-carbon and sulfur atoms.
(2S)-2-amino-10-(methylsulfanyl)decanoic acid
The monoprotonated form of quinine, the predominant species at pH7.3.
A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of acetoacetic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A ketogluconate that is the conjugate base of 5-dehydro-L-gluconic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. Major microspecies at pH 7.3
A ketoaldonic acid phosphate consisting of (2xi)-3-deoxy-beta-D-threo-hept-6-ulopyranosonic acid carrying a single phospho substituent at position 7.
(2xi)-3-deoxy-7-O-phospho-beta-D-threo-hept-6-ulopyranosonic acid
7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid (ring form)
A methyl glycoside that consists of a 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-alpha-D-mannose residue and two N-formyl-alpha-D-perosamine residues linked sequentially (1->2) and (1->3) and linked at the reducing end glycosidically to a methyl group.
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->2)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->3)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannopyranoside
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-alpha-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->3)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnopyranoside
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->2)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannoside
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-alpha-D-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnoside
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-alpha-D-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-N-formyl-alpha-D-perosaminyl-(1->3)-N-formyl-alpha-D-perosaminide
A methyl glycoside that consists of a 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-alpha-D-mannose residue and three N-formyl-alpha-D-perosamine residues linked sequentially (1->2), (1->3) and (1->2) and linked at the reducing end glycosidically to a methyl group.
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->2)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->3)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->2)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannopyranoside
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-alpha-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->3)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnopyranoside
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->2)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->2)-4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannoside
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-alpha-D-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-rhamnoside
methyl 4-O-(5-aminopentyl)-alpha-D-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-N-formyl-alpha-D-perosaminyl-(1->3)-N-formyl-alpha-D-perosaminyl-(1->2)-N-formyl-alpha-D-perosaminide
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of any bacteriochlorophyll e.
A chlorophyllide in which two of the methyl hydrogens at position 7 of any bacteriochlorophyllide c have been replaced by hydroxy groups.
N-lauroyl-D-erythro-Sphingosylphosphoryl choline
A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying hydroxy and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid in which a benzoic acid nucleus is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by a formyl group and an hydroxy group respectively.
A fatty acyl-AMP that results from the formal condensation of the phosphoryl group of AMP with the carboxyl group of any long-chain fatty acid.
long-chain fatty acyl-adenosine-5-monophosphate
An acyclic mixed acid anhydride obtained by condensation of one of the carboxy group of pyridinium-3,5-biscarboxylic acid mononucleotide with the phosphste group of AMP.
pyridinium-3,5-biscarboxylate mononucleotide adenylate
5-carboxy-1-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridinium-3-carbonyl adenylate
An acyclic mixed acid anhydride obtained by condensation of one of the carboxy group of pyridinium-3-sulfanylcarbonyl-5-carboxylic acid mononucleotide with the phosphste group of AMP.
1-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-(sulfanylcarbonyl)pyridinium-3-carbonyl adenylate
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group at position 1 is specified as hexanoyl.
A 1-palmitoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group is specified as (11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosatrienoyl.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A calcium salt containing equal numbers of prohexadione(2-) and Ca(2+) ions. A plant growth regulator, it is used as an anti-lodging agent in small-grain cereals.
calcium 3-oxido-5-oxo-4-propanoylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate
calcium 3-oxido-5-oxo-4-propionylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate
The ketoaldonic acid phosphate formed formally from D-erythronic acid by oxidation of the 3-hydroxy group to an oxo group and phosphorylation at the 1-hydroxy group.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoic acid
(R)-2-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoic acid
The hydrate of tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone. The number of water molecules of crystallization (n) is variable, although most commonly the dihydrate (shown in the diagram) is formed in the solid phase.
2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone hydrate (1:x)
2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione hydrate
2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione hydrate (1:?)
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-icosatetraenoyl.
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11R,12E,14Z)-11-hydroxyicosa-5,8,12,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as (15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoyl.
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,15R)-15-hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoyl.
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as (5Z,13E,15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oyl
(2R)-2-{[(5Z,11alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-1,9-dioxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-yl]oxy}-3-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
2-(prostaglandin E2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
An aminobenzoate that is the conjugate base of 4-aminosalicylic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. Major miscrospecies at pH 7.3.
A member of the class of pteroates that is the conjugate base of 2-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteroic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. Major microspecies at pH 7.3.
An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine in which the hydrocarbyl component can be any polyprenyl group.
A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by a chlorine.
A carotenol obtained by formal hydration across the two double bonds at positions 1 and 1' of neurosporene.
A carotenol obtained by formal hydration across the double bonds a position 1 of neurosporene.
A 1-(alk-1-enyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the alkenyl group is specified as 1Z-octadecenyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl dihydrogen phosphate
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as (9S,11R)-epidioxy-(15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,13E)-prostadienoyl.
(2R)-2-{[(5Z)-7-{(1R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroperoxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl}hept-5-enoyl]oxy}-3-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
2-(prostaglandin G2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
2-[(9S,11R)-epidioxy-(15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,13E)-prostadienoyl]-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine
A prostanoid-LPC that is the ammonium betaine of a 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(5Z)-7-{(1R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl}hept-5-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
2-[(9S,11R)-epidioxy-(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,13E)-prostadienoyl]-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine
A phosphatidylcholine 12:0 in which both acyl groups are specified as hexanoyl.
(2R)-2,3-bis(hexanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 14:0 in which both acyl groups are specified as heptanoyl.
(2R)-2,3-bis(heptanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-hexanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group at position 2 is specified as heptanoyl.
(2R)-2-(heptanoyloxy)-3-(hexanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 13:0 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as heptanoyl and hexanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(heptanoyloxy)-2-(hexanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-palmitoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group is specified as heptanoyl.
(2R)-2-(heptanoyloxy)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-acyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group is specified as heptanoyl.
(2R)-3-(heptanoyloxy)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A docosanoid that is (14S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid in which a cysteinyl group is attached at position 13R via a sulfide linkage.
(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,13R,14S,16Z,19Z)-13-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-14-hydroxydocosa-4,7,9,11,16,19-hexaenoic acid
(13R)-S-cysteinyl-(14S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and pentanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-(pentanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 24:0 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and hexanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexanoyloxy)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 26:0 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and octanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-(octanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 27:0 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and nonanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(nonanoyloxy)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-stearoyl-2-nonanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine zwitterion
A phosphatidylcholine 30:0 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and dodecananoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(dodecanoyloxy)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A member of the class of pteroic acids that is 7,8-dihydropteroic acid carrying a phenolic hydroxy substituent at the position ortho to the carboxylic acid function.
4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as heptanoyl.
(2R)-2-(heptanoyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An amino-acid betaine obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any N(5),N(5),N(5)-trimethyl-N(2)-[(3R)-3-(acyloxy)acyl]-L-ornithine; major species at pH 7.3.
N(5),N(5),N(5)-trimethyl-N(2)-[(3R)-3-(acyloxy)acyl]-L-ornithine betaine
Any alpha-D-mannoside derived from 6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-1-phospho)-alpha-D-mannose.
Any alpha-D-mannoside derived from 6-phospho-alpha-D-mannose.
Any alpha-D-mannoside derived from 6-(alpha-D-glucose-1-phospho)-alpha-D-mannose.
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid having the carboxy group at position 7 as well as oxo and ethyl groups at positions 4 and 1 respectively and a dioxolo ring fused at the 5- and 6-positions. A synthetic antibiotic, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial infections in cattle, pigs and poultry.
5-ethyl-8-oxo-5,8-dihydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid
1-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6,7-methylenedioxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1-Ethyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid
5-Ethyl-5,8-dihydro-8-oxo-1,3-dioxolo(4,5-g)quinoline-7-carboxylic acid
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecyl and 8-carboxyoctanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(8-carboxyoctanoyl)oxy]-3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A succinate ester in which only one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid has been esterified.
Any carotenoid derivative with a psi-end group
Any carotenoid derivative with an epsilon-end group
Any carotenoid derivative with an beta-end group
A polyether that is any poly(ethylene glycol) in which one or both of the terminal hydroxy groups has been substituted or undergone modification.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is p-salicylic acid with bromo- substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the benzene ring.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2.
A D-glucose monophosphate in which the phosphate group is attached to position 6.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group located at position 1.
2,3-dihydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
1,2,3-propanetriol, 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
2,3-hydroxy-1-propyl dihydrogen phosphate
A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.
Tetracycline in which the hydroxy group at position 5 and the methyl group at position 6 are replaced by hydrogen, and with a dimethylamino substituent and an (N-tert-butylglycyl)amino substituent at positions 7 and 9, respectively. A glycylcycline antibiotic, it has activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including tetracycline-resistant organisms. It is used for the intravenous treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible organisms.
A flavin obtained by formal addition of dihydrogen to the benzopteridine ring system of riboflavin.
A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the 4' and 5' hydroxy groups have been converted to a cyclic hydrogen phosphate ester.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from selenic acid.
Any chlorophenol derivative that contains three covalently bonded chlorine atoms.
A purine nucleobase found in humans and other organisms.
A poly(glycerol phosphate) having an alanyl group attached to the hydroxy function of the repeating unit.
A glucosiduronic acid resulting from the formal condensation of any substance with beta-D-glucuronic acid to form a glycosidic bond.
The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.
A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.
A thiol comprising a panthothenate unit in phosphoric anhydride linkage with a 3',5'-adenosine diphosphate unit; and an aminoethanethiol unit.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)butyl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl dihydrogen diphosphate
A methyl ketone that consists of propane bearing an oxo group at C2.
A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of acetylenedicarboxylic acid.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pyruvic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An acetylenic fatty acid anion and the conjugate base of propynoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
A large group of antibiotics isolated from various species of Streptomyces and characterised by having a substituted phenoxazine ring linked to two cyclic heterodetic peptides.
An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
The general name for the hydrogen nucleus, to be used without regard to the hydrogen nuclear mass (either for hydrogen in its natural abundance or where it is not desired to distinguish between the isotopes).
An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways.
adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.
A xylan compound with beta-(1->4)-linkages between each xylose.
An adenosine 5'-phosphate that is coenzyme A in which the phosphate group at position 3' has been replaced by a hydrogen atom. It is an intermediate metabolite in pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
adenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)butyl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
adenosine 5'-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl hydrogen phosphate)
An optically active form of malate having (R)-configuration.
An optically active form of malate having (S)-configuration.
A C4-dicarboxylate resulting from deprotonation of both carboxy groups of malic acid.
A N-alkylglycine that is the N-methyl derivative of glycine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of glycine.
The (3Z)-isomer of (2R)-phycocyanobilin.
adenosine 5'-(3-{5-[(2S)-5-carbamoyl-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydropyridinium-1(2H)-yl]-5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
(6S)-6-beta-Hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide
A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).
(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-6-(L-cystein-S-yl)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid
(5S-(5R*,6S*(S*),7E,9E,11Z,14Z))-6-((2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)thio)-5-hydroxy-7,9,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
5S-hydroxy,6R-(S-cysteinyl),7E,9E,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.
A 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid that has meso configuration.
(2R,3S)-rel-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
A tetraric acid that is butanedioic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3.
An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 5-aminohydantoin in which a carbamoyl group is attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.
An optically active form of allantoin having (R)-(-)-configuration.
An optically active form of allantoin having (S)-(+)-configuration.
A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.
Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.
A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having cytosine as the nucleobase.
Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon.
An aconitate(3-) that is the conjugate base of trans-aconitic acid.
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.
A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.
(2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
A streptomycin phosphate having the phosphate group placed at the 3''-position.
A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.
1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-[1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.
An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.
An optically active form of ornithine having L-configuration.
A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
The N-carbamoyl derivative of sarcosine.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of formic acid. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
A polyazaalkane that is tetradecane in which the carbons at positions 1, 5, 10 and 14 are replaced by nitrogens. Spermine has broad actions on cellular metabolism.
A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.
A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.
A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.
(6R,7R)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-7-{[(5R)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7-(5-Amino-5-carboxyvaleramido)cephalosporanic acid
(S)-alpha-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-1H-imidazole-4-ethanaminium hydroxide, inner salt
A cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus, used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
An N-acyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate that is the N-acetyl derivative of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate. It is a component of the aminosugar metabolism.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy groups of malonic acid.
An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.
A poly(glycerol phosphate) compound having a D-alanyl-L-alanyl moiety attached to the hydroxy group of the repeating unit.
D-alanyl-L-alanyl poly(glycerol phosphate)
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having palmitoyl as the acyl group.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl hexadecanoate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl palmitate
The 12-dehydro derivative of tetracycline.
A D-alpha-amino acid that is the D-isomer of arginine.
(2R)-2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
Fructose is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose. Although fructose is a hexose (6 carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose).
An alkyl alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 3.
A cephalosporin having an acetoxy group at the 3-position and a 5-carboxy-5-oxopentanamido group at the 7-position.
(6R,7R)-3-(acetoxymethyl)-7-[(5-carboxy-5-oxopentanoyl)amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(7R)-7-(5-carboxy-5-oxopentanoyl)aminocephalosporinic acid
(7R)-7-(5-carboxy-5-oxopentanamido)cephalosporanic acid
A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.
A long-chain fatty acid that is a C20, polyunsaturated fatty acid having four (Z)-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-5,8,11,14-icosatetraenoic acid
cis-Delta(5,8,11,14)-eicosatetraenoic acid
The oxidised form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide found in all living cells. In metabolism, NAD(+) is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another.
adenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoylpyridinio)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
A D-mannosyl-D-glyceric acid where an alpha-D-mannosyl residue is attached at the 2-position.
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyloxy)propanoic acid
A cinchona alkaloid that is cinchonidine in which the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring is substituted by methoxy.
A deoxyglucose that is D-glucose in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been replaced by a hydrogen. It is an antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity, which acts by inhibiting the glycosylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Used as an antiherpes agent.
A quaternary ammonium ion that is the hydrate of betaine aldehyde.
A 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate that has an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
alpha-D-glucosamine 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An organic hydroxy compound that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of phenols.
A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.
Any 3-hydroxy steroid whose skeleton is closely related to cholestan-3-ol (additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain).
An amino sulfonic acid that is the 2-amino derivative of ethanesulfonic acid. It is a naturally occurring amino acid derived from methionine and cysteine metabolism. An abundant component of fish- and meat-based foods, it has been used as an oral supplement in the treatment of disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hypertension.
A galactonolactone derived from D-galactonic acid.
D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.
A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.
A macrolide antibiotic that is tylonolide having mono- and diglycosyl moieties attached to two of its hydroxy groups..
[(2R,3R,4E,6E,9R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-12-[3,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-2-ethyl-14-hydroxy-5,9,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-11-(2-oxoethyl)oxacyclohexadeca-4,6-dien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-beta-D-allopyranoside
The 5-phospho derivative of 2-dehydro-D-gluconic acid.
3-deoxy-6-O-phosphono-D-erythro-hex-2-ulosonic acid
2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate
3-Deoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-ulosonic acid 6-phosphate
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconic acid
A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.
A homopolymer macromolecule consisting of repeating glycerol-1-phosphate units.
A galactonolactone that is the D-enantiomer of galactono-1,5-lactone.
The open chain form of D-fructose 6-phosphate.
An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits.
An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins.
5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid
(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid
(3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-valeric acid
5-(2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid
cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valeric acid
cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4)imidazole-4-valeric acid
cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid
A ribitol compound having meso-configuration. It occurs naturally in the plant Adonis vernalis.
An optically active form of glutamic acid having D-configuration.
The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.
(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
(S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid
(S)-alpha-amino-1H-Imidazole-4-propanoic acid
An sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having unsubstituted hydroxy groups.
(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
phosphoric acid mono-((R)-2,3-dihydroxy-propyl) ester
A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +1.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues.
An N-acyl-D-glucosamine phosphate having the phosphate group placed at the 6-position.
A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethane with an amino substituent at C-1 and a hydroxy substituent at C-2, making it both a primary amine and a primary alcohol.
(2R,3S,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid
An optically active form of lactate having (R)-configuration.
A hydroxybenzaldehyde carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 2.
An oxoproline having the oxo group placed at the 5-position. It is an intermediate metabolite in the glutathione cycle.
An optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration.
A ketotriose consisting of acetone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 3. The simplest member of the class of ketoses and the parent of the class of glycerones.
A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.
(S-(R*,R*))-2,6-diaminoheptanedioic acid
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.
A class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxy group of ethanolamine.
An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidin-2-one having the amino group located at position 4.
A monoatomic monoanion resulting from the addition of an electron to any halogen atom.
The reduced 1,5-dihydro form of flavin mononucleotide.
1,5-dihydroriboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An alkene that is propane with a double bond at position 1.
The 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl) derivative of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. A metabolite of quercetin, an abundant flavonoid found in edible vegetables, grains and fruits which is used as an ingredient in supplements, beverages, or foods.
2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2-Protocatechuoyl phloroglucinolcarboxylate
A D-glucose monophosphate in which the phosphate group is located at position 1.
D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
The (S)-enantiomer of 3-(indol-3-yl)-2-oxobutyric acid.
(3S)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxobutanoic acid
A D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
beta-D-fructofuranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
Propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions substituted with a carboxylate group.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.
The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.
A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 4.
A 5-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 5-oxopentanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
The simplest member of the class of cyclopentanols bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclopentanols.
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.
A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
A mucopolysaccharide composed of repeating beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminyl units.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from selenophosphoric acid.
A straight-chain alkane with 17 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oils from plants like Opuntia littoralis and Annona squamosa.
The simplest member of the class of benzoates that is the conjugate base of benzoic acid, comprising a benzoic acid core with a proton missing to give a charge of -1.
A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of o-orsellinic acid.
An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.
(2R)-2-amino-3-[(carboxymethyl)sulfanyl]propanoic acid
(L)-2-Amino-3-(carboxymethylthio)propionic acid
A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.
A gluconolactone derived form D-gluconic acid.
A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam).
(Z,)-2-((((2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)(((2S,3S,)-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl)carbamoyl)methylene)amino)oxy)-2-methylpropionic acid
aldehydo-N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate
The D-enantiomer of ornithine. It is an intermediate metabolite produced in the urea cycle.
An N-acyl-amino acid in which amino acid specified is glycine.
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).
A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid.
A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid.
An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.
A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups.
A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.
(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yloxy]propyl dihydrogen phosphate
sn-3-O-(Geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate
A hydroxybenzaldehyde carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 3.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from phosphonic acid
An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.
The beta-anomer of D-glucose 1-phosphate.
beta-D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An optically active glycerol 1-phosphate having (S)-configuration.
(2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
Any N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid that is L-lysine in which the N(6) amino group has been acylated.
A 2-aminopurine carrying a 6-oxo substituent.
A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.
A flavin adenine dinucleotide in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
adenosine 5'-(3-{D-ribo-5-[7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl]-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate), 5'-5'-ester with riboflavine
Riboflavin 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), 5'-5'-ester with adenosine
adenosine 5'-[3-(riboflavin-5'-yl) dihydrogen diphosphate]
An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.
An amino-acid betaine gamma-aminobutyric acid zwitterion in which all of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.
A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides.
A member of the class of 2-nitrophenols that is phenol in which one of the hydrogens that is ortho to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.
An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine residues.
2,3-Bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate
2,3-bis[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yloxy]propyl dihydrogen phosphate
2,3-bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
The L-enantiomer of the sulfur-containing amino acid cystine.
(2R,2'R)-3,3'-disulfanediylbis(2-aminopropanoic acid)
(R,R)-3,3'-dithiobis(2-aminopropanoic acid)
(R-(R*,R*))-3,3'-Dithiobis(2-aminopropanoic acid)
beta,beta'-diamino-beta,beta'-dicarboxydiethyl disulfide
bis(beta-amino-beta-carboxyethyl) disulfide
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.
(2R)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
The nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitrous acid.
A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +2.
A member of the class of catechols that is benzene-1,2-diol substituted by a nitro group at position 4.It is the by-product of the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol.
A glutamic semialdehyde that is L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.
Rifamycin, 4-O-(carboxymethyl)-1-deoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1-oxo-, gamma-lactone
A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.
A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates.
A derivative of glycerol in which one hydroxy group, commonly but not necessarily primary, is esterified with phosphoric acid and the other two are esterified with fatty acids.
The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.
3-Carboxy-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium hydroxide, inner salt
(2S)-2-amino-5-(carbamoylamino)pentanoic acid
A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is the N-methyl-derivative of hydantoin.
Any member of the class of menaquinones that is 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone with an unsaturated isoprenoid chain at the 3-position.
An optically active form of cysteine having D-configuration.
An aconitate(3-) that is the conjugate base of cis-aconitic acid.
Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.
An aromatic amino acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group.
The simplest monocarboxylic acid amide, obtained by formal condensation of formic acid with ammonia. The parent of the class of formaldehydes.
An optically active form of threonine having D-configuration.
a 6-O-(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranose
A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an aminomethyl group at position 4, a hydroxymethyl group at position 5 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-aminomethyl form of vitamin B6, it is used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.
Liposaccharide natural compounds consisting of a trisaccharide repeating unit (two heptose units and octulosonic acid) with oligosaccharide side chains and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid units (they are a major constituent of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria).
An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes.
2,4,4'-Trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether
A member of the class of phosphocholines that is the chloine ester of CDP. It is an intermediate obtained in the biosynthetic pathway of structural phospholipids in cell membranes.
A 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate
1-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine) phosphate
N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
A C4-dicarboxylate resuting from deprotonation of both carboxy groups of oxaloacetic acid.
A hydroxybenzyl alcohol that is phenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at C-2.
An L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine.
(2S)-2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
2'-O-phosphonoadenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
NADPH DIHYDRO-NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
dihydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate
reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate
A nitrogen oxide which is a free radical, each molecule of which consists of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom.
An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia.
The meso-isomer of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid. It is a key constituent of bacterial peptidoglycan and is often found in human urine due to the breakdown of the gut microbes.
A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.
Any neuraminic acid carrying an N-acyl substituent.
5-alkanamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
The 6-O-phospho derivative of dihydrostreptomycin.
(1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2,4-bis(carbamimidamido)-5-{5-deoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyloxy}-3,6-dihydroxycyclohexyl dihydrogen phosphate
O-2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5-deoxy-3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine-6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A polyprenyl glycosyl diphosphate having N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as the glycosyl fragment.
N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl undecaprenyl diphosphate
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of galactarate(1-).
A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A polyazaalkane comprising undecane with three aza groups placed at the 1-, 6- and 11-positions.
A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.
An aminobenzoate that is the conjugate base of anthranilic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.
An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.
The 1,2-cyclic phosphate derived from glycerol.
4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan-2-ol 2-oxide
A dicarboxylic acid consisting of fumaric acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.
A triamine that is the 1,5,10-triaza derivative of decane.
A methoxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of vanillic acid.
A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside
(2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid
L-alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
An optically active form of lactate having (S)-configuration.
A glycerate that is the conjugate base of D-glyceric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
An analogue of chlorophyll that lacks the phytol side-chain. The parent of the protochlorophyllide class.
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated.
The N-sulfoglucosamine formed by sulfating the amino group of D-glucosamine.
A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of uracil attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.
A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.
6-amino-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-amino-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6.
A hydroxymethylpyridine with hydroxymethyl groups at positions 4 and 5, a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, it is converted intoto pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid.
A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system.
A glucosylglycerol phosphate consisting of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 2.
(2R)-2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
2-(beta-D-Glucosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
2-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybutyric acid.
2,3-dihydroxy-4-(propan-2-yl)benzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxy-4-(1-methylethyl)benzoic acid
An sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having an unspecified acyl group attached at the 2-position.
A lactam obtained by formal cyclocondensation of creatine. It is a metabolite of creatine.
A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.
A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.
2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid
A glycosyl glycoside comprising D-fructose attached to a D-fructofuranosyl residue via a beta-(2->1)-linkage.
An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the maino group of cysteamine.
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2-oxobutanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position.
A keto-D-gluconate that is the conjugate base of 2-dehydro-D-gluconic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An oxo dicarboxylate obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 2-oxoglutaric acid.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.
alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
The (S,S) diastereoisomer of butane-2,3-diol.
An optically inactive hexitol having meso-configuration.
An organic phosphate ester or anhydride formed by condensation of phosphoric acid with a carboxylic acid.
(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
(S)-alpha-Amino-beta-(3-indolyl)-propionic acid
(S)-alpha-amino-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid
The simplest of the methylamines, consisting of ammonia bearing a single methyl substituent.
3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid
A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.
The phosphorus oxoanion formed from polyphosphoric acid by proton loss from each of the phosphate units. The major species at pH 7.3.
An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.
The D-enantiomer of the alpha-amino acid lysine.
A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine.
An optically active form of threonine having L-configuration.
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-6-amino-2-[6-amino-6-deoxy-L-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosylidene-(1->2-3)-beta-D-talopyranosyloxy]-3-hydroxy-4-(methylamino)cyclohexyl dihydrogen phosphate
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid.
A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.
An optically active form of methionine having D-configuration.
(2R)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid
(3R,5R,6S,7R,8R,11R,12S,13R,14S,15S)-6-hydroxy-5,7,8,11,13,15-hexamethyl-4,10-dioxo-14-[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyloxy]-1,9-dioxaspiro[2.13]hexadec-12-yl 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
A member of the class of phosphocholines that is the choline ester of sn-glycero-3-phosphate. It is one of the major osmolyte in the renal medullary cells.
(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
L-Choline hydroxide 2,3-dihydroxypropyl hydrogen phosphate inner salt
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.
The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.
A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.
A coenzyme found in all living cells; consists of two nucleotides joined through their 5'-phosphate groups, with one nucleotide containing an adenine base and the other containing nicotinamide.
adenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
1,4-DIHYDRONICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced)
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves.
An oligosaccharide derivative in which at least one hydroxy group has been phosphorylated.
A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.
A glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen.
((amino(imino)methyl)(methyl)amino)acetic acid
A ketoaldonic acid phosphate comprising 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid having the phosphate group at the 6-position.
2-deoxy-6-O-phosphono-D-threo-hex-5-ulosonic acid
5-Dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate
6-phospho-5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid
2-aminoethyl (2S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl hydrogen phosphate
An N-acyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate where the N-acyl group is (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl and carrying an additional (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl group at the 3-position.
2,3-Bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate
2,3-Bis[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate
A naturally-occurring beta-amino acid comprising propionic acid with the amino group in the 3-position.
Derivatives of phosphoglycerols which have only one of the alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone ester-linked with a fatty acid.
A polysaccharide composed of two or more different types of monosaccharides,
(1R,2S,3R,5S,6R)-3-amino-2,6-dihydroxy-5-(methylamino)cyclohexyl O-6-amino-6-deoxy-L-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosylidene-(1->2-3)-beta-D-talopyranoside
The (R,R) diastereoisomer of butane-2,3-diol.
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in D-glyceraldehyde.
High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.
The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.
An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.
5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid
The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).
2'-deoxy-5-methyluridine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.
(-)-D-mandelonitrile beta-D-gentiobioside
A heteroglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucose (G) and D-mannose (M) in a proportion of 5:8. The basic polymeric repeating unit has the pattern: GGMMGMMMMMGGM, with branching through beta-(1->3)- and beta-(1->6)-glucosyl linkages. Acetate groups are present on C-6 every 9-19 units of the main chain.
An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
A linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the first step of heme degradation, catalysed by heme oxygenase.
A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.
A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.
An organic phosphonate having O-1-carboxyvinyl and C-carboxy substituents.
1-carboxyethenyl hydrogen carboxyphosphonate
A glycosylglucose consisting of two glucose units linked via a beta(1->4) bond.
A nitroaniline carrying a nitro group at position 4.
The R-enantiomer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid. Involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, it can be used as an energy source by the brain during hypoglycaemia, and for the synthesis of biodegradable plastics.
The glycolaldehyde derived from ethylene glycol. The parent of the class of glycolaldehydes.
A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class
2,4-Diguanidino-3,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl 5-deoxy-2-O-(2-deoxy-2-methylamino-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl)-3-C-formyl-beta-L-lyxopentanofuranoside
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
An sn-glycero-3-phosphate compound having a single unspecified acyl group at either position 1 or position 2.
A compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component.
The (1R,2R,3R)-diastereomer of prephytoene diphosphate.
{(1R,2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-[(1E,5E,9E)-2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadeca-1,5,9,13-tetraen-1-yl]-2-[(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl]cyclopropyl}methyl trihydrogen diphosphate
A benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of two benzene rings connected by a single covalent bond. Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil, and natural gas. Formerly used as a fungicide for citrus crops.
A dimethoxybenzene that is benzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It is found in peppermint, ginger, raspberry, and other fruits.
An alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the alkyl group is at position 1 of the sn-glycerol.
The meso-diastereomer of butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol.
(S)-alpha-Amino-beta-hydroxypropionic acid
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexanoic acid (also known as caproic acid).
An N-acetylmannosamine in open-chain aldehyde form with D-configuration.
An amino-acid betaine that is butanoate substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-3 and a trimethylammonium group at C-4.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of adipic acid.
A four-carbon alkane-alpha,omega-diamine. It is obtained by the breakdown of amino acids and is responsible for the foul odour of putrefying flesh.
A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.
A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.
A derivative of puromycin lacking the O-methyl group on the tyrosyl residue.
A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
An arenecarbaldehyde that consists of benzene bearing a single formyl substituent; the simplest aromatic aldehyde and parent of the class of benzaldehydes.
A secondary aliphatic amine where both N-substituents are methyl.
A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having guanine as the nucleobase.
A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).
A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.
An optically active form of asparagine having L-configuration.
A dipeptide formed from glycine residues.
Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.
A butenoic acid having the double bond at position C-2.
A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone substituted by a methyl group at position 4.
A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.
A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.
An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
(3-carboxyallyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide, inner salt
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.
Cytidine, 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate)
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that results from the deprotonation of both of the carboxylic acid groups of itaconic acid.
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.
A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having adenine as the nucleobase.
The L enantiomer of sorbose, a ketone-containing hexose (a six-carbon monosaccharide).
A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.
1,2,3-propanetriol, 2-(dihydrogen phosphate)
1,3-hydroxy-2-propyl dihydrogen phosphate
2-HYDROXY-1-(HYDROXYMETHYL)ETHYL DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
The conjugate base of propionic acid; a key precursor in lipid biosynthesis.
The open-chain form of an N-acyl-D-glucosamine.
A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.
{[imino(phosphonoamino)methyl](methyl)amino}acetic acid
The S-enantiomer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid; a normal human metabolite, that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression.
(S)-alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid
A pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar having UDP as the nucleotide component attached to an unspecified sugar via an anomeric diphosphate linkage.
A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.
A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage.
Any mixture of complex, colloidal, macromolecular plant galacturonans containing a large proportion of D-galactopyranosyluronic acid residues in alpha-(1->4) linkage, the carboxy groups of which may be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups or be partially or completely converted into salts. The structure shown is that of the parent polygalacturonan.
A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine-4-carbaldehyde bearing methyl, hydroxy and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively. The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin B6, it is converted into pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid.
An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.
2-deoxy-2-sulfoamino-D-glucose 6-(hydrogen sulfate)
Any form of sorbose that has D-configuration.
Any member of the group of substituted penams containing two methyl substituents at position 2, a carboxylate substituent at position 3 and a carboxamido group at position 6.
Any D-aldose having a six-carbon chain with a phosphate group at C-6.
D-glycero-hexose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
Sulfite is an inorganic anion, which is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite.
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.
The simplest member of the quinoline class of compounds, comprising a benzene ring ortho fused to C-2 and C-3 of a pyridine ring.
A purine nucleobase that consists of purine bearing an oxo substituent at position 6.
[(2R,3R,4E,6E,9R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-12-[3,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-2-ethyl-14-hydroxy-5,9,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-11-(2-oxoethyl)oxacyclohexadeca-4,6-dien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-2-O-methyl-beta-D-allopyranoside
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group has a (S)-configuration.
A sulfur-containing amino acid obtained by the oxidation of two cysteine molecules which are then linked via a disulfide bond.
3,3'-disulfanediylbis(2-aminopropanoic acid)
A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.
3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid
3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinic acid
The open-chain form of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.
A glycosyl glycoside which is an intermediate in the breakdown of sucrose. The structure is that of sucrose in which the glucosyl 3-hydroxy group has been reduced to a keto group.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosid-3-ulose
3-dehydro-alpha-D-glucosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside
A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.
An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.
phosphoric acid, mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester
phosphoric acid, mono(p-nitrophenyl) ester
A monocarboxylic acid that is phenylacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 on the benzene ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.
2-deoxy-3-O-(D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-6-O-sulfo-2-(sulfoamino)-beta-D-glucopyranose
(2Z)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(Z)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
A C4-dicarboxylate resulting from the removal of a proton from both carboxylic acid groups of methylmalonic acid.
The meso-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; a sulfur-containing sugar derived from the monosaccharide erythrose; and an epimer of dithiothreitol.
A galactonolactone that is 3,4-dihydroxydihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 5 (the 3S,4S,5R-isomer).
A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
A C4-dicarboxylate resulting from the removal of a proton from both carboxylic acid groups of enol-oxaloacetic acid.
An organic disulfide obtained by oxidative dimerisation of homocysteine.
4,4'-disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid)
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
(2R)-2-(alpha-D-galactopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
2-(alpha-D-Galactosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
2-(alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-(dihydrogen phosphate)
methyl 2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-O-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactoside
A glycerophosphoglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups has been replaced by a phosphatidyl group.
A methyl-L-alanine in which one of the the amino hydrogen of L-alanine is replaced by a methyl group.
A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).
An N-acyl-L-amino acid that is L-glutamic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.
The six-membered ring form of L-arabinose.
A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.
The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.
A linear copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha-L-guluronic acid residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks.
(2R)-1-alkoxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl acetate
1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphates
1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration.
A pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.
A phthalate that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of phthalic acid.
A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.
The simplest member of the class toluenes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent.
A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.
A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.
A glucooligosaccharide derived from glucose monomers linked via alpha-D-1,4 bonds as in maltose. The term is commonly applied to the series of linear oligosaccharides composed of two, three, four, five and six such units of glucose.
A purine nucleoside in which hypoxanthine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.
A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4.
An aldehydic acid which consists of benzoic acid substituted by a formyl group at position 2. Metabolite of ampicillin phthalidyl ester.
Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
A a deoxyketohexose comprising L-tagatose with the hydroxy group at position 6 replaced by hydrogen.
A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring.
(2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propenoic acid
A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester.
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
4,6-diamino-2-hydroxy-1,3-cyclohexane 3,6'diamino-3,6'-dideoxydi-alpha-D-glucoside
4,6-diamino-2-hydroxy-1,3-cyclohexylene 3,6'-diamino-3,6'-dideoxydi-D-glucopyranoside
A nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitric acid. Principal species present at pH 7.3.
Any sphingomyelin having sphingosine as the sphingoid component.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen ortho to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by a methyl group.
A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvic acid
A macrolide antibiotic that is tylonolide having mono- and diglycosyl moieties attached to two of its hydroxy groups. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae.
[(2R,3R,4E,6E,9R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-12-[3,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-2-ethyl-14-hydroxy-5,9,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-11-(2-oxoethyl)oxacyclohexadeca-4,6-dien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-2,3-di-O-methyl-beta-D-allopyranoside
A D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate where alpha-D-glucose is the sugar component.
alpha-D-glucopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid)-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranuronic acid
2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucuronic acid
cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
A phosphosphingolipid consisting of sphingosine having a phosphocholine moiety attached to its primary hydroxyl group.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
An organochlorine compound that is dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions.
An adenosine 5'-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups.
An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.
A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.
An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.
(2R)-2-amino-3-[(4-bromophenyl)sulfanyl]propanoic acid
A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.
A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase.
The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.
1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium inner salt
(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2,4-dicarbamimidamido-3,6-dihydroxy-5-(phosphonooxy)cyclohexyl 5-deoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-C-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]-alpha-L-lyxofuranoside
Dihydrostreptomycin 3'alpha,6-bisphosphate
A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or monounsaturated with chain lengths from 14 to 26 carbon atoms; the presence of a hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is fairly common. Ceramides are generally precursors of more complex sphingolipids. In the illustrated generalised structure, R(1) = OH, OX (where X = acyl, glycosyl, phosphate, phosphonate, etc.), or H.
A urocanate obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of trans-urocanic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of pimelic acid.
Hexanoic acid with four hydroxy groups at C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, and an amino group at C-2.
The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.
A C4-dicarboxylate resuting from deprotonation of both carboxy groups of dihydroxyfumaric acid.
(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propyl dihydrogen phosphate
D-erythro-1-(Imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate
D-erythro-Imidazole-glycerol 3-phosphate
A glycero-3-phosphocholine compound having an alk-1-enyl substituent at the 1-position and an acyl substituent at the 2-position.
An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is salicyl alcohol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.
2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
o-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
A pyrimidine nucleobase that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a methyl group.
An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.
A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.
An sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at the 1-oxygen by an alk-1-enyl group.
Any of a group of aminoglycoside antibiotics produced by fermentation of some Micromonospora spp.
4,6-diamino-3-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)pentopyranosyloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-6-(methylamino)heptopyranoside
An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.
A pteroate that is the conjugate base of 7,8-dihydropteroic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A member of the class of hydroxyindoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.
A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.
(2S,2'S)-5,5'-[disulfanediylbis({(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl}imino)]bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid)
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.
6-O-phosphono-3-deoxy-D-threo-hex-2-ulosonic acid
2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate 6-phosphate
6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonic acid
[(2S,12Z,14E,16S,17S,18R,19R,20R,21S,22R,23S,24E)-21-acetyloxy-5,6,17,19-tetrahydroxy-23-methoxy-2,4,12,16,18,20,22-heptamethyl-1,11-dioxo-1,2-dihydro-2,7-(epoxypentadeca[1,11,13]trienoimino)naphtho[2,1-b]furan-9-yloxy]acetic acid
Acetic acid, ((1,2-dihydro-5,6,17,19,21-pentahydroxy-23-methoxy-2,4,12,16,18,20,22-heptamethyl-1,11-dioxo-2,7-(epoxypentadeca(1,11,13)trienimino)naphtho(2,1-b)furan-9-yl)-oxy)-, 21-acetate
adenosine 5'-(3-{D-ribo-5-[7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl]-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
The conjugate base of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, comprising a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid core with a proton missing to give a charge of -1.
A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid having (2R)-configuration.
An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration.
(-)-alpha-amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid
(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
(S)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
(S)-alpha-amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid
A deoxyketohexose consisting of L-fructose lacking the 6-hydroxy group.
An organosulfonic acid consisting of sulfonic acid having a 2-mercaptoethyl group attached to sulfur.
A mannose phosphate that is D-mannose phosphorylated at position 6 by a N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1-phosphono group. Found in the milk of giant pandas.
The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).
D-Glucopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
An acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which a single acyl substituent is located at position 2.
An aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome.
A galactosylglycerol phosphate compond having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue attached to the 1-position of an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
(2R)-3-(alpha-D-galactopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
1-(alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-(dihydrogen phosphate)
1-O-alpha-D-Galactosyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
alpha-D-Galactosyl-(1,1')-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
1-alpha-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
A cinnamate ester rusulting from the formal condensation of cinnamic acid with any alkyl alcohol.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A xylose of ring-opened form having L-configuration.
An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.
An elemental molecule consisting of two trivalently-bonded nitrogen atoms.
An alkylamine in which the alkyl group is substituted by an aromatic hydrocarbyl group.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of keto-phenylpyruvic acid.
2'-O-phosphonoadenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoylpyridinio)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
beta-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate
A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.
A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.
The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.
A glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.
An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
A 3-hydroxymethylcephalosporin having a (5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)amino group at the 7-position.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(5R)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]amino}-3-(hydroxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A ketoaldonic acid phosphate consisting of 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid having a phospho group at the 8-position.
3-deoxy-8-O-phosphono-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid
2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-octonate 8-phosphate
3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate
8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid
A dihydroxybenzoic acid where the hydroxy groups are at the 4- and 5-positions together with a hexaprenyl group at the 3-position.
Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.
An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.
An optically active form of 4-hydroxyproline having L-trans-configuration.
(2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
An alcohol that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclohexanols.
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.
An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
3-Carboxy-1-methylpyridinium hydroxide inner salt
(2E)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(2E)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
(E)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a straight-chain pentane core with amino substitutents at positions 1 and 5. A colourless syrupy liquid diamine with a distinctive unpleasant odour, it is a homologue of putresceine and is formed by the bacterial decarboxylation of lysine that occurs during protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. It is also found in plants such as soyabean.
The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.
Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).
A benzenediol comprising of a benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents ortho to each other.
A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an methyl group.
An N(6')-acetylkanamycin derived from kanamycin B.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 6-acetamido-2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A maltose that has beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.
A ketoaldonic acid phosphate consisting of 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid having a phospho group at the 7-position.
3-deoxy-7-O-phosphono-D-arabino-hept-2-ulosonic acid
2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate
3-Deoxy-D-arabino-hept-2-ulosonate 7-phosphate
3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate
3-deoxy-D-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid 7-(dihydrogen phosphate)
7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
6beta-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A maltose that has alpha-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.
A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-2 of the phenyl ring.
An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.
An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.
2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
6beta-[(5R)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[(5R)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A galactosamine phosphate that is N-acetyl-D-galactosamine substituted at position 1 by a monophosphate group.
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.
2,2-dimethyl-6beta-(phenylacetamido)penam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.
2-amino-5-(carbamoylamino)pentanoic acid
An aldopentose, found in the embryos of most edible plants and used in medicine to test for malabsorption by administration in water to the patient.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(5R)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A diazaalkane consisting of octane having the two aza groups at the 3- and 6-positions.
[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl (2(2)R,17S,18S)-7-ethyl-2(1),2(2),17,18-tetrahydro-2(2)-(methoxycarbonyl)-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-2(1)-oxo-12-ethenylcyclopenta[at]porphyrin-18-propanoato(2-)]magnesium
(SP-4-2)-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl (3S,4S,21R)-9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoato(2-)-kappaN(23),kappaN(24),kappaN(25),kappaN(26))-magnesium
A galactosamine phosphate that is D-galactosamine substituted at position 1 by a monophosphate group.
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.
(2S)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate compound with the phosphate group in the 5'-position.
2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates
A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.
An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26.
A chondroitin sulfate in which the site of sulfation is carbon 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.
Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.
An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of dodecanoic acid (lauric acid); major species at pH 7.3.
An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.
That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.
Any form of fucose having L configuration.
An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.
3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-[2-(diphosphooxy)ethyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium chloride
3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-diphosphoethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolium chloride
Thiazolium, 3-((4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-4-methyl-5-(4,6,6-trihydroxy-3,5-dioxa-4,6-diphosphahex-1-yl)-, chloride, P,P'-dioxide
A chondroitin sulfate in which the site of sulfation is carbon 6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.
2,3-dihydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl dihydrogen phosphate
A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.
A class of aminophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxy group of serine.
A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.
3-(2'-methyl-4'-amino-5'-pyrimidylmethyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-acetic acid
A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms.
The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.
A myo-inositol monophosphate derivative that is 1D-myo-inositol substituted at position 1 by an sn-glycero-3-phospho group.
1D-myo-inositol 1-[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl hydrogen phosphate]
A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.
adenosine 5'-(pentahydrogen tetraphosphate)
A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.
[4-(aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate
A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate.
Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.
A compound having the structure RC#N; thus a C-substituted derivative of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N. In systematic nomenclature, the suffix nitrile denotes the triply bound #N atom, not the carbon atom attached to it.
A glycosylfructose that is D-fructofuranose attached to a alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It is found in honey and sugarcane.
A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenylacetic acid.
The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.
(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methyl dihydrogen phosphate
3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde 5-phosphate
Phosphoric acid mono-(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl) ester
A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.
(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamide coenzyme
alpha-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamide coenzyme
A glycosylglucose consisting of D-glucose with undefined anomeric stereochemistry and a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-position.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted at position 3 by any polyprenyl group.
A hydrate which is the hemiheptahydrate of anhydrous dantrolene sodium.
sodium 3-({[5-(4-nitrophenyl)furan-2-yl]methylidene}amino)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-ide--water (2/7)
A beta-D-glucan of more than 20 D-glucose residues joined by beta-(1->3) and beta-(1->4) glycosidic linkages.
The (R)-stereoisomer of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol.
A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.
A lactone having a six-membered lactone ring.
1-aspartic acid ester with 6-chondroitin 4-sulfate
1-chondroitin sulfate-L-aspartic acid ester
poly[beta-1,4-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-1,3-(2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-4-sulfate D-galactosyl)]beta-1,4-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-1,3-(2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-4-sulfate-6-(1-L-aspartyl)-D-galactose)
chondroitin 4'-sulfate 1-(6'-L-aspartate)
A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.
4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
4-methylumbelliferone beta-D-glucuronide
A methyluridine that consists of uridine bearing two methyl substituents located at position C-5 on the uracil ring and position O-2' on the ribose ring.
A methyluridine that consists of uridine bearing a single methyl substituent located at position O-2' on the ribose ring.
2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates
An alpha-amino acid that is valeric acid which is substituted at position 2 by an amino group.
A deoxyaldopentose phosphate in which the deoxyaldopentose is 2-deoxyribose.
A benzenedicarboxylic acid that is isophthalic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group.
Any member of the class of streptomycins that is dihydrostreptomycin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a hydrogen.
A derivative of uridine, bearing an additional 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.
(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-[(R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]thio-butanedioic acid
(2S,3S,6R)-2,6-diamino-3-carboxy-4-thiaheptanedioic acid
A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by chlorine.
A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.
An aminobenzoate that results from the removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3-methoxyanthranilic acid.
A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde in which the hydrogen ortho- to the hydroxy group is substituted by a methyl group.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of salicylic acid carrying a methyl group at the 3-position.
A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a formyl group.
A monohydroxyproline where the hydroxy group is located at the 4-position. It is found in fibrillar collagen.
A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde in which the hydrogen meta- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of salicylic acid having a hydroxymethyl group at the 4-position.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of salicylic acid having a methyl group at the 4-position.
A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.
A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.
3-(acetoxymethyl)-7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-(acetoxymethyl)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-Acetoxymethyl-7-{2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-methoxyimino]-acetylamino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R,Z)-3-(acetoxymethyl)-7-(2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
Uridine bearing an additional carboxy(hydroxy)methyl substituent at position 5.
A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group is substituted by an amino group.
A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of mesalamine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A uridine having a bromo substituent at the 5-position.
A thiouridine that is 2-thiouridine bearing an additional methoxyaminomethyl substituent at position 5 on the thiouracil ring.
A thiouridine that is 2-thiouridine bearing an additional methoxycarbonylmethyl substituent at position 5 on the thiouracil ring.
A derivative of uridine, bearing an additional methoxycarbonylmethyl substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.
A derivative of uridine, bearing an additional methoxy substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.
A derivative of uridine, bearing an additional methylaminomethyl substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.
Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position.
Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.
7-(O-beta-glucosyloxy)indole-3-acetic acid
7-(beta-D-glucosyloxy)indole-3-acetic acid
A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.
(6R,7S)-4-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-methoxy-8-oxo-7-[(thiophen-2-enyl)acetamido]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7alpha-methoxy-7beta-[(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7S)-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-methoxy-8-oxo-7-[(2-thienylacetyl)amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
2-amino-2-deoxy-aldehydo-D-glucose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-amino-2,3,4-trihydroxy-6-oxohexyl dihydrogen phosphate
(2S,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid
An amino acid amide that is L-alanine in which the carboxy OH group is replaced by NH2.
Any alpha-amino acid ester that is the ester of L-glutamic acid.
An ornithine derivative resulting from reaction of L-ornithine at the amino group, the carboxy group or the side-chain amino group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-ornithine by a heteroatom.
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid
The L-stereoisomer of threose; a major in vivo degradation product of ascorbate.
An alpha-amino acid ester resulting from esterification of the carboxy group of L-tyrosine.
5-acetamido-7-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-beta-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
5-acetamido-9-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-beta-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
A N-acyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.
An L-amino acid having an N-acetyl substituent.
An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion resulting from deprotonation of both carboxy groups and protonation of the amide nitrogen of N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid.
An N-acyl-amino acid that has acetyl as the acyl group.
Any N-acetylhexosamine in which the hexosamine has D-configuration. The structure provided is an illustrative example of the pyranose form of an N-acetyl-D-hexosamine.
Any N-acylamino acid having L-configuration.
Any optically active N-acylglutamic acid having L-configuration.
A N-acyl-hexosamine in which the acyl group specified is glycoloyl.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.
An non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid in which the amino group bears one or more methyl groups.
An amino acid derivative in which at least one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a methyl group.
A N(6)-acyl-L-lysine having (2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ylcarbonyl as the N(6)-acyl group.
(2S)-2-amino-6-[(2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ylcarbonyl]aminohexanoic acid
monomethylamine methyltransferase cofactor lysine adduct
(S)-2-amino-3-[(Xi)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl]phosphonoxypropanoic acid
O3-2,3-dihydroxypropyl hydrogen phosphate-L-serine ester
An N-acyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate in which the phosphate group of 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxyglucose 1-phosphate is esterified by the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine.
O(3)-L-serine 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphodiester
An L-cysteine thioether that is S-(2E,6E)-farnesyl-L-cysteine bearing a hydroxy substituent on the pro-Z-methyl group at the 12-position.
(R,E,E,Z)-2-amino-3-(12-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-3,6,10-dodecatrienylsulfanyl)propanoic acid
2-amino-3-(12-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-3,6,10-dodecatrienylthio)propanoic acid
(S,E)-2-amino-3-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propenoylthio]propanoic acid
(R)-2-amino-3-[(S)-2-((Z)-9-octadecenoyloxy)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl]thiopropanoic acid
(R)-2-amino-3-[(S)-2,3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanyloxy)propyl]thiopropanoic acid
An S-polyprenyl-L-cysteine where the polyprenyl moiety is specified as farnesyl.
An S-polyprenyl-L-cysteine where the polyprenyl moiety is specified as geranylgeranyl.
(R)-2-amino-3-nitrosothio-propanoic acid
An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).
A phosphoamino acid consisting of L-cysteine carrying an S-phospho substituent.
(R)-2-amino-3-hydroselenosulfidopropanoic acid
2-amino-3-hydroselenylsulfidopropanoic acid
2-amino-3-hydroselenylthiopropanoic acid
Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.
A tricarboxylic acid trianion that is the conjugate base of aconitic acid.
A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of alanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.
A hexaric acid resulting from formal oxidative ring cleavage of allose.
A ketoaldonic acid phosphate that is the 6-phospho derivative of 2-dehydro-D-gluconic acid.
6-O-phosphono-D-arabino-hex-2-ulosonic acid
Dicarboxylic acids formed from aldoses by replacement of both terminal groups (CHO and CH2OH) by carboxy groups.
Any carbohydrate acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde functional group of an aldose to a carboxylic acid functional group. Aldonic acids have the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nC(=O)OH.
Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
Any amine formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by alkyl groups.
A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3S)- or (2S,3R)-configuration.
rel-(2R,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
An amide of an amino acid formed formally by conversion of the carboxy group to a carboxamido group.
An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.
A disaccharide derivative that is a disaccharide having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.
An amino alcohol having two hydroxy functional groups.
Any purine having at least one amino substituent.
Any anhydro sugar formally arising by elimination of water from two hydroxy groups of a single molecule of a hexose or hexose derivative.
Intramolecular ethers formally arising by elimination of water from two hydroxy groups of a single molecule of a monosaccharide (aldose or ketose) or monosaccharide derivative.
Any aromatic amine that is benzene carrying at least one amino substituent and its substituted derivatives.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
A class of macrocyclic lactams that consist of an aromatic (phenyl or naphthyl) or quinonoid (benzoquinone or naphthoquinone) moiety that is bridged by an aliphatic chain.
A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of arginine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the guanidyl group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of arginine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing arginine residues.
An arsenic oxoanion resulting from the removal of one or more protons from arsenous acid.
Any organoarsenic compound that is the As-organyl derivative of arsonic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an arene ring system.
A ketoaldonate that is the conjugate base of ascorbic acid.
An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of asparagine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing asparagine residues.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-aspartic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (asparagine, lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine). A closed class.
oxaloacetate/aspartate family amino acid
oxaloacetate/aspartate family amino acids
An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent
Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.
Any member of the wide class of molecules that share the core azobenzene structure, comprising two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond, which may have different functional groups extending from the rings.
The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.
Any arenecarbaldehyde that consists of a formyl substituted benzene ring and its substituted derivatives thereof.
A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid.
Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group.
Any aromatic ketone in which the carbonyl group is bonded to 2 phenyl groups.
Compounds containing a phenylmethanol skeleton.
Any D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
Any amino acid-derived zwitterion - such as glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetate) - in which the ammonium nitrogen carries three methyl substituents.
A sodium salt of the conjugate of any bile acid with either glycine or taurine.
Benzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond.
A glycopeptide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. The term, 'bleomycin' refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anti-cancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2.
Any amino acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents
Any salt that has chlorate, [BrO3](-), as the anionic component.
An amino acid containing at least one bromo substituent.
A diol that is a butanediol or a derivative of a butanediol.
Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.
Any C4, straight-chain fatty acid containing one double bond.
Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
Any carbohydrate derivative that exhibits antibiotic activity.
Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.
A trichothecene antibiotic which incorporates a triester macrocyclic structure and an exocyclic methylene epoxide group.
One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C40), formally derived from the acyclic parent, psi,psi-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of psi,psi-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded.
(6R)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring. Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.
Any salt that has chlorate, [ClO3](-), as the anionic component.
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing at least one hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom.
A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.
Any salt that has chlorite, [ClO2](-), as the anionic component.
An organochlorine compound that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chlorine atom at unspecified position.
Any haloalkane that consists of an alkane substituted by at least one chloro group.
Any organochlorine compound containing a benzene ring which is substituted by one or more chlorines.
A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by chlorine.
A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.
A bile acid salt having cholate as the anionic component.
A quaternary ammonium ion based on the choline ion and its substituted derivatives thereof.
A bile acid conjugate resulting from the formal condensation of a bile acid with the amino group of taurine.
A member of the class of cinnamates that results from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of cinnamic acid.
Any alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid based on the cinnamic acid skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
A member of the class of cinnamates obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of coumaric acid.
A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a hydroxyphenyl group at position 3.
A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.
Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.
Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.
A glycoside in which the aglycone contains a cyanide group. A cyanogenic glycoside can release poisonous hydrogen cyanide if acted upon by some enzyme.
A polyol consisting of a cycloalkane containing at least three hydroxy groups, each attached to a different ring carbon atom.
A macrocycle composed of five or more D-glucopyranose units bonded via (1->4)-linkages.
An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclopentane skeleton.
Any fatty acid containing a three-membered carbocyclic unit which includes a double bond.
A member of the class of oxazolidines that is isoxazoldin-3-one which is substituted at position 4 by an amino group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.
A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.
Any C6 deoxy sugar having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.
Any sugar having a hydroxy group replaced with a hydrogen atom.
A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.
Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.
Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid.
The amino dicarboxylic acid that is heptanedioic acid with amino aubstituents at C-2 and C-6.
An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.
Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.
The uridine derivative obtained by formal hydrogenation of the endocyclic double bond in the uracil ring.
Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.
A hydroxyproline that is proline substituted by two hydroxy substituents.
({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(9H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphonato}oxy)(phosphonatooxy)phosphinate
A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.
Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of behenic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
Any member of the group of signalling molecules arising from oxidation of the three C20 essential fatty acids (EFAs) icosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA).
Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid with ethanol.
An aliphatic sulfide in which the sulfur atom is bonded to at least one ethyl group.
Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.
[2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)phenyl]acetic acid
2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)benzeneacetic acid
[2-Amino-3-(4-bromo-benzoyl)-phenyl]-acetic acid
An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 8 to 22 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.
A member of the class of flavonoid with a 2-aryl-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-arylchromen-4-one) skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
Amides with the general formula R(1)R(2)NCHO (R(1) and R(2) can be H).
A substance used to destroy fungal pests.
Compounds containing at least one furan ring.
A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).
2,3-bis(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(1)-(7-myristoyl-4-oxido-10-oxo-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphatricosyl)trimethylammonium 4-oxide
2,3-bis(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
[2-({[2,3-bis(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl] phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
A heteroglycan that consists of a backbone of randomly distributed (1->4)-linked mannose and glucose units with (1->6)-linked galactose units attached to mannose units.
A hexonic acid that has been found to increase in red blood cells of galactosemic patients.
A hexosamine phosphate having glucosamine as the amino sugar component.
Any hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.
Any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamine by a heteroatom.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-glutamic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (glutamine, proline and arginine). A closed class.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of glutaric acid.
Any organonitrogen compound derived from the Glu-Cys-Gly tripeptide glutathione.
Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
Any carbohydrate derivative that consists of glycan moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.
Any phospholipid that contain both phosphate and carbohydrate as integral structural components.
A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.
An organohalogen compound that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond.
A C16 straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid having one C=C double bond.
Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.
Any carbohydrate sulfate that is a monosaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent.
A uronate obtained via deprotonation of the carboxy group of any hexuronic acid.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of histidine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of histidine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid obtained by oxidative dimerisation of homocysteine and its derivatives.
A homodetic cyclic peptide is a cyclic peptide in which the ring consists solely of amino-acid residues in peptide linkages.
An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
Benzenediols that have the hydroxy substituents in the 1- and 4-positions.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
Any fatty acid carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid bearing one or more hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.
Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.
Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.
Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring.
Any member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is a benzyl alcohol substituted by at least one hydroxy group on the benzene ring.
Any member of the class of biphenyls consisting of one or more hydroxy groups attached to the benzenoid ring system.
Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
Any flavone in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.
Hydroxylamine, H2N-OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.
Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.
A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.
A streptomycin bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 5'-position (on the furanose ring)
Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
Compounds having the structure RN=CR2 (R = H, hydrocarbyl). Thus analogues of aldehydes or ketones, having NR doubly bonded to carbon; aldimines have the structure RCH=NR, ketimines have the structure R'2C=NR (where R' is not H). Imines include azomethines and Schiff bases. Imine is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the C=NH group excluding the carbon atom.
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid in which the carboxylic acid specified is acetic acid.
An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.
Any indolyl carboxylic acid carrying an indol-3-yl or substituted indol-3-yl group.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.
2-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
alpha-Hydroxy-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid
Any compound containing an indole skeleton.
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are inorganic groups.
Any phosphate that contains no carbon atom.
The 5'-selenonooxyphosphate ester of adenosine.
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.
rel-(2R,3R)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of isoleucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of isoleucine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing isoleucine residues.
Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives.
Oxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldonic acids by replacement of a secondary CHOH group by a carbonyl group.
Any ketohexose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.
A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.
Any hexose containing a single ketone group.
Oximes of ketones R2C=NOH (where R =/= H).
Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of lactic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Any organic salt that has lactate as the cation.
Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
An alanine derivative in which two alanine residues are linked on their beta-carbons by a thioether linkage.
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-leucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-leucine by a heteroatom.
Any icosanoid from that family of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives generated by leukocytes from arachidonic acid, each member having four double bonds of which three are conjugated.
Any phenylpropanoid derived from phenylalanine via dimerization of substituted cinnamic alcohols, known as monolignols, to a dibenzylbutane skeleton. Note that while individual members of the class have names ending ...lignane, ...lignene, ...lignadiene, etc., the class names lignan, neolignan, etc., do not end with an "e".
A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.
A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.
A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-lysine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-lysine by a heteroatom.
An aldopentose that occurs only rarely in nature.
A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members which exhibits antibiotic activity.
A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.
A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of malic acid.
A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.
A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.
A hexaric acid obtained by the oxidation of mannose.
Any prenylnaphthoquinone having a prenyl or polyprenyl group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2 on the naphthoquinone ring.
A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of methionine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of methionine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing methionine residues.
Compounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group.
Any benzoic acid carrying one or more methoxy substituents.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.
Any alanine derivative that is L-alanine having one or more methyl groups attached to the amino group.
Any member of the class of cytidines that is cytidine substituted by at least one methyl group.
Any member of the class of pyridines that carries at least one methyl substituent.
A uridine bearing one or more methyl substituents.
A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
Any unsaturated fatty acid containing at least one triple bond in the carbon chain framework.
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
A hydroxybenzoate carrying a single hydroxy substituent at unspecified position.
Any hydroxybenzoic acid having a single phenolic hydroxy substituent on the benzene ring.
Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.
A hydroxytoluene that consists of toluene carrying a single hydroxy substituent at any position. A 'closed class'.
Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.
A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.
An epoxycarotenoid that is 6,7-didehydro-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5',6'-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3, 3', and 5 positions.
A member of the class of neuraminates obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of keto-neuraminic acid.
Abbreviation for nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate when its oxidation state is unknown or unspecified.
nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate
A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.
A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.
Any member of the class of benzoic acids with at least one nitro substituent attached to the benzene ring.
Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates.
An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substutited by a hydroxyamino group at position 2.
A fatty acid anion 18:0 that is the conjugate base of octadecanoic acid (stearic acid). Stearates have a variety of uses in the pharmaceutical industry.
Any trienoic fatty acid having eighteen carbons.
Any member of the group of C18 monounsaturated fatty acids with the double bond located at any position in the chain.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.
A hydride that is the trihydrate of alendronate sodium
sodium hydrogen (4-amino-1-hydroxy-1-phosphonobutyl)phosphonate trihydrate
Monosodium (4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene)bisphosphonate trihydrate
Any of the 26-membered ring macrolides produced by Streptomyces species that can be toxic to other organisms through their ability to inhibit mitochondrial membrane-bound ATP synthases.
A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.
A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
Any organic ion with a net negative charge.
Any organic ion with a net positive charge.
An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.
Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group
Any organochlorine pesticide that has been used as an insecticide.
A compound containing at least one carbon-mercury bond.
A compound having bonds between one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group.
An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.
An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.
An organoselenium compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-selenium bond.
An organothiophosphorus compound is an organophosphorus compound which contains a phosphorus-sulfur bond.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of ornithine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the side-chain amino group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of ornithine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing ornithine residues.
A nucleoside formed by attaching orotic acid to a ribose ring via a beta-N(1)-glycosidic bond.
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.
Any compound that has an aldehydic or ketonic group as well as a carboxylic acid group in the same molecule.
The conjugate base of any oxopentanoic acid.
A C5 fatty acid carrying an oxo group at any position.
Any fatty acid anion containing at least one C-C unsaturated bond; formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
A pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid consisting of proline bearing a single oxo substituent.
oxygen containing heterocyclic antibiotics
p-N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylvaleric acid
p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylvaleric acid
A quinone in which the two oxo groups of the quinone are located para to each other on the 6-membered quinonoid ring.
A class of amides formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine and its derivatives.
A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.
Any 5-carbon fatty acid containing two double bonds.
Any C5, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid.
An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.
A five-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldopentose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketopentose).
Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of phenylalanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing phenylalanine residues.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.
Any organic aromatic compound with a structure based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes naturally occurring phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules as well as their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.
Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom.
HP(=O)(OH)2 (phosphonic acid) and its P-substituted derivatives.
A member of the class of benzoic acids in that consists of benzene substituted by two carboxy groups.
A member of the class of bilins functions as the chromophore of light-sensing phytochromes in plants.
An endogenous molecular entity that results in a colour of an organism as the consequence of the selective absorption of light.
A family of antibiotics containing a conjugated polyene moiety, usuallly isolated from some species of Streptomyces.
A macromolecule composed of units connected by carboxylic ester (-O-CO-) linkages.
Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides.
A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.
Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
Any member of the class of prenols possessing the general formula H-[CH2C(Me)=CHCH2]nOH in which the carbon skeleton is composed of more than one isoprene units.
Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome.
Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.
Any alkali metal salt having potassium(1+) as the cation.
Any alcohol possessing the general formula H-[CH2C(Me)=CHCH2]nOH in which the carbon skeleton is composed of one or more isoprene units (biogenetic precursors of the isoprenoids).
An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of proline by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing proline residues.
Any propanediol bearing hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3.
A ketone that is propane carrying at least one oxo substituent.
The family of natural prostaglandins and prostaglandin-like compounds including prostacyclins and thromboxanes.
A metalloprotoporphyrin in which the four pyrrole nitrogens of the protoporphyrin moiety are coordinated to iron.
An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.
1-N-(L(-)-gamma-amino-alpha-hydroxybutyryl)kanamycin A
Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.
N-amidino-3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazinecarboxamide hydrochloride dihydrate
Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is attached to a pyridine (or substituted pyridine) ring.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from pyrimidine.
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates
Any pyrrole carrying a single carboxylic acid group.
An azole that includes only one N atom and no other heteroatom as a part of the aromatic skeleton.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from pyruvate (i.e. alanine, valine, and leucine). A closed class.
A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen.
A cyclitol carboxylic acid anion that is conjugate base of quinic acid.
Any aromatic carboxylic acid that contains a quinoline moiety that is substituted by one carboxy substituent.
A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.
A molecular entity possessing an unpaired electron.
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
A deoxymannose sugar that is the 6-deoxy derivative of hexose.
Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.
A glycoside that is a compound containing one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpenoid or steroid derivative. Found in particular abundance in plant species.
Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess.
A monocarboxylic acid derived from any dicarboxylic acid that has a retained name by the formal reduction of one of the carboxy groups to a formyl group. The resulting structure, also known as a semialdehyde, may be named by replacing the ending '...ic acid' of the retained name of the dicarboxylic acid by the ending '...aldehydic acid'. Aldehydic acids therefore contain one carboxy group and one aldehyde group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of serine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing serine residues.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.
Any terpenoid derived from a sesquiterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C15 skeleton of the parent sesquiterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid.
Any of the N-acylneuraminic acids and their esters and other derivatives of the alcoholic hydroxy groups.
An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.
sodium 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oate
Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.
Sphingolipids are a complex family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.
5-[(E)-{4-[(2-carboxyethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}diazenyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
(E)-5-((4-(((2-carboxyethyl)amino)carbonyl)phenyl)azo)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
(E)-5-({p-[(2-carboxyethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}azo)-2-salicylic acid
3-(2-{4-[(2-carboxyethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}hydrazinylidene)-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid
5-[4-(2-carboxy-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenylazo]-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.
6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6-(p-hydroxy-alpha-aminophenylacetamido)penicillanic acid
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.
An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.
A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.
Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.
Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.
A sulfur oxoacid that consits of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.
rel-(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
(2R,3R)-rel-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
(R*,R*)-(+-)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.
A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
A subclass of polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups.
Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.
tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotides
tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
Any terpenoid derived from a tetraterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C40 skeleton of the parent tetraterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.
An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
rel-(2R,3S)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanoic acid
An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of threonine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of threonine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing threonine residues.
A benzaldehyde compound having a methyl group in an unspecified position.
Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.
A L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 (the 3S,4S diastereoisomer).
(2S,3S,4S)-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.
A disaccharide formed by a (1<->1)-glycosidic bond between two units of D-glucose.
An oxoacid containing three carboxy groups.
Any one of the six possible isomers of trichlorophenol.
A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tryptophan at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tryptophan by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tryptophan residues.
Aralkylamino compounds which contain a tyramine skeleton.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tyrosine by a heteroatom.
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond.
An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.
A derivative of uridine, bearing an additional carboxymethoxy substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.
A methyl ester that is uridine which is substituted at position 5 on the uracil ring by a methoxycarbonylmethoxy group.
An monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of urocanic acid.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.
A carbohydrate acid formally derived by oxidation to a carboxy group of the terminal -CH2OH group of any aldose or ketose.
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of valine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing valine residues.
A fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.
A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.
The O-hydroxy(phenyl)phosphinoyl derivative of ecgonine methyl ester.
methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-{[hydroxy(phenyl)phosphoryl]oxy}-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate
O-hydroxy(phenyl)phosphinoyl ecgonine methyl ester
A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).
Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.
A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.
A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.
A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-6-(methylamino)-beta-L-lyxo-heptopyranoside
Any N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A tolualdehyde compound with the methyl substituent at the 2-position.
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of kynurenine.
A D-fucopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.
2,2-dimethyl-6beta-[(phenoxyacetyl)amino]penam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
3,3-dimethyl-6beta-[(phenoxyacetyl)amino]penam-2alpha-carboxylic acid (PIN)
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-DIMETHYL-7-OXO-6-(2-PHENOXYACETAMIDO)-4-THIA-1- AZABICYCLO(3.2.0)HEPTANE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(phenoxyacetyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
An N-glycoloylglucosamine of D configuration.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1,6-bis(dihydrogen phosphate)
N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1,6-bisphosphate
A ketoaldonic acid that is D-gluconic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been oxidised to a keto group.
An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation.
N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid
N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid
A D-ribopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
(9S)-6'-methoxycinchonan-9-ol--D-gluconic acid (1:1)
A D-mannosamine in open-chain aldehydo-form.
Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (S configuration). It occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.
A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.
A glycosylglucose in which the glycosyl moiety is L-rhamnose linked alpha to C-6 of D-glucose.
Any L-cysteine derivative obtained by conversion of the thiol group into a sulfide.
Any mannoside in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2,4-dicarbamimidamido-3,6-dihydroxy-5-(phosphonooxy)cyclohexyl 3,5-dideoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside
3'-Deoxydihydrostreptomycin 3'alpha,6-bisphosphate
3'-deoxydihydrostreptomycin 3'alpha,6-bis(dihydrogen phosphate)
A member of the class of leukotrienes that is leukotriene B4 in which the terminal methyl group has undergone formal oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
(5S,6Z,8E,10E,12R,14Z)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenedioic acid
5,12-Dihydroxy-delta5,8,11,14-eicosapolyendioic acid
An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.
A polysaccharide composed of repeating units of arabinosylgalactose.
An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.
2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid
A keto-disaccharide that is beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 of the galactosyl moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone.
3'-Deoxydihydrostreptomycin 3''-phosphate
A poly(glycerol phosphate) macromolecule having alpha-D-glucosyl residues at the secondary hydroxy groups on the repeating units.
O-alpha-D-glucosyl poly(glycerol phosphate)
alpha-D-Glucosylpoly(glycerol phosphate)
O-alpha-D-glucosyl poly(glycerol phosphate) macromolecule
A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of dipotassium bis[mu-tartrato(4-)]diantimonate(2-).
dipotassium bis{mu-[2-(hydroxy-1kappaO)-3-(hydroxy-2kappaO)butanedioato(4-)-1kappaO(4):2kappaO(4)]}diantimonate(2-)--water (1/3)
dipotassium bis{mu-[2-(hydroxy-1kappaO)-3-(hydroxy-2kappaO)succinato(4-)-1kappaO(4):2kappaO(4)]}diantimonate(2-) trihydrate
dipotassium bis[mu-tartrato(4-)]diantimonate(2-) trihydrate
A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.
(2S,3R,4S)-4-[(2S,5R,7S,8R,9S)-2-{(2S,2'R,3'S,5R,5'R)-2-ethyl-5'-[(2S,3S,5R,6R)-6-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3'-methyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl}-9-hydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-yl]-3-methoxy-2-methylpentanoic acid
Any ester of L-arginine or its derivatives.
2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.
A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.
A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.
A D-galactopyranose having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.
A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.
A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.
An ethyl sulfide compound having two ethyl groups attached to a sulfur atom.
(25R)-2alpha,15beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-spirostan-3beta-yl beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
A cyclic carotene obtained by the cyclisation of lycopene.
The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.
N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl undecaprenyl diphosphate
A surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hexopyranoside
2-deoxy-2-[(hydroxyacetyl)amino]-D-mannopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-uridinyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.
P1,P4-Bis(5'-uridyl) tetrahydrogen tetraphosphate
P(1),P(4)-bis(uridin-5'-yl) tetraphosphate
A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.
(2E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.
17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6alpha-diyl diacetate
(5alpha,6alpha)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol diacetate (ester)
7,8-Dihydro-4,5-alpha-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-alpha-diol diacetate
A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.
A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.
The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).
A member of the class of acetamides that results from the formal condensation of acetic acid with ammonia.
A mannan composed from D-mannan residues joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.
An epoxycarotenol that is beta-carotene-3,3'-diol in which one of the one of the endocyclic double bonds has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide. It is a neutral yellow plant pigment found in Euglenophyta.
A member of the class of pretetramides in which the only additional substituent is a methyl group at position 6.
[methyl (3S,4S,21R)-9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-13-formyl-4,8,18-trimethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl)phorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa(4)N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26)]magnesium
(SP-4-2)-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl (3S,4S,21R)-9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-13-formyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,18-trimethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoato(2-)-kappaN(23),kappaN(24),kappaN(25),kappaN(26))-magnesium
An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as a sulfo group.
An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.
alpha-Amino-beta-(3-indolyl)-propionic acid
An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.
(2R,3S,4R,4aR,6S,7R,8aS)-7-amino-6-{[(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-3-(methylamino)octahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-2-yl 4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.
An L-rhamnopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A mannan consisting of repeating D-mannosyl units joined via alpha-(1->6)-linkages.
S. cerevisiae mnn 2 mutant mannan (fraction A5)
A ketohexose often involved in the commercial production of vitamin C. It has been found to occur naturally in grapes.
Glycogen amylose chain-1,6-alpha-D-glucose
glycogen (amylose chain)-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucose
A dichlorophenol with the chloro substituents at positions 2 and 5.
An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring.
(1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2,4-dicarbamimidamido-5-({3,5-dideoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-3-O-phosphono-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl}oxy)-3,6-dihydroxycyclohexyl dihydrogen phosphate
3'-Deoxydihydrostreptomycin 6,3''-bis-phosphate
3'-deoxydihydrostreptomycin 3'',6-bisphosphate
An optically active form of histidine having D-configuration.
(2R)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
(R)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid
diacylglycerol 2-trimethylaminoethylphosphonates
diacylglycerol 2-trimethylaminoethylphosphonate
An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.
A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.
(3S,6R,7R,11R,23S,26S,30aS,36R,38aR)-44-[2-O-(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-10,19-dichloro-2,3,4,5,6,7,23,25,26,36,37,38,38a-tetradecahydro-7,22,28,30,32-pentahydroxy-6-(N-methyl-D-leucyl)-2,5,24,38,39-pentaoxo-1H,22H-23,36-(epiminomethano)-8,11:18,21-dietheno-13,16:31,35-di(metheno)[1,6,9]oxadiazacyclohexadecino[4,5-m][10,2,16]benzoxadiazacyclotetracosine-26-carboxylic acid
An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
The most important reserve polysaccharide found in plants. It is a glucan consisting of amylose and amylopectin.
The open-chain aldehyde form of D-rhamnose.
Any D-galactoside having beta-configuration at its anomeric centre.
The D-enantiomer of N-acetylgalactosamine.
An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.
A glycosylglucose formed by an alpha-(1->6)-linkage between D-galactose and D-glucose.
A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.
A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.
D-Galactopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
N-Acetylneuraminic acid reduced across the 2,3-bond with loss of the hydroxy group at C-2; it is a minor component of body fluids although abundant in sialuria.
2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid
5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enonic acid
A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by a beta-(1->6)-linkage.
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 2'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase
A member of the class of rifamycins that is a a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica (previously known as Amycolatopsis mediterranei and Streptomyces mediterranei)
3-(((4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino)methyl)rifamycin SV
A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.
A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A glucan composed of unbranched chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage.
A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.
An organochlorine compound that is the hydrate of trichloroacetaldehyde.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-acetamido-6-amino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hexopyranoside
A D-gluconate adduct of indefinite composition containing between 30 and 34% of antimony(V), calculated with reference to dried and methanol-free substance. It is used as a treatment for leishmaniasis.
trisodium 1-{[3-carboxylato-5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-1-hydroxy-2,6,7-trioxa-1lambda(5)-stibabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl]oxy}-5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-1-oxido-2,6,7-trioxa-1lambda(5)-stibabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylate--water (1/9)
Antimony (V) derivative of sodium gluconate
trisodium 1-{[3-carboxylato-5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-1-hydroxy-2,6,7-trioxa-1lambda(5)-stibabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl]oxy}-5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-1-oxido-2,6,7-trioxa-1lambda(5)-stibabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylate nonahydrate
A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is dihydrochalcone with hydroxy substituents at positions 2' ,4' , and 6' and a formyl substituent at position 3'.
An optically active form of asparagine having D-configuration.
A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 3. It is structurally similar to caffeine and is found in green and black tea.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->6)-linkage.
An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide B having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.
S-[2-({N-[2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoyl]-beta-alanyl}amino)ethyl] ethanethioate
A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl derivative
An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.
A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.
An aldehydo-N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate that has acetyl as the acyl group.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate
2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanoic acid
(1R,2S,3R,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-alpha-D-ribo-heptopyranoside
An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.
A chlorobenzoate carrying the chloro group at position 2.
A highly sulfated linear glycosaminoglycan comprising complex patterns of uronic acid-(1->4)-D-glucosamine repeating subunits. Used as an injectable anticoagulant, it has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule.
N',N'''''-hexane-1,6-diylbis[N-(4-chlorophenyl)(imidodicarbonimidic diamide)]--D-gluconic acid (1/2)
1,1'-hexamethylene bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide), digluconate
(1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2,4-dicarbamimidamido-5-({5-deoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-3-O-phosphono-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl}oxy)-3,6-dihydroxycyclohexyl dihydrogen phosphate
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-lactic acid.
An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.
A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.
A fat-soluble vitamin required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.
A 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose that is D-glucosamine having a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A member of the class of tetracyclines that is anhydrotetracycline in which the dimethylamino group at position 4 has been replaced by a keto group.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-[3-deoxy-3-(methylamino)-alpha-L-xylopyranosyloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.
A member of the class of arabinoxylans that consists of a polymer chain of beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylopyranose units, many of which are 2- or 3-substituted, or 2,3-disubstituted by alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residues.
The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.
an N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl derivative
A dichlorophenol with the chloro substituents at positions 2 and 6.
A member of the class of tetracyclines that is anhydrotetracycline in which the two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen have both been replaced by hydrogen.
A member of the class of pretetramides that is 6-methyltetracene-2-carboxamide carrying six hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 3, 4, 10, 11 and 12.
An sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine compound having a palmitoyl substituent at the 1-hydroxy position
(7R)-4,7-dihydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphapentacosan-1-aminium 4-oxide
A tolualdehyde compound with the methyl substituent at the 3-position.
An optically active form of tyrosine having D-configuration.
(2R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
(R)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
An L-lyxose in open-chain aldehyde form.
A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.
A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.
A phosphatidylglycerol composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol.
An N-acetyl-D-galactosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A cytidine phosphate compound having the phosphate group at the 2'-position.
A dihydroxybenzaldehyde carrying hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.
A D-xylopyranose in with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A trichlorophenol carrying chloro groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.
A rutinoside that is quercetin with the hydroxy group at position C-3 substituted with glucose and rhamnose sugar groups.
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A D-lyxopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 2-oxobutyric acid which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group.
beta-Limit dextrin is the remaining polymer produced by enzymatic hydrolyse of amylopectine with beta amylase which cannot hydrolyse the alpha-1,6 bonds at branch points.
A D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
A (2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of lactic acid having a sulfanyl group at the 3-position.
(1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2,4-dicarbamimidamido-5-({3,5-dideoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl}oxy)-3,6-dihydroxycyclohexyl dihydrogen phosphate
A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.
An oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group at position 1 is (9Z)-octadecenoyl (oleoyl) and the hydroxy group at position 2 is unsubstituted.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A tolualdehyde compound with the methyl substituent at the 4-position.
A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.
A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.
amino[(4-{[(2'-{(5S,8S,9S,10R,13S)-15-{6-amino-2-[(1S)-3-amino-1-{[(2S)-2,3-diamino-3-oxopropyl]amino}-3-oxopropyl]-5-methylpyrimidin-4-yl}-13-[(R)-{[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6S)-3-{[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-4-(carbamoyloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]-9-hydroxy-5-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-8,10-dimethyl-4,7,12,15-tetraoxo-3,6,11,14-tetraazapentadec-1-yl}-2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}butyl)amino]methaniminium (non-preferred name)
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2-oxopentanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.
(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoic acid
6-cis,9-cis,12-cis-octadecatrienoic acid
A mixture of at least nine closely related homodetic cyclic peptides produced by Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis, which is particularly active against Gram-positive bacteria.
A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.
A cellobiose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
5-acetamido-2,7-anhydro-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
(1R,2R,3S,5S,7R)-2-acetamido-7-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-5-carboxylic acid
2,7-Anhydro-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid
N-acetyl-2,7-anhydro-alpha-neuraminic acid
(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-6-(cystein-S-yl)-5,20-dihydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid
(1R,2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2,4-dicarbamimidamido-3,5,6-trihydroxycyclohexyl 5-deoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-C-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]-alpha-L-lyxofuranoside
Glycogen amylose chain(n)-1,6-amylose chain(4)
glycogen (amylose chain)n-[(1->6)-amylose chain]4
A hexadecenoic acid with a cis-double bond at position C-9.
D-Mannopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:2 in which the acyl group at position 1 is (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A metal fluoride salt with a Na(+) counterion.
A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.
A trichlorophenol with phenolic substituents on positions 2, 4 and 6.
A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose.
A 1-thio-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine compound having 1-S-hexadecyl- and 2-O-hexadecylphosphono substituents.
(7S)-7-[(hexadecylsulfanyl)methyl]-4,9-dihydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3,5,8-trioxa-4,9-diphosphapentacosan-1-aminium 4,9-dioxide
An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.
[5-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylpyridin-3-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate
A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been form the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).
A C20 striaght-chain saturated fatty acid which forms a minor constituent of peanut (L. arachis) and corn oils. Used as an organic thin film in the production of liquid crystals for a wide variety of technical applications.
A beta-alanine derivative arising from quaternisation of the nitrogen of beta-alanine with three methyl groups and removal of the proton attached to the carboxy group. It is an osmoprotective compound accumulated by most members of the highly stress-tolerant Plumbaginaceae family.
The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.
An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as sulfanyl.
A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'
A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-(2,6-diamino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
The conjugate base of a fatty acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of the corresponding fatty acid.
A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia.
(2Z)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.
A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the 2-O-acyl component is specifed as arachidonoyl.
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 3'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.
A straight-chain alkane with 15 carbon atoms. It is a component of volatile oils isolated from plants species like Scandix balansae.
A glycophospholipid antibiotic compound with the lipid portion conjugated to a pentasaccharide fraction via a phosphate linkage.
(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-5-{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-5-({(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(2-hydroxy-5-oxocyclopent-1-en-1-yl)carbamoyl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-({[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-4-(carbamoyloxy)-6-({[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-{[(2E,6E,13E)-3,8,8,14,18-pentamethyl-11-methylenenonadeca-2,6,13,17-tetraen-1-yl]oxy}ethoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)-3-hydroxy-3-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid
A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +3.
Limit dextrin is the remaining polymer produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of amylopectine with an amylase.
A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.
[(2R,3S)-3-methyloxiran-2-yl]phosphonic acid
(-)-(1R,2S)-(1,2-Epoxypropyl)phosphonic acid
(2R-cis)-(3-Methyloxiranyl)phosphonic acid
An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.
A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.
A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.
Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid.
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.
6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-AMINO-2-PHENYLETHANOYL]AMINO}-3,3-DIMETHYL-7-OXO-4-THIA-1-AZABICYCLO[3.2.0]HEPTANE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylethanoyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6-(D-(2-amino-2-phenylacetamido))-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid
D-(-)-6-(alpha-aminophenylacetamido)penicillanic acid
Conjugate base of N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminic acid.
A cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.
7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.
(2Z)-2-[(17Z)-16beta-acetoxy-3alpha,11alpha-dihydroxy-4alpha,8alpha,10,14beta-tetramethyl-5alpha,9beta,13alpha-gonan-17-ylidene]-6-methylhept-5-enoic acid
An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.
2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.
An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.
A divalent metal cation in which the metal is manganese.
An ion of copper carrying a double positive charge.
A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.
alpha-D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.
An sn-glycerol 3-phosphate compound having unspecified O-acyl groups at the 1- and 2-positions.
(2R)-{(3S)-3-[(2Z)-2-(hydroxyimino)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2-oxoazetidin-1-yl}(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid
A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.
A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of atorvastatin calcium.
calcium bis{(3R,5R)-7-[3-(anilinocarbonyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoate} trihydrate
A monovalent inorganic cation resulting from the removal of the unpaired electron from nitric oxide.
An inorganic anion resulting from the addition of an electron to nitric oxide.
An arsenate ion resulting from the removal of three protons from arsenic acid.
A phosphorus oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from the hydroxy group of phosphinic acid.
An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.
An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.
An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of phosphorous acid.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from peroxyphosphoric acid.
A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
A alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is azelaic acid substituted by amino groups at positions 2 and 6.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid carrying an additional amino substitutent at position 3.
A macrolide antibiotic that is tylactone having a beta-D-mycaminosyl residue attached at position 5.
(4R,5S,6S,7S,9R,11E,13E,15S,16R)-7,16-diethyl-4-hydroxy-5,9,13,15-tetramethyl-2,10-dioxooxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-6-yl 3,6-dideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces toyocaensis.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 3-hydroxybenzoic acid carrying an additional amino substitutent at position 4.
A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.
(2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-15-oxo-11-{[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy}-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-13-yl 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside
A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Haemophilus influenzae.
2,2-dimethyl-6beta-[(2R)-2-{[(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-phenylacetamido]penam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-{[(2R)-2-{[(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A macrolide antibiotic that is tylonolide having 6-deoxy-beta-D-allopyranosyl and beta-D-mycaminosyl residues attached to two of its hydroxy groups..
[(2R,3R,4E,6E,9R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-12-{[3,6-dideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy}-2-ethyl-14-hydroxy-5,9,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-11-(2-oxoethyl)oxacyclohexadeca-4,6-dien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-beta-D-allopyranoside
A twelve-membered macrolide antibiotic that is biosynthesised by Streptomyces venezuelae.
(3R,4S,5S,7R,9E,11S,12R)-12-ethyl-11-hydroxy-3,5,7,11-tetramethyl-2,8-dioxooxacyclododec-9-en-4-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
A macrolide antibiotic that is narbonolide having a 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residue attached at position 6. It is biosynthesised by Streptomyces venezuelae.
(3R,5R,6S,7S,9R,11E,13R,14R)-14-ethyl-3,5,7,9,13-pentamethyl-2,4,10-trioxooxacyclotetradec-11-en-6-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
(3R,4S,5S,7R,9E,11R,12S)-12-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,5,7,11-tetramethyl-2,8-dioxooxacyclododec-9-en-4-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
A macrolide antibiotic that is biosynthesised by Streptomyces venezuelae.
(3R,5R,6S,7S,9R,11E,13S,14R)-14-ethyl-13-hydroxy-3,5,7,9,13-pentamethyl-2,4,10-trioxooxacyclotetradec-11-en-6-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.
An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.
A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.
1-[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl 6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate
1-[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.
A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Phe, D-Phe, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail.
A macrolide antibiotic that is the 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexoside of 10-deoxymethynolide.
(3R,4S,5S,7R,9E,11R,12R)-12-ethyl-3,5,7,11-tetramethyl-2,8-dioxooxacyclododec-9-en-4-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It has been found in Lycopersicon esculentum
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is acetate where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.
A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)
A hexitol produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants.
An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of all three protons from the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of D-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of glutamate(1-).
An L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the both the carboxy groups of L-glutamic acid.
An aspartate(1-) that is the conjugate base of D-aspartic acid.
An aspartate(1-) that is the conjugate base of L-aspartic acid.
An aspartate(2-) that is the conjugate base of L-aspartate(1-).
An aspartate(2-) that is the conjugate base of D-aspartate(1-).
A C4-dicarboxylate that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of aspartic acid.
A member of the class of cinnamates that is the conjugate base of trans-sinapic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion resulting from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.
[methyl (3S,4S,13R,14R,21R)-9-acetyl-14-ethyl-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl)-13,14-dihydrophorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa4N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26)]magnesium
A phthalate that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid.
Bacterial polysaccharide derivatives of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate linked via phosphodiester bonds, whose main function is to fortify the cell wall. In some parasites, they serve as a site of attachment to mucosal membranes.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.
disodium tetrahydroxidodi-mu-peroxido-diborate--water (1/6)
disodium tetrahydroxidodi-mu-peroxido-diborate
The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.
5-[(3R)-1,2-dithiolan-3-yl]pentanoic acid
An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.
An alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
An alkane that is propane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
A cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide that is cobalamin with the oxidation state of the central cobalt atom unspecified.
A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.
An alpha-amino-acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
A derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentane with two carboxylic acid groups at positions C-1 and C-5.
A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.
An gamma-amino acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Dicarboxylate anion of D-glucaric acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A glucaric acid anion that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of glucaric acid.
A protochlorophyllide compound having vinyl substituents at the 2- and 4-positions.
Mg-2,4-Divinyl-phaeoporphyrin a5-monomethylester
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of oxalic acid.
A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.
An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.
A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.
A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.
The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.
An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.
A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.
A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.
A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic acid
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.
A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
A trihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are at positions 3, 4, and 5.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.
A C4-dicarboxylate that is the Z-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)
flavin adenine dinucleotide semiquinone radical
A monochlorobenzoic acid having the chloro group at the 2-position.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.
An optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration.
An optically active form of malic acid having (S)-configuration.
A phthalate that is the conjugate base of phthalic acid.
A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.
A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.
A C18, long straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid anion; and the conjugate base of oleic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of adipic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.
A furoic acid having the carboxylic acid group located at position 2.
7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione, ion(1-)
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.
A hexaric acid resulting from formal oxidative ring cleavage of galactose.
(2R,3S,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of indole-3-acetic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.
A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions substituted with a carboxy group.
1-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.
A glycerophosphocholine that consists of L-alpha-glycerophosphocholine carrying an unspecified alkyl substituent at position 1.
An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from selective deprotonation of the 1-carboxy group of 2-oxoglutaric acid.
A tartaric acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate.
A dideoxyhexose that is L-arabinohexose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by hydrogen.
A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol hydrochloride
2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine hydrochloride
3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-alpha-picoline hydrochloride
5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol hydrochloride
A C28, very long straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.
A very long straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion and the conjugate base of octacosanoic acid (montanic acid), arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A C30, very long straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.
A very long straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of melissic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A straight-chain alkane with 30 carbon atoms.
A 26-carbon, straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valeric acid; present in ester form as component of many steroid-based pharmaceuticals.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of lignoceric acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
The (13S)-diastereomer of 13-dihydrodaunorubicin.
(1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
An aminoglycoside antibiotic that is (1S,3S)-3-ethyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene having a 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl residue attached at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.
(1S,3S)-3-ethyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
An aminoglycoside antibiotic that is (1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene having a 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl residue attached at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.
(1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is hexanedioic acid containing a double bond between positions 2 and 3, an oxo group at position 4, and two chlorine atoms (at positions 2 and 5).
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid bearing an additional dimethylallyl substituent at position 3.
4-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzoic acid
(all-E)-3-(3,7,11,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaenyl)-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
all-trans-3-(3,7,11,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaenyl)-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
A carboxylic ester that is the carboxymethyl ester of indometacin. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and low back pain, as well as for postoperative pain and inflammation. Its activity is due to both acemetacin and its major metabolite, indometacin.
{2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetoxy}acetic acid
A hydrate that is the monohydrate of the sodium salt of amfenac.
sodium (2-amino-3-benzoylphenyl)acetate--water (1/1)
2-amino-3-benzoylbenzeneacetic acid, monosodium salt, monohydrate
sodium (2-amino-3-benzoylphenyl)acetate monohydrate
An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.
6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid trihydrate
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate
A glycerol phosphate that consists of a linear array of three glycerol units connected by phosphodiester linkages.
bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl bis[hydrogen (phosphate)]
A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at C-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.
bis(6abeta-aporphine-10,11-diol) dihydrochloride hydrate
(6aR)-5,6,6a,7-Tetrahydro-6-methyl-4H-dibenzo(de,g)chinolin-10,11-diol hydrochlorid
6abeta-Aporphine-10,11-diol hydrochloride hemihydrate
4-tert-butyl-N-[6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2,2'-bipyrimidin-4-yl]benzenesulfonamide hydrate
The hydrochloride salt of butenafine. An inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, it is used for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.
1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N-methyl-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)methanamine hydrochloride
(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N-methyl-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)methanaminium chloride
4-tert-butylbenzyl(methyl)(1-naphthalenemethyl)amine hydrochloride
N-(p-tert-butylbenzyl)-N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine hydrochloride
1,3,7-trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione hydrate
3,7-Dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione monohydrate
An organic calcium salt having glycerol 2-phosphate(2-) as the counterion.
calcium 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl phosphate
1,2,3-Propanetriol, mono(dihydrogen phosphate) calcium salt
1,2,3-Propanetriol, mono(dihydrogen phosphate), calcium salt
beta-glycerophosphoric acid calcium salt
A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted to its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.
(1-(5-Deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-carbamic acid pentyl ester
Pentyl [1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl]carbamate
pentyl 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarbamate
Carboxymethylcellulose cellulose carboxymethyl ether
A toxic anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Actinomadura carminata and also has potent antineoplastic activity.
(1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.
6'-methyl hydrogen 9'-Z-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioate
6'-methyl hydrogen 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioate
Methyl (9-cis)-hydrogen-6,6'-diapo-psi,psi-carotenedioate
A hydrochloride that is the monohydrate of the dihydrochloride salt of cefepime.
1-{[(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl}-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride hydrochloride--water (1/1)
7beta-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid chloride hydrochloride--water (1/1)
1-(((6R,7R)-7-(2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)glyoxylamido)-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-en-3- yl)methyl)-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride, 7(2)-(Z)-(O-methyloxime) monohydrochloride monohydrate
The pentahydrate of copper(2+) sulfate. A bright blue crystalline solid.
6beta-(1-aminocyclohexanecarboxamido)-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(1-aminocyclohexyl)carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6-(1-aminocyclohexanecarboxamido)penicillanic acid
6-(1-aminocyclohexylcarboxamido)penicillanic acid
The monohydrate form of doxapram hydrochloride. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.
4-[2-(1-ethyl-5-oxo-4,4-diphenylpyrrolidin-3-yl)ethyl]morpholin-4-ium chloride--water (1/1)
(+-+-)-1-ethyl-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone monohydrochloride monohydrate
1-ethyl-4-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidin-2-one hydrochloride hydrate
1-ethyl-4-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidin-2-one hydrochloride monohydrate
1-ethyl-4-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidin-2-one hydrochloride--water (1/1)
Any organic amino compound that is a derivative of ethylenediamine.
A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.
A mixture of the sulfates of substances produced by the growth of certain selected strains of Streptomyces fradiae, the main component being the sulfate of neomycin B.
[N,N-bis(2-{[(carboxy-kappaO)methyl][2-(methylamino)-2-(oxo-kappaO)ethyl]amino-kappaN}ethyl)glycinato(3-)-kappa(2)N,O]gadolinium--water (1/1)
gadolinium 5,8-bis(carboxylatomethyl)-11-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl]-3-oxo-2,5,8,11-tetraazatridecan-13-oate hydrate
gadolinium [bis(2-{(carboxylatomethyl)[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl]amino}ethyl)amino]acetate--water (1/1)
A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.
2,3-dihydroxypropyl 2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]benzoate
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl N-(7-chloro-4-quinolyl) anthranilate
4-((2-Carboxyphenyl)amino)-7-chloroquinoline alpha-monoglyceride
A macrolide antibiotic produced by certain strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus.
leucomycin V 3-acetate 4(B)-(3-methylbutanoate)
leucomycin V 3-acetate 4(beta)-(3-methylbutanoate)
leucomycin V 3-acetate 4B-(3-methylbutanoate)
A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces kitasatoensis, showing activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of loxoprofen sodium. The parent acid, loxoprofen, is a prodrug that is rapidly converted to its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.
sodium 2-{4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl}propanoate--water (1/2)
Sodium 2-(4-(2-oxocyclopentylmethyl)phenyl)propionate dihydrate
alpha-Methyl-4-((2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl)benzeneacetate sodium salt dihydrate
A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.
1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione--water (1/1)
1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione monohydrate
A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.
An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.
9-fluoro-8-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.
3,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide
4,4'-(3H-2,1-benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bisphenol S,S-dioxide
alpha-hydroxy-alpha,alpha-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-o-toluenesulfonic acid gamma-sultone
A beta-D-glucopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.
An alpha-D-glucopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.
A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions
A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.
An organic potassium salt having 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Commonly used as an expectorant.
potassium 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene-1-sulfonate
4-Hydroxy-3-methyoxybenzenesulfonic acid, potassium salt
Monopotassium 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenesulfonate
Monopotassium 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenesulphonate
potassium 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenesulfonate
A minor geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate--water (1/2)
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt dihydrate
An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion.
thiosulfuric acid, disodium salt, pentahydrate
A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.
A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.
A class of cyclodepsipeptides which are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Composed from nine nonribosomally synthesised amino acids bonded to a fatty acid hydrocarbon tail.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of tiotropium bromide. Used for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
(1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane bromide--water (1/1)
6beta,7beta-Epoxy-3beta-hydroxy-8-methyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropanium bromide, di-2-thienylglycolate
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.
2-[(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)amino]benzoic acid
N-(2-Methyl-3-chlorophenyl)anthranilic acid
N-(3-Chloro-2-methylphenyl)anthranilic acid
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of triprolidine hydrochloride. A sedating antihistamine, it is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.
2-[(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl]pyridine hydrochloride--water (1/1)
1-[(2E)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-yl]pyrrolidinium chloride--water (1/1)
A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of zinc sulfate.
The hydrochloride hydrate salt of ziprasidone.
5-{2-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one hydrochloride hydrate
A monosaccharide derivative that is the carboxamide of beta-D-glucuronic acid
A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3.
(2E)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(2E)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
(E)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of nonanoic acid that in methyl ester form has significant nematicidal activity.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of heptanoic acid; shown in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion studies to increase levels of C4 Kreb's cycle intermediates.
A C17 saturated fatty acid and trace component of fats in ruminants.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of margaric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.
A coumarate that is the conjugate base of 4-coumaric acid.
(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
A hydroxy fatty acid anion and the conjugate base of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A neoxanthin in which all of the double bonds have trans geometry.
An aldehydo-paratose that has D-configuration.
A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.
A glycosylfructose isolated from Daphnia magna.
A pyridinemonocarboxylate that is the conjugate base of nicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
sulfuric acid, calcium salt (1:1), dihydrate
sulfuric acid, calcium(2+) salt, dihydrate
A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.
A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.
(1Z)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
(1E)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a methyl group.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is the enol-form of phenylpyruvic acid, consisting of acrylic acid having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a phenyl group at the 3-position.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.
5-acetamido-4-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-beta-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group.
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc.
A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.
A straight-chain alkane carrying 18 carbon atoms.
A straight-chain alkane with 19 carbon atoms. It has been found as a component of essential oils isolated from Artemisia armeniaca.
An alkane that has 21 carbons and a straight-chain structure. It has been isolated from plants like Periploca laevigata and Carthamus tinctorius.
A straight chain alkane containing 23 carbon atoms.
A straight-chain alkane containing 24 carbon atoms.
An alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 25 carbon atoms.
A straight-chain alkane comprising of 26 carbon atoms.
A straight-chain alkane with 27 carbon atoms.
A straight-chain alkane containing 28 carbon atoms.
2-hydroxy-3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propane-1-sulfonic acid
N-(hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid
beta-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid
beta-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-propanesulphonic acid
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.
Any monoacylglycerol phosphate obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid or derivatives therein.
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
(2R)-{(3S)-3-[(2E)-2-(hydroxyimino)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2-oxoazetidin-1-yl}(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the phosphate OH groups in diphosphoric acid.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from diphosphoric acid.
An oxopentanoic acid carrying an oxo group at position 2.
A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.
An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.
The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.
3-hydroxytrisulfane-1-sulfonate 3,3-dioxide
The calcium salt of (2xi)-D-gluco-heptonic acid. It is used as a calcium supplement for treatment of hypocalcaemia.
calcium bis[(2xi)-D-glycero-D-gulo-heptonate]
calcium bis[(2xi)-D-glycero-D-ido-heptonate]
calcium bis[(3R,4S,5R,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanoate]
A medium-chain fatty acid anion and the conjugate base of obtusilic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A medium-chain, unsaturated, straight-chain fatty acid anion and the conjugate base of dec-9-enoic acid (caproleic acid), arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.
A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of potassium cations and cyanide anions.
A C4-dicarboxylate obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-L-aspartic acid.
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
A terminal acetylenic compound that is a 3-carbon, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid having one acetylenic bond.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom.
An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons.
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium chloride
3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.
A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in phosphonic acid.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in diphosphoniic acid.
A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.
(23E,25E,27E,29E,31E,33E,35E)-22-[(3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-38-[7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl]-10,12,14,18,20-pentahydroxy-37-methyl-2,4,8,16-tetraoxooxacyclooctatriaconta-23,25,27,29,31,33,35-heptaene-19-carboxylic acid
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.
Dioxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldoses by replacement of two secondary CHOH groups by carbonyl groups.
A trionic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of a proton from H2TeO3
An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.
An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.
Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an aryl group.
An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any alpha-amino acid.
Any member of class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar part acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol part may be absent.
Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.
Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are meta to one another.
A polyol that contains 4 hydroxy groups.
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a 3-p-mentha-1,8-dien-3-yl (limonene) group.
2,4-dihydroxy-3-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-6-pentylbenzoic acid
3-p-Mentha-1,8-dien-3-yl-6-pentyl-beta-resorcylic acid
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.
A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A compound having one atom as the only common member of two rings.
An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria red in smears to contrast with the blue Gram positive organisms.
3,7-diamino-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride
3,7-Diamino-5-phenylphenazinium chloride
A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.
A molecule that features two fused rings.
A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two, and only two, atoms in common. Such compounds have n common faces and 2n common atoms.
A polycyclic compound having the shape of a cage.
Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bond.
Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.
An aliphatic compound having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.
Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
A mancude monocyclic hydrocarbon without side chains of the general formula CnHn (n is an even number) or CnHn+1 (n is an odd number). In systematic nomenclature an annulene with seven or more carbon atoms may be named [n]annulene, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an f-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid.
A cation consisting of more than one atom.
An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.
A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
Any aldonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of an aldohexose to a carboxylic acid group.
A hexonic acid derivative that is formally obtained from gluconic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid.
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
Alkenols; the term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR'=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R' = H) or ketones (R' =/= H).
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion.
An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.
(2R,3S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl acetate
1,4,5-Trideoxy-1,4-imino-5-(p-methoxyphenyl)-D-xylo-pentitol 3-acetate
2-(p-Methoxybenzyl)-3,4-pyrrolidinediol 3-acetate
2-(carbamoyloxy)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
(2-Carbamoyloxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride carbamate
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride carbamate
2-((Aminocarbonyl)oxy)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
2-((Aminocarbonyl)oxy)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminum chloride
Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.
Any aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic moiety.
Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.
Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.
An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.
transition element coordination entities
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of glyceric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.
A seven-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldoheptose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketoheptose).
A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C- groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking alpha positions.
A pentose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
A heptose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.
6beta-(2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido)-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[carboxy(phenyl)acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
N-(2-carboxy-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)hept-6-yl)-2-phenylmalonamic acid
Any aldopentose where the open-chain form has all the hydroxy groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. Occurrs in two enantiomeric forms, D- and L-ribose, of which only the former is found in nature.
A threose where the keto group is at the 2-position with the hydroxy groups at the 3- and 4-positions having threo-stereochemistry.
A heptose with a (potential) ketone group at the 2-position.
The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.
(2S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydrazinyl-2-methylpropanoic acid--water (1/1)
(-)-L-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic acid monohydrate
(2S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydrazinyl-2-methylpropanoic acid hydrate
(2S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydrazinyl-2-methylpropanoic acid monohydrate
(alphaS)-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylbenzenepropanoic acid monohydrate
L-alpha-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-alpha-hydrazinopropionic acid monohydrate
A ketohexose that is the C-3 epimer of fructose.
A ketohexose used as a functional sweetener.
Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.
A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.
1-Hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho-sn-glycerol 3'-phosphate
1-hexadecanoyl-2-[(Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phospho-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
(7R,17Z)-4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-9-oxo-7-{[(1Z)-tetradec-1-en-1-yloxy]methyl}-3,5,8-trioxa-4-phosphahexacos-17-en-1-aminium 4-oxide
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl and alkyl groups are specified as oleoyl and hexadecyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
2,2-dimethyl-6beta-[(3-oxo-3-phenoxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)amino]penam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(3-oxo-3-phenoxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A member of the class of rifamycins that is rifamycin SV lacking the O-methyl group at position 27.
A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a formyl group.
A member of the class of 3-nitrophenols that is phenol in which one of the hydrogens that is meta to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.
A family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. The name is derived from a common name of red algae Chondrus crispus, "carrageen moss" (Irish moss).
A member of the class of naphthols that is 2-naphthol carrying an additional bromo substituent at position 6.
(2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-15-oxo-11-{[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy}-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-13-yl 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside dihydrate
A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.
(6R,7R)-3-(acetoxymethyl)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
3-acetoxymethyl-7beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
7-(2-D-alpha-Aminophenylacetamido)cephalosporanic acid
7-(D-2-Amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3-acetoxymethyl-delta(sup3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
7-(D-alpha-Aminophenyl-acetamido)cephalosporanic acid
The dihydrate of ceftibuten. It is used as an orally administered treatment for urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid--water (1/2)
7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid--water(1/2)
(6R,7R)-7-[[(Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-5-hydroxy-5-oxopent-2-enoyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid dihydrate
A mixture where R = H or Me. Colistin in which each of the primary amino groups is converted to the corresponding aminomethanesulfonic acid sodium salt, commonly by the action of formaldehyde followed by sodium bisulfite. A polymyxin antibiotic derivative, it is used in the treatment of severe infections, particularly of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.
An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.
disodium 3,3'-(biphenyl-4,4'-diyldidiazene-2,1-diyl)bis(4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonate)
Sodium diphenyldiazo-bis-alpha-naphthylaminesulfonate
disodium 3,3'-((1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diylbis(azo))bis(4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulphonate)
A polymer composed of repeating (1->6)-alpha-linked anhydroglucose sulfate units.
The hemiethanolate hemihydrate of doxycycline hydrochloride. A semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, it is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult periodontitis.
(1S,4aS,11R,11aR,12S,12aR)-3-carbamoyl-2,4a,5,7,12-pentahydroxy-N,N,11-trimethyl-4,6-dioxo-1,4,4a,6,11,11a,12,12a-octahydrotetracen-1-aminium chloride--ethanol--water (2/1/1)
6-deoxy-5-hydroxytetracycline hydrochloride hemihydrate
doxycycline hydrochloride hemiethanolate hemihydrate
O-ethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phenylphosphonothioate
O-ethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl)phenylphosphonothioate
O-ethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) phenylphosphonothioate
O-ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate
O-ethyl phenylphosphonothioic acid O-(4-nitrophenyl) ester
ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethionophosphonate
An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3-chloro-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3-chloro-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
3-Chloro-7-D-(2-phenylglycinamido)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.
7beta-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3-methyl-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.
7beta-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido]-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-(R)-Mandelamido-3-(((1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
An 11,12-methyleneoctadecanoic acid having (11R,12S)-configuration.
10-[(1R,2S)-2-hexylcyclopropyl]decanoic acid
(1R,2S)-2-hexylcyclopropanedecanoic acid
sodium 6beta-(2,6-dimethoxybenzamido)-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate--water (1/1)
sodium (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate hydrate
sodium 6beta-(2,6-dimethoxybenzamido)penicillanate hydrate
A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetamido]-3-ethenyl-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{2-(2-Amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino}-8-oxo-3-vinyl-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R,Z)-7-(2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetamido)-8-oxo-3-vinyl-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.
A cephalosporin antibiotic containg an N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl side-chain at C-3 of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.
6beta-{[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetamido}-6alpha-methoxy-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7S)-7-({[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino)-7-methoxy-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.
6beta-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido]-3-({[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-8-oxo-3-({[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-{[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-{[(2R)-2-{[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3-[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-[[2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.
(6R,7R)-7-({[2-(aminomethyl)phenyl]acetyl}amino)-3-({[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-[[2-[2-(aminomethyl)phenyl]acetyl]amino]-3-[[1-(carboxymethyl)tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7-[O-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido]-3-[[[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]methyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
7beta-[2-(aminomethyl)phenyl]acetamido-3-{[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
The monohydrate form of (S)-ropivacaine hydrochloride.
(2S)-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoyl]-1-propylpiperidinium chloride--water(1/1)
(2S)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-propylpiperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride--water (1/1)
(S)-(-)-1-propyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidine hydrochloride monohydrate
(S)-(-)-1-propylpiperidine-2-carboxylic acid (2,6-dimethylphenyl)amide hydrochloride monohydrate
(S)-ropivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate
L-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-propyl-2-piperidinocarboxamide hydrochloride monohydrate
An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.
[(3aS,4R,10aS)-10,10-dihydroxy-2,6-diiminooctahydro-1H,8H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]purin-4-yl]methyl carbamate
sodium 2,2-dimethyl-6beta-({[5-methyl-3-(2-chlorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)penam-3alpha-carboxylate hydrate
A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.
(6R,7S)-7-({[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7-methoxy-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-({[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-7alpha-methoxy-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7S)-7-(4-(carbamoylcarboxymethylene)-1,3-dithiethane-2-carboxamido)-7-methoxy-3-(((1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5- yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2- carboxylic acid
A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.
A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group.
A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with methoxymethyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamino substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Given by mouth as its proxetil ester prodrug, it is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-(methoxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-3-(methoxymethyl)-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.
1-{[(propan-2-yloxy)carbonyl]oxy}ethyl (6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-(methoxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate
1-{[(propan-2-yloxy)carbonyl]oxy}ethyl 7beta-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-3-(methoxymethyl)-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylate
(RS)-1-((isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy)ethyl (+)-(6R,7R)-7-(2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-((Z)-methoxyimino)acetamido)-3-(methoxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate
cefpodoxime 1-(isopropyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl ester
A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.
A cephalosporin bearing pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and {[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.
A hydrate that is the pentahydrate of ceftazidime, a cephalosporin having 7beta-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino and 3-pyridinium-1-ylmethyl side-groups.
7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino}-3-(pyridinium-1-ylmethyl)-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylate--water (1/5)
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-3-(pyridinium-1-ylmethyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate pentahydrate
A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(+)-(6R,7R)-7-((Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-4-carboxycrotonamido)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.
A protein in which iron is coordinated with cysteine sulfur and also with inorganic sulfur.
Conjugated proteins containing heme as the prosthetic group.
Ceftriaxone disodium salt hemiheptahydrate
Any of the family of hemoglobin-like proteins first identified in root nodules of leguminous plants.
A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.
3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7beta-[(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-{[(2Z)-2-furan-2-yl-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.
An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion in which the oxo group is located at the 2-position.
A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].
A depsipeptide in which the amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues are connected in a ring.
Any substance or mixture of substances that, in solution (typically aqueous), resists change in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base.
A dextrin of varying length (two or more glucose monomers) resulting from cellulolysis, the breakdown of cellulose.
A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
Ammonium, NH4(+), and derivatives formed by substitution by univalent groups.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.
Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.
An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.
Neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an onium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.
Any neutral molecule having charge-separated forms with a quaternary ammonium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.
The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.
A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A neoxanthin in which all of the double bonds have trans geometry except for that at the 9' position, which is cis.
The (S)-enantiomer of 1-phenylethanamine.
The (R)-enantiomer of 1-phenylethanamine.
A carotenol isolated from the white tuna, or albacore tuna (Thunnus albacares).
A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing four oxo substituents at positions 2, 2', 4 and 4'.
A carotenoid ether that is (3E,3'E)-1,1'-dihydroxy-3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro-1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene in which both hydroxyl hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.
The cartenoid ether that is the methyl ether of 3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-caroten-1-ol.
A carotenol having the structure of 1,2-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene with a hydroxy function at C-1.
A carotenol that consists of 1,2-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 20.
An epoxycarotenol that consists of 5,6,5',8'-tetrahydro-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol having epoxy groups at the 5,6- and 5',8'-positions.
An epoxycarotenol that consists of 5,6,5',8'-tetrahydro-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol having epoxy groups at the 5,8- and 5',8'-positions.
A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.
7beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-3-methyl-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7-(D-alpha-Aminophenylacetamido)desacetoxycephalosporanic acid
7-beta-(D-alpha-Amino-alpha-phenylacetylamino)-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene, so may be considered as triterpenoids.
A sterol in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has beta- configuration.
A hydrate of cephalexin consisting of equimolar amounts of hydrate and cephalexin.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid--water (1/1)
7beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-3-methyl-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid--water (1/1)
7-(D-alpha-amino-alpha-phenylacetamido)-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups.
An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.
Compounds having the structure RC(=NR)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the -C(=NH)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax.
A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.
7-((2-Thienyl)acetamido)-3-(1-pyridylmethyl)cephalosporanic acid
Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of galactaric acid.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of aspartic acid.
A 3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate that is the conjugate base of tartaric acid.
hydrogen (2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
A primary diamine is a compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing two hydrogen atoms by amino groups.
A primary diamine that is ethane or a higher alkane in which a hydrogen of each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by an amino group. H2NCH2(CH2)nCH2NH2, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc.
A ketoaldonate that is the conjugate base of N-acetylneuraminic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
One of three naturally occurring cephamycin antibiotics, differing from the A and B forms in its carbamoyloxymethyl substituent at C-3.
3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7alpha-methoxy-7beta-[(5R)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanamido]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
7-[(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)amino]-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-methoxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7S)-3-[[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]methyl]-7alpha-[[(R)-5-amino-5-carboxy-1-oxopentyl]amino]-7-methoxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
sodium (6R,7R)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-8-oxo-7-{[(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetyl]amino}-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate
monosodium (6R,7R)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-8-oxo-7-(2-(4-pyridylthio)acetamido)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate acetate
sodium 7-(pyrid-4-ylthioacetamido)cephalosporanate
A cephalosporin with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.
7beta-[(2R)-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)-2-phenylacetamido]-3-methyl-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-((R)-2-Amino-2-(1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl)acetamido)-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate) 1-oxide
Compounds of structure RSSR in which R and R' are organic groups.
(2S,2'S)-3,3'-disulfanediylbis(2-aminopropanoic acid)
(2S,2'S)-3,3'-dithiobis(2-aminopropanoic acid)
Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.
An addition compound that contains water in weak chemical combination with another compound.
A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetyl]amino}-3-[({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido-3-[({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-[2-(2-Amino-thiazol-4-yl)-acetylamino]-3-[1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-ylsulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heteromonocyclic parents
Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds.
mancude-ring organic heterobicyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heterocyclic parents
A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.
Either of two isomeric forms comprising a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring.
A heterobicyclic aromatic organic compound comprising a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring; the parent compound of the purines.
A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOy(n-) for some integers x, y and n.
An inorganic sodium salt of formula Na3VO4 containing the tetrahedral VO4(3-)
A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.
Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having L-configuration.
An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.
A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
potassium pentachloridonitridoosmate(2-)
potassium pentachloridonitridoosmate(VI)
potassium pentachloro(nitrido)osmate(2-)
1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride--water (1/1)
1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride monohydrate
A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
A member of the class of naphthols carrying a single hydroxy substituent at C-1 or C-2. A closed class.
Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.
A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains four N atoms and one C atom.
Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
Any dicarboxylic acid anion that is a monoanion obtained by the deprotonation of only one of the carboxy groups of the dicarboxylic acid.
A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
A compound having a nitro group, -NO2 (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C-nitro compounds are usually implied).
A nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.
An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce.
H2NS(=O)2OH (sulfamic acid) and its N-hydrocarbyl derivatives.
A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.
1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.
Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached.
An oxoacid containing four carboxy groups.
Any fatty acid containing a ring composed of carbon atoms.
A carboxylic ester in which the carboxylic acid component can be any fatty acid.
Any anion of a tricarboxylic acid formed by deprotonation of at least one carboxy group.
Any anion of a tetracarboxylic acid formed by deprotonation of one or more carboxy groups.
A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid.
Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.
An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.
Compounds having the nitroso group, -NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.
A tricarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of citric acid, obtained by deprotonation of one of the three carboxy groups.
A tricarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of two of the three carboxy groups of citric acid.
An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.
Any fatty acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents; a common component in animal and bacterial lipids. The fatty acyl chain is usually saturated and the substituent a methyl group; however, unsaturated BCFAs are found in marine animals, and branches other than methyl are found in microbial lipids.
An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).
Any alpha-amino acid ester that has L-valine as the amino acid component.
Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent.
Any monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.
That isomer of butenoic acid having the double bond at position C-3.
The conjugate base of crotonic acid; used by some bacterial species as a carbon and energy source.
A butenoate having the double bond at the 3-position.
Any carboxylic acid anion containing at least one oxo group.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of glutaric acid.
Any monocarboxylic acid having a 2-oxo substituent.
A steroid ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of a sterol.
A monosubstitution product of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.
Monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide HOOH, having the skeleton ROOH, in which R is any organyl group.
A pentenoate having the double bond at the 4-position.
A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.
A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 2.
A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.
A pentadienoic acid with the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that has a hydroxy group beta to the carboxy group.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid which has hydroxy group located gamma to the carboxy group.
An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion having the oxo group located at the 3-position (R = H or organyl group).
Any amino acid carrying two amino groups.
Compound comprising a beta-lactam ring fused to a saturated 5-membered ring containing one sulfur atom.
Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-one structure, generally assumed to have the 5R configuration unless otherwise specified.
An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of (6R)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane bearing an 8-keto substituent. The parent of the class of cephams.
An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of (5R)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene bearing a 7-keto substituent. The parent of the class of penems.
Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octan-8-one nucleus; generally assumed to have the 6R configuration, unless otherwise specified.
An organosulfur heterocyclic compound that contains a beta-lactam ring.
A straight chain alkane containing 13 carbon atoms. It forms a component of the essential oils isolated from plants such as Abelmoschus esculentus.
Any C17 straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid having one C=C double bond.
A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.
A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.
A chloroalkane that is ethane in which one or more of the hydrogens is replaced by chlorine.
A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2.
An octadecenoic acid with a double bond at C-9.
A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.
A short-chain, saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of any pentenoic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A 20-carbon, polyunsaturated fatty acid having four double bonds at unspecified positions.
Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids.
A monocarboxylic acid that consists of a furan ring having a single carboxylic acid group on any ring position and derivatives thereof.
Any monocarboxylic acid anion carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.
A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome.
A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of dihydroxybenzoic acid.
A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.
A monocarboxylic acid that consists of cyclohexane substituted by a carboxy group.
A cyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.
Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).
Any dicarboxylic acid carrying one or more oxo groups.
A metal--protoporphyrin coordination complex.
A carboxylic ester resulting from the esterification of one or both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. (Succinate ester in which only one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid has been esterified are known as hemisuccinates.)
A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.
A glycosylglucose consisting of galactose and glucose units linked through a 1-6 glycosidic linkage.
A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.
A dihydroxybenzoate having the two hydroxy groups located at the 3- and 4-positions.
A glycine or taurine amide of a bile acid.
A but-2-enoic acid having a cis- double bond at C-2.
A but-2-enoate having a cis- double bond at C-2.
An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid
sodium N-(3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl)glycinate
sodium 2-[(3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-yl)amino]ethanesulfonate
A hydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It exists in cis and trans forms; the latter is the more common.
3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of a proton from telluric acid.
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of orthotelluric acid where one of the six OH groups has been deprotonated.
The glycerol phosphate ester of a phosphocholine. A nutrient with many different roles in human health.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
Glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group. It has antifungal and antibacterial properties, and is used for treatment of cutaneous and vaginal infections. Its 1-carbamate is used as a skeletal muscle relaxant for the treatment of painful muscle spasm.
The (Z)-isomer of 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid. It is found in plant species of the family Apiaceae.
A branched-chain fatty acid consisting of 2-butenoic acid having a methyl group at position 2.
An aromatic amino-acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of N-methylanthranilic acid.
The conjugate base of 3-hydroxy-4-methylanthranilic acid.
A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.
A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
Any terpenoid derived from a triterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C30 skeleton of the parent triterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
A hydroxybenzoate that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 6-methylsalicylic acid.
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond.
A carboxylic acid containing at least one chloro group.
A compound consisting of an acyl group bonded to chlorine.
Any compound having phosphocholine as part of its structure.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which unspecified alkyl and acyl groups are located at positions 1 and 2 respectively.
2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaines
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the 2-O-acyl group is specified as acetyl; a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.
2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine zwitterion
A bilin that consists of 3,18-diethyl-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19,22,24-tetrahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid bearing two oxo substituents at positions 1 and 19.
3,18-diethyl-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-1,19,22,24-tetrahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid
3,18-diethyl-1,19,22,24-tetrahydro-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid
A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.
A sesquiterpene that is dodecane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 10.
A triterpenoid compound arising from loss of part of the carotene skeleton.
A bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.
Compounds containing a tetralin skeleton.
A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base.
Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.
Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3.
A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the alpha-position.
A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the beta-position.
A radical that carries an electric charge.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of mesaconic acid.
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphate
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
A ribonucleoside monophosphate in which the phosphate group is at the ribosyl 3-position.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 3'-monophosphate
8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate
A hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside tetraphosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside tetraphosphate
purine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate
A methylbutyric acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a 2-methyl substituent. Produced from amino acid leucine during nutrient starvation in bacteria.
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of octanoic acid carrying a 7-methyl group.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is but-2-enoic acid bearing a methyl substituent at position 3.
A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.
An organoiodine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-iodine bond.
An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
A member of the class of benzenes that is benzene substituted by at least one bromo group.
A hydrogen butenedioate obtained by deprotonation of one of the carboxy groups of fumaric acid.
A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues.
Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
Polysaccharides composed of galactose residues.
Polysaccharides composed of xylose residues.
A polyol that contains 6 hydroxy groups.
An acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate that has the acyl group located at position 2 with an additional alkyl substituent at position 1.
The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.
The (E)-isomer of penta-2,4-dienoic acid.
A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.
9-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1-oxo-1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-yl 3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside
A C14, long-chain hydroxy fatty acid and enantiomer of the biologically active (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid.
Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid.
A glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. The protein is glycosylated by one or more (up to about 100) glycosaminoglycans.
Any of a class of 10--60 kDa glycosaminoglycan sulfates, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues.
Any ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a ring.
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.
A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.
methyl 7-chloro-6,7,8-trideoxy-6-({[(2S,4R)-1-methyl-4-propylpyrrolidin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1-thio-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside
Methyl 7-chloro-6,7,8-trideoxy-6-(1-methyl-trans-4-propyl-L-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamido)-1-thio-L-threo-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside
Any form of tagatose that has L-configuration.
Derivatives of diazene with the general structure R-N=N-R'.
An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with phenol.
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.
A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring.
Hydrocarbons (and by extension, derivatives formed by substitution) having two double bonds from one carbon atom to two others.
The compound of monopotassium clorazepate with potassium hydroxide. It is used for the management of anxiety disorders, for the short-term relief of anxiety, as adjunctive therapy in the management of epilepsy, and for the symptomatic relief of acute alcohol withdrawal.
dipotassium 7-chloro-2-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate hydroxide
A L-galactopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
A L-glucopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A L-glucopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 2'-monophosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 2'-monophosphate
The erythro-isomer of 2,3,4-trihydroxybutanoic acid.
rel-(2R,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanoic acid
An erythronic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 2 and 3 both have R-configuration (the D-enantiomer).
A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.
A L-mannopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A L-mannopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
An aldohexose that is the C-2 epimer of glucose.
A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.
4-amino-N-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide - 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (1:1)
Sulfamethoxazole mixture with trimethoprim
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination
An aldohexose that is the C-2 epimer of galactose.
A fructopyranose having D-configuration.
A fructofuranose that has D configuration.
A L-fructofuranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A L-fructopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A L-fructopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A phosphonic acid derivative in which one or both OH groups have been esterified.
Any glycerolipid having a phosphate group ester-linked to a terminal carbon of the glycerol backbone.
Organic derivatives of sulfinic acid in which the sulfino group is linked directly to carbon.
An organosulfonic acid containing one or more amino groups.
A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.
2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.
A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.
A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eight carbon atoms.
A glycol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms of an unbranched saturated chain of eight carbon atoms.
(5R)-9-fluoro-8-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
(5S)-9-fluoro-8-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
Any coumarin carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.
An amino cyclitol glycoside that is L-chiro-inositol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1, 4, and 6 are replaced by aminoacetyl)methylamino, amino, and methoxy groups, respectively, and in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is converted to the corresponding 2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-beta-L-lyxo-heptopyranoside. The major component of fortimicin, obtained from Micromonospora olivasterospora. It is administered (as the sulfate salt) by intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion for the treatment of severe systemic infections due to sensitive Gram-negative organisms.
A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Any carbohydrate sulfate that is a polysaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent.
A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-alpha-D-erythro-hexopyranoside
A spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle.
Cyanine dyes are synthetic dyes with the general formula R2N[CH=CH]nCH=N(+)R2 <-> R2N(+)=CH[CH=CH]nNR2 (n is a small number) in which the nitrogen and part of the conjugated chain usually form part of a heterocyclic system, such as imidazole, pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline and thiazole.
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R)-3-(6-acetamido-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,6-diamino-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings.
A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.
An ester of malonic acid; any compound containing a malonate ester skeleton.
An intramolecular cyclic ester of a hydroxy sulfonic acid, analogous to lactone.
Any steroid saponin that consists of a spirostan and its substituted derivatives as the aglycone moiety.
An organosulfonic ester resulting from the formal condensation of an arenesulfonic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol, enol, phenol or heteroarenol.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
Cyclic hemiacetals formed by intramolecular addition of a hydroxy group to an aldehydic or ketonic carbonyl group. They are thus 1-oxacycloalkan-2-ols or unsaturated analogues.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid. A 'closed class'.
A hydroxypyridine carrying a single hydroxy substituent.
A pyridinemonocarboxylate resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of picolinic acid.
Any member of the class of pyridines carrying a hydroxymethyl substituent at unspecified position.
Chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria.
Chlorophylls lacking the terpenoid side chain such as phytyl or farnesyl.
Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.
Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.
An alpha-amino acid that is butanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.
A branched chain amino acid that consists of 3-methylpentanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
A compound containing at least one carbon-boron bond.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.
Any member of the class of imidazoles in which the imidazole ring is substituted by one (or more) carboxy group(s).
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).
A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.
A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.
A pent-3-enoic acid in trans- configuration.
A pent-3-enoic acid in cis- configuration.
A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 3.
An N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.
4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside
4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide
saturated organic heterobicyclic parents
Any member of the class of indolones whose structure is based on an oxindole (2-indolone) skeleton.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of an imidazolyl carboxylic acid.
Compounds having the structure R2C=NNR2, formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =NNH2 (or substituted analogues).
Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying two fluorine atoms.
A dimethylbutyric acid in which both methyl substituents are at C3; used as an intermediate in the synthesis of medicines and agricultural chemicals.
Any compound comprising a butyric acid skeleton carrying two methyl components.
A branched-chain fatty acid and metabolite of the lactone prodrug simvastatin, whose sodium salt is potentially useful for the treatment of thalassaemias and haemoglobinopathies.
A branched C4 short-chain fatty acid carrying two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 3. The methyl group at the 2-position confers chirality, hence the compound has two possible enantiomers.
The (S)-enantiomer of 2,3-dimethylbutyric acid.
A methyl-branched fatty acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a single methyl substituent.
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-methylbutanoic acid.
Any organochlorine compound that has been used as a pesticide.
Any flavonoid with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A C-nitro compound in which the nitro group is attached at C-4 of m-cresol.
O-ethyl S-(butan-2-yl) (2-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)phosphonothioate
S-sec-butyl O-ethyl (2-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)phosphonothioate
propan-2-yl 2-{[amino(methoxy)phosphorothioyl]oxy}benzoate
Isopropyl 2-((aminomethoxyphosphinothioyl)oxy)benzoate
O-Methylphosphoramidothioate, O-ester with isopropyl salicylate
isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothiophosphoryl)salicylate
Any polyamine that contained three amino groups.
Any compound containing morpholine as part of its structure.
A member of the class of benzofurans consisting of a 1-benzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.
A hydrate that is the octahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.
sodium 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxybicyclo[3.3.1]tetraboroxane-1,5-diide--water (1/8)
sodium 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxybicyclo[3.3.1]tetraboroxane-1,5-diide
An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.
A monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.
A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.
Any member of a collection of zwitterionic buffer substances selected or devised for suitability in experimental biological systems according to a number of predetermined criteria. Named after Dr. Norman Good.
A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.
An oxygen molecular entity that acts as an excellent buffer for many biological systems at near-neutral pH.
A member of the class of MOPS that is morpholine substituted by a 3-sulfonatopropyl group at the nitrogen atom.
Any sulfur oxoacid derivative derived from sulfurous acid.
Any magnesium ion that is positively charged.
A member of the class of oxopentanoates that is the conjugate base of 4-oxopentanoic acid.
Any chlorocycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by at least one chlorine group.
A chlorohydrocarbon that is any cycloalkane substituted by at least one chloro group.
Any polyamine that contains four amino groups.
A 20-carbon dicarboxylic acid which is a diterpenoid and natural carotenoid. Found in the crocus flower, it has been administered as an anti-fatigue dietary supplement.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a phenazine skeleton and derivatives.
A family of macrolide natural products produced by the soil microorganism Saccharopolyspora spinosa.
A two-component mixture comprising spinosyn A and spinosyn D in a ratio of approximately 5:1. Obtained from the fermentation of the naturally occurring soil dwelling bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, it is used for the topical treatment of head lice.
Mixture of 80% avermectin B1a and 20% avermectin B1b.
Mixture of 70% of milbemycin A4 and 30% of milbemycin A3.
Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.
A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane in which all the hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.
A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).
(4''R)- 4''-deoxy-4''-(methylamino)avermectin B1
4''-epi-methylamino-4''-deoxyavermectin B1
(4''R)-4''-deoxy-4''-(methylamino)avermectin B1 benzoate
A trehalose in which one of the glucose residues has alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon, while the other has alpha-configuration.
beta-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
A trehalose in which both glucose residues have beta-configuration at the anomeric carbon.
beta-D-glucopyranosyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
A C19 straight-chain fatty acid of plant or bacterial origin. An intermediate in the biodegradation of n-icosane, it has been shown to inhibit cancer growth.
A long-chain fatty acid that is henicosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to give the corresponding carboxylic acid.
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising tetradecanoic (myristic) acid substituted at position 13 by a methyl group.
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising tetradecanoic acid carrying a 12-methyl substituent.
A haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms.
trisodium (OC-6-11)-hexafluoroaluminate(3-)
A mineral originally discovered in Greenland (first described 1799). The name is derived from the Greek kapparhoupsilonomicronsigma (frost) and lambdaiotathetaomicronsigma (stone).
A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.
A cysteine thioether that is the S-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-yl) derivative of L-cysteine. It is a major component of the urine of the domestic cat.
(2R)-2-amino-3-[(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-yl)sulfanyl]propanoic acid
Any compound with a 1,2,4-triazine skeleton, in which nitrogen atoms replace carbon at positions 1, 2 and 4 of the core benzene ring structure.
Any saturated fatty acid with a carbon side-chain or isopropyl termination.
Any saturated fatty acid lacking a side-chain.
Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
Any azaalkane in which two or more carbons in the chain are replaced by nitrogen.
A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.
The hydroxypolyether that is tetratriacontaethylene glycol in which one of the hydroxy groups is substituted by methoxy.
tetratriacontaethylene glycol monomethyl ether
A benzyl ether that consists of acyclouridine bearing a 3-(benzyloxy)benzyl substituent at position 5.
An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.
2',4'-difluoro-4-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid
2',4'-difluoro-4-hydroxy-3-biphenylcarboxylic acid
2-(hydroxy)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)benzoic acid
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5.
A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).
A nucleoside pentaphosphate that is adenosine in which a hexahydrogen pentaphosphate is attached at the 5' position.
adenosine 5'-(hexahydrogen pentaphosphate)
An organofluorine compound that is uridine bearing a fluoro substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.
N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide hydrate
N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide--water (1/1)
(+-)-2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide monohydrate
(Bis(chloro-2-ethyl)amino)-2-tetrahydro-3,4,5,6-oxazaphosphorine-1,3,2-oxide-2 monohydrate
1-Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino-1-oxo-2-aza-5-oxaphosphoridine monohydrate
2-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1-oxa-3-aza-2-phosphocyclohexane 2-oxide monohydrate
2-(Di(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1-oxa-3-aza-2-phosphacyclohexane-2-oxide monohydrate
Bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramide cyclic propanolamide ester monohydrate
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxaphosphorin-2-amine, 2-oxide monohydrate
N,N-Bis(beta-chloroethyl)-N',O-trimethylenephosphoric acid ester diamide monohydrate
Flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in which the hydrogen at position 6 of the benzo[g]pteridinedione moiety is substituted by a hydroxy group.
adenosine 5'-(3-{D-ribo-5-[6-hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl]-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
6-hydroxyriboflavin 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 5'->5'-ester with adenosine
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl (2R,3S,4S)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-(6-hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)pentyl dihydrogen diphosphate
adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 5'->5'-ester with 6-hydroxyriboflavin
A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).
(1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-8-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-6-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl}-3,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl (2S)-2-methylbutanoate
(1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-(2-(2R,4R)-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl)-1-naphthalenyl (S)-2-methyl-butyrate
2beta,6alpha-dimethyl-8alpha-(2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)-mevinic acid lactone
A cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eleven amino acids; an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection. Also causes reversible inhibition of immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0- and G1-phase of the cell cycle.
An N-acetyl-D-galactosamine having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A adenosine 5'-phosphate that is the 2'-O-methyl derivative of adenosine 5'-monophosphate.
2'-O-methyladenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.
(4R,5S,6S)-3-({(3S,5S)-5-[(3-carboxyphenyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl}sulfanyl)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(1R,5S,6S,8R,2'S,4'S)-2-(2-(3-carboxyphenylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-4-ylthio)-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylcarbapenem-3-carboxylic acid
(4R,5S,6S)-3-((3S,5S)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio)-6-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-aza-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.
A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.
A L-arabinopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A phosphonic ester that is the monoethyl ester of phosphonic acid. A fungicide used (as its aluminium salt) for various horticultural crops used to control a range of diseases including Phytophthora, Pythium and Plasmopara.
A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.
A D-fructopyranose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
A pyrimidone that is uracil which is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethoxymethyl group at position 1 and a benzyl group at position 5.
beta-D-galactopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An N-acetylmannosamine having pyranose form and alpha-D-configuration.
A but-2-enoic acid with a trans- double bond at C-2. It has been isolated from Daucus carota.
A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).
A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.
A galactopyranose having D-configuration.
The pyranose form of D-galactose 6-phosphate.
D-galactopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
(6R,7R)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-7-(4-carboxybutanamido)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7BETA-(4CARBOXYBUTANAMIDO) CEPHALOSPORANIC ACID
(7R)-7-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid
A 2',3'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide that is CMP in which the hydroxy groups at the 2' and 3' positions have been converted to the corresponding cyclic phosphate.
cytidine 5'-phosphate 2',3'-cyclic phosphate
2-[2-(1-CARBAMIMIDOYL-PIPERIDIN-3-YL)-ACETYLAMINO]-3-{4-[2-(3-OXALYL-1H-INDOL-7-YL)ETHYL]-PHENYL}-PROPIONIC ACID METHYL ESTER
[7-(2-{4-[(2S)-2-({[(3R)-1-carbamimidoylpiperidin-3-yl]acetyl}amino)-3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl]phenyl}ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](oxo)acetic acid
The hydroxypolyether that is octaethylene glycol in which one of the hydroxy groups is substituted by dodecyloxy.
The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid
6-O-phosphono-beta-D-psicofuranosonic acid
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2,3,4-TRIHYDROXY-5-[(PHOSPHONATOOXY)METHYL]TETRAHYDROFURAN-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID
An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.
4-{bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium chloride
(4-{bis[-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylene}-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)dimethylammonium chloride
N-(-4-{bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylene}2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)-N-methyltrimethanaminium chloride
A glucopyranose ring with a phosphate replacing the hydroxy in the hydroxymethyl group at position 6.
D-glucopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An aryl sulfate that is 4-nitrocatechol in which the hydroxy group that is meta to the nitro group has been converted to the corresponding hydrogen sulfate. It is used (commonly as its dipotassium salt) as a chromogenic substrate for sulphatase.
2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl hydrogen sulfate
sulfuric acid mono-(2-hydroxy-5-nitro-phenyl ester)
A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.
A phosphonic ester that is the diethyl ester of phosphonic acid.
A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.
(1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
A member of the class of pyrimidine ribonucleosides that is zebularine in which the double bond between positions 3 and 4 of the pyrimidone ring has been reduced to a single bond.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by chlorine.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as linoleoyl [(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl].
(2R)-2,3-bis[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2,3-bis[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
D-Mannose in its six-membered ring form.
An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.
A ketoaldonic acid phosphate consisting of 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid carrying a phospho substituent at position 8.
3-deoxy-8-O-phosphono-alpha-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid
3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate
(ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetic acid
(ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, ion(4-)
N,N'-1,2-Ethane diylbis-(N-(carboxymethyl)glycine)
{[-(BIS-CARBOXYMETHYL-AMINO)-ETHYL]-CARBOXYMETHYL-AMINO}-ACETIC ACID
An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.
Pantetheine 4'-phosphate with D (R) configuration at the 2' position.
2'-O-[2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]-5-methyluridine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
((3R,4R,5R)-4-(2-(1H-IMIDAZOL-1-YL)ETHOXY)-3-HYDROXY-5-(5-METHYL-2,4-DIOXO-3,4-DIHYDROPYRIMIDIN-1(2H)-YL)-TETRAHYDROFURAN-2-YL)METHYL DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.
3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propane-1-sulfonic acid
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid
A HEPES that is ethanesulfonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group. A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.55 at 20 degreeC.
2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid
4-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)-1-PIPERAZINE ETHANESULFONIC ACID
4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethane sulfonic acid
An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.
A very long-chain fatty acid that is tricosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
A straight-chain, fifteen-carbon carboxylic acid with no heteroatoms; a long-chain of mainly ruminant origin.
An L-fucopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A D-fucopyranose having alpha-configuration at its anomeric centre.
A L-fucopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
The pyranose form of D-quinovose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position .
An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.
2-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino}benzoic acid
2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]benzoic acid
2-[[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]AMINO] BENZOIC ACID
3'-trifluoromethyldiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid
N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)anthranilic acid
N-(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)anthranilic acid
An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.
2,2-DIMETHYLPROPANOYLOXYMETHYL (6R,7R)-7-[(Z)-2-(2-AMINOTHIAZOL-4-YL)PENT-2-ENYLAMINO]-3-CARBAMOYLOXYMETHYL-8-OXO-5-THIA-1-AZABICYCLO[4.2.0]OCT-2-ENE-2-CARBOXYLATE
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl (6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)pent-2-enoyl]amino}-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate
An aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora rhodorangea. It blocks polypeptide synthesis by inhibiting the elongation step in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
(1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,7-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-gluco-heptopyranoside
An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.
A L-galactopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric center.
An aldoheptose in pyranose cyclic form with L-glycero-alpha-D-manno stereochemistry.
Riboflavin in which the nitrogen at position 5 is replaced by CH and the methyl groups at positions 7 and 8 are substituted by hydrogen and hydroxy, respectively.
A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).
An optically active form of alloisoleucine having L-(2S,3R)-configuration.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate.
An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.
A straight chain alkane composed of 20 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the leaves of Agave attenuata.
A compound showing yellow-green fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in alkaline solution.
A L-fructofuranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of tridecanoic acid carrying a 12-methyl group.
The (S)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. Not found in nature, it may exert detrimental effects on biosystems.
5-[(3S)-1,2-dithiolan-3-yl]pentanoic acid
An N-acyl-hexosamine that is the methyl alpha-glycoside of the terminal moiety, and presumed antigenic determinant, of the O-specific polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotype Ogawa.
methyl 4,6-dideoxy-4-[(2S)-2,4-dihydroxybutanamido]-2-O-methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside
methyl 4,6-dideoxy-4-{[(2S)-2,4-dihydroxybutanoyl]amino}-2-O-methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside
methyl 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronamido)-2-O-methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside
Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.
A L-xylopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A methyl mannoside having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.
(6S)-2-{[(3S,5S)-5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]sulfanyl}-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1beta-methyl-2,3-didehydro-1-carbapenam-3-carboxylic acid
(1R,5S,6S)-2-[(3S,5S)-5-DIMETHYLAMINOCARBONYLPYRROLIDIN-3-YLTHIO]-6-[(R)-1-HYDROXYETHYL]-1-METHYLCARBAPEN-2-EM-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID
(4R,5S,6S)-3-{[(3S,5S)-5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]thio}-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 8 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.
5-[(methylamino)methyl]uridine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.
methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
An iminium ion obtained by dimethylation of the imino group of 4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylene}cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-imine. Used in the form of its chloride salt as a green-coloured dye.
A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.
A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 9 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.
adenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoylpyridinio)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] hydrogen diphosphate}
A glycol that is the (S)-enantiomer of 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol.
A tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide obtained by formal stereo- and regioselective hydration across the 5,6-double bond in the nicotinyl ring of NADH, with the hydroxy group located at position 6, having (S)-configuration.
adenosine 5'-(3-{5-[(2S)-5-carbamoyl-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl]-5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
(6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
6beta-Hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide
BETA-6-HYDROXY-1,4,5,6-TETRHYDRONICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE
A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.
An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine that has alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A nucleotide in which the ribose moiety has one or more of its hydroxy groups substituted by hydrogen.
The alpha-anomer of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
N-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOSAMINE 1-PHOSPHATE
A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.
5-nitrofuran-2-carbaldehyde semicarbazone
A mucopolysaccharide consisting of repeating beta-(1->4)-linked L-iduronyl-(beta1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.
2'-O-phosphonoadenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoylpyridinio)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] hydrogen diphosphate}
NADP NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE
A 3-nitrotyrosine comprising L-tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.
(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid
alpha,alpha',alpha''-trimethylaminetricarboxylic acid
An N-acylamino acid consisting of 6-aminohexanoic acid bearing an N-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl substituent.
6-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamido]hexanoic acid
4-HYDROXY-3-NITROPHENYLACETYL-EPSILON-AMINOCAPROIC ACID
6-{[(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl]amino}hexanoic acid
6-[(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamido]caproic acid
A uridine 5'-phosphate that is the 2'-O-methyl derivative of uridine 5'-monophosphate.
2'-O-methyluridine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A hydroxypolyether aldehyde comprising hexaethylene glycol having one of the terminal hydroxy groups substituted by formylmethoxy.
A tetrahydroxytetrahydrofuran in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 4 and which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 (the 2R,4S diastereoisomer).
A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(R)-7-(acetyloxy)-4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphapentacosan-1-aminium hydroxide inner salt 4-oxide
1-O-hexadecyl-platelet-activating factor
heptacosaethylene glycol monomethyl ether
A hydroxypolyether that is the monomethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.
(1S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-{(3E,5E,7E,9E,11Z)-11-[4-{(E)-2-[(1S,4S,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl]vinyl}-5-oxofuran-2(5H)-ylidene]-3,10-dimethylundeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaenylidene}-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl acetate
An alkyl alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.
A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.
A C-nitro compound that is the N-(p-nitrophenylphosphobutyryl) derivative of glycine; a cognate transition state analogue of the esterase-like catalytic antibody D2.3.
A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.8 at 20 degreeC.
2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diyldiethanesulfonic acid
2,2'-(piperazine-1,4-diyl)bis(ethanesulphonic) acid
PIPERAZINE-N,N'-BIS(2-ETHANESULFONIC ACID)
2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonic acid
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of hydroxyphosphanone.
calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate
phosphoric acid, calcium salt (1:1), dihydrate
An N-[4-(4-nitrophenylphospho)butanoyl]alanine that has R at the chiral carbon.
PARA-NITROPHENYL PHOSPHONOBUTANOYL D-ALANINE
p-nitrophenyl phosphonobutanoyl D-alanine
PHOSPHORIC ACID MONO-[3-(3-{[5-(4-AMINO-2-OXO-2H-PYRIMIDIN-1-YL)-3,4- DIHYDROXY-TETRAHYDRO-FURAN-2- YLMETHOXY]-HYDROXY-PHOSPHORYLOXY}-3-OXO-PROPYLCARBAMOYL)-3-HYDROXY-2,2- DIMETHYL-PROPYL] ESTER
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.
potassium {2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetate
2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic acid, monopotassium salt
A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.
6beta-{[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]carboxamido}-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-({[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
An organofluorine compound that is 4-benzoylpyrazole in which the phenyl is substituted at position 3 by a (2,3-dihydroxypropyl)oxy group and in which the pyrazole moiety is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by a 4-fluorophenyl group and an amino group, respectively.
A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.
An optically active version of thioproline having L-configuration.
A 1-acyl-2-dodecanoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is also dodecanoyl (lauroyl).
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl didodecanoate
(2R)-2,3-bis(dodecanoyloxy)propyl hydrogen phosphate
1,2-Didodecanoyl phosphatidyl 1'-sn-glycerol
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphoric acid.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).
(2R)-2,3-bis(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).
(1R,2R,3R,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-hydroxy-2-(beta-D-ribofuranosyloxy)cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.
A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.
(3E)-20-hydroxy-3,4-didehydro-1',2'-dihydro-psi,psi-caroten-1'-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside
1,4-Dihydro-1-deoxy-1',4-didehydro-5'-(2-methylpropyl)-1-oxorifamycin XIV
4-Deoxo-3,4-(2-spiro(N-isobutyl-4-piperidyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazo)-rifamycin S
A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.
6-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-7-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
6-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-7-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A sulfonamide in which the sulfamoyl functional group is attached to aniline at the 4-position.
An optically active tetramine epitope consisting of three separate amino substituents attached to a central carbon.
A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents.
The (R)-enantiomer of 2-methylbutanoic acid.
A hexitol that is 1-deoxy derivative of L-mannitol.
A C7, straight-chain fatty acid that contributes to the odour of some rancid oils. Used in the preparation of esters for the fragrance industry, and as an additive in cigarettes.
A monothioglycerol that has R configuration.
An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.
The cartenoid ether that is the methyl ether of (3E,13cis)-3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-caroten-1-ol
A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.
(2R)-2-amino-3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoic acid
(R)-2-amino-3-(methylthio)propanoic acid
A flavin adenine dinucleotide that is FADH2 bearing an N-sulfo substituent at position 5 of the flavin ring system..
adenosine 5'-(3-{D-ribo-5-[7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-5-sulfo-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl]-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
A carotenoid ether that is the 3,4-dihydro derivative of the tetraterpenoid spheroidene.
A polyazaalkane consisting of a 13-membered straight chain alkane with aza-groups at the 1-, 5-, 9- and 13-positions.
A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.
(3R,5R,6S,7R,8R,11R,12S,13R,14S,15S)-12-[(4-O-acetyl-2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-14-{[2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy}-5,7,8,11,13,15-hexamethyl-4,10-dioxo-1,9-dioxaspiro[2.13]hexadecan-6-yl acetate
N-Acetylneuraminic acid with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.
5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-beta-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
A C13 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.
A tricarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the beta-hydrogens is substituted by a carboxy group.
A methyluridine having a single methyl substituent at the 5-position on the uracil ring.
The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.
A straight-chain alkane with 22 carbon atoms.
An organic disulfide that is methane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a methyldisulfanyl group.
An organoselenium compound of two methyl groups covalently bound to a selenium.
A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.
An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.
A cyclodepsipeptide that is N-(3-hydroxypicolinoyl)-L-threonyl-D-alpha-aminobutyryl-L-prolyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanyl-4-oxo-L-pipecoloyl-L-2-phenylglycine in which the carboxy group of the 2-phenylglycine moiety has undergone formal intramolecular condensation with the hydroxy group of the N-(3-hydroxypicolinoyl)-L-threonyl to give the corresponding 19-membered ring lactone. It is one of the two major components of the antibacterial drug virginiamycin, produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others.
N-((3-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl)-L-threonyl-D-alpha-aminobutyryl-L-prolyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanyl-4-oxo-L-pipecoloyl-L-2-phenylglycine rho-lactone
N-(3-hydroxypicolinoyl)-L-threonyl-D-alpha-aminobutyryl-L-prolyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanyl-4-oxo-L-pipecoloyl-L-2-phenylglycine rho-lactone
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from tungstic acid.
The class of beta-lactam antibiotics that whose members have a carbapenem skeleton which is variously substituted at positions 3, 4, and 6.
A compound that contains two ketone functionalities.
An alkyl alcohol that is propan-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
An L-alpha-amino acid that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a 1,2-dichlorovinyl group.
(2R)-2-amino-3-[(1,2-dichloroethenyl)sulfanyl]propanoic acid
An S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in which the dichlorovinyl group has trans- (E-) geometry.
(2R)-2-amino-3-{[(E)-1,2-dichloroethenyl]sulfanyl}propanoic acid
An S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in which the dichlorovinyl group has cis- (Z-) geometry.
(2R)-2-amino-3-{[(Z)-1,2-dichloroethenyl]sulfanyl}propanoic acid
In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals').
Any carboxylic ester derivative of an amino acid.
Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.
Any mineral that contains sulfide (S(2-)) as the major anion.
A salt in which the anionic species is sulfide (S(2-)).
A HEPES that is ethanesulfonate substituted by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-4-ium-1-yl group at position 2.
sodium 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonate
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, monosodium salt
sodium 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-ylethanesulphonate
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is dodecane in which the methyl groups have been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
Any molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of (5R)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene bearing a 7-keto substituent. The parent of the class of carbapenems.
Any ether that contains more than one ether linkage.
A polyether in which the number of ether linkages is 2.
A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.
Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
A hydroxyether that is ethanol substituted by a methoxy group at position 2.
A hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group.
A polymer composed of repeating ethyleneoxy units.
An organic anion obtained by removal of at least one proton from any uric acid.
A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.
The amino acid ester derivative obtained the formal condensation of an alpha-amino acid with an alcohol.
A compound consisting of a peptide with attached lipid.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of oxalic acid.
A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.
3-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido]propanoic acid
Any D-galactoside having alpha-configuration at its anomeric centre.
An aminodiol that is octadecane bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 3 as well as an amino substituent at position 2.
A L-arabinopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A D-arabinopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A D-arabinopyranose with beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in L-glyceraldehyde.
A cyclic ribose having a 5-membered tetrahydrofuran ring; the predominant (C3'-endo) form of the two cyclic structures (the other is the "C2'-endo" form, having a 6-membered ring) adopted by ribose in aqueous solution.
A D-ribofuranose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of leucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of leucine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing leucine residues.
A D-ribose and the D-enantiomer of ribopyranose.
A D-ribopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A L-ribopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.
A L-ribopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.
(5R,6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-({2-[(iminomethyl)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(5R,6S)-3-((2-(Formimidoylamino)ethyl)thio)-6-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(5R,6S)-3-(2-Formimidoylamino-ethylsulfanyl)-6-((R)-1-hydroxy-ethyl)-7-oxo-1-aza-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.
(6R,7R)-7-({(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetyl}amino)-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-{(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido}-3-ethenyl-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
A bromoamino acid that is L-tryptophan in which the hydrogen at position 6 of the indole ring is substituted by bromine.
(S)-2-amino-3-(6-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.
A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptococcus species.
The hemi-aminal resulting from the condensation of the erythromycin derivative (9S)-erythromycyclamine with 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetaldehyde. As the oxazine ring containing the hemi-aminal group is unstable under both acidic and alkaline conditions, dirithromycin functions as a more lipid-soluble prodrug for (9S)-erythromycyclamine. Administered as enteric coated tablets to protect it from acid catalysed hydrolysis in the stomach, it is used to treat respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible organisms.
(1R,2R,3R,6R,7S,8S,9R,10R,12R,13S,15R,17S)-3-ethyl-2,10-dihydroxy-15-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl]-2,6,8,10,12,17-hexamethyl-5-oxo-9-{[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy}-4,16-dioxa-14-azabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadec-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside
A cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.
3-{[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-7beta-[(1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-{[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-7-[(1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A carotenone that is beta-carotene in which the 4 position has undergone formal oxidation to afford the corresponding ketone. Isolated as orange-red crystals, it is widely distributed in marine invertebrates.
A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2S,4R)-configuration.
A 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine in which the dioxolane ring has S configuration at positions 2 and 4.
The phosphorothioate obtained by formal condensation of diethyl phosphate with N,N,N-trimethyl-2-sulfanylethanaminium. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its iodide salt is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.
(2R,3R,4R,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid
A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
(6R,7S)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3-chloro-8-oxo-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]nitrilo-3-chloro-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.
Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
The straight-chain keto form of D-tagatose.
A peptide antibiotic that is vancomycin lacking the disaccharide moiety.
Any ester resulting from the condensation of one or more of the hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.
Organic heterobicyclic compounds containing a two furan rings ortho-fused to each other.
A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.
Anything used in a scientific experiment to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc.
A phospho sugar that is formally obtained from a hexose.
Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group.
Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an alkyl group.
An alkanethiol is a compound in which a sulfanyl group, -SH, is attached to an alkyl group.
A prenylcysteine where the prenyl moiety is attached to the side-chain sulfur atom of L-cysteine.
Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
A 2-coumarate that is the conjugate base of cis-2-coumaric acid.
Any molecule that contains three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-3 of the phenyl ring.
The cis-stereoisomer of 3-coumaric acid.
(2Z)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
A 3-coumarate that is the conjugate base of trans-3-coumaric acid.
A D-galactopyranuronic acid with a beta-configuration at the anomeric center.
(2S,3R,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-6-oxohexanoic acid
A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.
A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.
N,N-diethyl-2-cyano-3-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) acrylamide
An aspartic acid derivative having a 3-methyl substituent.
(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanedioic acid
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
Ethers ROR' where R has a double bond adjacent to the oxygen of the ether linkage.
The pyranose form of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate
An amine RNR'R'' where R has a double bond adjacent to the amine nitrogen.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tryptophan at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tryptophan by a heteroatom.
Any molecule that contains four amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
A metabolite from Penicillium brefeldianum that exhibits a wide range of antibiotic activity.
Polypeptides synthesized by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species.
A C-nitro compound with formula C6H(6-n)(NO2)n (n can be from 1 up to 6, but is usually 1, 2 or 3). A closed class.
Any member of the class of pyrimidine ribonucleosides in which the pyrimidine moiety consists of 2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine or its derivatives.
Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.
A polyketide based on a tetracene ring structure.
A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a mercapto group. A naturally occurring metabolite of histidine synthesized by bacteria and fungi with antioxidant properties. It is found ubiquitously in plants and animals and is present in many human foodstuffs.
(S)-(1-carboxy-2-(2-mercaptoimidazol-4-yl)ethyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide
(alphaS)-alpha-carboxy-2,3-dihydro-N,N,N-trimethyl-2-thioxo-1H-imidazole-4-ethanaminium inner salt
A tetritol that is butane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 4.
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of triphosphoric acid in which one of the five OH groups has been deprotonated.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of two protons from triphosphoric acid.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of three protons from triphosphoric acid.
A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.
A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.
Either of the two diastereoisomers of 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine in which the imidazol-1-ylmethyl group and the aryloxymethyl group are in a trans relationship to each other - i.e. they are on opposite sides of the plane of the dioxolane ring. (N.B. The antifungal drug ketoconazole is a racemic mixture of the two cis diastereoisomers.)
A 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine in which the dioxolane ring has R configuration at positions 2 and 4.
A C-nitro compound that is entacapone in which the phenolic hydroxy group that is meta to the nitro group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ether.
A C-nitro compound that is entacapone in which the phenolic hydroxy group that is meta to the nitro group has been converted to the corresponding methyl ether.
A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the hydrogen ortho- to the hydroxy group is substituted by a nitro group.
The simplest member of the class of methanediols that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been substituted by hydroxy groups.
A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.
A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the methoxy group is replaced by an ethoxy group.
(3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-4-(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyloxy)-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-6-[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-2-O-propanoyl-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyloxy]-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyloxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione dodecyl hydrogen sulfate
erythromycin 2'-propionate dodecyl sulfate (salt)
erythromycin propionate, compound with dodecyl sulfate
lauryl sulfate propionyl erythromycin ester
propionic acid, 2'-ester with erythromycin, dodecyl sulfate
An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.
A hydroxycoumarin that is the 6-O-beta-D-glucoside of esculetin.
7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-6-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside
A methoxycinnamic acid having a single methoxy substituent at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.
Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.
An arsenate ion resulting from the removal of two protons from arsenic acid.
An arsenate ion resulting from the removal of one proton from arsenic acid.
A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.
A D-sorbofuranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric center.
A D-sorbofuranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric center.
A D-sorbopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric center.
A D-sorbopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric center.
Any member of the class of naphthalenes in which the naphthalene ring is directly attached to the carbonyl carbon of a carboxamide group.
An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.
An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.
Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin A.
9-[O-(2-methoxyethoxymethyl)-oxime] of erythromycin
Any fatty acid containing a ring composed of atoms including at least one heteroatom.
A bilin that consists of 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-18-ethyl-3-ethylidene-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydrobilin bearing two oxo substituents at positions 1 and 19.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yloxy]propyl dihydrogen phosphate
sn-1-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 3-phosphate
2-hydroxy-3-[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yloxy]propyl dihydrogen phosphate
3-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol 1-phosphate
A thiazolidine or thiazolidine derivative carrying a single carboxy substituent.
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom.
Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).
Any L-alpha-amino acid carrying an N-acyl substituent.
A tartaric acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid.
A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.
(9E)-erythromycin 9-(O-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)oxime)
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of isovaleric acid; reported to improve ruminal fermentation and feed digestion in cattle.
A branched, short-chain, saturated fatty acid anion; the conjugate base of isobutyric acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A primary alcohol that is isopentane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.
A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.
(2R)-2-amino-5-(carbamoylamino)pentanoic acid
A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.
5-amino-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic acid with alpha configuration at the anomeric centre.
5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
A D-tagatofuranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric center.
A D-tagatofuranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric center.
A D-tagatopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric center.
A D-tagatopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric center.
An aldehyde in which a formyl group is located on a heteroarene.
A hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.
3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium chloride hydrochloride
3-[(4-azaniumyl-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium dichloride
A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.
2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.
The D-glycero-diastereomer of alpha-D-manno-heptopyranose; a key structural component of the outer cell membrane in Gram-negative bacteria, found in the conserved core oligosaccharide region.
An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is dodecane substituted by amino groups at positions 1 and 12.
A nickel cation in which the nickel carries a triple positive charge.
An aluminium cation that has a charge of +3.
A cyclodextrin composed of seven alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.
A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.
An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.
A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.
2,2-dimethyl-6beta-({[5-methyl-3-(2-chlorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)penam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-({[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6-(3-(o-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxamido)penicillanic acid
A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.
[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetic acid
1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-acetic acid
{1-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl}acetic acid
An azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group.
2-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl}benzoic acid
2-((4-Dimethylamino)phenylazo)benzoic acid
2-[(p-Dimethylamino)phenyl]azobenzoic acid
4'-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene-2-carboxylic acid
4'-Dimethylaminoazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid
o-((p-(Dimethylamino)phenyl)azo)benzoic acid
p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene-o-carboxylic acid
A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.
(2R)-2-amino-3-(2-aminoethylsulfanyl)propanoic acid
(R)-2-amino-3-(2-aminoethylthio)propanoic acid
A nickel cation in which the nickel carries a double positive charge.
A metal cation comprising samarium in the +3 oxidation state.
The complex formed between iron(III) and citrate.
A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.
A member of the class of flavones having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
The dihydrate form of the calcium salt of fenoprofen. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.
(+-)-alpha-methyl-3-phenoxybenzeneacetic acid calcium salt dihydrate
calcium (+-)--phenoxyhydratropate dihydrate
calcium (+-)-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionate dihydrate
calcium 2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionate dihydrate
calcium 2-(m-phenoxyphenyl)propionate dihydrate
calcium alpha-(m-phenoxyphenyl)propionate dihydrate
calcium alpha-methyl-3-phenoxybenzeneacetate dihydrate
A 3-pyranone with a 4,5-double bond carrying a hydroxy group at position 4 and a hydroxymethyl group at position 6.
A 4-pyranone with a 2,3-double bond carrying a hydroxy group at position 3 and a hydroxymethyl group at position 6.
The anhydrous form of the calcium salt of fenprofen. The dihydrate form is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis.
calcium bis[2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propanoate]
calcium (+-)-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionate
calcium alpha-(m-phenoxyphenyl)propionate
calcium alpha-methyl-3-phenoxybenzeneacetate
Any anion formed by loss of a proton from a steroid acid.
Any member of the class of benzaldehydes in which the phenyl ring is substituted by two hydroxy groups.
A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is resorcinol which has been substituted by a formyl group para to one of the hydroxy groups.
A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.
1-ethyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.
Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.
{(1S,2S,3S)-2-methyl-3-[(1E,5E,9E)-2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadeca-1,5,9,13-tetraen-1-yl]-2-[(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl]cyclopropyl}methyl trihydrogen diphosphate
A magnesium salt resulting from the formal reaction of magnesium hydroxide with 2 mol eq. of esomeprazole. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
bis(5-methoxy-2-{(S)-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}benzimidazol-1-ide) magnesium
Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families.
A dicarboxylic acid monoamide of succinic acid.
Any steroid based on a cholestane skeleton and its derivatives.
An acid or base which exhibits a colour change on neutralization by the basic or acidic titrant at or near the equivalence point of a titration.
Anything used in a scientific experiment that gives a visual change to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc.
A substance which is adsorbed or desorbed with concomitant colour change at or near the equivalence point of a titration.
A colour indicator that is colourless on one side of the transition interval.
A colour indicator that possesses a different colour on each side of the transition interval.
A primary amine formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an aryl group.
Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is butyric acid.
Any compound containing the thiocarbonyl group, C=S.
A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.
flavin mononucleotide semiquinone radical
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
An optically active form of 2-hydroxybutyric acid having (R)-configuration.
An optically active form of 2-hydroxybutyric acid having (S)-configuration.
The (S)-enantiomer of 2-methylbutan-1-ol.
An extracellular polysaccharide produced by Schizophyllum commune, consisting of a 1,3-beta-D-glucan backbone with 1,6-beta-D-glucosyl side chains.
A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.
Monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic. It lacks the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized.
A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.
2-amino-5-(methylsulfanyl)pentanoic acid
(2S)-2-amino-5-(methylsulfanyl)pentanoic acid
(2R)-2-amino-5-(methylsulfanyl)pentanoic acid
A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of 2-aminohexanoic acid having a methylthio substituent at the 6-position.
A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of 2-aminoheptanoic acid having a methylthio substituent at the 7-position.
2-amino-7-(methylsulfanyl)heptanoic acid
A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of 2-aminooctanoic acid having a methylthio substituent at the 8-position.
A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of 2-aminononanoic acid having a methylthio substituent at the 9-position.
A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of 2-aminodecanoic acid having a methylthio substituent at the 10-position.
2-amino-10-(methylsulfanyl)decanoic acid
The 2,3-bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)- derivative of sn-glycerol 1-phosphate.
(2S)-2,3-bis{[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl]oxy}propyl dihydrogen phosphate
2,3-Digeranylgeranyl sn-glycerol 1-phosphate
2,3-bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycerol 1-phosphate
17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6-diol sulfate (2:1) pentahydrate
Di(morphine) dihydrogen sulfate pentahydrate
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted by a decaprenyl group.
all-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid
all-trans-3-decaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 5 are substituted by a methoxy and a decaprenyl group.
4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid
all-trans-3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid
all-trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid
3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid
A nanoparticle consisting of an iron oxide.
An iron oxide nanoparticle composed of hematite (Fe2O3).
Tetracycline in which the 5beta-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group, while the 6alpha-hydroxy group is replaced by hydrogen. A semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, it is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult periodontitis.
An alpha-amino acid ester in which the amnio acid component is glycine.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
Any member of a family of natural products which contains a 6H-isochromene-6,8(7H)-dione or an isoquinoline-6,8(2H,7H)-dione skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.
6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-({[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
1-methyl-3-(9H-thioxanthen-9-ylmethyl)piperidine hydrochloride monohydrate
1-Methyl-3-(thioxanthen-9-ylmethyl)piperidine hydrochloride monohydrate
A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-phenylpropionic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.
Compounds with the general formula CuxSy.
A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate of the dihydrochloride salt of pramiprexole.
(6S)-N(6)-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole-2,6-diamine dihydrochloride hydrate
(S)-2-Amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-6-(propylamino)benzothiazole dihydrochloride monohydrate
An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case.
(1R,2R)-1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate naphtalene-2-sulfonic acid
Levopropoxyphene 2-naphthalenesulfonate hydrate
(1S,2R)-1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate naphtalene-2-sulfonic acid
Propoxyphene 2-naphthalenesulfonate, d-, monohydrate
d-4-Dimethylamino-3-methyl-1,2-diphenyl-2-propionoxybutanenaphthalene-2-sulphonate hydrate
A penicillin where the side-chain N-acyl group is specified as allylmercaptoacetyl. Antibiotic isolated from Penicillium chrysogenum.
6beta-[(prop-2-en-1-ylsulfanyl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-{[(prop-2-en-1-ylsulfanyl)acetyl]amino}-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(allylsulfanyl)acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-[(azepan-1-ylmethylidene)amino]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[(azepan-1-ylmethylidene)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl 6beta-[(azepan-1-ylmethylidene)amino]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(azepan-1-ylmethylidene)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
A fluorescent dye used to stain biological specimens.
A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of amoxicillin; a semisynthetic antibiotic, used either alone or in combination with potassium clavulanate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections.
6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid trihydrate
6alpha-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-2,3-didehydropenam-3-carboxylic acid
(+)-(5R,6S)-6-((1R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-7-oxo-3-((2R)-tetrahydro-2-furyl)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(5R,6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
6alpha-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-[(R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid
Compounds of general formula RR'NC(=S)NR''R'''.
A compound of general formula RC(=O)SR'. Compare with thionoester, RC(=S)OR'.
Quinones containing an acene fused ring system.
An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton.
Organic derivatives of sulfenic acid in which the sulfeno group is linked directly to carbon.
Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion.
A branched, long-chain saturated fatty acid composed of pentadecanoic acid having methyl substituents at the 2-, 6-, 10- and 14-positions.
Any anion formed by loss of a proton from the carboxy group of a penicillin.
A benzene substituted with two amino groups.
A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.
Cyclopropane and its derivatives formed by substitution.
A hydroxynaphthalene that is naphthalene-1,4-diol and its C-substituted derivatives.
A salt where the anion is a halometallate anion.
A salt where the anion is a perhalometallate anion.
A salt where the anion is a perfluorometallate anion.
A salt where the anion is an fluorometallate anion.
A salt where the anion is a chlorometallate anion.
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid.
Compounds containing a biotin (5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid) skeleton.
An unsymmetrical C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl and quinolinium-4-yl substituents.
3-methyl-2-(3-{1-[3-(trimethylammonio)propyl]quinolin-4(1H)-ylidene}prop-1-en-1-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-3-ium diiodide
4-[3-(3-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-ylidene)prop-1-en-1-yl]-1-[3-(trimethylammonio)propyl]quinolinium diiodide
Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.
Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
6beta-{(2R)-2-[(4-hydroxy-1,5-naphthyridin-3-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido}-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-1,5-naphthyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
A carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)OR(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic esters
An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid amide of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)NR(4)R(5) in which the amide C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
2,2-dimethyl-6beta-[(2R)-2-azido-2-phenylacetamido]penam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-azido-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
({6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carbonyl}oxy)methyl 2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate 1,1-dioxide
[(2,2-dimethyl-1,1-dioxidopenam-3alpha-carbonyl)oxy]methyl 6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate
6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-2,3-didehydropenam-3-carboxylic acid
(5R)-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-oxo-3-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-2,3-didehydropenam-3-carboxylic acid
(5R,6R)-6-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-[(S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-[(R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid
The (1S,2R)-diastereomer of 1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate.
(1S,2R)-1-C-(Indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate
(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl dihydrogen phosphate
(5R,6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-({2-[(iminomethyl)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid--water (1/1)
A type of fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharide found in various species of brown algae, seaweed and sea-cucumbers.
6beta-[carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido]-6-methoxy-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6S)-6-{[carboxy(3-thienyl)acetyl]amino}-6-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6S)-6-{[carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetyl]amino}-6-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
N-((2S,5R,6S)-2-carboxy-6-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)hept-6-yl)-3-thiophenemalonamic acid
beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside
A compound containing both ketone and ester functionalities.
A ketoester where the ketone and ester functionalities are on adjacent atoms.
A pyruvate ester resultinf grom the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyruvic acid with the hydroxy group of methanol.
An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.
(3S,5R,6S,3'S,5'R,6'R)-3,5'-dihydroxy-8-oxo-6',7'-didehydro-5,6-epoxy-5,6,7,8,5',6'-hexahydro-beta,beta-caroten-3'-yl acetate
A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).
sodium 6beta-[(2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate hydrate
monohydrate of sodium salt of 6-(2-ethoxy-1-naphthamido)penicillanic acid
sodium (2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2-ethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate hydrate
A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.
6beta-[3-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yloxy)-3-oxo-2-phenylpropanamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[3-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yloxy)-3-oxo-2-phenylpropanoyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-{2-[(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yloxy)carbonyl]-2-phenylacetamido}-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
sodium 6beta-{[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]carboxamido}-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate--water (1/1)
sodium (2S,5R,6R)-6-({[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate hydrate
sodium 6beta-{[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]carboxamido}-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate--water (1/1)
3-(2-Chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolylpenicillin sodium monohydrate
sodium (2S,5R,6R)-6-({[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]carbonyl}amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate hydrate
An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.
disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetrabromo-6-oxido-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoate
2',4',5',7'-Tetrabromo-3',6'-dihydroxyspiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9-'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one, disodium salt
A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido side-group.
6beta-[(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-6-{[(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-[(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido]penicillanic acid
sodium 6beta-{(2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido}-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate--water (1/1)
sodium (2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-6-{[(2R)-2-({[3-(methylsulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate hydrate
sodium 6beta-{(2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido}penicillanate hydrate
A (1->6)-alpha-D-glucan which has extra branching consisting of (1->2), (1->3) or (1->4) linkages.
A hexosamine phosphate having the phospho group at the 1-position.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-hexopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
4-Aminobenzoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a butyl group.
A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context.
A chemical role played by the molecular entity or part thereof in a photochemical process.
bis[(8alpha,9R)-6'-methoxycinchonan-9-ol] sulfate dihydrate
6'-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol sulfate dihydrate, (8alpha,9R)-,(2:1) (salt)
Cinchonan-9-ol, 6'-methoxy-, (8alpha,9R)-, sulfate(2:1) (salt), dihydrate
4,4'-{1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane-7,13-diylbis[5-(methyloxy)-1-benzofuran-6,2-diyl]}dibenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
An organic dye characterized by an aromatic four-membered ring system derived from squaric acid.
2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl octadec-9-enoate
An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.
2-aminoethyl 2,3-dihydroxypropyl hydrogen phosphate
An ortho-fused compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one heteroatom.
Methylidenecyclohexadienones and dimethylidenecyclohexadienes, formally derived from quinones by replacement of one or both of the quinone oxygens by methylidene groups.
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.
6beta-(2-phenoxypropanamido)-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(2-phenoxypropanoyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-(2-phenoxybutanamido)-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(2-phenoxybutanoyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has octadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2RR)-2-acetoxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(R)-7-(acetyloxy)-4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphaheptaconasan-1-aminium hydroxide inner salt 4-oxide
1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
1-O-Octadecyl-platelet-activating factor
1-O-octadecyl 2-O-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
blood platelet activating factor-acether
A compound based on an indole skeleton, containing one or more halogen atoms
A compound based on an indole skeleton, containing one or more chlorine atoms
A chloroindole that is a compound based on an indole skeleton with a chlorine atom bonded to the nitrogen atom of the indole.
An organobromine compound that is a compound based on an indole skeleton, containing one or more bromine atoms.
A compound based on an indole skeleton with a bromine atom bonded to the nitrogen atom of the indole.
A diterpenoid with a tetracyclic skeleton.
A chondroitin sulfate in which the site of sulfation is positions 4 and 6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.
A 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-alkyl substituent can be any alk-1-enyl group.
A glycerophosphate compound having an alkyl substituent at the 2-position of the glycerol moiety and its phosphorus acid component esterified with choline.
A butanediol in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 1 and 2.
A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions.
A member of the class of butanediols that is butane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.
The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.
N-benzyl-N-[3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl]aniline hydrochloride--water (1/1)
L-Cysteine substituted at nitrogen by an acetyl group and at sulfur by a substituted-lactam carbonyl group.
The dihydrate of a tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(2+) dichloride salt.
tris(1,10-phenanthroline-kappa(2)N(1),N(10))ruthenium(2+) dichloride dihydrate
tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride dihydrate
A magnesium salt of a bis-sulfonated phenylazonaphthalene.
magnesium 7-hydroxy-8-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalene-1,3-disulfonate--water (1/8)
magnesium 7-hydroxy-8-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalene-1,3-disulfonate octahydrate
A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-Cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro- 8-methoxy-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)- 4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
A cationic phosphosphingolipid consisting of sphingosine having a phosphocholine moiety attached to its primary hydroxyl group.
A mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals such as domesticated cattle, chicken, pigs, and fish.
An ansamycin consisting of a 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It shows antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having a 5'-adenosyl residue at the P(1)-position and a 5'-guanosyl residue at the P(4)-position.
P(1)-(5'-adenosyl),P(4)-(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-asparagine by a heteroatom.
A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.
A naphthalenediamine compound having amino substituents in the 1- and 5-positions.
A naphthalene substituted with two amino groups.
A cytidine 3'-phosphate compound with a monophosphate group at the 3'-position.
A monocarboxylic acid amide having an N-(5-carboxypentyl) substituent and a C-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) substituent.
6-[(4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoyl)amino]hexanoic acid
6-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzamido)hexanoic acid
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of lysine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of lysine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing lysine residues.
A carboxamide compound having an N-(5-carboxypentyl) substituent and a C-(4-hydroxy--5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl) substituent.
6-[(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzoyl)amino]hexanoic acid
6-(4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrobenzamido)hexanoic acid
Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.
A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.
A carotenone compound arising from oxidative cleavage of the 5',6'-double bond.
A macromolecule composed of units connected by ether (-O-) linkages.
A polymer composed of units connected by amide (-NR-C(=O)-) linkages, where R can be H or organyl.
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
A macromolecule composed of repeating propyleneoxy units.
Propylene oxide, propylene glycol polymer
A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan compound composed of repeating beta-(1->4)-linked 6-azido-6-deoxyglucose units.
A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent.
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C double bond.
A poly(ethylene glycol) compound having a methacrylate group at the alpha-terminus and a methyl group at the omega-terminus.
poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate
poly(ethylene glycol)methylether methacrylate
poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate
A poly(ethylene glycol) compound terminated with methacrylate groups.
Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate homopolymer
A poly(ethylene glycol) compound terminated with acrylate groups.
A polymer composed of repeating hydroxyalkanoyl units.
A polymer composed of repeating hydroxybutyryl units.
A polymer composed of repeating 3-hydroxybutyryl units.
A polymer composed of repeating hydroxypentanoyl units.
A polymer composed of repeating 3-hydroxypentanoyl units.
A polymer composed of repeating 5-hydroxypentanoyl units.
A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan [2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol] normally containing a total of 20 oxyethylene groups, with one or more of the terminal hydroxy groups esterified with a fatty acyl group. They are used as emulsifiers and dispersing agents in some pharmaceuticals products and as defoamers and emulsifiers in some foods.
Any poly(ethylene glycol) derivative composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan [2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol] normally containing a total of 20 oxyethylene groups, with one or more of the terminal hydroxy groups esterified with a fatty acyl group. They are used as emulsifiers and dispersing agents in some pharmaceuticals products and as defoamers and emulsifiers in some foods.
A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a palmitoyl group.
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate
A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a dodecanoyl group.
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by a stearate group.
polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate
A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by an oleoyl group.
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate of nickel sulfate.
A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.
The hexahydrate of chromium(3+) trichloride.
A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.
A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan compound formed by methylating cellulose through exposure to NaOH/CH3Cl.
A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted to the corresponding methyl ether.
A poly(ethylene glycol) terminated with a methyl group at one end.
A compound of cobalt and sulfate in which the ratio of cobalt (+2 oxidation state) to sulfate is 1:1.
A compound of chromium and sulfate in which the ratio of chromium (in the +3 oxidation state) to sulfate is 2:3
An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.
A metal sulfate in which the metal is beryllium (in the +2 oxidation state) and the ratio of beryllium to sulfate is 1:1.
A metal sulfate in which the counterion is lithium and the ratio of lithium to sulfate is 2:1.
The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.
(all Z)-7,10,13,16,19-Docosapentaenoic acid
all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid
docosa-7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-pentaenoic acid
(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid
A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan compound formed by total acetylation of cellulose.
A hydrate of beryllium sulfate containing beryllium (in +2 oxidation state), sulfate and water moieties in the ratio 1:1:4.
A hydrate of cobalt chloride containing cobalt (in +2 oxidation state), chloride and water moieties in the ratio 1:2:6.
A hydrate of nickel sulfate containing nickel (in +2 oxidation state), sulfate and water moieties in the ratio 1:1:7.
A poly(ethylene glycol) terminated with -NH2 groups.
A hydrate of nickel chloride containing nickel (in the +2 oxidation state), chloride and water moeities in the ratio 1:2:6.
A hexitol compound with the 2-hydroxy substituent either absent or replaced by a different functional group.
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-[(3R)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-[(3S)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
An inorganic salt of sodium, the anion of which is the aurothiosulfate(3-) linear coordination complex.
trisodium bis[sulfurothioic O,S-acidato(2-)-kappa(2)O,S]aurate(3-)
(S)-2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid monohydrochloride
L-alpha,epsilondiaminocaproic acid monohydrochloride
A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid having nitro substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used in colorimetric testing for the presence of free carbonyl groups (C=O) in reducing sugars.
A cephalosporin compound having (R)-O-formylmandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side groups. It is used (as the sodium salt) as a progrug for cefamandole.
6beta-[(2R)-2-(formyloxy)-2-phenylacetamido]-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-(formyloxy)-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a skeleton comprised of an oxazine ring fused onto a quinoline system.
The hydrate that is the monohydrate of the cephalosporin cefadroxil.
7beta-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid--water (1/1)
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid--water (1/1)
A derivative of p-salicylic acid with chloro- substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the benzene ring.
The conjugate base of 3,5-dichlorohydroxybenzoic acid. Comprising a 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid core with the carboxylic acid proton missing, giving a charge of -1.
A poly(ethylene glycol) compound having a methacrylate group at the alpha-terminus and a hydroxyl group at the omega-terminus.
A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been acylated by formal condensation with methacrylic acid.
A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
The betaine obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxylic acid group to the amino group of L-aspartic acid 4-semialdehyde.
The methanesulfonate trihydrate salt of ziprasidone.
A glycol that is a derivative of glycerol in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by an anilino group.
A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted to the corresponding p-nonylphenyl ether.
A polymer consisting of nonylbenzene with a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety attached at position 4.
A tergitol polymer consisting of nonylbenzene with a nine-membered poly(ethylene glycol) moiety attached at position 4.
Nonaethylene glycol mono(nonylphenyl) ether
A monocarboxylic acid that consists of phenylacetic acid bearing iodo, hydroxy and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetic acid
(4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid
2-(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetic acid
4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitro-benzeneacetic acid
4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzeneacetic acid
A medium-chain fatty acid anion comprising hexanoate substituted at C-2 and C-4 with oxo and hydroxy groups respectively.
A dipeptide composed of two L-glutamic acid units joined by a peptide linkage.
A glycol that is butane-1,4-diol substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl groups (the R,R-configuration).
An alpha-D-galactopyranoside having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.
The ester formed between N-hydroxysuccinimide and (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid.
4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzeneacetic acid 2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl ester
4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzeneacetic acid, 2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl ester
4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl-O-succinimide ester
The ester formed between N-hydroxysuccinimide and (4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid.
4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetyl-O-succinimide ester
4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenylacetyl-O-succinimide ester
[2,5-bis(oxidanylidene)pyrrolidin-1-yl] 2-(3-iodanyl-5-nitro-4-oxidanyl-phenyl)ethanoate
A parenteral third-generation cephalosporin, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-2,3-didehydropenam-2-carboxylic acid
7-[2-(2-Amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino-acetylamino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
syn-7-(2-(2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
The trihydrate of morphine hydrochloride.
17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6alpha-diol hydrochloride trihydrate
17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6alpha-diol--water (1/3)
An imidazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.
Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.
A ketone containing an hydroxy group on the beta-carbon relative to the C=O group.
A phosphocholine that is the 4-nitrophenyl ester of choline phosphate.
4-nitrophenyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A D-galactosamine 1-phosphate compound having an N-acetyl substituent.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
The beta-anomer of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate
Any member of the cephamycin sub-group of cephem antibiotics, differing from cephalosporins in possessing a methoxy group at the 7alpha-position of the cephem nucleus, and in being resistant to beta-lactamase.
A 1-O-alkyl-2-O-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the alkyl group is specified as hexadecyl.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.
(6R,7R)-3-acetoxymethyl-7-[(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-(acetoxymethyl)-8-oxo-7-{[(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetyl]amino}-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A disaccharide formed between beta-D-galactose and D-gluconic acid.
4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid
A mucopolysaccharide consisting of dermatan with sulfate substituents at the 6'-position of the N-acetylgalactosamines.
({[(1Z)-1-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-({(2S,3S)-2-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-4-oxo-1-sulfoazetidin-3-yl}amino)-2-oxoethylidene]amino}oxy)acetic acid
A second generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-3-[(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylsulfanyl)methyl]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-[(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylsulfanyl)methyl]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-[[(2E)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-3-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (IUPAC)
An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring bears amino and hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4, respectively.
Any member of a group of synthetic antibiotics, similar to cephems but with carbon substituted for the sulfur; all possessing an acylated amine functionality at C-6 and (S,R) stereochemistry at C-6 and C-7.
Any member of the oxacephem sub-group of cephem antibiotics, in which the thiaazabicyclo moiety of the cephalosporins is replaced by an oxaazabicyclo moiety, and where R3 is -H or -OCH3.
An alpha-D-galactoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.
A keto-disaccharide consisting of alpha,alpha-trehalose with the keto group at the 3-position.
alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-3-ulose alpha-D-glucopyranoside
Any one of a large family of chemically related mycotoxins with a structure based on a sesquiterpene skeleton. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are a 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxy or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain.
A pyruvic acid having a 5-benzyloxyindol-3-yl group at the 3-position.
3-[5-(benzyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]-2-oxopropanoic acid
The anion of 3-(5-benzyloxyindol-3-yl)pyruvic acid.
A valeric acid derivative having an (R)-hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and an (S)-methyl substituent at the 3-position; one of 4 steroisomers of 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid, generated by isoleucine metabolism. Found at significantly higher levels than normal in patients with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).
(2R,3S)-2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
The conjugate base of (2R,3S)-2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid.
A sulfonamide antibiotic in which 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-oxazol-2-amine have combined to form the sulfonamide bond.
N(sup 1)-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)sulfanilamide
An antifungal macrolactone antibiotic, obtained from Diheterospora chlamydosporia and Chaetomium chiversii that inhibits protein tyrosine kinase and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90).
The pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug of cefditoren.
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl (6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-[(Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl 7beta-(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido-3-[(Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
pivaloyloxymethyl (+)-(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-[(Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate
An azabicycloalkane compound having angelyloxy and echimidinyloxymethyl substituents attached to the ring system.
(1S,7aR)-7-[({(2S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-methylbutanoyl}oxy)methyl]-2,3,5,7a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrrol-1-yl (2Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate
A compound having the general formula RR'C(OH)OR'' (R'' =/= H).
A methoxycinnamic acid with three methoxy substituents at the 3-, 4- and 5-positions.
3-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
A 1,3-benzoxathiole having a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.
6beta-[(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenylimidazolidin-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenylimidazolidin-1-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-[(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenylimidazolidin-1-yl]penicillanic acid
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
Dicarboxylate anion of trans-2,3-epoxysuccinic acid.
A fatty acid anion with a chain length of C13 or greater.
The conjugate base of a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine compound formed by deprotonation of the phosphate OH group.
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine
a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
The carboxylate anion of N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide.
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide anion
A carboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any N-acylglycine.
The conjugate base of trans-caffeic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from cyclotriphosphoric acid.; major species at pH 7.3.
1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphinane-2,4,6-triolate 2,4,6-trioxide
The carboxylate anion of a 1,2-diacyl-3-[3-(alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminyl)-beta-D-galactosyl]-sn-glycerol.
1,2-diacyl-3-[3-(alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminyl)-beta-D-galactosyl]-sn-glycerol anion
1,2-diacyl-3-[3-(alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminyl)-beta-D-galactosyl]-sn-glycerol anions
Conjugate base of N-benzoyl-4-hydroxyanthranilic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
The ammonium betaine of a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH; major species at pH 7.3.
2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaines
A 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 6 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.
3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoate anion
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero 3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as (S)-12-hydroxyoleoyl.
1-acyl-2-[(S)-12-hydroxyoleoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaines
Trianion of 3-phosphoglyceric acid arising from deprotonation of the carboxy and phosphate groups; major species at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of D-glutamine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate base of cis-caffeic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A carbohydrate acid anion that is the conjugate base of 5-dehydro-D-gluconic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
The ammonium betaine of a 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH; major species at pH 7.3.
A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.
The ionic polymer obtained by global deprotonation of the carboxy groups of alginic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion arising from deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
The ammonium betaine formed from 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by deprotonation of the phosphate OH group.
1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion where the hydroxy group is placed at position 2 (alpha to the carboxy group) and has (R)-stereochemistry; major species at pH 7.3.
(2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
(2R)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
(2R)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
(2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
An amino acid betaine obtaine by exhaustive methylation of the alpha-amino group of L-tryptophan with concomitant deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 6 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.
3-hexaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoate anion
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of trimethylamine, obtained via protonation of the nitrogen; major species at pH 7.3.
An icosapentaenoate that is the conjugate base of all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
Dianionic form of selenophosphoric acid.
Conjugate base of 2,3-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamic acid.
A carbohydrate acid anion that is the conjugate base of alpha-D-galacturonic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid.
Conjugate base of threo-3-methyl-L-aspartic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid.
Dicarboxylate anion arising from deprotonation of both carboxylic acid groups of iminoaspartic acid.
The conjugate base of a 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid.
The carboxylate anion formed from an alpha-D-glucosiduronic acid
An organic phosphoric acid derivative in which one or more oxygen atoms of the phosphate group(s) has been deprotonated.
Conjugate base of 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid.
Any fatty acid anion with a chain length greater than C22.
Any fatty acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a short-chain fatty acid (chain length of less than C6).
Any fatty acid anion in which there is no C-C unsaturation.
Any saturated fatty acid anion lacking a carbon side-chain.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anions
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion
Any fatty acid anion with a carbon side-chain or isopropyl termination.
Any saturated fatty acid anion with a carbon side-chain or isopropyl termination.
branched-chain saturated fatty acid anions
branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion
An organic anion of general formula RS(=O)2O(-) where R is an organyl group.
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetamido group.
6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
A tripeptide consisting of betaAlaGlyGly with a 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetyl substituent on the beta-alanine nitrogen.
An azide carrying a (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl substituent.
The conjugate base of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid.
(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)chromane-3,5,7-triol--water (1/1)
(2R-trans)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol monohydrate
A carbapenemcarboxylic acid having a 2-(acetamidovinyl)sulfanyl group at the 2-position and an (S)-1-hydroxyethyl group at the 6-position.
(5R,6S)-2-{[(E)-2-acetamidovinyl]sulfanyl}-6-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2,3-didehydro-1-carbapenam-3-carboxylic acid
(5R,6S)-3-{[(E)-2-acetamidovinyl]sulfanyl}-6-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.
6-formamido-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-formamido-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 6-formamidopenicillanic acid, formed by proton loss from the carboxy group.
A tetracycline-based broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is approximately 5000 times more soluble than tetracycline base and is unique amongst tetracyclines in that it is absorbed by the "active transport" process across the intestinal wall.
A butanone derivative having two hydroxy substituents at the 1-position and an ethoxy substituent at the 3-position.
Polymyxins are antibiotics with a general structure consisting of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail. They disrupt the structure of the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with its phospholipids. Polymyxins are produced by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus polymyxa and are selectively toxic for Gram-negative bacteria.
A polymyxin having a 6-methylheptanoyl group at the amino terminus.
A polymyxin having a (6R)-6-methyloctanoyl group at the amino terminus.
Conjugate base of 5-chlorosalicylic acid.
A substance used as an indicator of a biological state.
The dihydrate of the disodium salt of balsalazide. A prodrug, releasing the anti-inflammatory 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) in the large intestine, it is used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
disodium 5-[(E)-{4-[(2-carboxylatoethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}diazenyl]-2-hydroxybenzoate--water (1/2)
disodium 5-((4-(((2-carboxyethyl)amino)carbonyl)phenyl)azo)-2-hydroxybenzoate dihydrate
disodium 5-[4-(2-carboxyethylcarbamoyl)phenylazo]salicylate
sodium 5-[(E)-{4-[(2-carboxylatoethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}diazenyl]-2-hydroxybenzoate hydrate (2:1:2)
Nonaethylene glycol in which one of the hydroxy groups is substituted by methoxy.
The sesquihydrate of the sodium salt of bromfenac. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction.
sodium [2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)phenyl]acetate--water (2/3)
sodium 2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl) phenylacetate sesquihydrate
sodium [2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)phenyl]acetate sesquihydrate
sodium [2-amino-3-(p-bromobenzoyl)phenyl]acetate sesquihydrate
A pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid having 7-chloroindol-3-yl groups at the 3- and 4-positions.
3,4-bis(7-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid
A pyrrole compound having two carboxy substituents at any position on the ring.
Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain.
A fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid functional group of a straight-chain fatty acid.
A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-[(2R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
Any fatty acid containing anywhere in its structure a ring of atoms.
A lipid-based glycol consisting of (3S,4R)-3-methoxy-4-methylnonacosane having (9R)- and (11S)-hydroxy substituents; a characteristic constituent of the waxes of tubercule bacilli.
An amido disaccharide fragment which mimicks the terminus of the O-polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotype Ogawa.
methyl 4,6-dideoxy-2-O-{4,6-dideoxy-4-[(2S)-2,4-dihydroxybutanamido]-2-O-methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl}-4-[(2S)-2,4-dihydroxybutanamido]-alpha-D-mannopyranoside
Vibrio Cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa disaccharide
A galactose phosphate consisting of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine having a choline phosphate group at the 6-position.
The hydrochloride formed from methylamine.
The conjugate acid of methylamine; major species at pH 7.3.
A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-[(Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido-3-[(Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
L-cysteine substituted at sulfur by a 2-boronoethyl group.
(2R)-2-amino-3-{[2-(dihydroxyboryl)ethyl]sulfanyl}propanoic acid
(2R)-2-amino-3-{[2-boronoethyl]sulfanyl}propanoic acid
(2R)-2-amino-3-{[2-(dihydroxyboryl)ethyl]thio}propanoic acid
(2R)-2-amino-3-{[2-boronoethyl]thio}propanoic acid
7beta-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-3-[(1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.
4-Aminobenzoic acid in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine.
A monosaccharide derivative that is a D-glucose derivative having an acyl group at the O-6 position.
The dihydrate of the anhydrous form of cidofovir. A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.
({[(2S)-1-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phosphonic acid--water (1/2)
(((S)-2-(4-amino-2-oxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy)methyl)phosphonic acid, dihydrate
({[(2S)-1-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phosphonic acid dihydrate
1-((S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl)cytosine dihydrate
A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a quinoline ring ortho fused to a pyrimidine ring.
Any member of the sub-set of polyunsaturated fatty acid for which there is an absolute dietary requirement.
Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
A fatty acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety of a medium-chain fatty acid.
Propane-1,3-diamine in which a hydrogen attached to one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-aminoprop-1-yl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 4-aminobut-1-yl group. A polyamine natural product, its name arises from its similarity to spermine and the fact that it was first isolated from the extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus.
An N-[4-(4-nitrophenylphospho)butanoyl]alanine that has S at the chiral carbon.
p-nitrophenyl phosphonobutanoyl L-alanine
An alanine derivative having a 4-(4-nitrophenylphospho)butanoyl group attached to the nitrogen of alanine.
The monohydrate form of ipratropium bromide. An anticholinergic drug, ipratropium bromide blocks the muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs. This opens the bronchi, so providing relief in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute asthma.
(3-endo,8-syn)-3-[(3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy]-8-isopropyl-8-methyl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octane bromide--water (1/1)
A mannan consisting of repeating mannosyl units joined via beta-(1->2)-linkages.
The tetrahydrate of the disodium salt of clodronic acid. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.
disodium (dichloromethanediyl)bis[hydrogen (phosphonate)]--water (1/4)
disodium (dichloromethylene)disphosphonate tetrahydrate
Tetracycline in which the hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by chlorine and a hydrogen attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group. A tetracyline antibiotic, it is used to treat acne, urinary tract infections, gum disease, and other bacterial infections such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia.
potassium 7-chloro-2-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate
potassium 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate
An ammonium salt comprising separate ammonium cations and octahedral [PtCl6](2-) anions.
An inorganic sodium salt comprising separate sodium cations and octahedral [PtCl6](2-) anions.
An inorganic sodium salt comprising separate sodium cations and square planar [PtCl4](2-) anions.
sodium (SP-4-1)-tetrachloridoplatinate(2-)
An N-acylglucosamine where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.
Any fatty acid having at least one of the chain methylene groups replaced by sulfur. Members of this group are believed to have important pharmacological (antioxidant and antiatherosclerosis) properties.
Any fatty acid containing at least one aldehydic or ketonic group in addition to the carboxylic acid group.
A fatty acid containing at least one amino substituent.
A mixture where R = H or Me. Colistin in which each of the primary amino groups is converted to the corresponding aminomethanesulfonic acid. It is prepared from colistin by the action of formaldehyde followed by sodium bisulfite. A polymyxin antibiotic, it is used as its penta-sodium salt in the treatment of severe infections, particularly of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.
Colistin A in which each of the primary amino groups is converted to the corresponding aminomethanesulfonic acid sodium salt, commonly by treatment with formaldehyde followed by sodium bisulfite.
pentasodium {[(3S)-4-{[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-6,9,18-tris{2-[(sulfonatomethyl)amino]ethyl}-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclotricosan-21-yl]amino}-3-{[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-({(2S)-2-{[(6R)-6-methyloctanoyl]amino}-4-[(sulfonatomethyl)amino]butanoyl}amino)butanoyl]amino}-4-oxobutyl]amino}methanesulfonate
Colistin B in which each of the primary amino groups is converted to the corresponding aminomethanesulfonic acid sodium salt, commonly by treatment with formaldehyde followed by sodium bisulfite.
pentasodium {[(3S)-4-{[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-6,9,18-tris{2-[(sulfonatomethyl)amino]ethyl}-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclotricosan-21-yl]amino}-3-{[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-({(2S)-2-[(6-methylheptanoyl)amino]-4-[(sulfonatomethyl)amino]butanoyl}amino)butanoyl]amino}-4-oxobutyl]amino}methanesulfonate
Colistin A in which each of the primary amino groups is converted to the corresponding aminomethanesulfonic acid, commonly by the action of formaldehyde followed by sodium bisulfite.
{[(3S)-4-{[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-6,9,18-tris{2-[(sulfomethyl)amino]ethyl}-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclotricosan-21-yl]amino}-3-{[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-({(2S)-2-{[(6R)-6-methyloctanoyl]amino}-4-[(sulfomethyl)amino]butanoyl}amino)butanoyl]amino}-4-oxobutyl]amino}methanesulfonic acid
Colistin B in which each of the primary amino groups is converted to the corresponding aminomethanesulfonic acid, commonly by the action of formaldehyde followed by sodium bisulfite.
{[(3S)-4-{[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S)-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-6,9,18-tris{2-[(sulfomethyl)amino]ethyl}-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacyclotricosan-21-yl]amino}-3-{[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-({(2S)-2-[(6-methylheptanoyl)amino]-4-[(sulfomethyl)amino]butanoyl}amino)butanoyl]amino}-4-oxobutyl]amino}methanesulfonic acid
A polyene antifungal antibiotic complex containing three biologically active components, A1, A2 and A3. Produced by Streptococcus noursei, S. aureus and other Streptococcus species.
The trihydrate of the acetic acid salt of desmopressin. An antidiuretic, it increases urine concentration and decreases urine production, and is used to prevent and control excessive thirst, urination, and dehydration caused by injury, surgery, and certain medical conditions. It is also used in the diagnosis and treatment of cranial diabetes insipidus and in tests of renal function.
1-{[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S)-7-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-10-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-13-benzyl-16-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentaazacycloicosan-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-prolyl-D-arginylglycinamide acetate--water (1/3)
1-(3-mercaptopropanoic acid)-8-D-arginine vasopression monoacetate trihydrate
1-(3-mercaptopropionic acid)-8-D-arginine vasopression monoacetate trihydrate
1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin acetate trihydrate
1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin acetate trihydrate
The dihydrate form of amidotrizoic acid. Both the dihydrate and the anhydrous form are used as X-ray contrast media.
3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid--water (1/2)
2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-diacetamidobenzoic acid dihydrate
3,5-Bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid dihydrate
3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid dihydrate
Hydroxy boron compounds of general formula BxOyHz.
An organooxygen compound having the structure RR'C(OR'')(OR''') (R'', R''' =/= H). Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ.
A hemiacetal having the structure RR(1)C(OH)OR(2) (R, R(1), R(2) =/= H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group.
An acetal of formula R2C(OR)2 (R =/= H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals.
A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.
A hemiacetal having the structure R2C(OH)OR (R =/= H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group. The term 'cyclic hemiketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of hemiacetals.
The sulfur analogue of 'acetal'. The term includes monothioacetals having the structure R2C(OR')(SR') (subclass monothioketals, R =/= H); and dithioacetals having the structure R2C(SR')2 (subclass dithioketals, R =/= H, R' =/= H).
A thioacetal having the structure R2C(SR')2. The term includes dithioketals (R =/= H, R' =/= H) as a subclass.
The trihydrate form of docetaxel. It is used for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung cancer, and with prednisone or prednisolone in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer.
4-(acetyloxy)-13alpha-({(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl}oxy)-1,7beta,10beta-trihydroxy-9-oxo-5beta,20-epoxytax-11-en-2alpha-yl benzoate--water (1/3)
N-debenzoyl-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-10-deacetylpaclitaxel trihydrate
N-debenzoyl-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-10-deacetyltaxol trihydrate
Conjugate base of an L-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
The conjugate base of any hydroxy fatty acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
A fatty acid anion carrying one or more oxo substituents
A carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of an N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.
N-[(1S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-alanyl-L-proline--water (1/2)
1-(N-((S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-L-alanyl)-L-proline dihydrate
The monohydrate form of entecavir. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, entecavir is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. It is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. Enteclavir is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
2-amino-9-[(1S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl]-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one--water (1/1)
9-((1S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylenecyclopentyl)guanine monohydrate
The monohydrate form of ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride.
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride--water (1/1)
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride hydrate
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride monohydrate
ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride monohydrate
The alpha-anomer of the pyranose form of tyvelose.
The alpha-anomer of the pyranose form of abequose.
A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.
(6R,7R)-7-{[carboxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-7-methoxy-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-oxa-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
The alpha-anomer of the pyranose form of D-paratose.
An sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having unspecified acyl groups at the 1- and 2-positions.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
The conjugate base of a 1-acyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine compound formed by deprotonation of the phosphate OH group.
1-acyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
The conjugate base of 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A polypeptide comprising N-decanoyltryptophan, asparagine, aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, ornithine, aspartic acid, D-alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, D-serine, threo-3-methylglutamic acid and 3-anthraniloylalanine (also known as kynurinine) coupled in sequence and lactonised by condensation of the carboxylic acid group of the 3-anthraniloylalanine with the alcohol group of the threonine residue.
N-decanoyl-L-tryptophyl-L-asparaginyl-L-aspartyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-ornithyl-L-aspartyl-D-alanyl-L-aspartylglycyl-D-seryl-threo-3-methyl-L-glutamyl-3-anthraniloyl-L-alanine 1.13-3.4-lactone
N-decanoyl-L-tryptophyl-L-asparaginyl-L-aspartyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-ornithyl-L-aspartyl-D-alanyl-L-aspartylglycyl-D-seryl-threo-3-methyl-L-glutamyl-3-anthraniloyl-L-alanine epsilon(1)-lactone
A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
A homopolymer is a polymer composed of macromolecules, all of which are derived from one species of monomer.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->6)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid function of the alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl residue.
A sialic acid anion arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group of an N-acylneuraminic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
The 6-O-sinapoyl derivative of D-glucono-1,5-lactone.
[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->6)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group on the N-acetylneuraminyl residue; major species at pH 7.3.
propan-2-yl 2-({ethoxy[(propan-2-yl)amino]phosphorothioyl}oxy)benzoate
1-methylethyl 2-({ethoxy[(1-methylethyl)amino]phosphorothioyl}oxy)benzoate
1-methylethyl-2-((ethoxy((1-methylethyl)amino)phosphinothioyl)oxy) benzoate
2-[[ethoxy[(1-methylethyl)amino]phosphinothioyl]oxy]benzoic acid 1-methylethyl ester
O-ethyl O-(2-isopropoxycarbonyl)phenyl isopropylphosphoramidothioate
isopropyl 2-{[ethoxy(isopropylamino)phosphorothioyl]oxy}benzoate
isopropylsalicylate, O-ester with O-ethyl isopropylphosphoramidothioate
A salt comprising separate ammonium cations and octahedral [PdCl6](2-) anions.
A salt comprising separate ammonium cations and octahedral [RhCl6](3-) anions.
A salt comprising separate ammonium cations and octahedral [IrCl6](2-) anions.
ammonium (OC-6-11)-hexachloroiridate(2-) (2:1)
A salt comprising separate ammonium cations and octahedral [RuCl6](2-) anions.
ammonium (OC-6-11)-hexachlororuthenate(2-) (1:2)
A salt comprising separate ammonium cations and square planar [PtCl4](2-) anions.
ammonium (SP-4-1)-tetrachloridoplatinate(2-)
A salt comprising separate ammonium cations and square planar [PdCl4](2-) anions.
ammonium (SP-4-1)-tetrachloridopalladate(2-)
A disaccharide derivative comprising methyl alpha-D-galactoside having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the 3-position.
methyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 3-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
An ionic polymer is a polymer, composed of ionic macromolecules.
A deoxyribonucleoside containing a purine base.
A chlorophyll of photosynthetic bacteria, for example green sulfur bacteria.
A linear-fused organic heterotetracyclic compound consisting of a [1,3,2]dioxaphosphinane fused to a pyran ring which is in turn fused to a pteridine ring system. Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis intermediate. Dehydrated derivative known as precursor Z.
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.
A silver atom having a net electric charge.
A lead atom having a net electric charge.
A selenium atom having a net electric charge.
A lead atom having a positive net electric charge.
The hexahydrate form of trisodium phosphonoformate. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.
A caesium atom having a net electric charge.
An aluminium atom having a net electric charge.
Benzaldehyde substituted at the 4-position by an N,N-dimethylamino group and at C-3 by bromine.
An N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.
4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide
p-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
An N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.
methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside
Any N-oxide of a purine or purine derivative.
An adenosine 5'-monophosphate having a salicyl group at the 3'-position; intermediate in mycobactin biosynthesis.
3'-O-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
A generic term for all the possible tungsten cations (W6+, W4+, etc...)
A phosphatidic acid in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.
3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl (9Z,9'Z)bis-octadec-9-enoate
A compound resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine which removes one of the fatty acid groups.
A homopolymer, composed of gamma-poly(glutamic acid) macromolecule.
A gamma-poly(glutamic acid) polymer, composed of gamma-poly(L-glutamic acid) macromolecules.
The conjugate base of benzylpenicillenic acid.
N-[(2-benzyl-5-oxo-1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-ylidene)methyl]-3-sulfanyl-D-valine anion
A glycosylglucose where the glycosyl component is D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranose attached via an alpha-(1->6)-linkage; the epitope of the lipooligosaccharide isolated from Haemophilus ducreyi strain ITM 2665.
Compounds that contain an amide group as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.
A phosphocholine carrying an O-(4-diazoniophenyl) substituent.
The tetraethyl ester of [[(3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)amino]methylene]bisphosphonic acid
tetraethyl {[(3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)amino]methylene}bis(phosphonate)
[[(3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)amino]methylene]bisphosphonic acid, tetraethyl ester
tetraethyl [(3-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)amino]methanediphosphonate
Any organic aromatic compound containing two phenyl (or substituted phenyl) groups attached to a single carbon or heteroatom and which has significant antifungal properties.
The monohydrate form of doxycycline. A semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, it is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult periodontitis.
(4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6R,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide--water (1/1)
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of N-benzoylglycine; major species at pH 7.3.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are both arachidonoyl.
(7R,14Z,17Z,20Z,23Z)-4-hydroxy-7-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphanonacosa-14,17,20,23-tetraen-1-aminium 4-oxide
Any fatty acid containing nitrogen as either a substituent or a replacement for a methylene carbon.
An acyl chloride consisting of benzoyl chloride having a chloro substituent in the ortho-position.
An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.
A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-2.
A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.
An analogue of a nucleoside, being an N-glycosyl compound in which the nitrogen-containing moiety is a modified nucleotide base. They are commonly used as antiviral products to prevent viral replication in infected cells.
A hydrate, which is the hemihydrate form of the (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol.
(2S)-1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(4-morpholin-4-yl-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy]propan-2-ol--water (2/1)
The monohydrate form of lidocaine hydrochloride.
N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N(2),N(2)-diethylglycinamide hydrochloride--water (1/1)
2-(diethylamino)-2',6'-acetoxylidide monohydrochloride monohydrate
2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide monohydrochloride monohydrate
diethylaminoacet-2,6-xylidide hydrochloride monohydrate
A lysophosphatidic acid having the unusual property of a phosphodiester moiety linked to positions sn-1 and sn1' of glycerol; and two additional fatty acids esterified to the glycerol head group.
bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate
A lysobisphosphatidic acid carrying the fatty acyl groups at positions sn-2 and sn-2' of glycerol.
2,2'-bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate
A lysobisphosphatidic acid carrying the fatty acyl groups at positions sn-3 and sn-3' of glycerol.
3,3'-bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate
A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.
2-(naphthalen-1-ylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid
2-((1-naphthalenylamino)carbonyl)benzoic acid
2-[(1-naphthylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid
A hydroxyflavan with hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Further oxygenation may be present at other ring positions. They are considered as derivatives of anthocyanidin and hence are termed leucoanthocyanidin.
The selenium ion with two positive charges.
A glycosylglucose comprising beta-D-glucose having a D-galactosyl residue at the 4-position.
A hydroxybenzoate having the hydroxy group at the 4-position together with a geranyl group at the 3-position; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid containing one or more nitrogen atoms connected through carbon atoms to one or more carboxy groups.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide dihydrochloride.
2-chloro-4-{[2-(diethylammonio)ethyl]carbamoyl}-5-methoxyanilinium dichloride--water (1/1)
4-amino-5-chloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide dihydrochloride--water (1/1)
2-methoxy-4-amino-5-chloro-N-(beta-(diethylamino)ethyl)benzamide dihydrochloride monohydrate
4-amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-o-anisamide dihydrochloride monohydrate
metoclopramide dihydrochloride monohydrate
A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.
Any amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.
A xylan composed of a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone substituted with glucuronic acid residues.
A derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.
A phospholipid that contains one or more amino groups.
A gluconate that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.
A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in an alpha configuration
A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in a beta configuration
A methyl glycoside in which the H of the OH group on C-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group.
An alkanesulfonic acid obtained by the formal substitution of one of the methyl hydrogens of (2S)-propane-1,2-diol by a sulfonic acid group.
(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonic acid
(R)-2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonic acid
An L-tyrosine derivative having a 3'-O-{[(6-aminohexyl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}uridine phosphate attached to the phenolic hydroxy group via a phosphoester linkage.
A nitrogen-containing fatty acid anion arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group of any amino fatty acid.
A fatty acid anion arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of any nitrogen-containing fatty acid.
A ribonucleoside bisphosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.
A methyl glycoside comprising methyl beta-D-glucoside having an beta-D-galactosyl residue at the 4-position.
methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl and 9-oxononanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9-oxononanoyl)oxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(7R)-4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-7-[(9-oxononanoyl)oxy]-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphapentacosan-1-aminium 4-oxide
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of tacrolimus.
A nucleoside bisphosphate that has a purine nucleobase.
A nucleoside bisphosphate where sugar of the nucleoside is ribose.
A peptidoglycan with a phosphate linkage to a lipid.
A laminarabiose having beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.
Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.
nucleobase-containing molecular entities
A monohydroxybenzoic acid having the hydroxy group at the 4-position together with a geranyl group at the 3-position.
3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
Any alpha-amino acid ester that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-alanine with an alcohol.
An organic disulfide consisting of two D-penicillamines joined by a disulfide bond.
(2S,2'S)-3,3'-disulfanediylbis(2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid)
(2S,2'S)-3,3'-dithiobis(2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid)
(2S,2'S)-3,3'-dithiobis(2-amino-3-methylbutyric acid)
Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.
A methyl glycoside having beta-D-tyvelose as the glycoside component.
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranoside
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexoside
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of succinylcholine chloride.
2,2'-[(1,4-dioxobutane-1,4-diyl)bis(oxy)]bis(N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium) chloride--water (1/2)
Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides in plant cell walls that have beta-(1->4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Hemicelluloses include xyloglucans, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and beta-(1->3,1->4)-glucans.
An anthranilate obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 5-nitroanthranilic acid.
A monohydroxybenzoate that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 5-nitrosalicylic acid.
A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of scopolamine hydrobromide.
(1R,2R,4S,5S,7s)-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]non-7-yl (2S)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate hydrobromide--water (1/3)
(1R,2R,4S,5S,7s,9s)-7-{[(2S)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl]oxy}-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane bromide--water (1/3)
An aminobenzoic acid in which the the amino group is ortho- to the carboxylic acid group, and which is substituted para- to the amino group by a nitro group.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy group is ortho- to the carboxylic acid group and which has a nitro substituent para- to the phenolic hydroxy group.
[methyl 14-ethyl-8-formyl-4,13,18-trimethyl-20-oxo-3-{3-oxo-3-[(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl)oxy]propyl}-9-vinylphorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa(4)N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26)]magnesium
A nucleotide having guanine as the base.
A purine ribonucleotide where the purine is guanine.
A purine riboncleotide where adenine is the purine.
A heteroglycan in which a backbone composed of D-mannose units is substituted with D-glucose and/or D-galactose units.
D-glucose- and/or D-galactose-substituted mannans
D-glucose- and/or D-galactose-substituted mannan
A mannan consisting of repeating branched pentamannoside units joined via alpha-(1->6)-linkages.
S. cerevisiae mnn mnn mutant mannan (fraction D1)
A mannan consisting of repeating branched nonamannoside units joined via alpha-(1->6)-linkages.
A glycerate in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been phosphorylated.
An chromium atom having a net electric charge.
A C20, straight-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid anion containing five double bonds.
A dicarboxylate that contains four carbon atoms.
Any hydroxy carboxylic acid which contains a hydroxy group located beta- to the carboxylic acid group.
An unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of acetylenic fatty acid
Any cinnamic acid carrying one or more methoxy substituents.
A polymer, composed of poly(sulfide) macrmolecules.
A C18, saturated fatty acid composed of octadecanoic acid having an 11,12-methylene substituent forming a cyclopropane.
A polymer, composed of polyanion macromolecules.
A carbapenemcarboxylic acid that is the 3-carboxy derivative of 2,3-didehydro-1-carbapenam.
2,3-didehydro-1-carbapenam-3-carboxylic acid
(5R)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
The five-membered ring form of D-fructose 6-phosphate.
A dipeptide consisting of L-glutamic acid having an L-alanyl attached to its alpha-amino group
Any N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
an N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl derivative
Any saponin derived from a hydroxysteroid.
Any benzoate anion carrying one or more amido substituents.
Any D-hexose 6-phosphate in which the hexose is in the pyranose form.
Any cyclitol having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid.
A phosphocholine that is the 4-aminophenyl ester of choline phosphate.
4-aminophenyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
4-aminophenyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
An aldehyde in which the carbon alpha to the carbonyl group is part of a hydroxypolyether system.
A cyclodepsipeptide antibiotic, which is isolated from the filamentous fungus Aureobasidium pullulans R106 and is toxic to yeast at low concentrations (0.1-0.5 ug/ml).
N-((2R,3R)-2-hydroxy-3-methylvaleryl)-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-phenylalanyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L- alloisoleucyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-leucyl-3-hydroxy-N-methyl- L-valine alpha1-lactone
A terpenoid in which one or more hydroxy functions are glycosylated.
A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a triterpenoid.
The five-membered ring form of L-arabinose.
A phosphocholine linked to 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid via a phosphodiester linkage.
6-(O-phosphocholine)hydroxyhexanoic acid
6-(O-phosphorylcholine)hydroxycaproic acid
6-(O-phosphorylcholine)hydroxyhexanoic acid
An ammonium betaine formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of 6-(O-phosphocholine)oxyhexanoic acid.
6-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-5,7-dioxa-2-azonia-6-phosphatridecan-13-oate 6-oxide
6-(O-phosphorylcholine)hydroxyhexanoate betaine
An ammonium betaine formed by deprotonation of the phosphoric acid group of 6-(O-phosphocholine)hydroxyhexanoic acid.
5-carboxypentyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
5-carboxypentyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
6-(O-phosphocholine)oxyhexanoic acid betaine
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having palmitoyl and azelaoyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.
(2R)-2-[(8-carboxyoctanoyl)oxy]-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
The open-chain aldehyhde form of L-arabinose.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having palmitoyl and glutaroyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4-carboxybutanoyl)oxy]-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A melibiose that has beta-configuration at the anomeric hydroxy group.
An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl group.
A phytofluene having (E)-double bonds at the 6-, 12-, 14-, 18-, 22- and 26 positions and (Z)-double bonds at the 10- and 16-positions.
A trisaccharide comprised of three D-glucose residues connected by alpha(1->4) linkages.
A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.
A lipid-rich mixture containing glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and other components.
A member of the class of uridines that is uridine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.
Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.
An N-acylneuraminic acid in which the acyl substituent on nitrogen is glycolyl and which has beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
3,5-dideoxy-5-(glycoloylamino)-D-glycero-beta-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
A methyl glycoside that is beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by methoxy.
methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A methyl glycoside that is beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a beta-methoxy.
methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A methyl glycoside derived from a hexasaccharide consisting of three units N-acetyllactosamine coupled in a linear sequence by beta-(1->3') linkages.
methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent
An N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
N-acetyl-alpha-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate
An N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate having the N-acyl specified as acetyl.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)
An N-acyl-D-mannosamine phosphate having the phosphate group placed at the 6-position.
Any mannosamine phosphate having D-configuration and carrying an N-acyl substituent.
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion arising from deprotonation of one or more oxoacid OH groups of any polysaccharide acid.
An S-farnesyl-L-cysteine where the C=C double bonds at the 2- and 6-positions both have (E)-configuration.
(2R)-2-amino-3-{[(2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl]sulfanyl}propanoic acid
A monomethylxanthine having the methyl group located at the 3-position. It is a metabolite of caffeine.
A methylxanthine carrying a single methyl substituent at any position.
A 3-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 9-position.
A 3-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 7-position.
An N-acylneuraminic acid in which the acyl substituent on nitrogen is glycoloyl and which has alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
3,5-dideoxy-5-(glycoloylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
A methyl glycoside that is beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by methoxy.
methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A (1->3)-beta-D-glucan consisting of 15 glucosyl residues linked in a linear sequence.
A beta-D-glucan consisting of [3)-beta-D-Glcp-(1->]15 in which the fifth and tenth glucosides from the reducing end are substituted at position 6 by beta-D-glucoside residues.
A D-mannosamine in cyclic pyranose form.
Any rhamnose having L-configuration. L-rhamnose occurs naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
The methyl glycoside of the disaccharide beta-D-galactofuranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-mannose.
methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside
methyl 6-O-beta-D-galactofuranosyl-beta-D-mannopyranoside
The methyl glycoside of the disaccharide beta-D-galactofuranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-mannose.
methyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside
methyl 3-O-beta-D-galactofuranosyl-beta-D-mannopyranoside
An acyclic carotene having the structure of psi,psi-carotene shortened by the formal removal of a prenyl group from each end of the molecule.
An acyclic carotene having the structure 7',8'-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene with cis-double bonds at C-7, C-9 and C-9'.
An acyclic psi,psi-carotene having cis double bonds at C-7, -7', -9 and -9'.
An acyclic carotene having the structure of lycopene with two hydrogen atoms abstracted from the C(3)-C(4) bond to form an extra trans double bond.
The carotenone that is the 2-oxo derivative of (3E)-1-methoxy-3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene.
A carotenol having the structure of rhodopin with two hydrogen atoms abstracted from the C(3)-C(4) bond to form an extra trans double bond.
Any branched-chain fatty acid containing methyl branches only.
The carotenol formed by demethylation of the carotenoid ether spheroidene.
A tricarboxylic acid trianion resulting from the removal of a proton from each of the carboxy groups of tricarballylic acid.
The indol-3-yl carboxylic acid anion formed by loss of a proton from the carboxy group of (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid; principal microspecies at pH 7.3
An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
An amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, any substitution of phenyl hydrogens, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tyrosine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tyrosine residues.
A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted by a nonaprenyl group.
all-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-5-nonaprenylbenzoic acid
all-trans-3-nonaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
A 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 9 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 5 are substituted by a methoxy and a nonaprenyl group.
3-(3,7,11,15,19,23-nonamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaenyl) -4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-benzoic acid
4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nonaprenylbenzoic acid
all-trans-3-nonaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid
all-trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nonaprenylbenzoic acid
3-nonaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid
A 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 9 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.
A 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 10 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.
A 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 10 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.
An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having myristoyl (tetradecanoyl) as the 1-O-acyl group.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl tetradecanoate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl myristate
1-O-tetradecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
1-myristoyl-2-lyso-sn-glycerol 3-phosphatidic acid
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having linoleyl (9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl) as the 1-O-acyl group.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
1-linoleyl-2-lyso-sn-glycerol 3-phosphatidic acid
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having 18-mercaptooctadecanoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl 18-sulfanyloctadecanoate
1-(18-mercaptooctadecanoyl) lysophosphatidic acid
1-(18-mercaptooctadecanoyl)-2-lyso-sn-glycerol 3-phosphatidic acid
1-(18-mercaptooctadecanoyl)glycerol 3-phosphate
1-O-(18-mercaptooctadecanoyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
1-(18-mercaptooctadecanoyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
1-oleoyl-2-lyso-sn-glycerol 3-phosphatidic acid
1-oleyl-2-lyso-sn-glycerol 3-phosphatidic acid
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 2,3-cyclic phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.
[(4R)-2-hydroxy-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan-4-yl]methyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-2,3-cyclic phosphate
1-O-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 2,3-cyclic phosphate
1-O-oleyl-sn-glycerol 2,3-cyclic phosphate
1-oleyl-sn-glycerol 2,3-cyclic phosphate
1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 2,3-cyclic phosphate
A monoacylglycerol phosphate that consists of sn-glycerol 2,3-cyclic phosphate bearing an acyl group at position 1.
1-O-acyl-sn-glycerol 2,3-cyclic phosphate
1-O-acyl-sn-glycerol 2,3-cyclic phosphates
1-acyl-sn-glycerol 2,3-cyclic phosphates
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having lauroyl (dodecanoyl) as the 1-O-acyl group.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl dodecanoate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl laurate
1-dodecanoyl-2-lyso-sn-glycerol 3-phosphatidic acid
1-lauroyl-2-lyso-sn-glycerol 3-phosphatidic acid
A compound of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and chloride in the ratio 1:2.
A sulfur-containing amino acid in which the gamma-carbon atoms of two molecules of L-aminobutyric acid are joined via a thioether linkage. It is a byproduct of cystathionine-gamma-lyase and a possible human hyperhomocysteinemia marker.
(2S,2'S)-4,4'-sulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid)
(S,S)-2,2'-diamino-4,4'-sulfanediyldibutyric acid
An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.
A carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of a sialic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.
An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.
The potassium salt of aminocyclopyrachlor.
potassium 6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropylpyrimidine-4-carboxylate
6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxyllic acid potassium salt
A polyprenyl glycosyl diphosphate having N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine as the glycosyl fragment.
An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of formic acid.
A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan (cellulose) in amorphous form with a structure consisting of several hundred to over ten thousand D-glucose residues joined by beta(1->4) glycosidic linkages.
A (1->4)-beta-D-glucan (cellulose) in crystalline form with a structure consisting of several hundred to over ten thousand D-glucose residues joined by beta(1->4) glycosidic linkages.
The ammonium salt of phosphoric acid (molar ratio 1:1).
A glycol in which the two hydroxy groups are at positions 2 and 4 of 2-methylpentane (isopentane).
alpha,alpha,alpha'-trimethyltrimethylene glycol
An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.
The magnesium salt of formic acid, which exists in the solid state as a dihydrate.
The organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of L-tartaric acid.
disodium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
(R-(R*,R*))-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, disodium salt
disodium (R-(R*,R*))-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
dipotassium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, dipotassium salt
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, potassium salt
The organic sodium and potassium salt of L-tartaric acid (mol ratio 1:1:1).
potassium sodium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, monopotassium monosodium salt
Sodium potassium salt of L-(+)-tartaric acid
Tartaric acid, monopotassium monosodium salt
The inorganic chloride salt of yttrium(III)
A methyl glycoside that consists of methyl alpha-D-galactoside having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the 4-position.
methyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 4-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
methyl alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-galactoside
An alpha-D-mannoside having 4-aminophenyl as the anomeric substituent.
A potassium salt in which dihydrogen phosphate(1-) is the counterion.
Orthophosphoric acid, monopotassium salt
A citrate salt in which all three carboxy groups are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.
tri(azaniumyl) 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
triammonium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid triammonium salt
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, ammonium salt (1:3)
The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.
An inorganic chloride in which manganese(II) is coordinated to two chloride ions. In its anhydrous state manganese(II) chloride is a polymeric solid, which adopts a layered cadmium chloride-like structure.
The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.
A hydroxypolyether in which a hydroxy-poly(ethylene oxide) chain is connected to each of the methyl groups of neopentane. It is commonly used to crystallise proteins.
An inorganic phosphate, being the diammonium salt of phosphoric acid.
Any zinc ion that is positively charged.
An aluminium atom having a positive net electric charge.
A transition element cation where the metal is specifed as cadmium.
A carotenol having the structure of 1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene with hydroxy functions at the 1 and 1' positions.
A beta-D-glucoside that is zeaxanthin in which both hydroxy groups have been converted to the corresponding glucosides. It is one of the most polar carotenoids found in nature (solubility in water is 800 ppm, compared with only 12.6 ppm for zeaxanthin itself).
(3R,3'R)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-beta,beta-caroten-3'-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside
(all-E,3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin di-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A beta-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of beta-alanine.
An organic salt that is the diammonium salt of L-(+)-tartaric acid.
diammonium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate
(R)-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid diammonium salt
A citrate salt in which two of the three carboxy groups are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.
diammonium 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioate
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, diammonium salt
An N-acyl-beta-D-glucosamine where the N-acyl group is specified as 6-[(2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenyl)amino]hexanoyl.
The pyranose form of an N-acyl-D-glucosamine.
An N-acyl-D-glucosamine that has beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A dipeptide that consists of beta-alanyl-L-glutamine amide bearing a 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenyl (DNCP) substituent at the amino terminus while the amides at the carboxy terminus and side-chain are substituted by beta-D-glucopyranos-2-yl groups.
2-{[N-(1,5-bis(2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranos-2-ylamino)-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl)amino]carbonylethylamino}-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid
N(1),N(5)-bis(2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranos-2-yl)-N(2)-(N(3)-DNCP-beta-alanyl)-L-glutamine amide
N(1),N(5)-bis(2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranos-2-yl)-N(2)-(N(3)-DNCP-beta-alanyl)glutamine amide
The organic sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in which three sodium cations are associated with one trianion of EDTA.
trisodium 2,2'-({2-[(carboxylatomethyl)(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl}imino)diacetate
(ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid trisodium salt
N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-(carboxymethyl)glycine] trisodium salt
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid trisodium salt
trisodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
A D-rhamnopyranose having alpha-configuration at its anomeric centre.
An N-acetylmannosamine having D-configuration.
An N-acetyl-D-mannosamine having beta-configuration at its anomeric centre.
A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.
A mycinamicin composed of a 16-membered ring macrolactone core, an N,N-dimethylated deoxysugar desosamine and a 2-O-methylated 6-deoxysugar javose.
[(2R,3R,4E,6E,9R,11S,12S,13S,14E)-2-ethyl-9,11,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-12-{[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy}oxacyclohexadeca-4,6,14-trien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-2-O-methyl-beta-D-allopyranoside
A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.
7-{[(22Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-({[5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-{[(22Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-3-({[5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A penicillin that is the N-benzoyl derivative of ampicillin.
6beta-[(2R)-2-(benzamido)-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-(benzoylamino)-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A methyl glycoside that is N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by methoxy.
methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide
A methyl glycoside that is N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by methoxy.
methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside
methyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide
The element or compound in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction that donates an electron to another species.
Name for a family of macrolide antibiotics with more than twenty members produced by the rare actinomycete Micromonospora griseorubida.
A mycinamicin composed of a 16-membered ring macrolactone core, an N,N-dimethylated deoxysugar desosamine and a 2,3-di-O-methylated 6-deoxysugar mycinose.
[(2R,3R,4E,6E,9R,11S,12S,13S,14E)-2-ethyl-9,11,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-12-{[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy}oxacyclohexadeca-4,6,14-trien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-2,3-di-O-methyl-beta-D-allopyranoside
A mycinamicin composed of a 16-membered ring macrolactone core, an N,N-dimethylated deoxysugar desosamine and a 6-deoxysugar 6-deoxyallose.
[(2R,3R,4E,6E,9R,11S,12S,13S,14E)-2-ethyl-9,11,13-trimethyl-8,16-dioxo-12-{[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy}oxacyclohexadeca-4,6,14-trien-3-yl]methyl 6-deoxy-beta-D-allopyranoside
A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group at position 4 of L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid with the carboxy group of oxalic acid.
(2S)-2-amino-4-[(carboxycarbonyl)amino]butanoic acid
L-alpha-amino-gamma-oxalylaminobutyric acid
Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.
The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.
An alkaline earth salt that has barium(2+) as the cation.
The ketoaldonic acid phosphate formed formally from L-erythronic acid by oxidation of the 3-hydroxy group to an oxo group and phosphorylation at the 1-hydroxy group.
(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoic acid
6-O-phosphono-D-xylo-hex-4-ulosonic acid
(S)-2-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-(phosphonooxy)butanoic acid
A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.
A dideoxyhexose that is allose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by hydrogens.
A deoxy sugar derivative that is formally obtained from a deoxyhexose.
A deoxyhexose derivative that is formally obtained from deoxymannose.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide.
An aldose derivative that is formally obtained from an aldohexose.
A disaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a glycosylglucose.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from an aldose.
An aldose derivative that is formally obtained from an aldoheptose.
An aldose derivative that is formally obtained from an aldopentose.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from an anhydro sugar.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a heptose.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a hexose.
An aldohexose derivative that has D-configuration.
A hexose derivative that is formally obtained from a ketohexose.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a ketoaldonic acid.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.
A monosaccharide that is formally obtained from a uronic acid.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an alditol.
An alditol derivative that is formally obtained from a glycosyl alditol.
A glycosyl alditol derivative that is formally obtained from a galactosylglycerol.
A glycosyl alditol derivative that is formally obtained from a glucosylglycerol.
A glycosyl alditol derivative that is formally obtained from a glycosyl glycerol.
An alditol derivative that is formally obtained from a pentitol.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid.
A sulfur-containing amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (not protonated).
An aromatic amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (non-protonated).
A monocarboxylic acid that consists of phenylacetic acid bearing bromo, hydroxy and nitro substituents at position 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)acetic acid
(5-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid
An azide carrying a (3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl substituent.
(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl azide
(5-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl azide
An N-acylamino acid that consists of 6-aminohexanoic acid bearing an N-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl substituent.
6-{[(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl]amino}hexanoic acid
6-[(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)acetamido]hexanoic acid
6-[(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)acetamido]caproic acid
A transition element cation that is a form of platinum having had electrons removed resulting in the 2+, 3+, or 4+ cation.
A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative.
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion that is formally obtained from a ketoaldonate.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an oligosaccharide.
An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a hexasaccharide.
An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentasaccharide.
An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a tetrasaccharide.
A tunaxanthin that consists of epsilon,epsilon-carotene bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S,6S,6'S-diastereomer).
An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a trisaccharide.
A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.
An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase
(3S)-9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid
(3S)-(-)-9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4]benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid
(S)-(-)-9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4]benzooxazine-6-carboxylic acid
(S)-9-Fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-7H-pyrido(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid
A quinolone that consits of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-[(4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-((4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo(3,4-b)pyridin-6-yl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.
(3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-{[(2S)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy}-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]heptanoic acid
(+)-(3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-{[(S)-2-methylbutyryl]oxy}-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1-naphthyl]heptanoic acid
Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.
A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.
An aldehyde hydrate resulting from the addition of water to the aldehyde group of abietal.
A sodium salt that is the disodium salt of succinic acid. The hexahydrate form is used as an ingredient of topical preparations for the treatment of cataract.
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of sodium succinate. It is used as an ingredient of topical preparations for the treatment of cataract.
Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused pyrrolidine and piperidine rings.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous tenovir.
({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phosphonic acid--water (1/1)
An organic sodium salt that is the heptahydrate form of pemetrexed disodium. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).
disodium N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamate--water (1/7)
Any alcohol in which two hydroxy groups are bonded to the same atom.
A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a aldehyde.
A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a ketone.
A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A methoxybenzoic acid that is 4-methoxybenzoic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 3.
A amidobenzoic acid that consists of salicylic acid bearing an acetamido substituent at position 4.
An amidobenzoate that is the conjugate base of 4-acetamidosalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-alkyl group is specified as hexadecyl.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
An organic sodium salt that is the monohydrate form of sulfacetamide sodium.
sodium acetyl[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl]azanide--water (1/1)
A primary alcohol that is pentan-1-ol bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 4.
A hydrate that is the hemipentahydrate form of cadmium dichloride.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of sodium tungstate. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones
sodium dioxido(dioxo)tungsten--water (1/2)
An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.
Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule.
A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.
An octadecatetraenedioic acid obtained by oxidative degradation of leukotriene B4, a process that results in the removal of C19 and C20 with concomitant dioxygenation of C18.
(4Z,7R,8E,10E,12Z,14S)-7,14-dihydroxyoctadeca-4,8,10,12-tetraenedioic acid
18-hydroxy-18-oxo-19,20-dinorleukotriene B4
A C18 alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid having four double bonds at unspecified positions in the chain.
A monoacylglycerol phosphate having palmitoyl as the acyl group on O-1 and with the phosphate group on O-3.
A beta-D-glucan of more than 20 D-glucose residues joined by beta-(1->3) and beta-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.
Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
A tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide obtained by formal stereo- and regioselective hydration across the 2,3-double bond in the nicotinyl ring of NADPH, with the hydroxy group located at position 2, having (S)-configuration.
2'-O-phosphonoadenosine 5'-(3-{5-[(2S)-5-carbamoyl-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl]-5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
(6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
A tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide obtained by formal stero- and regioselective hydration across the 2,3-double bond in the nicotinyl ring of NADPH, with the hydroxy group located at position 2, having (R)-configuration.
2'-O-phosphonoadenosine 5'-(3-{5-[(2R)-5-carbamoyl-2-hydroxy-3,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl]-5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
(6R)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of butyric acid by a sodium ion.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a decaprenyl group.
4-hydroxy-3-all-trans-decaprenylbenzoic acid
An oxalate salt obtained by reaction of 5-nonyloxytryptamine with one equivalent of oxalic acid. 5-HT1B selective agonist, several times more potent than sumatriptan and inactive as a 5-HT1A agonist (Ki at 5-HT1B = 1 nM, selectivity over 5-HT1A > 300-fold).
2-[5-(nonyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]ethanamine ethanedioate
2-[5-(nonyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]ethanamine oxalate
2-[5-(nonyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]ethanaminium hydrogen oxalate
3-(2-aminoethyl)-5-nonyloxyindole oxalate
An organic salt derived from oxalic acid.
A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy substituent attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by an allylamino group. It is a potent inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). A less toxic analogue than geldanamycin, it induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.
A flavan-3,3',4,4',5,5',7-heptol that has (2R,3S,4S) configuration.
A deoxyheptose that is L-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose in which the 7-hydroxy group is substituted by hydrogen.
Any C7 deoxy sugar having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.
An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.
An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.
An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.
The calcium salt of cyanamide, formed when calcium carbide reacts with nitrogen
A 7-deazaguanine ribonucleoside that is queuosine having a beta-D-mannosyl residue attached at position 5''.
(1R,2S,5S)-2-({[2-amino-4-oxo-7-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]methyl}amino)-5-hydroxycyclopent-3-en-1-yl beta-D-mannopyranoside
Cytidine in which the 2-keto group on the cytosine ring is substituted by an epsilon-Llysyl residue.
Cytidine in which the 2-keto group on the cytosine ring is substituted by the amino group of agmatine.
A thiouridine that is 2-thiouridine bearing an additional carboxymethylaminomethyl substituent at position 5 on the thiouracil ring.
A derivative of uridine, bearing an additional carboxymethylaminomethyl substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.
A glycosylglucose formed by a beta-(1->4)-linkage between D-mannose and D-glucose.
An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.
A 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as oleyl (9Z-octadecenyl).
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
Meroterpenoids are complex organooxygen natural products produced from polyketide and terpenoid precursors.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 34 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 34 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl groups contain forty carbons in total with six double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 36 carbons in total and 2 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 38 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 38 carbons with 3 double bonds.
An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond.
Lignin composed principally of trans-p-coumaryl alcohol units.
Lignin composed principally of coniferol (guaiacyl) units.
Lignin composed principally of trans-sinapyl alcohol (syringyl) units.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 38 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group contains 20 carbons with 3 double bonds. If R1 is an acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is an acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2.
2,3-bis(acyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group is specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl). If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the amino group of sphingosine is substituted by a pentadecanoyl group.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(pentadecanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the N-acyl group is specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(tetradecanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A N-hexadecenoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with a 9Z-hexadecenoyl fatty acid.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoylamino]-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group at C-1 contains 20 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 14:0 in which the acyl group specified is myristoyl. The major species at pH 7.3.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
1-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine
1-tetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine
A pterin derivative that is an aspartyl derivative of sarcinapterin with a 7-proton instead of a 7-methyl group in the methanopterin moiety.
(2S)-2-{[(5S,8S)-1-[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-{[(2R,3S,4S)-5-(4-{[(1R)-1-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)ethyl]amino}phenyl)-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-5,8-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-3-hydroxy-3-oxido-6,9-dioxo-2,4-dioxa-7-aza-3l5-phosphanonan-9-yl]amino}succinic acid
A lysophosphatidylcholine O-16:0e in which the hexadecyl group at C-1 contains 16 carbons of which none are unsaturated.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 38 carbons in total with 7 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are 7Z-hexadecenoyl and 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-[(7Z)-hexadec-7-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 36 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are 7Z-hexadecenoyl and 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-icosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-[(7Z)-hexadec-7-enoyloxy]-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 34 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 34 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 38 carbons in total with 6 double bonds.
A glucan that is a major polysaccharide component of Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss). It is composed of beta-D-glucopyranose units linked in a linear manner by (1->4) and (1->3) glycosidic bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 36 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 40 carbons in total with 7 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 36 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 40 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 38 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 38 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 40 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 38 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 36 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 36 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 38 carbons and 7 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 36 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group (position not specified) contains 18 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2-hydroxybutyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group contains 20 carbons and 5 double bonds. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
An lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group is hexadecenoyl (position of double bond not specified). If R1 is hexadecenoyl and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is hexadecenoyl then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group has a fully saturated C18 chain and is attached to the glycero moiety at either position 1 or 2.
An optically active version of thioproline having D-configuration.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group has a fully saturated C16 chain and is attached to the glycero moiety at either position 1 or 2.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is proline in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by a sulfur atom.
An acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group contains 18 carbons with 3 double bonds. If R1 is an acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is an acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group (position not specified) contains 18 carbons with 1 double bond.
An acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group (position not specified) contains 22 carbons with 6 double bonds.
An acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the remaining acyl group (position not specified) contains 20 carbons with 4 double bonds.
A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.
Any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of a sphingoid base is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxy group of the sphingoid base is esterified to phosphorylcholine.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base (R1) and fatty acyl (R2) groups is 33 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base (R1) and fatty acyl (R2) groups is 32 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base (R1) and fatty acyl (R2) groups is 34 with 2 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing a single alkyl substituent at an unspecified position (either R(1) = H, R(2) = alkyl or R(1) = alkyl, R(2) = H).
A monoalkylglycerophosphocholine in which the alkyl group contains 18 carbons and one double bond. If R1 is an alkenyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is an alkenyl group then the molecule is a 2-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A glycerophosphocholine that is sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing a hexadecenyl group at an unspecified position (either R(1) = hexadecenyl, R(2) = H or R(1) = H, R(2) = hexadecenyl).
A glycerophosphocholine that is sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing a hexadecyl group at an unspecified position. If R1 is hexadecyl and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is 1-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is hexadecyl then the molecule is 2-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lipid similar in structure to a glycerolipid but in which one or more of the carbon atoms on glycerol is bonded to an alkyl chain via an ether linkage, as opposed to the usual ester linkage.
Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.
A 43-membered microcin composed of Val, Gly, Ile, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Ser, Cys, Gly, Gly, Gln, Gly, Gly, Gly, Cys, Gly, Gly, Cys, Ser, Asn, Gly, Cys, Ser, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Gly, Ser, Gly, Gly, Ser, Gly, Ser, His and Ile residues joined in sequence.
A class of gene-encoded low-molecular-mass antibacterial peptides secreted by enterobacteria.
A chlorophyll that is the ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of chlorophyllide a and the hydroxy group of geranylgeraniol.
[methyl (3S,4S,21R)-14-ethyl-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl]oxy}propyl)-9-vinylphorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa(4)N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26)]magnesium
[methyl (3S,4S,21R)-14-ethyl-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl]oxy}propyl)-9-vinylphorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa(4)N,N']magnesium
The dihydroxybenzoate anion formed by loss of a proton from the carboxy group of 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoic acid. The major species present at pH 7.3, it is an intermediate in the formation of ubiquinone.
A hydrochloride salt formed by reaction of equimolar amounts of trimethylamine and hydrogen chloride.
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.
methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-({[(2S,4R)-1-methyl-4-propylpyrrolidin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside
Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-trans-(1-methyl-4-propyl-L-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamido)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside
The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.
tripotassium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
citric acid tripotassium salt (anhydrous)
An organic sodium salt that is the anhydrous form of the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
disodium 2,2',2'',2'''-(ethane-1,2-diyldiammonio)tetraacetate
N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-(carboxymethyl)glycine], disodium salt
ethylenebis(iminodiacetic acid) disoidum salt
The inorganic nitrate salt of magnesium.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of potassium citrate.
tripotassium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate--water (1/1)
A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of lithium citrate. It is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.
lithium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate--water (1/4)
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of EDTA disodium salt.
disodium 2,2',2'',2'''-(ethane-1,2-diyldiammonio)tetraacetate--water (1/2)
disodium (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate dihydrate
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate
A 2-amino-Delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid that has R configuration.
(4R)-2-amino-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid
L-2-amino-delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
(4R)-2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
(4R)-2-amino-Delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
L-2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
L-2-amino-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid
A 2-amino-Delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid that has S configuration.
(4S)-2-amino-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid
D-2-amino-delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
(4S)-2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
(4S)-2-amino-Delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
D-2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
D-2-amino-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid
A 1,3-thiazole that is 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by an amino and a carboxy group, respectively.
2-Amino-delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
2-amino-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid
A carotenoid ether that is (3E,3'E)-1,1'-dihydroxy-3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro-1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene-2-one in which both hydroxyl hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.
A carotenoid ether that is (3E,3'E)-1,1'-dihydroxy-3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro-1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene-2,2'-dione in which both hydroxyl hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are palmitoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
(2R)-1-(palmitoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
1-Hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-phosphatidic acid
A polyazaalkane that is the 1,4,11-triaza derivative of undecane.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as myristoyl (tetradecanoyl).
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as lauroyl (dodecanoyl).
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as decanoyl
A cephem monocarboxylic acid derivative having a structure based on cephalosporanic acid, deacetoxylated and carrying a 7beta-amino group.
(6R,7R)-7-amino-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid
3-methyl-7-amino-Delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
3-methyl-7-aminoceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
3-methyl-7beta-amino-Delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
3-methyl-7beta-aminoceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
7-amino-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
7-amino-3-methyl-Delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
7-amino-3-methylceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
7beta-amino-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
7beta-amino-3-methyl-Delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
7beta-amino-3-methylceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
A bioconjugate containing molecules covalently bonded by a sulphur linkage
An S-conjugate that is the S-cyano(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl derivative of L-cysteine.
indole-3-acetonitrile-cysteine conjugate
N(2)-[(1S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-lysyl-L-proline dihydrate
(S)-1-(N(2)-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-L-lysyl)-L-proline dihydrate
A glycol in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 1 and 2 of isopentane.
The sesquihydrate of cyproheptadine hydrochloride. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate. A sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions, it is used for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.
4-(5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine hydrochloride--water (2/3)
4-(5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine hydrochloride sesquihydrate
cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate
An N-acetylneuraminic acid that is N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid in which the 9-hydroxy group is substituted by an acetamido group.
5,9-diacetamido-3,5,9-trideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
9-deoxy-9-(acetylamino)-N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid
9-deoxy-9-acetamido-N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid
A phosphatidylcholine 24:0 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as lauroyl (dodecanoyl).
(2R)-2,3-bis(dodecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(R)-(7-Lauroyl-4-oxido-10-oxo-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphahenicosyl)trimethylammonium 4-oxide
1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine
A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which unspecified acyl and alkyl groups are located at positions 1 and 2 respectively.
An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.
A carotenol, the structure of which is (6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene hydroxy-substituted at C-3 with R-stereochemistry.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 28 carbons in total with 6 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 28 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 28 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 28 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 28 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 28 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 30 carbons in total with 6 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 30 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 30 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 30 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 30 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 30 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 30 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A poly(amide) macromolecule composed of an aspartic acid backbone with arginine side-groups.
A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.
(4E,6Z,8S,9S,10E,12S,13R,14S,16R)-19-{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino}-13-hydroxy-8,14-dimethoxy-4,10,12,16-tetramethyl-3,20,22-trioxo-2-azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-1(21),4,6,10,18-pentaen-9-yl carbamate
An adenosine 5'-phosphate derivative that has the structure of coenzyme A dephosphorylated at C-3' and with a 5''-phospho-D-ribosyl substituent at C-2'.
2'-(5-phospho-D-ribofuranosyl)adenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)butyl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
An adenosine 5'-phosphate derivative that has the structure of acetyl-coenzyme A dephosphorylated at C-3' and with a 5''-phospho-D-ribosyl substituent at C-2'.
2'-(5-phospho-D-ribofuranosyl)adenosine 5'-(3-{(3R)-4-[(3-{[2-(acetylsulfanyl)ethyl]amino}-3-oxopropyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl} dihydrogen diphosphate)
acetyl-2'-(5''-phosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-coenzyme A
A 32-membered macrolide antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Nocardia brasiliensis. It exhibits antifungal and immunosuppressive activity.
A 32-membered macrolide antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Nocardia brasiliensis. It exhibits antifungal activity.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted at position 3 by a decahydronaphthalen-1-ylmethyl group which in turn is substituted by a bromo, two methyl groups, a methylidene and a 4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl group at positions 6, 5, 8a, 2 and 5 respectively. A diterpenoid isolated from the Fijian red alga Callophycus serratus, it exhibits antibacterial, antimalarial and anticancer activities.
3-{[(1R,4aS,5R,6R,8aS)-6-bromo-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylidene-5-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)decahydronaphthalen-1-yl]methyl}-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted at position 5 by a decahydronaphthalen-1-ylmethyl group which in turn is substituted by a bromo, two methyl groups, a methylidene and a 4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl group at positions 6, 5, 8a, 2 and 5 respectively. A diterpenoid isolated from the Fijian red alga Callophycus serratus, it exhibits antibacterial, antimalarial and anticancer activities.
3-bromo-5-{[(1R,4aS,5R,6R,8aS)-6-bromo-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylidene-5-(4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl)decahydro-1-naphthalenyl]methyl}-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of N-acylated trytophan, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycyl, tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residues joined in sequence and in which the side-chain of the central 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residue is attached to the side-chain of the tryptophan via a C3-C7 bond and to the side-chain of the tyrosine via an ether bond from C5. It is isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces and has anti-HIV-1 activity.
A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of N-acylated trytophan, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycyl, tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residues joined in sequence and in which the side-chain of the central 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residue is attached to the side-chain of the tryptophan via a C3-C6 bond and to the side-chain of the tyrosine via an ether bond from C5. It is isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces and has anti-HIV-1 activity.
alpha-(((8,13-bis(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(((3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)oxoacetyl)amino)-2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,10a,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-hexadecahydro-31-hydroxy-15-methyl-6,9,11,14-tetraoxo-18,21-etheno-1,27:23,26-dimethenopyrrolo(3',4':12,13)(1,4)diazacyclohexadecino(6,5-d)(1,7,10)oxadiazacyclohexadecin-16-yl)carbonyl)amino)-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position 4 of 4-[(2,4-dihydroxy-6-propylbenzoyl)oxy]-2-hydroxy-6-propylbenzoic acid with the carboxy group of 2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid (olivetolic acid). It is isolated from the endophytic fungi Cytonaema and acts as an inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) protease.
4-({4-[(2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoyl)oxy]-2-hydroxy-6-propylbenzoyl}oxy)-2-hydroxy-6-propylbenzoic acid
A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2,4-dihydroxy-6-propylbenzoyl)oxy]-2-hydroxy-6-propylbenzoic acid with the 4-hydroxy group of 2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid (olivetolic acid). It is isolated from the endophytic fungi Cytonaema and acts as an inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) protease.
4-({4-[(2,4-dihydroxy-6-propylbenzoyl)oxy]-2-hydroxy-6-propylbenzoyl}oxy)-2-hydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid
A carotenoid that is 6,7'-didehydro-5,5',6,8-tetrahydro-5,8-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by acetyloxy group at position 3' and hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5' respectively. Isolated from the fresh water red tide Peridinium bipes, it has been found to inhibit proliferation of human malignant tumor cells, such as GOTO, OST and HeLa cells.
(3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6'R,8R,8'R,9cis)-3,5'-dihydroxy-6,7'-didehydro-5,5',6,8-tetrahydro-5,8-epoxy-beta,beta-caroten-3'-yl acetate
(3S,5R,6R,3'S,5'R,8'R)-5',8'-epoxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6,5',8'-tetrahydro-beta,beta- carotene-3,5,39-triol 3-O-acetate
A macrolide antibiotic isolated from the culture broth of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum and has been found to be active against Gram-positive bacteria.
An organic heterotetracyclic compound whose skeleton is composed of 3,5-diformyl-isopentyl substituted phloroglucinol fused with a cadinane ring system. Isolated from Eucalyptus globulus, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.
A spirostanyl glycoside that is pennogenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from the stem bark of Dracaena mannii, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.
(3beta,25R)-17-hydroxyspirost-5-en-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside
A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a 3,4-dihydroxy-4-methylhexadecanoyl group attached to the amino terminus of the linear heptapeptide Ser-D-Ala-Asp-Asn-Asn-Ser-D-allo-Thr which is cyclised head-to-tail via the 3-hydroxy group on the hexadecanoyl chain. It is an antifungal drug isolated from the barley solid culture of the fungus Glomospora sp.
[(3R,18R)-9,12-bis(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-6,21-bis(hydroxymethyl)-25-(2-hydroxytetradecan-2-yl)-18-methyl-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octaoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosan-15-yl]acetic acid
2-[(18R)-9,12-bis(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-6,21-bis(hydroxymethyl)-25-(2-hydroxytetradecan-2-yl)-18-methyl-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octaoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptazacyclopentacos-15-yl]acetic acid
A member of the class of polyphenols consisting of a methylcyclohexene ring attached to a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoyl and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde moieties at positions 5'', 4'' and 3'' respectively. Regarded biogenetically as a Diels-Alder adduct, it is isolated from the stem barks of Morus macroura and exhibits antioxidant activity.
A carotenol that is carotenol psi,psi-carotene substituted by a hydroxy group.
A magnesium salt comprising of two chlorine atoms bound to a magnesium atom.
A 14-membered macrolide which is isolated from Streptomyces sp.MK929-43F1 and inhibits cell migration of human esophageal cancer EC17 cells and mouse melanona B16 cells.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a geranyl group at position 3 and a prenyl group at position 5. Isolated from Myrsine seguinii, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.
3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-4-hydroxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzoic acid
3-geranyl-4-hydroxy-5-(3'-methyl-2'-butenyl)benzoic acid
A spirostanyl glycoside that is smilagenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Yucca gloriosa and Yucca guatemalensis, it exhibits antifungal activity.
(3beta,5beta,25R)-spirostan-3-yl 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
smilagenin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranoside
A spirostanyl glycoside that is smilagenin attached to a O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-galactopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Yucca gloriosa and Yucca guatemalensis, it exhibits antifungal activity.
(3beta,5beta,25R)-spirostan-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-galactopyranoside
smilagenin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-galactopyranoside
A spirostanyl glycoside that is (3beta,5alpha,6alpha,25S)-spirostan-3,6,27-triol attached to a 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Yucca smalliana, it exhibits antifungal activity.
(3beta,5alpha,6alpha,25S)-6,27-dihydroxyspirostan-3-yl 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(3beta, 5alpha, 6alpha, 25S)-spirostan-3,6,27-triol
A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A meroterpenoid that is 4,4,7,8a-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalene substituted by a (3E)-5-(5-carboxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylpent-3-en-1-yl moiety at position 8. It is isolated from the marine sponge Acanthodendrilla and exhibits inhibitory activity against the enzyme mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (EC 2.7.11.1).
4-hydroxy-3-{(2E)-3-methyl-5-[(4aS,8aS)-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl]pent-2-en-1-yl}benzoic acid
A spirostanyl glycoside that is agigenin attached to a pentasaccharide unit via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from the flowers of Allium leucanthum, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.
(2alpha,3beta,5alpha,6beta,25R)-2,6-dihydroxyspirostan-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside
(25R)-5alpha-spirostane-2alpha,3beta,6beta-triol 3-O-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-galactopyranoside
A 24-membered macrolide antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp.NK154183. It exhibits antifungal and antitumour activity against the human colon adenocarcinoma.
A meroterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Acanthodendrilla sp. It exhibits inhibitory activity against the enzyme mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (EC 2.7.11.1).
3-{[(14beta)-8,13-dimethylpodocarp-12-en-14-yl]methyl}-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxy-3-{[(1R,4aR,4bS,8aS,10aS)-2,4b,8,8,10a-pentamethyl-1,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10,10a-dodecahydrophenanthren-1-yl]methyl}benzoic acid
A long-chain cyclopropenyl fatty acid comprising 8-heptadecenoic acid having a cyclopropene ring arising from the linking of C-8 and C-9 by a methylene substituent.
7-(2-octylcycloprop-1-en-1-yl)heptanoic acid
A macrolide antibiotic that is 4,10-dimethyl-1-oxa-4-azacyclotridecane-2,5-dione substituted by a 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzyl group at position 3 and a (2R)-2-hydroxypentyl group at position 13 (the 3S,10R,13S stereoisomer). It is isolated from Penicillium sp.PF1163 and exhibits antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungal strain Candida albicans TIMM1768.
A macrolide antibiotic that is 4,10-dimethyl-1-oxa-4-azacyclotridecane-2,5-dione substituted by a 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzyl group at position 3 and a pentyl group at position 13 (the 3S,10R,13S stereoisomer). It is isolated from Penicillium sp.PF1163 and exhibits antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungal strain Candida albicans TIMM1768.
A cytochalasin isolated from a fungus Phoma sp. that has been shown to possess potent inhibitory activity against HT-29 colonic adenocarcinoma cells.
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a 4-methylbenzyl group. Isolated from Onosma hispida, it exhibits inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase.
2-[(4-methylphenyl)methylamino]benzoic acid
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 32 carbons in total with 6 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 32 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 32 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 32 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 32 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 32 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 32 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of lorcaserin hydrochloride. Used as an anti-obesity drug.
(1R)-8-chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride--water (2/1)
(1R)-8-chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride hemihydrate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 34 carbons in total with 6 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 34 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 34 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 36 carbons in total with 6 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 36 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 36 carbons in total and 0 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 38 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 38 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 38 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 40 carbons in total and 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 40 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 40 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 40 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 40 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
An inorganic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of dithionous acid.
A fluoride salt having ammonium (NH4+) as the counterion.
A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.
Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.
A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of two identical 21-amino acid cyclic peptide units covalently bonded via a linker derived from iminodiacetic acid and beta-alanine to a lysine-branched poly(ethylene glycol) chain. Used for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease in patients on dialysis.
N(sup 6.21),N(sup 6.21')-(((N(sup 2),N(sup 6)-bis((omega-methoxypoly(oxyethylene))carbonyl)-L-lysyl-beta-alanyl)imino)bis(methylenecarbonyl))bis(acetylglycylglycyl-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl-L-alanyl-L-cysteinyl-L-histidyl-L-methionylglycyl-L-prolyl-L-isoleucyl-L-threonyl-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)-L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-cysteinyl-L-glutaminyl-L-prolyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-N-methylglycyl-L-lysinamide) cyclic (6-15:6'-15')-bisdisulfide
A C-nitro compound that is benzaldehyde substituted at the para-position with a nitro group.
Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.
Any glycine derivative in which glycine is substituted at position 2 by an alkyl group.
A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of cannabinerolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of cannabigerolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 6 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 6 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 3 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A phenylethylamine that is ethylamine substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.
Any branched-chain fatty acid anion containing methyl branches only.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 14 carbons and 2 double bonds. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 14 carbons and 1 double bond. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 16 carbons and 2 double bonds. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 20 carbons and 2 double bonds. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 20 carbons and 1 double bond. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 20 carbons and 0 double bonds. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 22 carbons and 2 double bonds. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 22 carbons and 1 double bond. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 22 carbons and 0 double bonds. If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 36 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 36 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 36 carbons and 1 double bond.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 36 carbons and 0 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 38 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 38 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 38 carbons and 1 double bond.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 38 carbons and 0 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 1 double bond.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 0 double bonds.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a neryl group. A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant.
3-[(2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid
A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a geranyl group. A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant.
3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid
(E)-3-(3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 44 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 44 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 44 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 44 carbons and 3 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 44 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 44 carbons and 1 double bond.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 44 carbons and 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin having sphinganine as the sphingoid component.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as C17-sphinganine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as 4-hydroxyheptadecasphinganine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as C17-sphingosine.
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
2-[(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl)amino]benzoic acid
N-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl)anthranilic acid
N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl)anthranilic acid
N-(3-methyl-2,6-dichlorophenyl)anthranilic acid
A hydroxypolyether in which a hydroxy-poly(propylene oxide) chain is connected to each of the methyl groups of neopentane. It is commonly used to crystallise proteins. In the diagram, a + b + c + d ~ 5.
A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of cannabidiolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A molecule that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids.
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
2-[(2,3-dimethylphenyl)amino]benzoic acid
A cyclic carotene having the structure of beta-carotene but with a cis double bond at the 9,10-position.
A branched C8 alkane, comprising heptane with a methyl group attached at C-4. It has been found in Amaranth seeds.
A diverse group of pharmacologically active secondary metabolite characteristic to Cannabis plant as well as produced naturally in the body by humans and animals. Cannabinoids contain oxygen as a part of the heterocyclic ring or in the form of various functional groups. They are subdivided on the basis of their origin.
A class of cannabinoid which are C21 terpenophenolic compounds isolated primarily from Cannabis sativa.
An epoxycarotenoid obtained by epoxidation across the 15,15'-double bond of beta-carotene.
A carotenol obtained by formal dihydroxylation across the 15,15'-double bond of beta-carotene.
A 4-hydroxyproline substituted at N-1 by an ethoxycarbonyl group.
1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
A 4-hydroxyproline substituted at N-1 by an methoxyacetyl group.
4-hydroxy-1-(methoxyacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
A diketone in which the two keto groups are separated by a single carbon atom.
A trisaccharide produced by insects such as aphids.
alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.
(6S)-2-{[(3S,5S)-5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]sulfanyl}-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1beta-methyl-2,3-didehydro-1-carbapenam-3-carboxylic acid--water (1:3)
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.
Benzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, methyl ester
A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from the roots of Scorzonera judaica.
2-hydroxy-6-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl]benzoic acid
2-hydroxy-6-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]benzoic acid
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from the roots of Scorzonera judaica.
2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-6-hydroxybenzoic acid
2-hydroxy-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]benzoic acid
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and a 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from the roots of Scorzonera judaica.
2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-6-hydroxybenzoic acid
2-hydroxy-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-5-methoxy)-2-oxoethyl]benzoic acid
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6 and a 2-phenylethenyl group at position 2 which in turn is attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from the roots of Scorzonera judaica.
2-{(E)-2-[4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)phenyl]ethenyl}-6-hydroxybenzoic acid
hydrangeic acid 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A sesquiterpenoid that is the 7-O-methyl derivative of (+)-(7S)-sydonic acid. An Aspergillus metabolite isolated from the sea fan derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii.
3-hydroxy-4-[(2S)-2-methoxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]benzoic acid
A sesquiterpenoid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3 and a (2S)-2-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the sea fan derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii.
3-hydroxy-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]benzoic acid
A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the oxatetracyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.
3-({3-[(1S,4aS,6S,7S,9S,9aR)-1,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-6,9-epoxy-4a,7-methanobenzo[7]annulen-1-yl]propanoyl}amino)-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid
A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.
A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the polycyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.
2,4-dihydroxy-3-({3-[(4aS,8S,8aR)-8-methyl-3-methylidene-7-oxo-1,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-2,4a-ethanonaphthalen-8-yl]propanoyl}amino)benzoic acid
A polycyclic cage that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of platensimycin. It is isolated from Streptomyces platensis.
2,4-dihydroxy-3-({3-[(1S,4aS,5R,6R,7S,9S,9aR)-5-hydroxy-1,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-6,9-epoxy-4a,7-methanobenzo[7]annulen-1-yl]propanoyl}amino)benzoic acid
A polycyclic cage that is the 9-hydroxy derivative of platencin. It is isolated from Streptomyces platensis.
2,4-dihydroxy-3-({3-[(2R,4aR,8S,8aR,9R)-9-hydroxy-8-methyl-3-methylidene-7-oxo-1,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-2,4a-ethanonaphthalen-8-yl]propanoyl}amino)benzoic acid
A polycyclic cage that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of platencin. It is isolated from Streptomyces platensis.
2,4-dihydroxy-3-({3-[(2S,3S,4aR,8S,8aR)-3-hydroxy-8-methyl-10-methylidene-7-oxo-1,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-2,4a-ethanonaphthalen-8-yl]propanoyl}amino)benzoic acid
A polycyclic cage that is the 4-hydroxy derivative of platencin. It is isolated from Streptomyces platensis.
2,4-dihydroxy-3-({3-[(2S,4S,4aS,8S,8aR)-4-hydroxy-8-methyl-3-methylidene-7-oxo-1,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-2,4a-ethanonaphthalen-8-yl]propanoyl}amino)benzoic acid
2,4-dihydroxy-3-({3-[(2S,3R,4aS,8S,8aR)-3-hydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-7-oxo-1,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-2,4a-ethanonaphthalen-8-yl]propanoyl}amino)benzoic acid
A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.
6beta-(2,6-dimethoxybenzamido)-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-(2,6-dimethoxybenzamido)penicillanic acid
A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.
A member of the class of propane-1,3-diols that is propane-1,3-diol substituted at position 1 by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl and at position 2 by a 4-[(1E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl]-2-methoxyphenoxy group (the 1R,2R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the whole plant of Lepisorus contortus.
An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.
A monomethylxanthine having the methyl group located at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of caffeine in humans.
A 1-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 7-position.
Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is suberic (octanedioic) acid bearing an ethyl substituent at position 2.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentanedioic acid with two methyl groups substituted at position C-2.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the C-2 and C-6 positions.
A deoxyribonucleoside containing a pyrimidine base.
A glycerophosphocholine that is sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which positions 1 and 2 are substituted by unspecified acyl and alkyl groups, and in which the positions of the acyl and alkyl groups are also unspecified.
Benzoic acid substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-2 and a methoxy group at position C-3.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid substituted by two methyl groups at the C-3 position.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is adipic acid substituted with a methyl group at position C-3.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous bosutinib.
4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-6-methoxy-7-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]quinoline-3-carbonitrile--water (1/1)
4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-6-methoxy-7-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]quinoline-3-carbonitrile monohydrate
A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid substituted at position 3 by a methyl group.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid substituted at position 2 by a methyl group.
An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 2 of the pyridine ring.
An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 4 of the pyridine ring.
An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 5 of the pyridine ring.
An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 6 of the pyridine ring.
An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.
A C4-dicarboxylate which is a dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the two carboxy OH groups of aurothiomalic acid.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous regorafenib. Used for for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in patients who have previously received chemotherapy, anti-EGFR or anti-VEGF therapy.
4-[4-({[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}amino)-3-fluorophenoxy]-N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide--water (1/1)
4-[4-({[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}amino)-3-fluorophenoxy]-N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide monohydrate
An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.
3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride
A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6, a prenyl group at position 5 and a a hept-5-en-1-yl at position 2. Isolated from Chaetomium globosum and other fungal species, it exhibits radical scavenging activities.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.
2-[(4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl)amino]-N,N-diethylethanaminium chloride--water (1/1)
4-amino-5-chloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide hydrochloride--water (1/1)
4-amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-o-anisamide monohydrochloride monohydrate
metoclopramide hydrochloride monohydrate
A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.
dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)phosphonate
1-Hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethylphosphonic acid dimethyl ester
A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.
6beta-{(2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido}-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-6-{[(2R)-2-({[3-(methylsulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-{(2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido}penicillanic acid
A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-xylopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from Mimosa diplotricha.
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl beta-D-xylopyranoside
A xylose derivative that is beta-D-xylose in which the hydrogen of the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by myricetin. it has been isolated from Mimosa diplotricha.
5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-3-yl beta-D-xylopyranoside
A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by a formyl group at position 3, a hydroxy group at position 5 and a 2,6-dihydroxybenzoyl group at position 4. Isolated from Penicillium purpurogenum, it exhibits antiviral activity.
4-(2,6-dihydroxybenzoyl)-3-formyl-5-hydroxybenzoic acid
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of ceftaroline fosamil acetate. A prodrug for ceftaroline, used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.
(6R,7R)-7-({(2Z)-2-(ethoxyimino)-2-[5-(phosphonoamino)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl]acetyl}amino)-3-{[4-(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate acetate--water (1/1)
A cephalosporin that is the N-phospho prodrug of ceftaroline. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.
A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of salicylic acid carrying two methyl groups at the 3 and 6 positions.
A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.
(2S)-1-(aminoacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as 15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as 4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine.
A glutamic acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamine acid at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the side-chain carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamine residues.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate of dasatinib. It is used for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-({6-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl}amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide--water (1/1)
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2- hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)thiazole-5-carboxamide hydrate
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid substituted at position 15 by a methyl group.
A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.
A benzoate in which an unspecified halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxylate group.
A benzoic acid in which an unspecified halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxy group.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 16 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 16 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 16 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 16 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 17 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 17 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 17 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 16 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-hexadecanoyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 16 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 17 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 18 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 18 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 18 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 17 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 17 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 16 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 18 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 19 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 19 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 19 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 18 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 18 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 17 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 19 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 20 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 20 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 20 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 19 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 19 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 18 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 20 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 21 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 21 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 21 carbons and 0 double bonds.
A N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 20 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 20 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 19 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 21 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 22 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 22 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 22 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 21 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 21 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 20 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 22 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 23 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 23 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 23 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 22 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 22 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 21 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 23 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 24 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 24 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 24 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 23 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 23 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 22 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 24 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 25 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 25 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 25 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 24 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 24 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 23 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 25 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 1 double bond.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 25 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 25 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 24 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 4 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 2 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 27 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 25 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 4 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 28 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 27 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 27 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 26 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 28 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 28 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 27 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
An N-acyl-4-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group has 28 carbons and 0 double bonds and is 2-hydroxylated.
A sphingoid that is 4-hydroxyhexadecasphinganine substituted at position 15 by a methyl group.
Cytidine in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.
A triterpenoid that consists of a hexacyclic ring system.
A hydrate obtained by combining four molecules of perampanel with three molecules of water. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.
Indole-3-acetic acid substituted on nitrogen with a 4-chlorobenzoyl group and at C-5 by a methoxy group.
[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]acetic acid
1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-1H-indole-3-acetic acid
A phosphosphingolipid that is 15-methylhexadecasphing-4-enine substituted at position 1 by a phosphocholine moiety
(2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A flavanol that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene which is substituted at positions 3, 4, 5, and 7 by hydroxy groups, and at position 2 by a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group.
Any ketone that is 1,3-diphenylpropanone and its derivatives obtained by substitution.
Tyramine substituted at position 3 by a nitro group.
A C-nitro compound that is phenylacetaldehyde substituted at positions 3 and 4 by nitro and hydroxy groups respectively.
An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.
A N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate that is 2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate) substituted by an acetamido group at position 2.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate)
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
The calcium salt of pitavastatin. Used for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.
calcium bis{(3R,5S,6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoate}
Bis((3R,5S,6E)-7-(2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-quinolyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoate) monocalcium salt
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous saxagliptin. Used for the treatment of Type II diabetes.
(1S,3S,5S)-2-[(2S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl)acetyl]-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carbonitrile--water (1/1)
(1S,3S,5S)-2-((2S)-Amino(3-hydroxytricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)dec-1-yl)acetyl)2-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexane-3-carbonitrile monohydrate
A uronic acid derivative that is a derivative of any hexuronic acid.
The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.
A steroid acid anion that is the conjugate base of fusidic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An adenosine 5'-phosphate obtained by formal condensation of the hydroxy group of thiamine with the triphosphate group of ATP.
An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.
A glycosylglucose in which two beta-D-glucose residues are linked (1->6).
An N-acetylneuraminate that is the conjugate base of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-[alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosylceramide anion
A flavin carrying a formyl group at C-10.
A uridine that is 5,6-dihydrouridine substituted at position 3 by a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group.
A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 12-methyltetradecanoic acide with one of the primary alcoholic hydroxy groups of glycerophosphoglycerol. An antibiotic obtained from Bacillus subtilis 168, it has particular activity against certain fungi. The stereochemistries of the hydroxy groups at positions C-2 and C-2' and the methyl group at position C-12 have not been determined.
3-{[(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy}-2-hydroxypropyl 12-methyltetradecanoate
A tellurium oxoanion that is the conjugate base of methanetelluronic acid.
A type-A lantibiotic containing 34 amino acid residues (including lanthionine (Lan), methyllanthionine (MeLan), didehydroalanine (Dha) and didehydroaminobutyric acid (Dhb)) and five thioether bridges. It is obtained by fermentation of the bacterium Lactococcus lactis and shows particular activity against Clostridium botulinum. It is used in the production of various processed foods to suppress Gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and so extend shelf life.
A class of peptide antibiotic characterised by the presence of the rare thioether amino acids lanthionine or methyllanthionine, as well as the unsaturated amino acids dehydroalanine and 2-aminoisobutyric acid. In contrast to classical peptide antibiotics, lantibiotics are synthesised from precursor genes using the ribosomal pathway and the characteristic rare amino acids are introduced by posttranslational modification procedues into the lantibiotic precursor peptides ('prepeptides'). Lantibiotics are subdivided into two types: type A have long, flexible structures, while type B have rigid, globular structures.
Any lantibiotic which has which has a long, flexible structure.
Any lantibiotic which has which has a rigid, globular structure. The globular shape and its restricted flexibility confers stability against degradation by proteases.
A type-B lantibiotic containing 3-methyllanthionine and S-(2-aminovinyl)-3-methylcysteine residues and four intra-chain thioether bridges. It is obtained from Bacillus sp. HIL Y-85,54728 and is active in vivo against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
A type A lantibiotic that is a tetracyclic 21-amino-acid peptide which contains meso-lanthionine, 3-methyllanthionine, and S-(2-aminovinyl)-D-cysteine. It is obtained from Staphylococcus epidermidis Tue 3298 and exhibits antibiotic activity against many Gram-positive bacteria.
An amino-acid anion in which the amino group is situated gamma- to the carboxylate group.
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate that is ADP substituted at position N-6 by a dimethylallyl (isopentenyl) group.
N-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate)
N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate
N(6)-isopentenyladenosine 5'-diphosphate
isopentenyladenosine riboside-5'-diphosphate
N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate that is ATP substituted at position N-6 by a dimethylallyl (isopentenyl) group.
N-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate
N(6)-isopentenyladenosine 5'-triphosphate
isopentenyladenosine riboside-5'-triphosphate
N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate
A xanthophyll that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6 have been acylated by an all-trans-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoyl group and a 12-methyltetradecanoyl group, respectively. Staphyloxanthin is responsible for the characteristic yellow-golden colour which gives the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus its name.
8'-apo-psi,psi-carotenoic acid, 6-O-(12-methyl-1-oxotetradecyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl ester
beta-D-glucopyranosyl 1-O-(4,4'-diaponeurosporen-4-oate)-6-O-(12-methyltetradecanoate)
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is AMP substituted at position N-6 by a (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl group.
N-[(2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl]adenosine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-trans-zeatin 5'-monophosphate
9-beta-D-ribosyl-trans-zeatin 5'-monophosphate
trans-zeatin 9-beta-D-ribofuranoside 5'-monophosphate
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate that is ADP substituted at position N-6 by a (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl group.
N-[(2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl]adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate)
9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-trans-zeatin 5'-diphosphate
9-beta-D-ribosyl-trans-zeatin 5'-diphosphate
trans-zeatin 9-beta-D-ribofuranoside 5'-diphosphate
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate that is ATP substituted at position N-6 by a (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl group.
9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-trans-zeatin 5'-triphosphate
9-beta-D-ribosyl-trans-zeatin 5'-triphosphate
trans-zeatin 9-beta-D-ribofuranoside 5'-triphosphate
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of an aldehydic acid.
A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Trp, D-Phe, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail.
A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Trp, D-Trp, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail.
A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Trp, D-Trp, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Trp, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail.
A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Any member of a family of aminoglycosidic antibiotics produced by the bacterium Streptomyces lividus. Note that one member of this class, lividomycin A, is also known as lividomycin.
A member of the class of lividomycins that is lividomycin B in which position 4 of the diamino-L-idopyranosyl moiety has been converted to its alpha-D-mannopyranoside.
(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-hydroxy-2-{[alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl]oxy}cyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranoside
A member of the class of lividomycins that is paromomycin in which the 2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranosyl moiety is lacking the hydroxy group at position 3.
(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2-{[3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl]oxy}-3-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranoside
An ansamycin that is tanespimycin in which the benzoquinone moiety has been reduced to the corresponding hydroquinone. A semi-synthetic analogue of geldanamycin, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in cancer treatment.
A cyclodepsipeptide that is N-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-11-methyldodecanoyl]-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-D-leucyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-D-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been lactonised by condensation with the alcoholic hydroxy group.
A cyclodepsipeptide that is N-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-12-methyltridecanoyl]-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-D-leucyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-D-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been lactonised by condensation with the alcoholic hydroxy group.
A cyclodepsipeptide that is N-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-13-methyltetradecanoyl]-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-D-leucyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-D-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been lactonised by condensation with the alcoholic hydroxy group.
3-[(3S,6R,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S,25R)-9-(carboxymethyl)-3,6,15,18-tetraisobutyl-12-isopropyl-25-(10-methylundecyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octaoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosan-21-yl]propanoic acid
A cyclodepsipeptide that is N-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-14-methylpentadecanoyl]-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-D-leucyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-D-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been lactonised by condensation with the alcoholic hydroxy group.
3-[(3S,6R,9S,12S,15R,18S,21S,25R)-9-(carboxymethyl)-3,6,15,18-tetraisobutyl-12-isopropyl-25-(11-methyldodecyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octaoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaazacyclopentacosan-21-yl]propanoic acid
Any organooxygen compound that has the general formula RC(OR(1))(OR(2))(OR(3)), where R(1), R(2), R(3) =/= H.
A hexadecenoic acid in which the double bond is located at position 9.
A member of the class of flavans in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.
An organic sodium salt that is the dihydrate form of tolmetin sodium. Used as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
sodium [1-methyl-5-(4-methylbenzoyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]acetate--water (1/2)
Sodium 1-methyl-5-p-toluoylpyrrole-2-acetate dihydrate
A pyridinium ion that is 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridine substituted at position 1 by a (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.
A choline in which one of the methyl carbons is replaced by a C-11 isotope. An intravenous radioactive diagnostic agent used (in the form of its chloride salt) as a tracer during positron emission tomography scans to help detect sites of recurrent prostate cancer.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 32 carbons and 1 double bond.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 40 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 26 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 26 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 26 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 31 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 37 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 46 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 46 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 46 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 48 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 48 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 48 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 0 double bonds and 2 hydroxy groups.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 0 double bonds and 1 hydroxy group.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 1 double bond and 2 hydroxyl groups.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 1 double bond and 1 hydroxy group.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 2 double bonds and 2 hydroxy groups.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 44 carbons in total with 2 double bonds and 1 hydroxy group.
An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.
4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium chloride
(4-(4-Dimethylaminobenzhydriylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)dimethylammonium chloride
(4-(alpha-(4-Dimethylamino)phenyl)benzylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene dimethylammonium chloride
One of the teichoic acids in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.
One of the teichoic acids found in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria.
One of the teichoic acids found in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.
poly(glucopyranosyl N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate) teichoic acid
poly(glucosyl N-acetylgalactosamine 1-phosphate) teichoic acid
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 28 with 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 28 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 28 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 28 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 28 with 4 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 30 with 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 30 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 30 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 30 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 30 with 4 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 32 with 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 32 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 32 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 32 with 4 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 34 with 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 34 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 34 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 34 with 4 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 36 with 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 36 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 36 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 36 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 36 with 4 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 38 with 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 38 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 38 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 38 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 38 with 4 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 40 with 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 40 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 40 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 40 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 40 with 4 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 42 with 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 42 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 42 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 42 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 42 with 4 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 44 with 0 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 44 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 44 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 44 with 3 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 44 with 4 double bonds.
Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them.
An oxopurine that is 3,9-dihydro-6H-purine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 6 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a major component of Schreckstoff, an alarm pheromone found in fish.
Any organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:1 in which the acyl group is at position 1 is elaidoyl [(9E)-octadec-9-enoyl] and the hydoxy group at position 2 is unsubstituted.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9E)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(4R,7R,18E)-4,7-dihydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphaheptacos-18-en-1-aminium 4-oxide
An macrolide antibiotic isolated from the pathogenic plant fungus Rhizopus microsporus. It also exhibits antitumour and antimitotic activity.
A cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings.
An N-acylglucosamine where the N-acyl group is specified as glycoloyl and the configuration of the glucosamine is beta-D.
A ketoaldonic acid phosphate consisting of 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid having a phospho group at the 4-position.
3-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid
(4R,5S,6R,7R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-2-oxo-4-(phosphonooxy)octanoic acid
4-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid
A non-ribosomally synthesised dipeptide that consists of L-alanyl and anticapsin units linked by a peptide bond.
An alkane that has 36 carbons and a straight-chain structure.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
An acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group contains fifteen carbons with no double bonds and is attached to the glycero moiety at either position 1 or 2.
An lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group contains seventeen carbons and no double bonds. If R1 is an acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolaminecholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is an acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl and alkyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and hexadecyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A N-acylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is pentadecanoyl.
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-(pentadecanoylamino)octadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A kanamycin obtained by dehydrogenation at position 2' of kanamycin A.
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-2-ulose)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A kanamycin that is kanamycin A in which the 6'-amino group is replaced by a hydroxy group.
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A monoalkylglycerophosphocholine that is sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is located at position 2.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having an acyl group at the 1 position and a (Z)-alk-1-enyl substituent at the 2-position.
A glycerophosphocholine that is sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which positions 1 and 2 are substituted by unspecified alkyl groups.
A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment.
A kanamycin that is kanamycin B in which the 3''-amino group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A kanamycin that is kanamycin X in which the 3''-amino group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
(1R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 in which a hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) group is attached to the glycero moiety at position 1.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 32:0 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl). A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of pulmonary surfactants.
(2R)-2,3-bis(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:0 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and octadecanoyl (stearoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(palmitoyloxy)-2-(stearoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:1 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and 9Z-octadecenoyl (oleoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:2 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl (linoleoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl (arachidonoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (16:0/20:4)
A kanamycin that is kanamycin C in which the 3''-amino group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
A kanamycin that is kanamycin A in which the 3''-amino group is replaced by a hydroxy group.
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside
Any organic amino compound that has an amino group and a hydroxy group attached to the same carbon atom. Hemiaminals are intermediates in the formation of imines by addition of an amine to an aldehyde or ketone; those derived from primary amines are particularly unstable.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous esculin.
7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-6-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside--water (1/1)
An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the two amino groups are separated by eight methylene groups.
A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of divinyl chlorophyll a with the hydroxy group of (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol.
[methyl (3S,4S,21R)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl)-9,14-divinylphorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa(4)N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26)]magnesium
A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of divinyl chlorophyll b with the hydroxy group of (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol.
[methyl (3S,4S,21R)-13-formyl-4,8,18-trimethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl)-9,14-divinylphorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa(4)N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26)]magnesium
An aromatic amino acid that is nicotinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the pyridine ring is replaced by an amino group. A 'closed class'.
An optically active form of 4-hydroxy-2-oxohexanoate having 4S-configuration.
Any polyunsaturated fatty acid that contains three double bonds.
A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.
Penicillanic acid carrying a (p-hydroxybenzylidene)amino substituent at the 6beta position. It has been used as a hapten in the production of a generic monoclonal antibody for determining penicillin residues in milk.
6beta-[(4-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[(4-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6-[(p-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]penicillanic acid
6beta-[(p-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]penicillanic acid
Penicillanic acid carrying a (p-aminophenyl)imino]pentylidene}amino substituent at the 6beta position. It has been used as a hapten in the production of a generic monoclonal antibody for determining penicillin residues in milk.
6beta-({5-[(4-aminophenyl)imino]pentylidene}amino)-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-({5-[(4-aminophenyl)imino]pentylidene}amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-({5-[(p-aminophenyl)imino]pentylidene}amino)penicillanic acid
Macrolide antibiotics first isolated from Streptomyces species. They possess an 18-membered lactone ring and a 6-membered hemiketal ring in which the hydroxy group at position 23 is glycosylated by 2-deoxy-beta-D-rhamnose.
A beta-D-glucoside resultng from the oxidation of the benzylic hydroxy group of salicin to the corresponding aldehyde.
2-hydroxybenzaldehyde beta-D-glucopyranoside
A 1-acyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is also hexadecanoyl.
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl dihexadecanoate
1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoric acid
A 1-acyl-2-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).
(2R)-1-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl octadecanoate
(2R)-1-(palmitoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl stearate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl (linoleoyl) respectively.
(2R)-1-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl (arachidonoyl) respectively.
(2R)-1-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
A 1-acyl-2-tetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl hexadecanoate
A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.
(1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-(3-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]methyl}-4-methylphenyl)-D-glucitol--water (2/1)
(1S)-1,5-Anhydro-1-(3-((5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl)methyl)-4-methylphenyl)-D-glucitol hemihydrate
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid substituted at position 5 by a (1-methoxy-2-methylindolizin-3-yl)carbonyl group.
2-amino-5-[(1-methoxy-2-methylindolizin-3-yl)carbonyl]benzoic acid
An aminobenzoate that is the conjugate base of 2-amino-5-[(1-methoxy-2-methylindolizin-3-yl)carbonyl]benzoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A photochemical role realized in the absorption of ultraviolet light, for example to protect skin cells from damage.
A 1-benzothiophene that is 1-benzothiophene-4,7-dione bearing additional methylthio and 3,7,11,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 respectively. Isolated from Caldariella acidophila.
1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the alkyl substituent can be any alk-1-enyl group.
A dipeptide composed of L-cysteine and L-serine joined by a peptide linkage.
Any organic molecule containing a C#C bond.
A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and glycine joined by a peptide linkage.
Any naphthyridine derivative that is a derivative of 1,8-naphthyridine.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound that is a derivative of a naphthyridine.
Any naphthyridine derivative that is a derivative of 1,5-naphthyridine.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is L-aspartic acid substituted at position 3 by a methylthio group.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of methyl (R)-lactate and methyl (S)-lactate.
An L-tryptophan derivative that is L-tryptophan-6,7-dione in which a cysteine unit is attached at position 4 via its side-chain thiol group.
A carbamoylkanamycin that is kanamycin A bearing a single carbamoyl substituent located at position 6'' (on the 3-aminoglucose ring).
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-6-O-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
Any kanamycin carrying one or more carbamoyl substituents
A carbamoylkanamycin that is tobramycin bearing a single carbamoyl substituent located at position 6'' (on the 3-aminoglucose ring).
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(2,6-diamino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-amino-6-O-carbamoyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). A closed class.
erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid
erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid
A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of the two carboxy goups of bromosuccinic acid.
A macrolide antibiotic that is erythromycin A in which the ketone group has been converted to the corresponding imine and then reduced to give the corresponding amino compound (the 9S diastereoisomer).
A dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted at position 2 by a bromine atom.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is nonane with two carboxylic acid groups at positions C-1 and C-9.
A dodecatetraenedioic acid with double bonds at positions 2, 4, 8, and 10 (all E isomer).
(2E,4E,8E,10E)-dodeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenedioic acid
(all-E)-dodeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenedioic acid
(all-trans)-dodeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenedioic acid
A alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a C12 acid having four double bonds at unspecified positions in the chain.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is undecane substituted by carboxylic acid groups at positions C-1 and C-11.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,14-dicarboxy derivative of tetradecane.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,18-dicarboxy derivative of octadecane.
A carbohydrate derivative in which one or more of the oxygens or hydroxy groups of the parent carbohydrate is replaced by sulfur or -SR, where R can be hydrogen or any group.
A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and glycine residues.
A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-threonine residues.
A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted at poisition 2 (on the imidazole ring) by a 3-carboxylato-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl group.
A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-histidine residues.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-O-acyl group is specified as arachidonoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
lysophosphatidic acid (20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/0:0)
A phosphatidylcholine 32:1 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are tetradecanoyl and (11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 14:1 in which the remaining acyl group is (9Z)-tetradecenoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A dipeptide formed from glycyl and L-glutamic acid residues.
A dipeptide formed from glycyl and L-aspartic acid residues.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl group contains 16 carbons and no additional double bonds.
A lysophosphatidylcholine P-16:0 in which the alk-1-enyl group is hexadec-1-en-1-yl.
(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group is (9Z)-hexadecenoyl (palmitoleoyl).
(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 17 carbons and 1 double bond. If R1 is acyl and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is acyl then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group is (10Z)-heptadecenoyl.
(2R)-3-[(10Z)-heptadec-10-enoyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:0 in which the acyl substituent is located at position 1 and is specified as stearoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(stearoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:5 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are octadecanoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-octadecanoyl-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine
A phosphatidylcholine 40:6 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are (11Z)-octadecenoyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 22:6 in which the remaining acyl group is (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl.
(2R)-3-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-glutamine residues.
A member of the class of pteridines that is pteridine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by amino groups, whilst those at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by isopropyl groups.
A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.
A thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid that is L-thioproline with a sulfomethyl group at position 2.
(4R)-2-(sulfomethyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-(sulfomethyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
A hydroxybutyric acid that is butyric acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 2 and 4.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and phosphate monoester that is adipic acid with a phosphate group at position 4 and hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, and 5.
2,3,5-trihydroxy-4-phosphonooxyhexanedioic acid
2,3,5-trihydroxy-4-phosphonooxyadipic acid
A phosphatidylcholine 32:1 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are hexadecanoyl and (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(R-(Z))-4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-7-((1-oxo-9-hexadecenyl)oxy)-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphapentacosan-1-aminium, hydroxide, inner salt, 4-oxide
1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine zwitterion
1-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:0/16:1)
An icosanoid that is leukotriene E4 in which the non-conjugated double bond has been reduced to a single bond and four methylene groups have been lost from the resulting carboxyalkyl chain.
(5Z,7E,9E,11R,12S)-11-(L-cystein-S-yl)-12-hydroxyhexadeca-5,7,9-trienedioic acid
(5Z,7E,9E,11R,12S)-11-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-12-hydroxyhexadeca-5,7,9-trienedioic acid
15-carboxy-14,15-dihydro-16,17,18,19,20-pentanor-leukotriene E4
16-carboxy-14,15-dihydro-17,18,19,20-tetranor-leukotriene E4
16-carboxy-17,18,19,20-tetranor-leukotriene E3
An icosanoid that is leukotriene E4 in which the isolated double bond has migrated into conjugation with the triene moiety and in which four methylene groups have been lost from the resulting carboxyalkyl chain.
(5Z,7E,9E,11R,12S)-11-(L-cystein-S-yl)-12-hydroxyhexadeca-3,5,7,9-tetraenedioic acid
(5Z,7E,9E,11R,12S)-11-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-12-hydroxyhexadeca-3,5,7,9-tetraenedioic acid
16-carboxy-Delta(13)-17,18,19,20-tetranor-leukotriene E4
An icosanoid that is leukotriene E4 in which two methylene groups are removed from the carboxyalkyl chain attached to the non-conjugated double bond.
(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,13R,14S)-13-(L-cystein-S-yl)-14-hydroxyoctadeca-4,7,9,11-tetraenedioic acid
(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,13R,14S)-13-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-14-hydroxyoctadeca-4,7,9,11-tetraenedioic acid
A leukotriene that is leukotriene E4 in which the non-conjugated double bond has been reduced to a single bond.
(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z)-6-(L-cystein-S-yl)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11-trienoic acid
(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11-trienoic acid
An icosanoid that is leukotriene E3 in which the terminal octyl group is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.
14-carboxy-15,16,17,18,19,20-hexanor-leukotriene E3
A spirostanyl glycoside that consists of the trisaccharide alpha-L-Rha-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Rha-(1->2)]-beta-D-Glc attached to position 3 of diosgenin via a glycosidic linkage.
(25R)-spirost-5-en-3beta-yl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-[alpha-L-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A 16-carboxy-Delta(13)-17,18,19,20-tetranor-leukotriene E4 in which the double bond at position 13-14 has E-configuration.
(3E,5Z,7E,9E,11R,12S)-11-(L-cystein-S-yl)-12-hydroxyhexadeca-3,5,7,9-tetraenedioic acid
(3E,5Z,7E,9E,11R,12S)-11-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}-12-hydroxyhexadeca-3,5,7,9-tetraenedioic acid
(13E)-16-carboxy-Delta(13)-17,18,19,20-tetranor-leukotriene E4
An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.
An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as (2-hydroxyethyl)sulfane.
An aldonolactone obtained by formal oxidation of the anomeric position of any aldopyranose.
A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-methionine residues.
A glutamic acid derivative with a methylsulfanyl group at position 4.
A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is the mono-p-nitrophenyl ester of thymidine 5'-monophosphate.
4-nitrophenyl thymidine 5'-monophosphate
5'-Thymidylic acid, mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester
thymidine 5'-monophosphate 4-nitrophenyl ester
thymidine 5'-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester
p-nitrophenyl thymidine 5'-monophosphate
A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
A pyrrolidinone in which the oxo group is at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.
A 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl as the 2-O-acyl group.
(2R)-1-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
2-(9Z,12Z-Octadecadienoyl)-phosphatidic acid
A lysophosphatidylcholine 17:0 in which the acyl group at position 1 is 1-heptadecanoyl and the hydroxy group at position 2 is unsubstituted.
(2R)-3-(heptadecanoyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:3 in which the acyl group at position 1 is (5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosatrienoyl (meadoyl) and the hydroxy group at position 2 is unsubstituted.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:4 in which the acyl group at position 1 is (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoyl (arachidonoyl) and the hydroxy group at position 2 is unsubstituted.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A L-threonine derivative that is L-threonine attached via its side-chain to FMN via a phosphate linkage.
(2S,3R)-2-amino-3-{[{[(2R,3S,4S)-5-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy}butanoic acid
A lysophosphatidylcholine 22:5 in which the acyl group at position 1 is (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosapentaenoyl and the hydroxy group at position 2 is unsubstituted.
(2R)-3-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group (position not specified) contains 22 carbons with 5 double bonds.
6beta-(2-ethoxynaphthalene-1-carboxamido)-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2-ethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6-(2-ethoxy-1-naphthamido)penicillanic acid
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group (position not specified) contains 24 carbons and 0 double bonds.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group (position not specified) contains 24 carbons and 1 double bond.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group (position not specified) contains 26 carbons and 0 double bonds.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group (position not specified) contains 26 carbons and 1 double bond.
A phosphatidylcholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are (9Z)-hexadecenoyl and (13Z,16Z)-docosadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-38:0 in which the alkyl and acyl groups (located at positions 1 and 2 respectively) are octadecyl and icosanoyl.
(2R)-2-(icosanoyloxy)-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the N-acyl group is specified as docosanoyl
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(docosanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the N-acyl group is specified as (13Z)-docosenoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoylamino]-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and glycine residues.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the N-acyl group is specified as (15Z)-tetracosenoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoylamino]octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.
A phosphorus oxoanion obtained by selective deprotonation of the SH goup and one of the OH groups of dithiophosphoric acid.
A methyl lactate that has R configuration.
(+)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid methyl ester
(+)-2-hydroxypropionic acid methyl ester
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of 3-vinylbacteriochlorophyll a.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is L-aspartic acid substituted at position 3 by a thio (sulfanyl) group.
A phosphatidylcholine 34:1 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and palmitoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
L-alpha-1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are both oleoyl.
(2R)-2,3-bis[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(R-(Z,Z))-(7-Oleoyl-4-oxido-10-oxo-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphaheptacos-18-enyl)trimethylammonium 4-oxide
A phosphatidylcholine 36:3 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and linoleoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:5 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A uridine 5'-phosphate that is the 5,6-dihydro derivative of uridine 5'-monophosphate.
2,4-Dioxotetrahydropyrimidine D-ribonucleotide
A phosphorus oxoanion obtained by selective deprotonation of two of the three phosphate OH groups of thiophosphoric acid.
Any sulfate salt resulting from the formal condensation of aluminium hydroxide with 1.5 mol eq. of sulfuric acid.
A hydrate resulting from the the formal combination of anhydrous aluminium sulfate with approximately 18 mol eq. of water. The commercial product usually contains 5-10% less water than theory. It is one of the commonest hydrates of aluminium sulfate.
A hydrate resulting from the the formal combination of anhydrous aluminium sulfate with approximately 16 mol eq. of water. It is one of the commonest hydrates of aluminium sulfate.
Any organic aromatic compound having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a heteroarene ring.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as linoleoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl substituent is specified as linolenoyl (9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl).
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as linolenoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoate
The ammonium salt formed from association of two ammonium cations with the dianion of 12-aminolauroyl tripalmitoyl cardiolipin.
diammonium (2R)-3-[(12-aminododecanoyl)oxy]-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl (2R)-2,3-bis(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl bis(phosphate)
diammonium (2R)-3-[(12-aminododecanoyl)oxy]-2-(palmitoyloxy)propyl (2R)-2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl bis(phosphate)
12-aminolauroyl tripalmitoyl cardiolipin diammonium salt
A 1-acyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is specified as oleoyl (9Z-octadecaenoyl).
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
A 1-acyl-2-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is specified as oleoyl (9Z-octadecaenoyl).
(2R)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl substituent is specified as heptadecanoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl heptadecanoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as heptadecanoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-(heptadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and heptadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(heptadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-1-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl hydrogen phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and linoleoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl substituent is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl octadecanoate
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl stearate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and pentadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(pentadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
An inorganic chloride salt with formula SbCl3. It is used as a reagent for detecting vitamin A and related carotenoids, reacting with the carotenoid to form a blue complex that can be measured by colorimetry (the Carr-Price test). Solutions of antimony trichloride were formerly used for dissolving and removing horn stubs from calves and goats.
A methyl glycoside that is beta-D-xylose in which the hydrogen of the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a methyl group.
An aldopentose derivative that is formally obtained from a xylose.
A radium molecular entity with formula (223)RaCl2. Used as as a radiotherapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer, symptomatic bone metastases and no known visceral metastatic disease. An alpha-emitter, radium-223 has a half-life of 11.4 days.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is pentanoic acid with a methyl group substituent at position 4. It is a metabolite of 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is pentanoate with a methyl group substituent at position 4.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and tetradecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl substituent is specified as gamma-linolenoyl (6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoyl).
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as gamma-linolenoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-2-(9Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoate
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl substituent is specified as arachidoyl (icosanoyl).
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl icosanoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as arachidoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl icosanoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as myristoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-(phosphonooxy)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propan-2-yl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
Any oligosaccharide that has a biosynthetic pathway in common with that of raffinose.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are specified as hexadecanoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-GPC (16:0/22:6)
A phosphatidylcholine 38:4 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(stearoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (18:0/20:4)
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as lauroyl (dodecanoyl)
(2R)-3-(dodecanoyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as lauroyl and arachidonoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(dodecanoyloxy)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as icosanoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:4 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as icosanoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A glycosylglucose in which the glycosyl moiety is L-rhamnose linked alpha to C-3 of beta-D-glucose.
A phosphatidylcholine 28:0 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as lauroyl and palmitoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(dodecanoyloxy)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(dodecanoyloxy)-2-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-C12:0-2-C16:0-phosphatidylcholine betaine
1-dodecanoyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine
A phosphatidylcholine 28:0 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as palmitoyl and lauroyl respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 34:0 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and palmitoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-(palmitoyloxy)-3-(stearoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:1 in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are stearoyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A glycopeptide originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus which contains a (4'R)-4',5'-dihydro-2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole-2',4-diyl moiety with a a 4-guanidylbutylaminocarbonyl group attached to the 4-position of the terminal thiazole ring. Like all phleomycins, phleomycin D1 can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe.
Colourless, endogenous or exogenous pigment precursors that may be transformed by biological mechanisms into coloured compounds. They are used in biochemical assays and in diagnosis as indicators, particularly in the form of enzyme substrates.
An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.
5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl beta-D-galactopyranoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside
A phosphatidylcholine 30:0 in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are myristoyl (tetradecanoyl) and palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl) respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero 3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as arachidonoyl
A broad-spectrum highly toxic antibiotic or mixture of antibiotics produced by a streptomyces (Streptomyces fradiae) and used medically especially to treat local infections.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl substituent is specified as palmitoleoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoate
1-(9Z)-hexadecenoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are both (9Z)-hexadecenoyl (palmitoleoyl).
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl (9Z,9'Z)bis-hexadec-9-enoate
1,2-dipalmitoleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and (9Z)-hexadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl octadecanoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (9Z)-hexadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
A C13 straight-chain saturated fatty acid where the aliphatic hydrogens have been replaced by deuterium atoms.
Any C15 straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid having one C=C double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as oleoyl
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as linoleoyl
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as arachidonoyl
A 1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate(2-) in which the 1-acyl substituent is specified as oleoyl.
(2R)-1-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
1-C18:1(omega-9)-2-C20:4(omega-6)-phosphatidylic acid
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and arachidoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl icosanoate
1-C18:1(omega-9)-2-C20:0-phosphatidic acid
A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lactic acid in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding carboxamide.
A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups has been converted to its methyl ester.
A 1-(alk-1-enyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl substituent is specified as oleoyl.
An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium violet(1+) as the counterion.
3-(1-naphthyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazol-3-ium chloride
2,5-Diphenyl-3(1-naphthyl)-2H-tetrazolium chloride
An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.
3,3'-(3,3'-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazol-3-ium) dichloride
3,3'-(3,3'-Dimethoxy-4,4'-biphenylene)bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium) chloride
3,3'-Dianisolebis(4,4'-(3,5-diphenyl)tetrazolium chloride)
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of sodium molybdate.
sodium dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum--water (1/2)
A 1-(alk-1-enyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl substituent is specified as acetyl.
An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.
A 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as octadecyl
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as palmitoyl and acetyl respectively.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and acetyl respectively.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(stearoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An inorganic sodium salt having metavanadate as the counterion.
An inorganic sodium salt having periodate as the counterion.
An inorganic sodium salt having metaborate as the counterion.
An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, monosodium salt
An inorganic sodium salt having bromate as the counterion.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while the acyl group at position 2 is palmitoleoyl.
A phosphatidylcholine O-38:4 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
trimethyl-7-[(octadecyloxy)methyl]-9-oxo-, inner salt, 4-oxide, [R-(all-Z)]
A semisynthetic member of the class of rifamycins and non-systemic gastrointestinal site-specific broad spectrum antibiotic. Used in the treatment of traveller's diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy and irritable bowel syndrome.
A potassium salt consisting of potassium and tellurite ions in a 2:1 ratio.
A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.
A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.
-ethyl-5-oxo-2-(piperazin-1-yl)-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid
5,8-Dihydro-8-ethyl-5-oxo-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid
8-Ethyl-5,8-dihydro-5-oxo-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid
Tetracycline in which a hydrogen attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 4-[(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl group.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
1-O-hexadecyl-2-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine betaine
An organic sodium salt having tetradecyl sulfate as the counterion. Used in the treatment of small uncomplicated varicose veins of the lower extremities that show simple dilation with competent valves.
sodium 7-ethyl-2-methylundecan-4-yl sulfate
7-Ethyl-2-methyl-4-undecanol sulfate sodium salt
Sodium 2-methyl-7-ethylundecanol-4-sulfate
Sodium 7-ethyl-2-methyl-4-undecanol sulfate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while the acyl group at position 2 is palmitoyl.
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-amino-3-[(2S,3R)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy]-6-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranoside
A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having palmitoyl as the 2-acyl group.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine where the alkyl and the acyl groups at position 1 and 2 are octadecyl and palmitoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:0 where the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are icosanoyl and palmitoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 26:0 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoyl and decanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(decanoyloxy)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoyl and hexanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-(hexanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 24:0 where the acyl groups at position 1 and 2 are palmitoyl and capryloyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-(octanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 30:0 in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl) and myristoyl (tetradecanoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid with a nitro substituent at position 4.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and (11Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
Phosphatidic acid(18:1omega9/18:1omega7)
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and (6Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (6Z)-octadec-6-enoate
An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-glucoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-glucosidase, which cleaves the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.
5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-glucoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-glucoside
Any fatty acid in which at least one of the aliphatic hydrogens is replaced by deuterium.
The meso diastereoisomer of butane-2,3-diol.
A phosphocholine that is the mono-1-elaidyl ester of phosphocholine
(9E)-octadec-9-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of octanoic (caprylic) acid with the hydroxy group of 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl.
5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl octanoate
An indolyl carbohydrate that is the alpha-D-mannoside of indoxyl in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively
5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl alpha-D-mannopyranoside
5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl alpha-D-mannoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl alpha-D-mannoside
An indolyl carbohydrate that is the alpha-D-galactoside of indoxyl in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively.
5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl alpha-D-galactopyranoside
5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl alpha-D-galactoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl alpha-D-galactoside
An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-glucuronide of indoxyl in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively
5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl beta-D-glucuronide
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-glucuronide
An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-glucosaminide of indoxyl in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively.
5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl beta-D-glucosaminide
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-glucosaminide
A glycol that is hexadecane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 2.
A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.
A carboxamide that is a hydroxamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by an organyl group.
A uridine 5'-phosphate that is the 5-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) derivative of uridine 5'-monophosphate.
5-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)uridine 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)
5-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)uridine 5'-monophosphate
Uridine bearing an additional carboxymethyl substituent at position 5.
2,4-dioxo-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-ylacetic acid
A uridine phosphate in which the uridine bears an additional carboxymethyl substituent at position 5 and the phosphono group is at the 5'-oxygen.
Uridine-5-oxyacetic acid 5'-monophosphate
[2,4-dioxo-1-(O(5)-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl]acetic acid
5-(carboxymethyl)uridine 5'-monophosphate
A glycosylglucose consisting of D-glucose with undefined anomeric stereochemistry and an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-position.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea.
A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of iron(2+) sulfate. It is obtained from the heptahydrate by heating above 65degreeC. It is used as a source of iron in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia (generally in solid-dosage treatments; for liquid-dosage treatments, the heptahydrate is normally used).
A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of iron(2+) sulfate. It is used as a source of iron in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia (generally in liquid-dosage treatments; for solid-dosage treatments, the monohydrate is normally used).
A sulfide mineral with formula AsFeS. It is the most abundant and widespread arsenic mineral.
A D-rhamnofuranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the nitrogen of an indole.
An L-rhamnofuranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.
An iron molecular entity that is a compound or mineral containing iron and sulfur.
Any member of the class of iron sulfides in which the iron is in the (2+) oxidation state.
Any member of the class of iron sulfides in which the iron is in the (3+) oxidation state.
A polymer which has lost secondary or tertiary structure.
A very long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of lacceroic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A very long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of geddic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A member of the class of chlorophyll that is chlorophyll a substituted at position 7(1) by a hydroxy group.
[methyl (3S,4S,21R)-14-ethyl-13-(hydroxymethyl)-4,8,18-trimethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl)-9-vinylphorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa(4)N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26)]magnesium
An L-rhamnofuranose having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A D-rhamnofuranose having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.
A deuterated compound that is L-alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen and the three methyl hydrogens are replaced by deuterium.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:1 in which the acyl group is specified as oleoyl and is located at position 2.
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:1 in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and stearoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-(stearoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:0 in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl) and is located at position 2.
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-(stearoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl) and is located at position 2.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:4 in which the acyl group is specified as arachidonoyl and is located at position 2.
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:1 in which the acyl group is specified as oleoyl and is located at either position 1 or 2.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:2 in which the acyl group is specified as linoleoyl and is located at position 2.
(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 22:6 in which the acyl group is specified as (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl and is located at position 2.
(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
Any molecular entity that has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by deuterium.
A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of bumadizone calcium. Used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
calcium 2-[(1,2-diphenylhydrazino)carbonyl]hexanoate hydrate (2/4/1)
Butylmalonic acid mono(1,2-diphenylhydrazide) calcium salt hemihydrate
N-(2-Carboxycaproyl)hydrazobenzene calcium salt hemihydrate
A straight-chain alkane comprising of 29 carbon atoms.
Any phospholipid that contains an olefinic function.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 2-hydroxy fatty acid.
A 2-hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any (R)-2-hydroxy fatty acid.
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of ferrous ammonium sulfate. Acts as an iron ion donor for building Fe-S clusters in vitro.
A sulfide salt with formula Na2S. The pentahydrate and (particularly) the nonahydrate are also known. In gel form, sodium sulfide is used to soften toenails to assist in trimming (and so relive pain) of ingrowing toenails.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is dotriacontane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is tetratriacontane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate of the sodium salt of meclofenamic acid. It is used for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.
A hydrate obtained by combining oxyphenbutazone with one molar equivalent of water. Commonly used to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
4-butyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione--water (1/1)
4-Butyl-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione monohydrate
4-butyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione hydrate
An aromatic amino acid that is 2-amino-5-ethylphenylacetic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl group. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor that is used in veterinary medicine for the relief of pain and inflammation in cats and dogs.
{5-ethyl-2-[(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetic acid
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of suberic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane in which five of the six hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. A non-flammable, high-boiling liquid (b.p. 161-162degreeC) with relative density 1.67 and an odour resembling that of chloroform, it is used as a solvent for oil and grease, in metal cleaning, and in the separation of coal from impurities.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any omega-hydroxy fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is tetradecane in which the methyl groups have been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any omega-oxo fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is docosane in which the methyl groups have been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is hexacosane in which the methyl groups have been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
Any glycosyloxyflavone that is an O-glycosylated derivative of quercetin.
A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group
Any unsaturated fatty acid anion containing more than one C-C unsaturated bond. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any lipid that is glycerol bearing two substituent groups - either acyl, alkyl, or alk-1-enyl - at any two of the three possible positions.
A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptococcus species. The keto-form of nystatin A1.
(21E,23E,25E,27E,31E,33E)-20-[(3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-4,6,8,11,12,16,18,36-octahydroxy-35,37,38-trimethyl-2,14-dioxooxacyclooctatriaconta-21,23,25,27,31,33-hexaene-17-carboxylic acid
A 3-hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxylauric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An omega-hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3,12-dihydroxylauric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any omega-methyl fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid betaine that is ergothioneine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group. It has been isolated from the deepwater (500-1,600 m) marine sponge Macandrewia azorica.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 11-hydroxylauric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
Any member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids which has a free hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glycerol moiety.
Any member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids which has a free hydroxy group at the 1-position of the glycerol moiety.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 2,3-saturated fatty acid.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraene in which the two methyl groups are replaced by carboxy groups.
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenedioic acid
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenedioic acid
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenedioic acid
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
A macrolide antibiotic that is 20-oxotylactone having a 5-O-beta-D-mycaminosyl residue attached at position 6.
(4R,5S,6S,7R,9R,11E,13E,15S,16R)-16-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5,9,13,15-tetramethyl-2,10-dioxo-7-(2-oxoethyl)oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-6-yl 3,6-dideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A macrolide antibiotic that is tylonolide having a beta-D-mycaminosyl residue attached at position 5.
(4R,5S,6S,7R,9R,11E,13E,15R,16R)-16-ethyl-4-hydroxy-15-(hydroxymethyl)-5,9,13-trimethyl-2,10-dioxo-7-(2-oxoethyl)oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-6-yl 3,6-dideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A cyclic peptide antibiotic that is A47934 lacking the O-sulfo group; it is produced by a strain of Streptomyces toyocaensis.
7-Demethyl-64-O-demethyl-19-deoxy-22,31,45-trichlororistomycin A aglycone
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is nonanoate with methyl branches at C-4 and C-8. Major species at pH 7.3.
An amino disaccharide consisting of N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine having a beta-D-tyvelosyl residue attached at the 3-position and with the anomeric hydroxy group replaced by methoxy.
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl beta-D-tyvelosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide
An amino disaccharide consisting of beta-D-galactosamine having a beta-D-tyvelosyl residue attached at the 3-position and with the anomeric hydroxy group replaced by methoxy.
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl beta-D-tyvelosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosaminide
An amino disaccharide consisting of N-acetyl-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactosamine having a beta-D-tyvelosyl residue attached at the 3-position and with the anomeric hydroxy group replaced by methoxy.
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl beta-D-tyvelosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactosaminide
An amino disaccharide consisting of N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine having a 2-O-methyl-beta-D-tyvelosyl residue attached at the 3-position and with the anomeric hydroxy group replaced by methoxy.
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-2-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,6-dideoxy-2-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside [Click on the icon to display the ASCII name]
methyl 2-O-methyl-beta-D-tyvelosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide
methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,6-dideoxy-2-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside
An amino disaccharide consisting of 6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactosamine having a beta-D-tyvelosyl residue attached at the 3-position and with the anomeric hydroxy group replaced by methoxy.
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-amino-2-deoxy-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl beta-D-tyvelosyl-(1->3)-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactosaminide
An amino disaccharide consisting of 6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactosamine having a 2-O-methyl-beta-D-tyvelosyl residue attached at the 3-position and with the anomeric hydroxy group replaced by methoxy.
methyl 3,6-dideoxy-2-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-amino-2-deoxy-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
methyl 2-O-methyl-beta-D-tyvelosyl-(1->3)-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactosaminide
methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,6-dideoxy-2-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-6-O-methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl hydrogens at positions 3, 4, and 5 are replaced by methoxy, hydroxy, and methoxy groups, respectively.
3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
A dye used in microscopic or electron microscopic examination of cells and tissues to give contrast and to highlight particular features of interest, such as nuclei and cytoplasm.
Phenol substituted with iodo and nitro groups at the 3 and 5 positions respectively.
A methyl glycoside that is alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)-[beta-D-Galp-(1->4)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc (Le(x)) in which the hydroxy group at the reducing-end anomeric centre is methylated.
methyl alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-(1->3)-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 6-deoxy-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
A methyl glycoside that is alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)-[beta-D-Galp-(1->4)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc (Le(x)) in which the galactose residue is 4-dehydroxylated and the hydroxy group at the reducing-end anomeric centre is methylated.
methyl 4-deoxy-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-(1->3)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 4-deoxy-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->3)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside
methyl 4-deoxy-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->3)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
methyl 6-deoxy-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-[4-deoxy-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A methyl glycoside that is alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)-[beta-D-Galp-(1->4)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc (Le(x)) in which the galactose 4-OH is replaced by chlorine and the hydroxy group at the reducing-end anomeric centre is methylated.
methyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-(1->3)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-[6-deoxy-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->3)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
A methyl glycoside that is alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)-[beta-D-Galp-(1->4)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc (Le(x)) in which the galactose 4-OH is replaced by fluorine and the hydroxy group at the reducing-end anomeric centre is methylated.
methyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-(1->3)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-[6-deoxy-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
methyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->3)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
A 1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).
(2R)-1-(phosphonooxy)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propan-2-yl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
(2R)-1-(phosphonooxy)-3-(stearoyloxy)propan-2-yl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
A 1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is specified as arachidoyl (icosanoyl).
(2R)-1-(icosanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
A 1-acyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-1-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
(2R)-1-(phosphonooxy)-3-(stearoyloxy)propan-2-yl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
A 1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is also arachidonoyl.
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,5'Z,8'Z,11'Z,14'Z)bis-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
A 1-acyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is also linoleoyl.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-1-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoate
(2R)-1-(phosphonooxy)-3-(stearoyloxy)propan-2-yl (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoate
An alkanesulfonic acid obtained by the formal substitution of one of the methyl hydrogens of propane-1,2-diol by a sulfonic acid group.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkenyl group has Z geochemistry.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkenyl group has Z geochemistry.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups are specified as (1Z)-hexadecenyl and arachidonoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-{[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yl]oxy}-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (P-16:0/20:4)
1-(1Z)-hexadecenyl-2 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-(1Z)-hexadecenyl-2 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-O-(1Z)-hexadecenyl-2 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
A 1-(alk-1-enyl)-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl group has Z geochemistry.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl group has Z geochemistry.
An oxazinoquinolone carrying carboxy, fluoro, methyl and 4-methylpiperazino substituents. A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, it inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.
9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid
8-Fluoro-3-methyl-9-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-6-oxo-2,3-dihydro-6H-1-oxa-3a-aza-phenalene-5-carboxylic acid
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as palmitoyl and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(5Z,8beta,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxy-1-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-yl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-O-hexadecanoyl-2-(8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-hexadecanoyl-2-(8-epi-prostaglandin F2alphaa)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-palmitoyl-2-(8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(5Z,8beta,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxy-1-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-yl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-O-octadecanoyl-2-(8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-octadecanoyl-2-(8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-stearoyl-2-(8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
A 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the alkyl and acyl groups are specified as palmityl (hexadecyl) and arachidonoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-(hexadecyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
A 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the alkyl and acyl groups are specified as palmityl (hexadecyl) and oleoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-(hexadecyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising dodecanoic (lauric) acid substituted at position 11 by a methyl group.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group is specified as palmitoyl.
A glycosylglucose in which two alpha-D-glucose residues are linked (1->2).
A branched alkane that is undecane substituted at positions 2 and 5 by methyl groups.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride.
1-butyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoyl]piperidinium chloride--water (1/1)
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride--water (1/1)
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride hydrate
The monohydrate form of levobupivacaine hydrochloride. A piperidinecarboxamide-based local anaesthetic, it has a slow onset and long duration of action.
(2S)-1-butyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoyl]piperidinium chloride--water (1/1)
(2S)-1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride--water (1/1)
(S)-1-butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide hydrochloride hydrate
levobupivacaine monohydrochloride monohydrate
The monohydrate form of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride.
(2R)-1-butyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoyl]piperidinium chloride--water (1/1)
(2R)-1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride--water (1/1)
(R)-1-butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide hydrochloride hydrate
dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate
dextrobupivacaine monohydrochloride monohydrate
A branched alkane that is heptane carrying two methyl groups each at positions 2 and 6, and one methyl group at position 4.
A branched alkane that is pentadecane carrying four methyl groups at at positions 2, 4, 6 and 10.
A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tosufloxacin.
rac-7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively.
7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A 7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid that is the (S)-enantiomer of tosufloxacin.
7-[(3S)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A 7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid that is the (R)-enantiomer of tosufloxacin.
7-[(3R)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of (S)-tosufloxacin tosylate.
(3S)-1-[6-carboxy-8-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-5-oxo-5,8-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl]pyrrolidin-3-aminium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate--water (1/1)
7-[(3S)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid 4-methylbenzenesulfonate--water (1/1)
(S)-tosufloxacin monotosylate monohydrate
(3R)-1-[6-carboxy-8-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-5-oxo-5,8-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl]pyrrolidin-3-aminium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate--water (1/1)
7-[(3R)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid 4-methylbenzenesulfonate--water (1/1)
(R)-tosufloxacin monotosylate monohydrate
A glycerophosphocholine that is sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing a single alk-1-enyl substituent at an unspecified position.
A 1,3-diglyceride obtained by the formal acylation of positions 1 and 3 of glycerol by hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid.
2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl dihexadecanoate
A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.
(3R,5R,6S,7S,9R,11E,13S,14R)-13-hydroxy-14-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,5,7,9,13-pentamethyl-2,4,10-trioxooxacyclotetradec-11-en-6-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
(3R,4S,5S,7R,9E,11R,12S)-11-hydroxy-12-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,5,7,11-tetramethyl-2,8-dioxooxacyclododec-9-en-4-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at position 1 and 2 are specified as arachidonoyl and palmitoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-acyl-2-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl and alkyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified respectively as arachidonoyl and palmityl.
(2R)-2-(hexadecyloxy)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as hexadecyl.
(2R)-2-(hexadecyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An inorganic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of arsenic acid.
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as capryl (decanoyl).
(2R)-3-(decanoyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-decanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine
An inorganic nitrate salt having Cd(2+) as the counterion.
A macrolide antibiotic that was originally isolated from the culture broths of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ossamyceticus.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which 1 and 2-acyl groups are specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl) and (10E)-9-hydroperoxyoctadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(10E)-9-hydroperoxyoctadec-10-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9-hydroperoxy-10E-octadecenoyl)-sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine
A member of the class of syringomycins that has 3-hydroxydodecanoyl as the fatty acyl tail group. It is isolated from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and exhibits phytotoxic and antifungal properties.
(2S)-[(3S,6S,9Z,12S,15S,18R,21S,24R,27S)-18,21-bis(2-aminoethyl)-12-benzyl-15-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-3-[(1S)-2-chloro-1-hydroxyethyl]-9-ethylidene-27-{[(3R)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl]amino}-24-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26-nonaoxo-1-oxa-4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octaazacyclooctacosan-6-yl](hydroxy)acetic acid
(R)-1-(N-(3-Hydroxy-1-oxododecyl)-L-serine)syringomycin A1
An inorganic sodium salt having selenide as the counterion.
An inorganic sodium salt having selenate as the counterion.
A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.
1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that has R configuration.
1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-[(3R)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that has S configuration.
1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-[(3S)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.
1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
An aldehydic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 9-oxononanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as palmitoyl and propionyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-(propionyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(palmitoyloxy)-2-(propionyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as palmitoyl and butanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(butyryloxy)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-(butyryloxy)-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as palmitoyl and valeroyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-(pentanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(palmitoyloxy)-2-(pentanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A potassium salt having sorbate as the counterion.
A sorbate obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of (E,E)-sorbic acid.
A boron-containing macrolide antibiotic that is isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having palmitoyl and 5-oxovaleryl groups at the 1- and 2-positions respectively; major species at pH 7.3.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(5-oxopentanoyl)oxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-[(5-oxopentanoyl)oxy]-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
1-hexadecanoyl-2-(5-oxopentanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine zwitterion
A macrolide antibiotic that is a semisynthetic analogue of concanamycin A, possessing an 18-membered lactone ring and a 6-membered oxane ring in which the hydroxy group at position 23 is glycosylated by a 4-O-carbamoyl-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl residue.
An organic phosphate that is phosphoric acid in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an organyl group.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate in which both of the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as octanoyl.
(2R)-3-{[hydroxy(phosphonooxy)phosphoryl]oxy}propane-1,2-diyl dioctanoate
1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-pyrophosphate
1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate
A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine
dodecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
dodecyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
An organic chloride salt having 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium as the counterion.
2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazol-3-ium chloride
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and alpha-linolenoyl respectively.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate of the hydrochloride salt of mitoguazone.
(2E,2'E)-2,2'-(1E,2E)-propane-1,2-diylidenedihydrazinecarboximidamide dihydrochloride--water (1/1)
[(1E,2E)-propane-1,2-diylidenedi(2E)hydrazin-1-yl-2-ylidene]bis(iminomethanaminium) dichloride--water (1/1)
Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) dihydrochloride monohydrate
methylglyoxal bis(amidinohydrazone) dihydrochloride hydrate
An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.
Bacteria-synthesized intracellularly accumulated polyesters from saturated and unsaturated hydroxyalkanoic acid
An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which the hydrogen at position 5 on the phenyl ring is replaced by fluorine.
A 1-oleoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl substituent at position 2 is specified as acetyl.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group at position 2 is specified as acetyl.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A fatty acid anion containing 18 carbons and one double bond. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group. Major species at pH 7.3.
An inorganic chloride that has formula Cl2Sn.
A hydrate that is tin dichloride (anh.) combined with 2 mol eq. of water.
A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6.
2,2-dimethyl-6beta-(5-methyl-3-phenyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido)penam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-6-{[(5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)carbonyl]amino}-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
6beta-(5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)penicillanic acid
sodium 2,2-dimethyl-6beta-(5-methyl-3-phenyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido)penam-3alpha-carboxylate--water (1/1)
sodium 6beta-(5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)penicillanate hydrate
A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as tetradecyl.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(tetradecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as tetradecyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(tetradecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as dodecyl.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(dodecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as dodecyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(dodecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as decyl.
(2R)-2-acetoxy-3-(decyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as decyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(decyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 3 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 4 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 6 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 12 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
A member of the class of bleomycins that is used in sclerotherapy for cervicofacial lymphatic malformations.
An alkylacylglycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and acyl groups are located at positions 1 and 2 respectively. Major species at pH 7.3.
A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine carrying unspecified alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively. Major species at pH 7.3.
A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine carrying one alkyl and one acyl group in unspecified positions. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any member of the class of lysophosphatidylcholines which has a free hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glycerol moiety.
Any member of the class of lysophosphatidylcholines which has a free hydroxy group at the 1-position of the glycerol moiety.
A monoalkylglycerophosphocholine in which the alkyl group may be attached to the sn-1 or sn-3 position.
A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing a single alkenyl group located at position 1.
A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing a single alkyl substituent at an unspecified position (sn-1, sn-2, or sn-3).
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of of azelaic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as caproyl (hexanoyl).
(2R)-3-(hexanoyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(hexanoyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazanumyl)ethyl phosphate
An organic phosphonate that is phenylphosphonic acid diesterified with tropinium and 4-nitrophenol.
(3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate
p-nitrophenyl 8-methyl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl phenylphosphonate
8-methyl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl 4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as capryl (decanoyl).
(2R)-2,3-bis(decanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1,2-dicaprinyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as octanoyl.
(2R)-2,3-bis(octanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde bearing an additional amino substituent at position 3.
A sphingomyelin in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as hexanoyl.
A 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the phosphatidyl acyl group is specified as oleoyl.
(2R)-1-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate
A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.
Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.
A ketoheptose with a mannose configuration.
The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.
A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and propionyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-(propionyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and butanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(butyryloxy)-3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group is specified as oleoyl.
An 11-hydroxylaurate obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of (11R)-hydroxylauric acid; major species at pH 7.3.
An anionic ganglioside obtained by deprotonation of the neuraminosyl carboxy group of ganglioside GM2; major species at pH 7.3.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(stearoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-[(6R)-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-beta-L-threo-hex-2-ulopyranonosyl-(2->3)]-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl substituent is specified as decanoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl decanoate
A 1-(1Z)-alkenyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group is specified as acetyl.
Any pyrimidine that bears one or more carboxylic acid substituents.
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
A sphingomyelin 34:1 in which the N-acyl group and sphingoid base are specified as hexadecanoyl and sphingosine respectively.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(hexadecanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(palmitoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(palmitoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin 34:0 in which the N-acyl group and sphingoid base are specified as hexadecanoyl and sphinganine respectively.
(2S,3R)-2-(hexadecanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-(palmitoylamino)octadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
palmitoyl dihydrosphingomyelin (d18:0/16:0)
{[(2S,3R)-2-hexadecanamido-3-hydroxyoctadecyl]oxy}[2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethoxy]phosphinic acid
A sphingomyelin 34:0 in which the N-acyl group and sphingoid base are specified as hexadecanoyl and phytosphingosine respectively.
(2S,3S,4R)-2-(hexadecanoylamino)-3,4-dihydroxyoctadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2S,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(palmitoylamino)octadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin that is phytosphingosine-1-phosphocholine having an unspecified fatty acyl group attached to the nitrogen.
A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.
2-methoxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
2-methoxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine that is the (R)-enantiomer of edelfosine.
(2R)-2-methoxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine that is the (S)-enantiomer of edelfosine.
(2S)-2-methoxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An inorganic sodium salt in which chlorite is the counterion.
An aldehyde that is the acyclic form of ascarylose.
An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.
An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.
A ketohexose monophosphate that is D-fructose having a phospahte substituent at position 6. It is an important intermediate in the carbohydrate metabolism.
A poly(ether) macromolecule that is polyethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted to the corresponding p-octylphenyl ether. A nonionic, non-denaturing detergent, it is used for solubilising membrane proteins during isolation of membrane-protein complexes. n ~ 8.
polyethylene glycol mono(4-octylphenyl) ether
polyethylene glycol mono(octylphenyl) ether
polyethylene glycol mono(p-octylphenyl) ether
A C27, very long straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.
A hydroxyether that is ethylene glycol substituted on one of the oxygens by a dodecyl group.
A lactol that is the pyranose form of ascarylose.
An ascarylopyranose that has alpha configuration at the anomeric centre.
An ascarylopyranose that has beta configuration at the anomeric centre.
A straight-chain, saturated fatty acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of pentadecanoic acid. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
A nineteen carbon straight-chain fatty acid anion. Major species at pH 7.3.
A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of henicosanoic acid. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
A ketone hydrate that is naphthalene-1,2,3,4-tetrone in which water has been added to the keto groups at positions 2 and 3. It has been used as an antiviral agent in nasal ointment.
An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.
A fatty acid anion containing 19 carbons and 0 double bonds. Major species at pH 7.3.
A saturated fatty acid anion containing 21 carbons (R(1) = C20H41). It is the major species at pH 7.3.
A hydroxy fatty acid that is a straight-chain fatty acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon adjacent to the terminal methyl group (i.e. at the (omega-1) position) is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid); major species at pH 7.3.
A very long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of tricosanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid that is henicosanoic acid in which the 20-pro-R hydrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group.
An (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid that is valeric acid in which the 4-pro-R hydrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
A D-arabinofuranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
A 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the phosphatidyl acyl group is specified as arachidonoyl.
(2R)-1-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the acyl group is specified as caproyl (hexanoyl).
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl hexanoate
A histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine substituted by a selenoxo group at position 2 on the imidazole ring. A selenium-containing antioxidant found in tuna blood.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as capryl (decanoyl).
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl didecanoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as octanoyl.
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl dioctanoate
(2R)-2,3-bis(octanoyloxy)propyl hydrogen phosphate
1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid
A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.
3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoic acid
An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is tridecanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group.
An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is pentadecanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is nonadecanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is icosanoic acid (arachidonic acid) in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is henicosanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecyl and succinyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(3-carboxypropanoyl)oxy]-3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecyl and glutaryl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4-carboxybutanoyl)oxy]-3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecyl and acetyl respectively.
A glycosyl glycoside prepared from alpha-D-glucopyranosyl and beta-D-fructofuranose residues.
A glycosylfructose consisting of an alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residue joined to D-fructopyranose via a (1->5)-linkage. An isomer of sucrose.
A glycosylfructose consisting of an alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residue joined to beta-D-fructofuranose via a (1->4)-linkage.
A 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the alkyl group is specified as oleyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]propyl dihydrogen phosphate
An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.
(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2-{[3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl]oxy}-3-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
Any carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the neuraminosyl carboxy groups of a ganglioside.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of three.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of one.
A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.
A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.
A carotenoid that is 1,2,4-trimethylmenzene in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by an all-trans-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,23-undecaen-1-yl group. Found in photosynthetic green bacteria.
(2'S)-Deoxymyxol 2'-(2,4-di-O-methyl-alpha-L-fucoside)
(3R,2'S)-Myxol 2'-(2,4-di-O-methyl-alpha-L-fucoside)
(3S,2'S)-4-Ketomyxol 2'-alpha-L-fucoside
A member of the class of carotenone that is echinenone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3'. Found in cyanobacteria.
A heptitol that is heptane-1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptol that has R-configuration at positions 2, 3, 4 and 5, and S-configuration at position 6.
(2S,2'S)-Oscillol 2,2'-di(alpha-L-fucoside)
A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.
A phenylenediamine taht is benzene substituted at positions 1 and 3 with amino functions.
A 2-hydroxy carboxylate that results from the removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3-phenyllactic acid.
A monobactam that is produced by Nocardia uniformis subsp. tsuyamanensis.
A monobactam obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-amino(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid with the amino group of (2R)-[(3S)-3-amino-2-oxoazetidin-1-yl](4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid
(2R)-[(3S)-3-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-2-oxoazetidin-1-yl](4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid
An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties.
(1S,2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-4-{[carboxy(imino)methyl]amino}-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-alpha-D-arabino-hexopyranoside
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)bacteriochlorophyll a.
3-desacetyl-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)bacteriochlorophyllide a
3-(1-hydroxyethyl)bacteriochlorophyllide a
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)chlorophyll a.
3-devinyl-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)chlorophyllide a
3-devinyl-3-hydroxyethylchlorophyllide a
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of bacteriochlorophyll a.
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of 3-vinylbacteriochlorophyll d.
8-ethyl-12-methyl-3-vinyl-bacteriochlorophyllide d
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of any bacteriochlorophyll d.
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of any bacteriochlorophyll c.
A dithiocarbamate salt resulting from the formal reaction of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) with 2 mol eq. of ammonia. A water-soluble crystalline solid, it is a fungicide used to protect fruit, vegetable, and field crops against a wide spectrum of fungal diseases. Mixing amobam with zinc sulfate affords the fungicide zineb.
diammonium ethane-1,2-diyldicarbamodithioate
diammonium N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis(carbamodithioate)
diammonium N,N'-ethane-1,2-diyldicarbamodithioate
diammonium N-[2-[[sulfanylidene(sulfido)methyl]amino]ethyl]carbamodithioate
diazanium N-[2-(sulfanidylcarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate
A member of the class of bromoindoles that is 3-bromo-6-fluoro-2-methylindole substituted at position 1 by a 1-(dimethylsulfamyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-sulfonyl group. A fungicide for use on potatoes to control late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and downy mildew [Plasmopara viticola). It has a low mammalian toxicity but it is considered to be a reproduction toxicant, is moderately toxic to birds and honey bees but poses a greater risk to aquatic species and earthworms.
A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.
A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.
6beta-{(2R)-2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido}-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-{[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl 6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate
A polyazaalkane that is azacyclopentadecane in which the amino proton is replaced by a 3-(3-aminopropylamino)propyl group.
A spirostanyl glycoside that is isolated from Ophiopogon japonicus and exhibits antioxidant properties.
(1beta,3beta,25S)-3-[(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy]spirost-5-en-1-yl 6-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside
An elemental molecular entity in which all of the atoms have atomic number 26.
Any unsaturated fatty acid anion with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain.
A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.
A member of the family of microcins comprising a heptapeptide covalently liinked to 3-aminopropyl-AMP via an acylphosphoramide linkage. A potent inhibitor of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase.
A 1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate(2-) in which the 1-acyl substituent is specified as heptadecanoyl
(2R)-1-(heptadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
1-heptadecanoyl, 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate
A subclass of opines, which are low molecular weight compounds found in plant crown gall tumours or hairy root tumours produced by parasitic bacteria of the genus Agrobacterium. Agrocinopines are set of sugar phosphodiester opines known to induce transfer of another Ti plasmid, pTiBo542.
A large family of low molecular weight compounds most commonly found in plant crown gall tumours or hairy root tumours produced by parasitic bacteria of the genus Agrobacterium. They are also found in marine invertebrates, fungi, higher plants and mammals.
A member of the class of agrocinopines that consists of two D-glucose units joined via a (2<->2)-phosphodiester linkage.
A family of sphingolipids that share a common structural feature, a sphinganine base backbone.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as tetradecasphinganine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as tetradecasphingosine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as tetradecaphytosphingosine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as hexadecasphinganine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as hexadecasphingosine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as hexadecaphytosphingosine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as 15-methylhexadecasphinganine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as icosasphinganine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as icosasphingosine.
A sphingomyelin in which the sphingoid component is specified as icosaphytosphingosine.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoyl and icosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that is butanoic acid substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite derived from the isoleucine metabolism.
The (S)-enantiomer of 2,6-dimethylheptan-1-ol.
The (R)-enantiomer of 2,6-dimethylheptan-1-ol.
An alkyl alcohol that is 6-methyloctane carrying a hydroxy group at position 1 (the S-stereoisomer).
A D-talopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.
An undecenoate that is the conjugate base of 10-undecenoic acid.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecenoic acid.
An apo carotenoid triterpenoid that is 4,4'-diapolycopene in which two of the terminal methyl groups have been oxidised to carboxy groups.
A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of dodecenoic acid.
A dodecenoate that is the conjugate base of 5-dodecenoic acid.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:2 in which the acyl group is specified as (11Z,14Z)-icosadienoyl and is located at position 1.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
Any salt derived from a member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids by the formal replacement of the hydrogen of the dithiocarboxy group by a metal.
An alkyl alcohol that is 2,6-dimethylheptane carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.
An adenosine 5'-phosphate that is the monohexadecyl ester of AMP.
Any saturated fatty acid containing 20-26 carbons.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 24 with 1 double bond.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of lactic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.
A lactate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid with methanol.
Any opine whose structure is based on a sugar phosphodiester.
Any indole alkaloid based on a beta-carboline (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) skeleton.
A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.
An ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol with an organosulfonic acid.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(octadecanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(stearoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as icosanoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(icosanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(icosanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as lignoceroyl (tetracosanoyl).
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(tetracosanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(tetracosanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as hexacosanoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(hexacosanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(hexacosanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 26 with 1 double bond.
A member of the class of furans carrying dihydroxymethyl and formyl substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively.
Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine.
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.
A member of the class of cytidines that is a metabolite of the drug capecitabine.
A polyazaalkane that is the 1,5,9,13,17-pentaaza derivative of heptodecane.
A polyazaalkane that is spermidine in which the amino hydrogen at postion 4 is replaced by a 3-aminopropyl group
A polyazaalkane that is spermine in which the amino hydrogen at postion 4 is replaced by a 3-aminopropyl group
Any alkane having a chain length of at least 13 carbon atoms.
Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying a single fluorine substitutent.
An acyl-AMP that results from the formal condensation of the phosphoryl group of AMP with the carboxyl group of any fatty acid.
A carboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with ammonia.
A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is CMP in which the 2-keto group on the cytosine ring is replaced by an epsilon-L-lysyl residue.
A phosphatidylcholine 32:2 in which both phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as palmitoleoyl.
(2R)-2,3-bis[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:0 in which both phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).
(2R)-2,3-bis(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-acyl-2-octadecanoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is also octadecanoyl.
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl dioctadecanoate
beta,gamma-distearoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidic acid
A 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate(2-) in which the 1-acyl group is also oleoyl.
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl (9Z,9'Z)bis-octadec-9-enoate
Phosphatidic acid(18:1omega9/18:1omega9)
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which both phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1- and 2-acyl substituent are specified as palmitoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoate
Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
non-proteinogenic amino-acid derivatives
Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.
Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.
Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.
Any L-alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-cysteine by a heteroatom.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 22 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 24 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 25 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin 41:1 in which the N-acyl group and sphingoid base are specified as tricosanoyl and sphingosine respectively.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(tricosanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 41 with 1 double bond.
Any alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-alanine by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-alanine by a heteroatom.
An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acyl group.
A farnesane sesquiterpenoid obtained by hydroxylation of one of the terminal methyl groups of farnesol.
A diterpenoid obtained by hydroxylation of one of the terminal methyl groups of geranylgeraniol.
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 1,2-saturated fatty acid
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-arginine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the guanidyl group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-arginine by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-arginine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the guanidyl group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-arginine by a heteroatom.
A methyl-branched fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 3-methyl fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-aspartic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-aspartic acid by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of D-aspartic acid at the amino group or either carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-aspartic acid by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom.
A monoatomic trication derived from gallium.
Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose.
An inorganic sodium salt composed from sodium cations and arsenate anions in a 3:1 ratio.
Any saturated fatty acid containing 22-26 carbons.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-histidine at the amino group, carboxy group, or the imidazolyl moiety, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-histidine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-isoleucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-isoleucine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-methionine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-methionine by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-methionine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-methionine by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tyrosine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-valine by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-valine by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-serine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-serine by a heteroatom.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:5 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are octadecanoyl and (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-docosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-octadecanoyl-2-(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z-docosapentaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine
A 3-methyl fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-methylundecanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-proline by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-proline by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-threonine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-threonine by a heteroatom.
A cyclodepsipeptide that is isolated from the previously unculturable bacterial species Eleftheria terrae and is active against gram-positive bacteria.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 3-hydroxy fatty acid.
A member of the class of furoic acids that is 2-furoic acid substituted at position 5 by a dihydroxymethyl group.
5-(dihydroxymethyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid
An alkane that is decane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 5 and 8. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
A long-chain alkane that is heptadecane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6, 10 and 14. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
A long-chain alkane that is heptadecane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6, 10 and 15. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
A hydroxypolyether that is the monomethyl ether derivative of triethylene glycol. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
A primary alcohol that is 1-octanol substituted by a butyl group at position 2. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
An alkane that is octane substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
A fatty alcohol that is 1-dodecanol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
A fatty alcohol that is 3-octanol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
An alkane that is undecane substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 8. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
An alkane that is dodecane substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 6. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
An alkane that is undecane substituted by a methyl group at position 4. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
A 1-acyl-2-tetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which the 1-acyl group is specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).
(2S)-3-(phosphonooxy)propane-1,2-diyl ditetradecanoate
An unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of trans-2-dodecenoic acid obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A long-chain alkane that is tridecane substituted by a methyl group at position 2. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.
An alkane that is dodecane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 7 and 10.
An alkane that is undecane substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 6.
A long-chain alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 44 carbon atoms.
An L-tyrosine derivative that is L-DOPA in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the phenyl ring is replaced by a cysteinyl group. Found in the urine of patients with melanoma.
An L-tyrosine derivative that is L-DOPA in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by cysteinyl groups. Found in the urine of patients with melanoma.
A fatty acyl-AMP that results from the formal condensation of the phosphoryl group of AMP with the carboxyl group of dodecanoic (lauric) acid.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of pentacosanoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A linear dextrin or short chained amylose (DP 20-30) that can be produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of the alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds or debranching amylopectin.
Any of the lignans with a 9-aryl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-yl glycoside skeleton originally isolated from Cleistanthus collinus, a toxic deciduous shrub. While all parts of the plant are poisonous, the leaves in particular are used as a suicide poison by young women in rural parts of southern India. Cleistanthins A and B have been particularly associated with the toxicity of the plant, with cleistanthin A being more potent than cleistanthin B.
A fatty acyl-AMP that results from the formal condensation of the phosphoryl group of AMP with the carboxyl group of tetradecanoic (myristic) acid.
A fatty acyl-AMP that results from the formal condensation of the phosphoryl group of AMP with the carboxyl group of hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted with a methoxy group at C-3 and a polyprenyl chain of unspecified length at C-5.
3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoic acid
The hydroxybenzoate anion formed by loss of a proton from the carboxy group of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoic acid. The major species present at pH 7.3.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid where the hydroxy groups are at the 4- and 5-positions together with a heptaprenyl group at the 3-position.
3,4-dihydroxy-5-all-trans-heptaprenylbenzoic acid
A 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 7 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.
A dihydroxybenzoic acid where the hydroxy groups are at the 4- and 5-positions together with a octaprenyl group at the 3-position.
3,4-dihydroxy-5-all-trans-octaprenylbenzoic acid
A 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 8 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.
A 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoic acid in which the polyprenyl component is specified as heptaprenyl.
3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-heptaprenylbenzoic acid
A 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl component is specified as heptaprenyl.
A 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoic acid in which the polyprenyl component is specified as octaprenyl.
3-all-trans-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid
3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-octaprenylbenzoic acid
A 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl component is specified as octaprenyl.
A lysophosphatidylcholine with defined stereochemistry where the position of the acyl group is unknown.
A phosphatidylcholine 37:4 in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as heptadecanoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(heptadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A N-hexacosenoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine consisting of sphingosine as the sphingoid base acylated at the N atom by a (17Z)-hexacosenoyl group.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-[(17Z)-hexacos-17-enoylamino]-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the acyl group specified is heneicosanoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(henicosanoyloxy)-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in whihc the acyl group specified is nonadecanoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(nonadecanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A N-octadecenolsphingosine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group specified is 9Z-octadecenoyl.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the acyl group specified is heptadecanoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-(heptadecanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted at position 3 by a heptaprenyl group.
4-hydroxy-3-all-trans-heptaprenylbenzoic acid
A N-acylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group specified is tetracosanoyl.
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-(tetracosanoylamino)octadecyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted at position 3 by a nonaprenyl group.
4-hydroxy-3-all-trans-nonaprenylbenzoic acid
A N-acylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group specified is heptadecanoyl.
(2S,3R)-2-(heptadecanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadecyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups are specified as (1Z)-octadecenyl and linoleoyl (9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl) respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
1-(1-enyl-stearoyl)-2-linoleoyl-GPC (P-18:0/18:2)
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups are specified as (1Z)-hexadecenyl and (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-linoleoyl-GPC (P-16:0/18:2)
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl and acyl groups are specified as (1Z)-hexadecenyl and (9Z)-hexadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-8-enoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-palmitoleoyl-GPC (P-16:0/16:1)
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-linoleoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (18:2/20:4n6)
A phosphatidylcholine 40:4 in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as heptadecanoyl and (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively
(2R)-3-(heptadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:3 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoleoyl and linoleoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoleoyl and stearoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:4 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyl]oxy}-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoyl and (11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoyl and (11Z)-eicosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 33:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoyl and (9Z)-heptadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-heptadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 30:1 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are myristoyl and palmitoleoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group.
A glycoside that is beta-D-xylose in which the hydrogen of the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-aminobutyl group. A synthetic version of the beta-xylosyl glycoside (BXG) epitope from the major peanut allergen glycoprotein Arachis hypogaea h2 (Ara-h2).
A lysophosphatidylcholine 16:1 in which the 1-acyl group is (9E)-hexadecenoyl.
(2R)-3-[(9E)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkenyl group is (1Z,9Z)-octadecadienyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 2-deoxy-D-glucose that is D-glucopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been replaced by a hydrogen.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group is specified as palmitoyl while the acyl group (R) at position 2 is octadecadienoyl with the two double bonds at unspecified positions.
A phosphatidylcholine 34:3 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoyl and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl (gamma-linolenoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:3 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are palmitoyl and (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl (alpha-linolenoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and 5E,8E,11E,14E-eicosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(5E,8E,11E,14E)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:5 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:5 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyl]oxy}-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are specified as palmitoyl and (4E,7E,10E,13E,16E,19E)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4E,7E,10E,13E,16E,19E)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 32:2 in which the acyl group at both positions 1 and 2 is (9E)-hexadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2,3-bis[(9E)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 32:1 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are tetradecanoyl and (9Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:2 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as (2Z)-hexadecenoyl and (9Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-[(2Z)-hexadec-2-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:2 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as (9Z)-hexadecenoyl and (11Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:2 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as (9Z)-hexadecenoyl (palmitoleoyl) and (9Z)-octadecenoyl (oleoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:7 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are (11Z)-octadecenoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:7 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
1-oleoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-GPC (18:1/22:6)
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are octadecadienoyl with double bonds at unspecified positions.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:5 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-hexadecenoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:1 in which teh acyl groups aspecified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and octadecenoyl (double bond at unspecified position) respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (10Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively
(2R)-2-[(10Z,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (2E,4E)-octadecadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(2E,4E)-octadeca-2,4-dienoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the acyl groups positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:4 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (8Z,10Z,12Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(8Z,10Z,12Z,14Z)-icosa-8,10,12,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-34:1 in which the alkenyl group at position 1 is (9Z)-octadecenyl and the acyl group at position 2 is hexadecanoyl.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkenyl group at position 1 is (1Z)-octadecenyl and the acyl group at position 2 is hexadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-38:5 in which the alkenyl group at position 1 is (9Z)-octadecenyl and the acyl group at position 2 is (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine (P-38:4) in which the alkenyl group at position 1 is (1Z)-octadecenyl and the acyl group at position 2 is (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoyl.
(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:6 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-2-{[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-GPC (18:0/22:6)
A phosphatidylcholine 40:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (9Z,11Z,13Z,15Z,17Z,19E)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(9Z,11Z,13Z,15Z,17Z,19E)-docosa-9,11,13,15,17,19-hexaenoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:3 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-[(6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the acyl group both at positions 1 and 2 is octadecenoyl with double bond at unspecified position.
A very long-chain fatty acid comprising of 29 carbon atoms.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is dodecanoic acid (lauric acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 10.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 14.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is octadecanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 16.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is arachidic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 18.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is docosanoic acid (behenic acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 20.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 22.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is cerotic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 24.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is octacosanoic acid (montanic acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 26.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is triacontanoic acid (melissic acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 28.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is undecanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 10.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is pentadecanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 14. It is a biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis.
A glycol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is heptadecanoic acid (margaric acid) substituted by a methyl group at position 16.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is nonadecanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 18.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is henicosanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 20.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is tricosanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 22.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is pentacosanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 24.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is heptacosanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 26.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is nonacosanoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 28.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 7-hydroxylauric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A hydroxy fatty acid obtained by hydroxylation of one of the two terminal methyl groups of phytanic acid.
16-hydroxy-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid
A hydroxy fatty acid obtained by hydroxylation of one of the two terminal methyl groups of isoheptadecanoic acid.
omega-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecanoic acid
A glycol that is tetradecane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
A glycol that is octadecane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
A glycol that is icosane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
A glycol that is docosane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
A glycol that is tetracosane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
A glycol that is hexacosane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
A glycol that is octacosane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
A glycol that is triacontane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2.
An organic sodium salt having D-gluconate as the counterion.
sodium (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
A sphingomyelind18:1 in which the total number of carbons in the fatty acyl group is 26 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the N-acyl group and sphingoid base are specified as tricosenoyl and sphingosine respectively.
A N-acylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group specified is henicosanoyl.
(2S,3R)-2-(henicosanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadecyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A N-acylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group specified is tricosanoyl.
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-(tricosanoylamino)octadecyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin 44:0 in which the N-acyl group and sphingoid base are specified as hexacosanoyl and sphinganine respectively.
(2S,3R)-2-(hexacosanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoctadecyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the acyl group specified is tridecanoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-(tridecanoylamino)octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the acyl group specified is tetradecenoyl.
A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.
A phosphatidylcholine 34:1 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) and 11Z-octadecenoyl (cis-vaccenoyl) respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A carbocyclic fatty acid composed of heptanoic acid having a (1S,2S)-2-octylcyclopentyl substituent at position 7.
7-[(1S,2S)-2-octylcyclopentyl]heptanoic acid
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid bearing a methyl substituent at position 2.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is octadecanoic (stearic) acid bearing a methyl substituent at position 12.
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is undecanoic acid bearing a methyl substituent at position 3.
A hydrate that consists of dapagliflozin compounded with (S)-propylene glycol and hydrate in a (1:1:1) ratio. Used to improve glycemic control, along with diet and exercise, in adults with type 2 diabetes.
(2S)-propane-1,2-diol--(1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-[4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-D-glucitol--water (1/1/1)
Dapagliflozin S-propylene glycol monohydrate
Dapagliflozin mixture with propylene glycol, hydrate
Dapagliflozin propylene glycolate hydrate
dapagliflozin (S)-propylene glycol hydrate
A carbohydrate acid derivative that is alpha-L-talosaminuronic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 is substituted by an acetamido group.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-L-talopyranuronic acid
alpha-L-2-N-Acetylamino-2-desoxytaluronic acid
A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which carboxymethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of dasabuvir sodium; used in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.
sodium {6-[3-tert-butyl-5-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl]naphthalen-2-yl}(methanesulfonyl)azanide--water (1/1/1)
A penicillinate anion that is the conjugate base of tazobactam, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.
(1S,2S,3R,4R)-3-[(1S)-1-acetamido-2-ethylbutyl]-4-carbamimidamido-2-hydroxycyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid--water (1/3)
A methyl-branched fatty acid that is heptadecanoic (margaric) acid bearing a methyl substituent at position 2 (the S-enantiomer).
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 3.
A polysaccharide acid oxoanion produced by bacteria, which is used as a substitute for agar as gelling agent in various clinical bacteriological media.
A polysaccharide derivative composed mainly of a glucan in which succinoyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers. The polysaccharide fragment consists of beta-(1->3)-, beta-(1->4)- and beta-(1->6)-linked glucose residues together with a small proportion of beta-(1->3)-linked galactose residues.
A keto-D-gluconate that is the conjugate base of 3-dehydro-D-gluconic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.
potassium (2R,3Z,5R)-3-(2-hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.
9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
A 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid that is the (S)-enantiomer of flumequine.
(5S)-9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
A 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid that is the (R)-enantiomer of flumequine.
(5R)-9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid
An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.
A deuterated compound that is is an isotopologue of chloroform in which the hydrogen atom is replaced with a deuterium. Commonly used as a solvent in proton MNR spectroscopy.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at postions 1 and 2 are specified as heptadecanoyl and lauroyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(dodecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl heptadecanoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at postions 1 and 2 are specified as heptadecanoyl and myristoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(phosphonooxy)-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl heptadecanoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at postions 1 and 2 are specified as heptadecanoyl and stearoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-(heptadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl octadecanoate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at postions 1 and 2 are specified as heptadecanoyl and palmitoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(phosphonooxy)propyl heptadecanoate
A pteroate that is the conjugate base of (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino-acid betaine that is trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen have been replaced by methyl groups.
An amino-acid betaine that is trans-4-hydroxy-D-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen have been replaced by methyl groups.
A bismuth atom having a net electric charge.
A bismuth ion having a positive net electric charge.
A bismuth cation having a net electric charge of +3.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group is specified as octacosanoyl (montanoyl). If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
An lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group contains 28 carbons with 1 double bond. If R1 is an acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is an acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the remaining acyl group is specified as hexanoyl (caproyl). If R1 is the acyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is the acyl group then the molecule is a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 24 carbons in total with 0 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 30 carbons and 0 double bond.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 30 carbons and 1 double bond.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 30 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 32 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 40 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 40 carbons and 3 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 40 carbons and 4 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 40 carbons and 5 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 40 carbons and 1 double bond.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 42 carbons and 0 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 42 carbons and 1 double bond.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 42 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 42 carbons and 3 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 42 carbons and 4 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 42 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin 34:2 in which the ceramide N-acyl group contains 16 carbons and 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin 40:4 in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as docosatrienoyl.
A sphingomyelin 38:2 in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as icosadienoyl.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group contains 14 carbons, 1 hydroxy group and 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group contains 16 carbons, 1 hydroxy group and 0 double bond.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group contains 22 carbons, 1 hydroxy group and 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group contains 22 carbons, 1 hydroxy group and 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group contains 24 carbons, 1 hydroxy group and 1 double bond.
A macrolide antibiotic that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of pikromycin by Streptomyces venezuelae.
(3R,5R,6S,7S,9R,11E,13R,14S)-14-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,5,7,9,13-pentamethyl-2,4,10-trioxo-1-oxacyclotetradec-11-en-6-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group contains 16 carbons, 1 hydroxy group and 1 double bond.
A 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as 9Z-octadecenyl and arachidonoyl respectively.
(2R)-1-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yl]oxy}-3-(phosphonooxy)propan-2-yl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 37 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 39 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 39 with 1 double bond.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 41 with 2 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 45 with 1 double bond.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl group contains 18 carbons and 3 additional double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alk-1-enyl group contains 18 carbons and 2 additional double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 35 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 37 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
A monoalkylglycerophosphocholine in which the alkyl group contains 18 carbons and 2 double bonds. If R1 is an alkenyl group and R2 is a hydrogen then the molecule is a 1-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. If R1 is a hydrogen and R2 is an alkenyl group then the molecule is a 2-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 10 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 42 carbons in total with 8 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 35 carbons and 2 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 40 carbons and 7 double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the unspecified alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 40 carbon atoms in total with 7 additional double bonds in the acyl moiety.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the unspecified alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 42 carbon atoms in total with 3 additional double bonds in the acyl moiety.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the unspecified alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 37 carbon atoms in total with 4 additional double bonds in the acyl moiety.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the unspecified alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 40 carbon atoms in total with 3 additional double bonds in the acyl moiety.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 33 with 2 double bonds.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 31 carbons and 0 double bond.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 32 carbons and 0 double bond.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 42 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 45 carbons and 1 double bond.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 40 carbons in total with 9 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 40 carbons in total with 8 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 33 carbons in total with 2 double bonds.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the unspecified alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 34 carbon atoms in total with 2 additional double bonds in the acyl moiety.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the unspecified alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 36 carbon atoms in total with 2 additional double bonds in the acyl moiety.
A 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the unspecified alk-1-enyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain 38 carbon atoms in total with 4 additional double bonds in the acyl moiety.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 44 with 5 double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 46 with 1 double bond.
An L-cysteine thioether in which the thiol hydrogen is replaced by a (1R,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-phosphonopropyl group
A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is propylphosphonic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).
[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]phosphonic acid
(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropylphosphonic acid
A UDP-amino sugar that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the tunicamycins.
A bromoindole that is 3H-indole in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by an (o-nitrophenyl)sulfanyl group and in which the hydrogens at position 3 have been replaced by a bromine and a methyl group. It is used particularly for the selective cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds (cleavage occurs at peptide bonds after amino acids with available C(gamma)=C(delta) double bonds such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine).
A hydrate that is the monohydrate of the tosylate salt of edoxaban. Used for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid--N(1)-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N(2)-{(1S,2R,4S)-4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-2-[(5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro[1,3]thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-2-carbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl}ethanediamide--water (1/1/1)
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero 3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group at position 1 is unspecified while that at position 2 is specified as (R)-12-hydroxyoleoyl.
A N-octadecenoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group specified is (11Z)-octadecenoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl]oxy}octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 30:0 in which the acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 is pentadecanoyl.
(2R)-2,3-bis(pentadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 32:0 in which the acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 are stearoyl and myristoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 32:0 in which the acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 are myristoyl and stearoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 32:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are oleoyl and myristoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 32:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetradecanoyl and (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy}-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 32:3 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are tetradecanoyl and (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 34:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (9Z)-hexadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl and linoleoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-{[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (9Z)-hexadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:4 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 34:4 in which teh acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetradecanoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are docosanoyl and tetradecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:0 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are tetradecanoyl and docosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-octadecanoyl-2-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (11Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-octadecanoyl-2-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (11Z)-octadecenoyl and octadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)-3-{[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl and octadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy}-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-di-octadecenoylsn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 is 11Z)-octadecenoyl .
(2R)-2,3-bis{[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:3 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(6Z,9Z,12ZZ)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:3 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as hexadecanoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:3 in which the acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl and (9Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyl]oxy}-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl and (9Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]oxy}-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-di-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl.
(2R)-2,3-bis{[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:4 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:5 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-palmitoyl-2-eicosapentaenoyl-GPC (16:0/20:5)
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of ammonium nickel sulfate.
ammonium nickel(2+) sulfate--water (2/1/2/6)
A nickel coordination entity comprising ammonium, nickel and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of barium chloride.
A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl groups. A hydrophilic dye that is used as a pH indicator and to measure serum albumin concentrations.
A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.
4,4'-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bis(2-bromo-3-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)phenol) S,S-dioxide
A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of cadmium nitrate.
Cadmium(II) nitrate tetrahydrate (1:2:4)
A hydrate composed of cadmium sulfate and water in a 3:8 ratio.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of calcium chloride.
A phosphatidylcholine 36:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 is (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl.
(2R)-2,3-bis{[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:6 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 tetradecanoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl]oxy}-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetracosanoyl and tetradecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(tetracosanoyloxy)-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are docosanoyl and hexadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:0 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as eicosanoyl and octadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and eicosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(icosanoyloxy)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and docosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetradecanoyl and tetracosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(tetracosanoyloxy)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosanoyl and (11Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-{[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:1 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are eicosanoyl and (9Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:1 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as (9Z)-octadecenoyl and eicosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(icosanoyloxy)-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (11Z)-eicosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and (13Z)-docosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyl]oxy}-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetradecanoyl and (15Z)-tetracosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl]oxy}-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 36:3 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosatrienoyl respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:3 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:4 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z)-eicosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:5 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl and hexadecanoyl respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl and (9Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl]oxy}-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl and (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}-2-{[(9Z,12)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (11Z)-octadecenoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl]oxy}-3-{[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosanoyl and (11Z)-eicosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-{[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (11Z)-octadecenoyl and docosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-{[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and docosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying a diethylamino substituent at position 4.
A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy and allyl substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (13Z)-docosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and (15Z)-tetracosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:2 in which the acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 is (11Z)-eicosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2,3-bis{[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosanoyl and (11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyl]oxy}-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:4 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl and octadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyl]oxy}-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 40:5 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sulfide mineral with formula CuFeS2. Chalcopyrite is the most important copper ore
A phosphatidylcholine 40:5 inw hich teh acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An inorganic nitrate salt consisting of chromium and nitrate in which the ratio of chromium (in the +3 oxidation state) to nitrate is 1:3
A phosphatidylcholine 40:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of chromium trinitrate.
A phosphatidylcholine 42:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetracosanoyl and octadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)-3-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is nitrate.
A phosphatidylcholine 42:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are docosanoyl and eicosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 42:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosanoyl and docosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 42:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and tetracosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 42:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetracosanoyl and (9Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of cobalt dinitrate.
A phosphatidylcholine 42:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are docosanoyl and (11Z)-eicosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-{[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 42:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosanoyl and (13Z)-docosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyl]oxy}-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 42:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-octadecenoyl and tetracosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-2-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl groups.
A phosphatidylcholine 42:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (15Z)-tetracosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-{[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 42:5 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosanoyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyl]oxy}-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 42:6 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosanoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl]oxy}-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-30:0 in which the alkyl and acyl groups at position 1 and 2 are tetradecyl and hexadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-(tetradecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-30:1 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetradecyl and (9Z)-hexadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-(tetradecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.
3,3'-disulfanediylbis(6-nitrobenzoic acid)
5-(3-carboxy-4-nitro-phenyl)disulfanyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid
A phosphatidylcholine O-34:0 in which the alkyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and octadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and [(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-{[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkenyl group specified is (1Z)-hexadecenyl.
(2R)-3-{[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yl]oxy}-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A carbonate salt in which the counter-ion is iron in the +2 oxidation state.
An iron sulfide mineral with formula Fe3S4.
A phosphatidylcholine O-36:0 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and octadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-36:0 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and eicosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1-(Z)-alk-1-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkeny and acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 are (1Z)-octadecenyl and (9Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-{[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-38:0 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and docosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of hexaammonium heptamolybdate.
hexaammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate
A phosphatidylcholine O-38:6 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl]oxy}-3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of iron dichloride.
A phosphatidylcholine O-40:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and docosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-40:6 in which the alkyl and the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-42:0 in which the alkyl and the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosyl and docosanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-(icosyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of iron trichloride.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 18:1 in which the acyl group specified as position 1 is (11Z)-octadecenoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:3/0:0 in which the acyl group at position 1 is specified as (8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatrienoyl.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A chromium coordination entity comprising chromate and lead(2+) ions in a 1:1 ratio
A lysophosphatidylcholine 20:4 in which the the acyl group at position 1 is specified as (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosatetraenoyl.
A lysophosphatidylcholine 24:0 in which the acyl group is specified as tetracosanoyl and is located at position 1.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A tyrosine derivative that is tyrosine substituted by a nitro group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is tyrosine substituted by a nitro group at position 2.
A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.
A 3-nitrotyrosine comprising D-tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.
(2R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid
A phosphatidylcholine 24:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetradecanoyl and decanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(decanoyloxy)-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 24:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are undecanoyl and tridecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(tridecanoyloxy)-3-(undecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 24:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tridecanoyl and undecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(tridecanoyloxy)-2-(undecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 24:0 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are nonanoyl and pentadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(nonanoyloxy)-2-(pentadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2R)-3-(hexanoyloxy)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of copper(II) chloride. It occurs naturally as the mineral eriochalcite.
An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.
Any substance used in acriculture, horticulture, forestry, etc. for its fungicidal properties.
A 1,2-di-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 is (6Z)-octadecenoyl.
(2R)-2,3-bis{[(6Z)-octadec-6-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are pentadecanoyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl]oxy}-3-(pentadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of magnesium dichloride.
A hydroxybutyric acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively.
A omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is butyric acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 respectively.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of magnesium dichloride.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.
A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.
A metal sulfate in which the metal component is manganese in the +2 oxidation state.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.
A tetritol that is erythritol substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of manganese(II) chloride.
A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.
N(8),N(8),3-trimethylphenazine-2,8-diamine hydrochloride
3-Amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride
A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.
A fatty acid anion 3:0 that is the conjugate base of 3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
The (2S,3R)-stereoisomer of 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid.
An amino fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 5-aminopentanoic acid.
An amino cyclitol glycoside that is (1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-2-amino-1,3,4,6-tetrahydroxy-5-(methylamino)cyclohexane in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is glycosylated by a heptapyranosyl residue.
(1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-2-amino-3,4,6-trihydroxy-5-(methylamino)cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6,7-trideoxy-L-glycero-alpha-D-gluco-heptopyranoside
A phosphatidylcholine 28:1 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are decanoyl and (9Z-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(decanoyloxy)-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 30:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-hexadecenoyl and (9Z)-tetradecenoyl respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine 40:3 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosanoyl and (11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-{[(11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine 42:2 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and (5Z,9Z)-hexacosadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(5Z,9Z)-hexacosa-5,9-dienoyl]oxy}-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A mononitrophenol that is 2-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.
A phosphatidylcholine 42:4 in which the acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl and (15Z)-tetracosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyl]oxy}-2-{[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-30:2 in which the alkyl and acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-hexadecenyl and (9Z)-tetradecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-{[(9Z)-hexadec-9-en-1-yl]oxy}-2-{[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-32:1 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetradecyl and (9Z)-octadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-(tetradecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-32:2 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are (9Z)-hexadecenyl and (9Z)-hexadecenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z)-hexadec-9-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A member of the class of triazole that has significant antifungal properties.
A phosphatidylcholine O-34:3 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-{[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
Sodium fluorophosphate, commonly abbreviated MFP, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2PO3F. Typical for a salt, MFP is odourless, colourless, and water-soluble. This salt is an ingredient in toothpastes.
A phosphatidylcholine O-36:1 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and (9Z)-eicosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-{[(9Z)-icos-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-36:3 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-{[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-36:5 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-38:1 in which the alkyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and (9Z)-eicosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(9Z)-icos-9-enoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-38:2 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and (11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-38:3 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-40:1 in which the alkyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and (11Z)-docosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(11Z)-docos-11-enoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-40:2 in which the alkyl and acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and (13Z,16Z)-docosadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-40:3 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are eicosyl and (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl]oxy}-3-(icosyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-40:4 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-40:5 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are octadecyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosapentaenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyl]oxy}-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-42:1 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are icosyl and (11Z)-docosenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(11Z)-docos-11-enoyl]oxy}-3-(icosyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-42:2 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are icosyl and (13Z,16Z)-docosadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyl]oxy}-3-(icosyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-42:3 in which teh alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetracosyl and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyl]oxy}-3-(tetracosyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-42:4 in which the alkyl and acyl group specified at positions 1 and 2 are icosyl and (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyl]oxy}-3-(icosyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A phosphatidylcholine O-44:3 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are docosyl and (10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-10,13,16-trienoyl]oxy}-3-(docosyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A cinchona alkaloid consisting of 10,11-dihydrocinchonan bearing hydroxy and ethoxy substituents at positions 9 and 6' respectively.
A phosphatidylcholine O-44:4 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are tetracosyl and (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosatetraenoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl]oxy}-3-(tetracosyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A metal sulfate composed of potassium, aluminium and sulfate ions in the ration 1:1:2.
A hydrate resulting from the the formal combination of anhydrous potassium aluminium sulfate with 12 mol eq. of water.
aluminium potassium sulfate--water (1/12)
Aluminum potassium disulfate dodecahydrate
Aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate
Potassium aluminum disulfate dodecahydrate
potassium aluminium sulfate dodecahydrate
A potassium salt composed of potassium and tetrathionate ions in a 2:1 ratio.
A family of glycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of D-glucosamine and either muramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} or L-talosaminuronic acid (2-amino-2-deoxy-L-taluronic acid), which are usually N-acetylated or N-glycoloylated. Those containing muramic acid residues are known as peptidoglycans while those containing L-talosaminuronic acid residues are known as pseudopeptidoglycans. The carboxyl group of the muramic acid is commonly substituted by a peptide containing residues of both L- and D-amino acids, whereas that of L-talosaminuronic acid is substituted by a peptide consisting of L-amino acids only.
A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->3)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the talosaminuronic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.
An iron sulfide mineral with formula FeS2.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups specified at C-1 and C-2 contain 33 carbons in total with 1 double bond.
A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of sodium molybdate.
sodium dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum--water (1/7)
An inorganic sodium salt having sulfite as the counterion.
Heteroorganic entities that are microbial metabolites (or compounds derived from them) which have significant antifungal properties.
An organic sodium salt having thioglycolate(1-) as the counterion.
A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of spirit blue with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.
N,N'-[{[4-(phenylimino)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methylene}di(4,1-phenylene)]dianiline hydrochloride
A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is proline. A "closed" class.
A phosphatidylcholine O-36:2 in which the alkyl and acyl groups specified at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecyl and (11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoyl respectively.
(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-{[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of alpha-aminobutyric acid.
A member of the class of propane-1,3-diols that is propane-1,3-diol substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 2 respectively.
An acetate ester that is phenyl acetate substituted by a formyl group at position 4.
A guaiacyl lignin that is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A guaiacyl lignin that is syringaresinol in which one of the phenolic hydrogens is replaced by a guaiacylglycerol group. It is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
guaiacylglycerol beta-syringaresinol ether
[(2R)-3-(1-oxohexadecoxy)-2-[(9E,12E)-1-oxooctadeca-9,12-dienoxy]propyl] 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
[(2R)-3-hexadecanoyloxy-2-[(9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy-propyl] 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
[(2R)-3-hexadecanoyloxy-2-[(9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy-propyl] 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
[(2R)-3-hexadecanoyloxy-2-[(9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxypropyl] 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An alkyl cinnamate obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid with methanol.
methyl (2E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-acrylic acid methyl ester
An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of syringaldehyde with acetic acid.
An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenolic group of vanillin with acetic acid.
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of vanadyl sulfate.
A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of vanadyl sulfate.
A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains an amide moiety.
A vanadyl sulfate hydrate containing six water molecules.
A hydrate derived from vanadyl sulfate (number of water molecules is not specified).
An amide fungicide whose structure contains a sulfonamide moiety.
A water soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from various species of lichens particularly Variolaria, Lecanora and Rocella. Consists chiefly of azolitmin and erythrolitmin combined with alkalis. Used as an acid-base indicator pH 4.5 red, 8.3 blue.
The parent member of the class of flexirubins obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 17-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)heptadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-octaenoic acid with one of the phenolic hydroxy groups of 2-dodecyl-5-methyl resorcinol.
2-dodecyl-3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl 17-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)heptadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-octaenoate
Flexirubins are a unique type of pigment produced by various bacteria species characterised by a common structure comprising non-isoprenoid omega-substituted polyene carboxylic acids esterified with 2,5-dialkylated resorcinols.
An organic aromatic compound that has been used as a fungicide.
Any organic aromatic compound containing two phenyl (or substituted phenyl) groups attached to a single carbon or heteroatom and which has been used as a fungicide.
A mixture of polysaccharides made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by beta-(1->3)-linkages. Some of the galactosyl units may be sulfated. Agaropectin provides the viscous properties of agar.
An aminoglycoside antibiotic that is part of an antimicrobial complex consisting of factors 1,2,3,5 from a soil isolate named Streptomyces hofunensis.
(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-[(2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-4-O-methyl-alpha-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
A macrolide antibiotic with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.
(1S,2R,3R,7R,8S,9S,10R,12R,14E,16S)-3-ethyl-7-hydroxy-2,8,12,16-tetramethyl-5,13-dioxo-10-(2-oxoethyl)-4,17-dioxabicyclo[14.1.0]heptadec-14-en-9-yl 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranoside
Any triazole antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.
Any antibiotic antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
Any antibiotic antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.
A hexosamine phosphate that is fructosamine carrying a monophosphate group at position 3. The deglycation product of fructosamine
A hexosamine phosphate that is any fructosamine carrying a monophosphate group at position 3. The deglycation product of psicosamine.
A magnesium salt composed of Mg(2+) and ADP(2-) ions in a 1:1 ratio. Magnesium-ADP is a potassium channel activator.
magnesium 5'-O-{[(hydroxyphosphinato)oxy]phosphinato}adenosine
Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate), magnesium salt
A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-acylated nitrogen of semicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.
An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic containing a quinolone (or quinolone-like) moiety and which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system.
A class of sulfonamides whose members generally have bacteriostatic antibiotic properties.
A member of the class of furans in which the furan ring is substituted by a nitro group and which also has significant antibiotic properties.
A phosphonic ester obtained by the esterification of both the hydroxy groups of butylphosphonic acid with ethanol and 2-phenylethanol respectively.
A glucosylglycerol phosphate consisting of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 2.
(2R)-2-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate
2-O-(alpha-D-glucosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
An organosulfonate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo and carboxy groups of 5-[(3-carboxy-5-methyl-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)(2-sulfophenyl)methyl]-2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid.
A member of the class of benzoic acids that is 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-[(2-sulfophenyl)methyl]benzoic acid in which both of the benzylic hydrogens are replaced by a 3-carboxy-5-methyl-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene group. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chromoxane cyanin R'.
5-[(3-carboxy-5-methyl-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)(2-sulfophenyl)methyl]-2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid
A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.
3,3'-[(3-carboxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methylene]bis(6-hydroxybenzoic acid)
5,5'-(3-Carboxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidenemethylene)di(salicylic acid)
An ammonium salt that is the ammonium salt of 3,3'-[(3-carboxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methylene]bis(6-hydroxybenzoic acid). A dye commonly used to detect the presence of the aluminium ion in an aqueous solution.
trisammonium 3,3'-[(3-carboxylato-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methylene]bis(6-hydroxybenzoate)
Aurintricarboxylic acid triammonium salt
C.I. Mordant Violet 39, triammonium salt
Triammonium 5,5'-(3-carboxylato-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidenemethylene)disalicylate
A cyclodepsipeptide antibiotic that is isolated from Streptomyces sp. SNA15896 and also exhibits antitumour activity.
A disaccharide formed by hexopyranoside and hex-2-ulofuranose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of hexopyranoside to the hemiketal of the hex-2-ulofuranose.
A long-chain alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 34 carbon atoms.
A hydroxyether that is propan-1-ol substituted by an ethoxy group at position 3.
A flavin mononucleotide obtained by prenylation of the N-10 position of FMNH2 followed by cyclisation. An essential cofactor for the decarboxylase enzymes UbiD and Fdc1.
prenylated reduced flavin mononucleotide
Any organooxygen compound whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties.
Any statin that occurs in nature. The class includes compactin (also known as mevastatin), isolated from a fermentation broth of Penicillium citrinum, and lovastatin, isolated from Aspergillus terreus.
A statin that is derived from a naturally occurring statin by partial chemical synthesis.
Any fatty acid ester where the carboxylic acid component is hexanoic (also known as caproic) acid.
Any fatty acid ester in which the carboxylic acid component is octanoic acid (caprylic acid).
A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of decanoic acid (capric acid) with the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.
Any fatty acid ester in which the carboxylic acid component is lauric acid.
A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts
A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.
4-[(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)(4-aminophenyl)methylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium chloride
4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline hydrochloride
An iminium ion obtained by protonation of the imino group of rosanilin free base.
A fatty acid ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of tetradecanoic acid (also known as myristic acid) with a hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.
A flavin mononucleotide resulting from the formal dehydrogenation of prenyl-FMNH2. It is an essential cofactor for the decarboxylase enzymes UbiD (Fdc1).
A bile acid salt that is the sodium salt of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.
sodium N-(3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl)glycinate
sodium [(3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-yl)amino]acetate
A bile acid salt that is the sodium salt of glycodeoxycholic acid.
sodium N-(3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl)glycinate
sodium [(3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-yl)amino]acetate
An L-alpha-amino acid that is L-valine in which all five carbons are (13)C isotopes while the nitrogen is the (15)N isotope.
A glucitol that is D-glucitol in which the carbon at position 1 is the (13)C isotope.
Riboflavin in which the double bond between positions 4a and 5 has been reduced to a single bond.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is suberic acid which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 3 and 5. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.
A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.
A phosphoglycerate obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group and one of the phosphate OH groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
An organic cation that is 5-phenylphenothiazin-5-ium substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 7 as well as a nitro group at position 4. The chloride salt is the histological dye 'safranin O'.
Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.
An N-acyl-D-glucosamine phosphate in which the N-acyl group is specified as glycoloyl and the phosphate group is located at position 6. An intermediate in the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) degradation pathway
N-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
Any metal cation which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
Any penicillin which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
A member of the class of benzoisoquinolines that is 6-amino-1,3-dioxo-5-sulfobenzo[de]isoquinoline substituted at position 2 by a 3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl group. The disodium salt is the histological dye 'Chrome fast yellow 8GL'.
5-(6-amino-1,3-dioxo-5-sulfo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
An organosulfonate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo and carboxy groups of Chrome fast yellow 8GL (acid form).
An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.
A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.
Any beta-lactam antibiotic which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).
An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.
A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid with the amino group of 4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-amine.
A D-glucose that is alpha-D-glucose-in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 2 have been replaced by the (13)C isotope.
A mononitrophenol that is 4-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.
A mononitrophenol that is 3-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.
Any carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with 2-naphthylamine.
A phosphoglycerate obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy and phosphate OH groups of 2-phosphoglyceric acid.
Any carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with 1- or 2-naphthylamine.
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-3-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
[2-({3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
A 1-icosenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the the double bond of the icosenoyl group is at the 11-12 position and has Z configuration.
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(icosanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
A carotenol that is a natural xanthophyll pigment. It was formerly used as a food colourant (E161d), but approval for this purpose has been withdrawn throughout the European Union.
(2-{[(2R)-3-(docosanoyloxy)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
{[(2S,3R,11E)-2-[(9E)-hexadec-9-enamido]-3-hydroxynonadec-11-en-1-yl]oxy}[2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethoxy]phosphinic acid
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is decanedioic (sebacic) acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 3.
[2-({3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2R,3R)-2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
(2R,3R)-2-hydroxy-3-methyl-pentanoic acid
{[(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-tetracosanamidoheptadec-4-en-1-yl]oxy}[2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethoxy]phosphinic acid
{[(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enamido]hexadec-4-en-1-yl]oxy}[2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethoxy]phosphinic acid
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-3-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(icosanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(icosanoyloxy)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]-2-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(icosanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-2-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-tetradecanamidooctadecyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-octadecanamidooctadecyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enamido]octadecyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2S,3R)-2-docosanamido-3-hydroxyoctadecyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-icosanamidooctadecyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-3-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-3-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-(octadecanoyloxy)-3-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]-3-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]-3-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl[2-({3-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2,3-bis[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(icosanoyloxy)-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z)-docos-13-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-2-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
A phosphatidylcholine 38:4 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as oleoyl and (8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatrienoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-{[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl]oxy}-3-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy}propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
1-oleoyl-2-dihomolinolenoyl-GPC (18:1/20:3)
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-methylbenzoyloxy)sulfonic acid
[2-({3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16,19-pentaenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-(octadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
[2-({3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-3-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl[2-({2-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-2-[(1Z,9Z)-octadeca-1,9-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-icos-11-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(icosyloxy)-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(docosyloxy)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(docosyloxy)-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-2-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(icosyloxy)-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
1-Linoleyl 2-linoleoyl-sn-glycer-3-phosphocholine
(2-{[(2R)-2-(icosanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
2,2,4-trimethyl-1-[(2-methylpropanoyl)oxy]pentan-3-yl 2-methylpropanoate
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentadienol diisobutyrate
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(11Z)-octadec-11-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-en-1-yloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-en-1-yloxy]-2-(icosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-(docosanoyloxy)-3-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-2-(tetracosanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
[2-({2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-2-(octadecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[2-(hexadecanoyloxy)-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl[2-({3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
trimethyl[2-({3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z,11Z)-octadeca-1,11-dien-1-yloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z)-tetradec-9-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
trimethyl[2-({3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-octadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
[2-({3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosa-5,8,11-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2S)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
[2-({2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyloxy]-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato}oxy)ethyl]trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
trimethyl(2-{[(2R)-2-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyloxy]-3-(tetracosyloxy)propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)azanium
(2-{[(2R)-2-[(10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-10,13,16-trienoyloxy]-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dien-1-yloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(13Z)-docos-13-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-10,13,16-trienoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2R)-3-[(1Z)-hexadec-1-en-1-yloxy]-2-[(11Z)-octadec-11-enoyloxy]propyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2S,3R,4E)-2-[(10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-10,13,16-trienamido]-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
An N-hydroxydocosadienoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine in which the N-acyl group is specified as (13Z,16Z)-3-hydroxydocosa-13,16-enoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(13Z,16Z)-3-hydroxydocosa-13,16-enoyl]amino}octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An N-hydroxytetracosenoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine in which the N-acyl group is specified as (15Z)-3-hydroxytetracos-15-enoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(15Z)-3-hydroxytetracos-15-enoyl]amino}octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An N-hydroxyhexadecenoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine in which the N-acyl group is specified as (9Z)-3-hydroxyhexadec-9-enoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(9Z)-3-hydroxyhexadec-9-enoyl]amino}octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(2-{[(2S,3R)-2-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-enamido]-3-hydroxyoctadecyl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
(2-{[(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienamido]octadec-4-en-1-yl phosphonato]oxy}ethyl)trimethylazanium
An N-hydroxydocosenoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine in which the N-acyl group is specified as (13Z)-3-hydroxydocos-13-enoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(13Z)-3-hydroxydocos-13-enoyl]amino}octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An N-hydroxytetradecenoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine in which the N-acyl group is specified as (9Z)-3-hydroxytetradec-9-enoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(9Z)-3-hydroxytetradec-9-enoyl]amino}octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An N-acyl-L-tyrosine that is L-tyrosine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.
A ring assembly obtained by 1,1'-coupling of two molecules of (3E)-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]cyclopenta[b]indol-2(3H)-one. A UV-screening molecule produced by many strains of cyanobacteria.
A galactose phosphate that is 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside substituted at position 6 by a monophosphate group.
4-nitrophenyl 6-O-phosphono-beta-D-galactopyranoside
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside 6-phosphate
4-nitrophenyl 6-O-phosphono-beta-D-galactoside
An alpha-D-galactoside having a 6-bromo-2-naphthyl substituent at the anomeric position.
6-bromonaphthalen-2-yl alpha-D-galactopyranoside
An alpha-L-arabinopyranoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position
4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl alpha-L-arabinopyranoside
4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-arabinopyranoside
4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-arabinoside
An alpha-L-arabinopyranoside having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position
A xyloside that is alpha-D-xylopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.
A beta-D-galactoside having a 6-bromo-2-naphthyl substituent at the anomeric position.
6-bromonaphthalen-2-yl beta-D-galactopyranoside
6-Bromo-2-naphthyl beta-D-galactopyranoside
An amino acid betaine derived from phenylalanine.
A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-naphthyl substituent at the anomeric position.
naphthalen-2-yl beta-D-galactopyranoside
An amino acid betaine derived from tyrosine.
A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.
A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 6-bromo-3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]naphthalen-2-yl substituent at the anomeric position.
6-bromo-3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]naphthalen-2-yl beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
p-Nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
A beta-D-mannoside having a 6-bromo-2-naphthyl substituent at the anomeric position.
6-bromonaphthalen-2-yl beta-D-mannopyranoside
6-bromo-2-naphthyl beta-D-mannopyranoside
A xyloside that is beta-D-xylopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.
An acetate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the hydroxy group of 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl.
acetic acid-(5-bromo-4-chloro-indol-3-yl ester)
A butyrate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the hydroxy group of 2-naphthol.
An NADP obtained by formal reduction of the 1,2-position in the pyridine ring of beta-NADP.
2'-O-phosphonoadenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
An NADP obtained by formal reduction of the 1,2-position in the pyridine ring of beta-NAD.
adenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
2-hydro-beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
An NADP obtained by formal reduction of the 1,6-position in the pyridine ring of beta-NADP.
2'-O-phosphonoadenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoyl-1,6-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
6-hydro-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
An NADP obtained by formal reduction of the 1,6-position in the pyridine ring of beta-NAD.
adenosine 5'-{3-[1-(3-carbamoyl-1,6-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol-5-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate}
6-hydro-beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
A C4-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted at position 2 by a chloro group.
A member of the class of hydroxyindoles that is indoxyl carrying an additional bromo substituent at position 5.
An decanoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of decanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 5-bromoindoxyl.
A tetradecanoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of tetradecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-naphthol.
A octanoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of octanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-naphthol.
A member of the class of phosphocholines obtained by formal condensation of the phosphate group of phosphocholine with the phenolic groups of two molecules of 4-nitrophenol.
An alpha-L-fucoside that is alpha-L-fucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 2-naphthyl group.
2-Naphthyl 6-deoxy-alpha-L-galactopyranoside
naphthalen-2-yl 6-deoxy-alpha-L-galactopyranoside
An alpha-L-fucoside that is alpha-L-fucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.
4-nitrophenyl 6-deoxy-alpha-L-galactopyranoside
p-Nitrophenyl 6-deoxy-alpha-L-galactopyranoside
A beta-L-fucoside that is beta-L-fucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 2-naphthyl group.
naphthalen-2-yl 6-deoxy-beta-L-galactopyranoside
A beta-L-fucoside that is beta-L-fucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.
4-nitrophenyl 6-deoxy-beta-L-galactopyranoside
p-Nitrophenyl 6-deoxy-beta-L-galactopyranoside
An alpha-D-glucoside that is alpha-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 2-naphthyl group.
A beta-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 6-bromo-2-naphthyl group.
6-bromonaphthalen-2-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside
6-Bromo-2-naphthyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
A beta-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 2-naphthyl group.
A beta-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.
A disaccharide derivative that is beta-lactose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
4-nitrophenyl 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucoside
A substituted spermine that is spermine in which a hydrogen attached to each of the primary amino groups has been replaced by an ethyl group.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyruvic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.
A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid in which the hydrogen at the para position of the phennyl group has been replaced by a nitro group.
An N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 2-nitrophenyl group.
2-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
o-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide
2-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide
A member of the class of hydroxyindoles that is indoxyl carrying additional chloro and bromo substituents at positions 4 and 5 respectively.
An N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 1-naphthyl group.
naphthalen-1-yl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
1-Naphthyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
1-naphthyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside
1-naphthyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
An N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 2-nitrophenyl group.
2-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
o-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
2-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
An indolyl carbohydrate that is the N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide of indoxyl in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively.
5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
An N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.
4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucoside
p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucoside
p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide
4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide
An N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.
4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside
4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside
p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside
p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of D- and L-methionine 2-naphthylamide.
A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-arginine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-asparagine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-asparagine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
A deuterated compound that is succinic acid in which the four methylene hydrogens are replaced by deuterium.
A methionine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methionine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-methionine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-methionine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
A D-methionine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of D-methionine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-aspartic acid derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-aspartic acid with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
(S)-3-Amino-4-(2-naphthylamino)-4-oxobutyric acid
An L-cysteine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-cysteine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-cysteine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of L-cystine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
(2R)-2-amino-3-({(2R)-2-amino-3-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}disulfanyl)propanoic acid
An L-cysteine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy groups of L-cystine with the amino groups from two molecules of 2-naphthylamine.
A gamma-amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the side-chain carboxy group of N-(alpha-L-glutamyl)-2-naphthylamine.
An L-glutamic acid derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-glutamic acid with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
(4S)-4-amino-5-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
An L-glutamine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of L-glutamic acid with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-glutamine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-glutamic acid with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-histidine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-histidine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-proline derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline 2-naphthylamide
trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline beta-naphthylamide
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are hexadecanoyl and heptadecanoyl respectively.
(2R)-2-(heptadecanoyloxy)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which one acyl group has 18 carbons and is fully saturated while the other has 20 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which one acyl group has 18 carbons and is fully saturated while the other has 22 carbons and 5 double bonds.
An L-isoleucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-isoleucine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-leucine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-lysine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-lysine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An N-acylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as nonadecanoyl.
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-(nonadecanoylamino)octadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as (11Z)-icosenoyl.
(2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(11Z)-icos-11-enoyl]amino}octadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 38 carbons in total with 5 double bonds.
An L-ornithine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-ornithine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-phenylalanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-phenylalanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-proline derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-proline with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-proline derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-oxo-L-proline with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-serine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-serine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-threonine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-threonine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-tryptophan derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-tryptophan with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-tyrosine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-tyrosine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-valine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-valine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-leucine with the amino group of 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine.
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanyl-L-alanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-proline with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
alanylphenylalanylproline 2-naphthylamide
L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-proline 2-naphthylamide
A beta-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of beta-alanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-3-[(dimethylamino)(oxo)acetyl]-1-methylindole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S,5R)-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,5-dimethylpiperazine. It is a potent inhibitor of MAPK and exhibits anti-cancer properties.
An aryl sulfide that is (2Z,3Z)-bis[amino(sulfanyl)methylidene]butanedinitrile in which the sulfanyl hydrogens are replaced by 2-aminophenyl groups. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that also exhibits anti-cancer properties.
A potassium salt having 2-(4-carboxylatophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide as the counterion.
potassium [2-(4-carboxylatophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-3-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-3lambda(5)-imidazol-1-yl]oxidanyl
2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt
potassium 2-(4-carboxylatophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the C-terminal carboxy group of L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid 2-naphthylamide
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the C-terminal carboxy group of L-glutamylglycine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the C-terminal carboxy group of L-glutamylglycyl-L-arginine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
L-glutamylglycyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the C-terminal carboxy group of N-glutaryl-L-phenylalanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
5-({(2S)-1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid
N-glutaryl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycylglycine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycyl-L-phenylalanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycyl-L-proline with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycyl-L-tryptophan with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-leucylglycine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-benzoyl-L-leucine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
A dipeptide amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-benzoyl-L-valylglycine with the amino group of 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine.
N-benzoylvalylglycine 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide
PhCO-L-Val-Gly 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide
N-benzoyl-L-valylglycine 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide
An N-{1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}benzamide that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-benzoyl-L-arginine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-carbobenzyloxy-glycylglycyl-L-arginine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
N-benzyloxycarbonyl-glycylglycyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide
N-benzyloxycarbonyl-glycylglycylarginine 2-naphthylamide
N-carbobenzyloxy-glycylglycylarginine 2-naphthylamide
N-carbobenzyloxy-glycylglycyl-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide
An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-seryl-L-tyrosine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
A deoxygalactose that is D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been replaced by a hydrogen.
An aldoheptose that is the D-glycero-diastereomer of D-gulo-heptopyranose
A member of the class of quinoline N-oxides that is 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoline-1-oxide carrying an additional (2E,6E)-farnesyl group at position 4.
4-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-[(2E,6E)-farnesyl]-3,4-dihydroquinoline 1-oxide
A member of the class of quinoline N-oxides that is 2-methyl-1-oxo-4-3,4-dihydroquinoline-3,4-diol carrying an additional (2E,6E)-farnesyl group at position 4.
3,4-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxo-4-[(2E,6E)-farnesyl]-3,4-dihydroquinoline 1-oxide
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.
A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of irinotecan hydrochloride. Onivyde is used in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin, for the treatment of patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas after disease progression following gemcitabine-based therapy. It is converted via hydrolysis of the carbamate linkage to its active metabolite, SN-38, which is ~1000 times more active.
(4S)-4,11-diethyl-4-hydroxy-3,14-dioxo-3,4,12,14-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[3',4':6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinolin-9-yl [1,4'-bipiperidine]-1'-carboxylate hydrochloride--water (1/3)
1-[1-({[(4S)-4,11-diethyl-4-hydroxy-3,14-dioxo-3,4,12,14-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[3',4':6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinolin-9-yl]oxy}carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl]piperidin-1-ium chloride--water (1/3)
A member of the class of quinoline N-oxides that is 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxo-1lambda(5)-quinolin-4-one carrying an additional (2E,6E)-farnesyl group at position 3.
4-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-[(2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl]quinolin-3(4H)-one 1-oxide
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of rolapitant hydrochloride. Used for the prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.
(5S,8S)-8-({(1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy}methyl)-2-oxo-8-phenyl-1,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-7-ium chloride--water (1/1)
(5S,8S)-8-({(1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy}methyl)-8-phenyl-1,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-2-one hydrochloride--water (1/1)
(5S,8S)-8-(((1R)-1-(3,5-bis(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethoxy)methyl)-8-phenyl-1,7-diazaspiro(4.5)decan-2-one monohydrochloride monohydrate
rolapitant monohydrochloride monohydrate
An acetate ester that is uracil in which the three hydroxy hydrogens are replaced by acetate group. A prodrug for uridine, it is used for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria and for management of fluorouracil toxicity.
Any aurachin in which the farnesyl residue is positioned at C4 of the quinoline core (cf. C-type aurachin, in which the farnesyl residue is positioned at C3). C-type aurachins are converted to A-type aurachins by late stage tailoring reactions.
An A-type aurichin that is 1,2-dihydrofuro[2,3-c]quinoline 5-oxide which is substituted at position 2 by a (6E)-10-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylundeca-2,6-dien-10-yl group and at position 4 by a methyl group (relative configuration shown). Found in the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15.
An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.
An aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptosporangium sibiricum that also exhibits antitumour properties.
(11R,11aS)-9,11-dihydroxy-8-methyl-5-oxo-2-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-][1,4]benzodiazepin-7-yl 4,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-4-(methylamino)-alpha-L-mannopyranoside
A member of the class of carbapenems that is (5R,6R)-3-{[(E)-2-aminoethenyl]sulfanyl}-6-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid in which the free hydroxy and amino groups are carrying sulfo and acetyl substituents respectively.
(5R,6R)-3-{[(E)-2-acetamidoethenyl]sulfanyl}-7-oxo-6-[(1S)-1-(sulfooxy)ethyl]-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 1 mol eq. of 2-naphthol. It is a substrate for phosphatase.
phosphoric acid mono-beta-naphthyl ester
A phosphonic ester in which at least one of the esterifying groups is aromatic.
An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphonic acid with 1 mol eq. of phenol
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 25 carbons in total with no double bonds.
An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphonic acid with 1 mol eq. each of phenol and 4-nitrophenol.
An L-tyrosine derivative that is the ethyl ester of N-benzoyltyrosine.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two phosphatidyl acyl groups contain a total of 43 carbons and 6 double bonds.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of D- and L-N-benzoylphenylalanine 2-naphthylamide.
(+-)-N-benzoylphenylalanine 2-naphthylamide
(+-)-N-benzoylphenylalanine beta-naphthylamide
N-benzoyl-DL-phenylalanine beta-naphthylamide
N-benzoylphenylalanine beta-naphthylamide
rac-N-benzoylphenylalanine 2-naphthylamide
rac-N-benzoylphenylalanine beta-naphthylamide
racemic N-benzoylphenylalanine 2-naphthylamide
racemic N-benzoylphenylalanine beta-naphthylamide
N-benzoyl-DL-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide
A member of the class of N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamides that is N-(naphthalen-2-yl)-3-phenylpropanamide in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a benzamido group.
An N-{1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}benzamide that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine with the amino group of 2-aminonaphthalene.
N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine beta-naphthylamide
N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide
An N-{1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}benzamide that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-benzoyl-D-phenylalanine with the amino group of 2-aminonaphthalene.
N-benzoyl-D-phenylalanine beta-naphthylamide
N-benzoyl-D-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of D- and L-N-benzoylarginine 2-naphthylamide.
(+-)-N-benzoylarginine beta-naphthylamide
N-benzoyl-DL-arginine beta-naphthylamide
rac-N-benzoylarginine beta-naphthylamide
racemic N-benzoylarginine 2-naphthylamide
racemic N-benzoylarginine beta-naphthylamide
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons contained in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 12 with zero double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons contained in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 16 with zero double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons contained in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 22 with zero double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons contained in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 24 with zero double bonds.
A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons contained in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 24 with 1 double bond.
A member of the class of N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamides that is 5-carbamimidamido-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)pentanamide in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a benzamido group.
An N-{1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl}benzamide that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-benzoyl-D-arginine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.
A mixture that is the black porous residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by pyrolysis of animal or vegetable matter in a limited supply of air.
A mamber of the class of benzaldehydes carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.
An alpha-D-galactoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position
4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl alpha-D-galactopyranoside
4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-galactoside
A beta-D-galactoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.
4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl beta-D-galactopyranoside
A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.
4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside
A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-methylumbelliferone in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a butyryl group.
4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl butanoate
4-Methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl butyrate
Butanoic acid, 4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl ester
An alpha-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.
A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphate that is the mono-(5-bromo-4-chloro-indol-3-yl) ester of thymidine 3'-phosphate.
3'-thymidylic acid mono-(5-bromo-4-chloro-indol-3-yl) ester
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl 3'-thymidylate
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl thymidine 3'-phosphate
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of 3-acetylchlorophyll a.
A chlorophyll that is the ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of bacteriochlorophyllide a and the hydroxy group of geranylgeraniol.
[methyl (3S,4S,13R,14R,21R)-9-acetyl-14-ethyl-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-yl]oxy}propyl)-13,14-dihydrophorbine-21-carboxylatato(2-)-kappa(4)N(23),N(24),N(25),N(26)]magnesium
An epoxycarotenol that beta-cryptoxanthin in which the 5,6-double bond has been epoxidised.
(3S,5R,6S)-beta-cryptoxanthin 5,6-epoxide
A 1-alkylglycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl group is specified as octadecyl.
2-hydroxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A N-acylsphinganine-1-phosphocholine in which the acyl group specified is (15Z)-tetracosenoyl.
(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-{[(15Z)-tetracos-15-enoyl]amino}octadecyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A member of the class of beta-carbolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline substituted at position 3 by a carboxy group.
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
A epoxycarotenol that is capsanthin in which the 5,6-double bond has been epoxidised.
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a beta-D-xylosyloxy group.
2-hydroxy-3-(beta-D-xylopyranosyloxy)benzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3-O-beta-D-xyloside
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two phosphatidyl acyl groups contain a total of 20 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A guaiacyl lignin that is guaiacylglycerol in which the hydrogen on the 2-hydroxy function has been replaced by a beta-coniferyl group.
A guaiacyl lignin that is guaiacylglycerol in which the hydrogen on the 2-hydroxy function has been replaced by a 4-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropan-1-yl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl group.
A guaiacyl lignin obtained by cyclodimerisation of coniferol.
A guaiacyl lignin that is medioresinol in which one of the phenolic hydrogens is replaced by a guaiacylglycerol group. It is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
guaiacylglycerol beta-medioresinol ether
A guaiacyl lignin that is scopoletin in which the phenolic hydrogen is replaced by a guaiacylglycerol group. It is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
guaiacylglycerol beta-scopoletinyl ether
A guaiacyl lignin obtained by formal cyclocodensation between guaiacylglycerol and esculetin. It is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A guaiacyl lignin that is ferulic acid in which the phenolic hydrogen is replaced by a sulfoguaiacylglycerol group. It is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
(2E)-3-[4-({1,3-dihydroxy-1-[3-methoxy-4-(sulfooxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl}oxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]prop-2-enoic acid
(2E)-3-(4-{[3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(sulfooxy)propan-2-yl]oxy}-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(2E)-3-(4-{[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(sulfooxy)propan-2-yl]oxy}-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid
(2E)-3-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]prop-2-enoic acid
A guaiacyl lignin that is glycosmisic acid in which the phenolic hydrogen is replaced by a sulfo group.
(2E)-3-{3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2-[3-methoxy-4-(sulfooxy)phenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl}prop-2-enoic acid
A guaiacyl lignin that is glycosmisic acid in which the alcoholic hydrogen is replaced by a sulfo group.
(2E)-3-{2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-3-[(sulfooxy)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl}prop-2-enoic acid
A 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of azelaic acid with the 1-hydroxy group of sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
(2R)-3-[(8-carboxyoctanoyl)oxy]-2-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of azelaic acid with the 1-hydroxy group of sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
(2R)-2-[(8-carboxyoctanoyl)oxy]-3-hydroxypropyl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
A carotenoid ether that is spheroidene substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group.
A carotenoid ether that is spheroidene carrying two hydroxy groups, both at position 2.
An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.
2-hydroxy-4-{2-[(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetamido}benzoic acid
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is the sulfoxide obtained by formal oxygenation of the sulfur atom of pentahomomethionine.
2-amino-9-(methanesulfinyl)nonanoic acid
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is the sulfoxide obtained by formal oxygenation of the sulfur atom of hexahomomethionine.
2-amino-10-(methanesulfinyl)decanoic acid
2-amino-10-(methylsulfinyl)decanoic acid
A carotenoid ether that is spirilloxanthin substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group.
A carotenoid ether that is spirilloxanthin carrying two hydroxy groups, both at position 2.
A carotenoid ether that is spirilloxanthin substituted at positions 2 and 2' by oxo and hydroxy groups respectively.
A carotenoid ether that is spirilloxanthin carrying an oxo group at position 2 as well as two hydroxy group, both at position 2'.
An ammonium salt consisting of ammonium and oxalate ions in a 2:1 ratio.
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of glycine betaine.
(trimethylazaniumyl)acetate--water (1/1)
carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium hydroxide
(Carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of calcium chloride.
A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of cobalt(2+) sulfate.
A hydrate that is the pentahydrate form of copper(II) chloride.
A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of copper(2+) sulfate.
A hydrochloride obtained by combining L-cysteine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.
(1R)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethan-1-aminium chloride
A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of L-cysteine hydrochloride.
(1R)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethan-1-aminium chloride--water (1/1)
(2R)-2-Amino-3-sulfanyl-propanoic acid hydrochloride monohydrate
An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.
An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of L-glutamic acid.
An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glyoxylic acid.
An inorganic sodium salt composed from sodium cations and arsenate dianions in a 2:1 ratio.
A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of disodium hydrogen arsenate.
Disodium monohydrogen arsenate heptahydrate
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of disodium hydrogenphosphate
Phosphoric acid, disodium salt, dihydrate
sodium hydrogen orthophosphate dihydrate
A hydrate that is the dodecahydrate form of disodium hydrogenphosphate
Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate
Phosphoric acid, disodium salt, dodecahydrate
Sodium monohydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate
Sodium phosphate, dibasic, dodecahydrate
disodium hydrogenphosphate dodecahydrate
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-disodium malate.
An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of maleic acid.
An N-acyl-amino acid that is lysine in which one of the amino nitrogens at position N6 is replaced by a 3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl group.
A chlorophyllide obtained by hydrolysis of the terpenoid ester moiety of bacteriochlorophyll g.
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group contains 16 carbons and is fully saturated.
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group contains 16 carbons and 1 double bond.
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group contains 18 carbons and is fully saturated.
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group contains 18 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group contains 20 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 2-acyl group contains 20 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group contains 16 carbons and 1 double bond.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group contains 18 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group contains 20 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group contains 20 carbons and 5 double bonds.
A lysophosphatidylcholine in which the acyl group (position not specified) contains 22 carbons and 4 double bonds.
A 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the 1-acyl group contains 18 carbons and is fully saturated.
An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 33 carbons and 2 double bonds.
A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 contain 35 carbons in total with 4 double bonds.
A hydroxypolyether that is pentaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydrogens is replaced by a dodecyl group.
A carbobicyclic compound that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.
(1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-8-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-6-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl}-3,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl 2,2-dimethylbutanoate
2,2-dimethylbutyric acid, 8-ester with (4R,6R)-6-(2-((1S,2S,6R,8S,8aR)-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-8-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-1-naphthyl)ethyl)tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-one
(5R,6R)-6-[[[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl]-oxomethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(2S,3R)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranoside
sodium 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oate
A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of sodium nitroprusside.
sodium pentacyanidonitrosylferrate(2-) dihydrate
sodium pentacyanidonitrosylferrate(III) dihydrate
disodium pentacyanidonitrosylferrate--water (1/2)
4,5-dioxo-1-(phenylmethyl)-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
5-amino-1-cyclopropyl-7-[(3R,5S)-3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl]-6,8-difluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
cis-5-Amino-1-cyclopropyl-7-(3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
An organic heterotricyclic antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.
A hydrate that is the pentahydrate form of spectinomycin hydrochloride. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used to treat gonorrhea.
(2R,4aR,5aR,6S,7S,8R,9S,9aR,10aS)-4a,7,9-trihydroxy-2-methyl-6,8-bis(methylamino)decahydro-4H-pyrano[2,3-b][1,4]benzodioxin-4-one dihydrochloride pentahydrate
(2R,4aR,5aR,6S,7S,8R,9S,9aR,10aS)-4a,7,9-trihydroxy-2-methyl-6,8-bis(methylamino)decahydro-4H-pyrano[2,3-b][1,4]benzodioxin-4-one dihydrochloride--water (1/5)
(2R,4aR,5aR,6S,7S,8R,9S,9aR,10aS)-4a,7,9-trihydroxy-N,N',2-trimethyl-4-oxodecahydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b][1,4]benzodioxine-6,8-diaminium dichloride--water (1/5)
Spectinomycin dihydrochloride pentahydrate
A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.
(2R,3aS,5aR,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16bR)-13-{[(2R,5S,6R)-5-(dimethylamino)-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-9-ethyl-14-methyl-7,15-dioxo-2,3,3a,5a,5b,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16a,16b-hexadecahydro-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-d]oxacyclododecin-2-yl 6-deoxy-2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-alpha-L-mannopyranoside
A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated with an additional methyl substituent attached to the tetracyclic skeleton. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.
(2S,3aR,5aS,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16bS)-13-{[(2R,5S,6R)-5-(dimethylamino)-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-9-ethyl-4,14-dimethyl-7,15-dioxo-2,3,3a,5a,5b,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16a,16b-hexadecahydro-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-d]oxacyclododecin-2-yl 6-deoxy-2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-alpha-L-mannopyranoside
A long-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid composed of 9-octadecenoic acid having a 9,10-cyclopropenyl group.
8-(2-octylcycloprop-1-en-1-yl)octanoic acid
omega-(2-n-octylcycloprop-1-enyl)octanoic acid
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 3-[4-[3-[oxo-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methoxy]propyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]propyl ester
An N-nitrosourea that is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,6-dicarboxy derivative of hexane.
2,2-dimethyl-1,1-dioxidopenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid 4,4-dioxide
(2S,5R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid 4,4-dioxide
A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.
6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-{[phenyl(sulfo)acetyl]amino}-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-[[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-(carboxymethoxyimino)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.
An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.
A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.
5-[amino(carboxy)methyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
1-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-5-oxo-3-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
4-[amino(carboxy)methyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl (2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
3-[(3,5-dibromo-6-oxo-1-cyclohexa-2,4-dienylidene)methylamino]-2-methylbenzoic acid
A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.
(2S,3S,5R)-3-methyl-4,4,7-trioxo-3-[(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-4lambda(6)-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,3S,5S)-3-methyl-7-oxo-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid 4,4-dioxide
3-[[5-[[5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-furanyl]methylidene]-4-oxo-2-thiazolyl]amino]benzoic acid
3,3-dimethyl-6-[[(5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl)-oxomethyl]amino]-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(3-oxo-1H-2-benzofuran-1-yl) (2S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
6-[(2-amino-1-oxo-2-phenylethyl)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl (2S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
(5S,6R)-6-[[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
3-[[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-7-[[1-oxo-2-(1-tetrazolyl)ethyl]amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
3-(acetyloxymethyl)-7-[[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyimino-1-oxoethyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,5S,6R)-6-[[2-carboxy-1-oxo-2-(3-thiophenyl)ethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(1-oxo-2-phenoxyethyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-[[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyimino-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(methoxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid 1-[oxo(propan-2-yloxy)methoxy]ethyl ester
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid [2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylbutyl] ester
6,7-dimethoxy-2-[4-(tetrahydrofuran-2-ylcarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]quinazolin-4-amine hydrochloride dihydrate
1-(4-Amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)-4-(tetrahydro-2-furoyl)piperazine monohydrochloride dihydrate
(6R,7R)-7-[[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-hydroxyimino-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7S)-7-[[2-[2-(aminomethyl)phenyl]-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-[[[1-(carboxymethyl)-5-tetrazolyl]thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
2-[[1-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulfo-3-azetidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy-2-methylpropanoic acid
(6R,7S)-7-[[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-[[[1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-5-tetrazolyl]thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,5S,6R)-6-[[[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl]-oxomethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2-ethoxy-1-naphthalenyl)-oxomethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(5R,6R)-3-[2-(aminomethylideneamino)ethylthio]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,5S,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(1-oxo-2-phenylethyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7S)-3-[[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-7-[[1-oxo-2-(1-tetrazolyl)ethyl]amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxymethyl (2S,5S,6R)-6-(azepan-1-ylmethylideneamino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
(6R,7R)-7-[[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-(2-carboxypropan-2-yloxyimino)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-8-oxo-3-(1-pyridin-1-iumylmethyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-7-[[2-(2-furanyl)-2-methoxyimino-1-oxoethyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxymethyl (2S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
(4R,5S,6R)-3-[(3S,5S)-5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]sulfanyl-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-(acetyloxymethyl)-7-[[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-methoxyimino-1-oxoethyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7S)-3-[(4-carbamoyl-1-pyridin-1-iumyl)methyl]-8-oxo-7-[[(2R)-1-oxo-2-phenyl-2-sulfoethyl]amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7S)-3-(acetyloxymethyl)-8-oxo-7-[(1-oxo-2-thiophen-2-ylethyl)amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-7-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-8-oxo-3-[(2H-triazol-4-ylthio)methyl]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid propane-1,2-diol
(6R,7R)-7-[[2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6R)-7-[(2-amino-1-oxo-2-phenylethyl)amino]-3-chloro-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(7R)-7-[[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(2-carboxypropan-2-yloxyimino)acetyl]amino]-8-oxo-3-(pyridin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2S)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(6R,7R)-3-[(4-carbamoyl-1-pyridin-1-iumyl)methyl]-8-oxo-7-[(1-oxo-2-thiophen-2-ylethyl)amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(1-oxo-2-phenoxyethyl)amino]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.
6beta-{[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino}-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
A 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid having its double bond in trans-configuration.
A carotene that is beta,psi-carotene which has been been dehydrogenated to introduce an (E)-double bond at the 3'-4' position.
A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.
6-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide
A poly(ethylene glycol) terminated with a 4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-3-yl) phenyl group at one end.
4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl hydroxypoly(oxyethylene)
Peg (p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl) ether
Poly(oxyethylene)-p-tert-octylphenyl ether
Polyethylene glycol mono(p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl) ether
Polyethylene glycol mono(p-tert-octylphenyl) ether
Polyoxyethylene 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl ether
A long-chain alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 33 carbon atoms.
A primary amino compound that is tert-butylamine in which one hydrogen attached to each methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group. A compound widely used as a biological buffer substance in the pH range 7--9; pKa = 8.3 at 20 degreeC; pKa = 7.82 at 37 degreeC.
A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.
7-[(1R,5S,6s)-6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl]-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
A macrolide that is (together with pristinamycin IA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment.
The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis.
The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it.
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form.
The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form.
The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form.
The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form.
The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it.
The assisted solubilisation of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region.
The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it.
The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure.
The process of removing a solvent from a substance.
The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1--1000 mm) radiation.
The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air.
The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum.
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid--gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 deg. C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime.
The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven.
The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it.
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid--gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurisation.
The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature.
The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic.
The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it.
The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase.
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating.
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas.
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage.
The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles).
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 \mum diameter).
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol--gel-coated fused-silica capillary.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 \mum diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe.
The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample.
A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001--200 \mum diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source.
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane.
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream.
membrane extraction with sorbent interface
membrane extraction with trapping on a sorbent interface
membrane extraction with a sorbent interface
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane.
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane.
supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction
An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase.
A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid.
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it.
The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase.
The process of transferring a microlitre amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa).
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 \muL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod.
The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50--200 deg. C) and pressure (7--20 MPa).
The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase.
microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction
microporous membrane liquid--liquid extraction
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker.
The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent.
The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1--1000 mm) at the sample.
The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry.
The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products.
The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties.
The process of segregation of phases; the separation of suspended solids from a liquid or gas, usually by forcing a carrier gas or liquid through a porous medium.
A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger than 0.1 micrometre are rejected.
A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger 200 Da are rejected.
A separation process which involves using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other side. (This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, which is the natural movement of solvent from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration.)
The separation of a solid phase from a liquid phase by passing the sample through a porous medium under pressure.
A separation process whereby a solution containing a solute of molecular size significantly greater than that of the solvent molecule is removed from the solvent by the application of hydraulic pressure which forces only the solvent to flow through a suitable membrane, usually having a pore size in the range 0.001--0.1 \mum.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of solvent.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint, or stainless steel, 2--8 mm diameter) rotating around a horizontal axis.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2--8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls.
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2--8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed (up to 650 rpm) around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls which are held in vacuum or in an inert gas (e.g. Ar).
The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of liquid (which is not a solvent for the solid).
The combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state. The mixing may be achieved manually or mechanically by shifting the material with stirrers or pumps or by revolving or shaking the container. The process must not permit segregation of particles of different size or properties. Homogeneity may be considered to have been achieved in a practical sense when the sampling error of the processed portion is negligible compared to the total error of the measurement system.
The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid--gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurisation.
The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol.
The intensive mixing of mutually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion.
The process of making a polymer blend by mechanically mixing different polymers together in the melt.
The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air.
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 \mum diameter).
hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction
hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction
hollow-fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction
hollow-fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction
hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction
hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 \mum diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur.
continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase micro-extraction
continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction
continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction
A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the \muL droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur.
continuous flow liquid phase microextraction
continuous-flow liquid-phase microextraction
continuous-flow liquid-phase micro-extraction
The process of transferring a microlitre amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases.
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase.
The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe.
The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe.
The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas.
An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction.
A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent.
Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform.
Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform.
water:methanol:chloroform 1:3:1 extraction
A sample preparation step involving the increase in temperature of a sample.
ought to be in OBI. Will put here pro tem.
A mixing step where a soluble component is mixed with a liquid component.
Mixing involving the agitation of a solution through circular motion.
Stirring achieved by rotating a magnetic stir bar in a solution.
The transfer of a microlitre amount of solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it.
A material processing step that involves heating apparatus in an autoclave.
does every autoclaving happen as part of waste management?
dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction
ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction
Microextraction using an antibody where the specificity is related to the specificity of the antibody to the compound of interest.
A cell that is found in a natural setting, which includes multicellular organism cells 'in vivo' (i.e. part of an organism), and unicellular organisms 'in environment' (i.e. part of a natural environment).
To accommodate unicellular organisms better, 'cell in vivo' has been re-labeled 'native cell' to better represent its intended meaning - that is, that it is a cell in the context of a multicellular organism or in a natural environment. 'Native' is intended to contrast with 'in vitro', which refers to cells or other biological entities that have been intentionally placed in a controlled, non-natural setting for the purpose of study or manipulation. (MAH 1.12.12).
A cell found predominately in the blood.
A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm.
A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.
A lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that cooperates with other lymphocytes via direct contact or cytokine release to initiate a variety of immune functions.
A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
Editors note: consider adding taxon constraint to vertebrata (PMID:18025161)
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive, CXCR3-positive, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interferon-gamma.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Th1 CD4+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of T-helper 1 T cells.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interleukin-4.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Th1/Th17 CD4+ T cell' (see CL:0001051), but includes the additional necessary and sufficient conditions to allow classification as a T-helper 2 T cell.
Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells.
Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter, 14 to 20 _M, N/C ratio 2:1-1:1. Nucleus may appear in variety of shapes: round, kidney, lobulated, or convoluted. Fine azurophilic granules present; markers: CD11b (shared with other myeloid cells), human: CD14, mouse: F4/80-mid,GR1-low; location: Blood, but can be recruited into tissues; role or process: immune & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells.
A mature alpha-beta T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD4 coreceptor.
A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor.
An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen.
Mature B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD34-negative, CD48-positive, CD79a-positive, CD84-positive, CD127-negative, CD352-positive, RAG-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin.
Plasma cells develop in the spleen and migrate to the bone marrow. Plasma cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, CD22-negative, CD23-negative, CD24-negative, CD25-negative, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-low, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-positive, CD95-positive, CD196-negative, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative. Transcription factors: BLIMP1-positive, IRF4-positive, PAX5-negative, SpiB-negative, Ets1-negative, and XBP1-positive.
A memory B cell is a mature B cell that is long-lived, readily activated upon re-encounter of its antigenic determinant, and has been selected for expression of higher affinity immunoglobulin. This cell type has the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, MHC Class II-positive, and CD138-negative.
Memory B-cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD23-negative, CD24-positive, CD25-positive, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-negative, CD86-positive, and CD196/CCR6-positive.
A naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, CD20-positive, CD27-negative and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive B cell'. Per DSD: Naive B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD84-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD138-negative, CD150-positive, CD184/CXCR4-positive, CD185/CXCR5-positive, CD196/CCR6-positive, CD200-positive, CD229-positive, CD243-positive, CD289-positive, CD290-positive, CD352-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, cadherin 9-positive, and sIgH-positive, Transcription factors: Pax5-positive, ETS1-positive, FOXO1A-positive, KLF4-positive, KLF9-positive, MiTF-positive, OBF1-positive, PLZF-positive, and SpiB-positive.
A T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.
An alpha-beta T cell that has an immature phenotype and has not completed T cell selection.
A alpha-beta T cell that has a mature phenotype.
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Treg'. The inclusion of CD127lo in the logical definition is compatible with both human and mouse T cells of this subtype.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is capable of killing target cells in an antigen specific manner with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme B-positive.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
Note that while T cells of this subset are loosely referred to 'cytotoxic T cells,' as many other T cell types, including CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells and gamma-delta T cells exhibit cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
A alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A mature alpha-beta T cell of the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements.
A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.
Note that gamma-delta T cells have both thymic and extrathymic differentiation pathways.
A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype.
A gamma-delta T cell that has a mature phenotype. These cells can be found in tissues and circulation where they express unique TCR repertoire depending on their location.
A mature gamma-delta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells participate in mucosal immune responses.
gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD8-alpha alpha-positive.
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative.
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative CD8-negative gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-positive, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and rearranging the T cell receptor alpha chain and expressing the CD8 coreceptor. This stage comes between the DN4 and DP stages.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte is at the earliest stage of T cell receptor rearrangement of the beta, gamma, and delta T cell receptor chains.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and beginning to rearrange the T cell receptor alpha chain.
A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors.
double-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
Thymocytes of this stage are undergoing positive and negative selection.
An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte
An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD8-positive and CD4-negative.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T cell
A distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive.
A mature alpha-beta T cell of a distinct lineage that bears natural killer markers and a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. NK T cells have activation and regulatory roles particularly early in an immune response.
A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
This cell type may express FoxP3 and CD25 and secretes IL-10 and TGF-beta.
An immature B cell is a precursor B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation.
Immature B cells are also reportedly CD5-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD24-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD79a-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD127-negative, CD138-negative, CD185-positive, CD196-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, RAG-positive, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and preBCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A precursor B cell is a B cell with the phenotype CD10-positive.
Representation needs to be aligned with GO
An immature B cell of an intermediate stage between the pre-B cell stage and the mature naive stage with the phenotype surface IgM-positive and CD19-positive, and are subject to the process of B cell selection. A transitional B cell migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and then to the spleen.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'transitional B cell'.
A B cell of distinct lineage and surface marker expression. B-1 B cells are thought to be the primary source of natural IgM immunoglobulin, that is, IgM produced in large quantities without prior antigenic stimulation and generally reactive against various microorganisms, as well as the source of T-independent IgA immunoglobulin in the mucosal areas. These cells are CD43-positive.
There are small numbers of B-1 cells found in the lymph nodes and spleen, while larger numbers can be found in the peritoneal and pleural cavities. B-1 B cells are reportedly CD11b-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD27-positive, CD44-positive, CD45RB-positive, CD48-positive, CD70-negative, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, CD352-positive, sIgM-positive, and sIgD-low.
A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-positive.
A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-negative, but having other phenotypic attributes of a B-1 B cell.
A conventional B cell subject to antigenic stimulation and dependent on T cell help and with a distinct surface marker expression pattern from B-1 B cells. These cells are CD43-negative.
B-2 B cells are reportedly CD48-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature and expresses natural killer cell receptors (NKR).
In mouse the NKR are Ly49 molecules and in human these cells express KIR molecules.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class I and other stress related molecules.
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-negative, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.
Follicular B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
A rapidly cycling mature B cell that has distinct phenotypic characteristics and is involved in T-dependent immune responses and located typically in the germinal centers of lymph nodes. This cell type expresses Ly77 after activation.
Germinal center B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD38-positive, CD44-low, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD95-positive, CD352-positive, and HLA-DR-positive. Transcription factors: BCL6-positive, Ets1-positive, IRF8-positive, MTA3-positive, OBF1-positive, PAX5-positive, SpiB-positive, and STAT3-positive.
A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD35-high.
MZ B cells are reportedly CD1-positive (mice), CD20-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
An immature T cell located in the thymus.
An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low.
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
These cells have not been exposed to antigen following thymic T-cell selection; found in blood and secondary lymphoid organs. This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on naive CD4+ T cells.
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta long-lived T cell with the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122-high.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
Mature T cell not yet exposed to antigen with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD45RA-positive, and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-positive, and capable of producing IL-17.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Th17 CD4+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of T-helper 17 T cells.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has not experienced activation via antigen contact and has the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CCR7-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low.
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell traffics in secondary lymphoid organs and blood. This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on naive CD8+ T cells.
naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with regulatory function that produces IL-10.
These cells are reportedly induced by IL-10 and are capable of producing IFN-gamma, IL-5, IL-10, and TGF-beta.)
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD25-positive, CTLA-4-positive, and FoxP3-positive with regulatory function.
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive, CD25-positive, CD62L-positive, and CTLA-4 positive with regulatory function.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'central memory CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on central memory CD4+ T cells.
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector memory CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on effector memory CD4+ T cells.
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, CD25-positive, and CCR7-negative.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'central memory CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on central memory CD8+ T cells.
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive, that secretes cytokines.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with memory phenotype indicated by being CD45RO and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122-high.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
A mature T cell that differentiated and acquired cytotoxic function with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme-B positive.
A differentiated T cell with ability to traffic to peripheral tissues and is capable of mounting a specific immune response.
A effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector memory CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on effector memory CD8+ T cells.
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
An immature alpha-beta T-cell that express Egr2. These cells give rise to T cells expressing NK markers.
An alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell with the phenotype CD8-alpha-alpha-positive located in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells have a memory phenotype of CD2-negative and CD5-negative.
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A mature gamma-delta T cell located in the epidermis that regulates wound healing.
In mice, DETC have an invariant T cell receptor.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive, eomesodermin-positive, CXCR3-positive, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interferon-gamma.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Tc1 CD8+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of Tc1 T cells.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell expressing GATA-3 and secreting IL-4.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Tc1/Tc17 CD8+ T cell' (see CL:0001052), but includes the additional necessary and sufficient conditions to allow classification as a Tc2 T cell.
A CD8-positive alpha beta-positive T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive and having suppressor function.
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive regulatory T cell with the phenotype CD28-negative and FoxP3-positive.
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK cell markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses specific V-alpha chains. NK T cells of this type recognize the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide in the context of CD1d.
In mouse the canonical TCR is V-alpha-14, and in humans it is V-alpha 24.
An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK call markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses a diverse TCR repertoire. Type II NKT cells do not become activated by alpha-galactosylceramide when presented by CD1d.
A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-positive.
A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell
A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and IL-4, and has the phenotype CD4-positive, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers.
activated CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte
A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances type 1 immune responses.
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A mature NK T cell that predominantly secretes type 2 cytokines such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 and enhances type 2 immune responses.
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IL-4
CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers.
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell
A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances Th1 immune responses.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A mature NK T cell that secretes interleukin-4 and enhances Th2 immune responses.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IL-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
type II NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
type II NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has cytotoxic function.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell
A CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
Cell committed to natural killer cell lineage that has the phenotype CD122-positive, CD34-positive, and CD117-positive. This cell type lacks expression of natural killer receptor proteins.
These cells are also reportedly CD7-low, CD10-negative, CD45RA-positive, alpha-4-beta-7 integrin-high.
NK cell that has the phenotype CD56-bright, CD16-negative, and CD84-positive with the function to secrete interferon-gamma but is not cytotoxic.
CD56-bright cytokine secreting natural killer cell
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16-CD56bright NK cell'. Markers are associated with human cell types.
CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer cell
A mature natural killer cell that has the phenotype CD56-low, CD16-positive and which is capable of cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
CD16-positive, CD56-low natural killer cell
CD16-positive, CD56-positive natural killer cell
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16+CD56+ NK cell'. Markers are associated with human cell types.
CD16-positive, CD56-dim natural killer cell
An alpha-beta T cell that is found in the lamina propria of mucosal tissues and is restricted by the MR-1 molecule.
A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype in CD4-positive T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma.
Be1 cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12. They are also reportedly CD11b-negative and B220-positive.
A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 2 (Th2) phenotype T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interleukin-4, and interleukin-6.
Be2 cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-13 and TNF. They are also reportedly CD11b-negative and B220-positive.
A lymphocyte of B lineage is a lymphocyte that expresses CD19 on the cell surface. An additional defining characteristic is the commitment to express an immunoglobulin complex.
Types of B lineage lymphocytes include B cells and antibody secreting cells (plasmablasts and plasma cells). Lymphocytes of B cell lineage can be distinguished from those of T cell lineage by their lack of CD3e (as part of the T cell receptor complex).
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is devoted to secreting large amounts of immunoglobulin.
A long lived plasma cell that secretes IgE.
A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgE on the cell surface.
A plasmablast that secretes IgD, and which occur in a small proportion of B cells in the adult.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgE.
An preBRC-positive large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-positive, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB , Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu) on the cell surface.
A pre-BCR-negative large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-negative, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB and Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu), on the cell surface, and lack a DNA rearrangement of immunoglobulin light chain genes.
A small pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is Rag1-positive, Rag2-positive, pre-BCR-negative, and BCR-negative, is not proliferating, and carries a DNA rearrangement of one or more immunoglobulin light chain genes.
Small pre-B-II cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD34-negative, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, sIgM-negative, and sIgD-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A pre-B-II cell is a precursor B cell that expresses immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu+), and lack expression of CD34, TdT, immunoglobulin kappa light chain and immunoglobulin lambda light chain.
pre-B-II cell are also reportedly CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-positive, and CD48-positive.
A pre-B-I cell is a precursor B cell that expresses CD34 and surrogate immunoglobulin light chain (VpreB , Lambda 5 (mouse)/14.1 (human)) on the cell surface, and TdT, Rag1,and Rag2 intracellularly. Cell type carries a D-JH DNA rearrangement, and lacks expression of immunglobulin heavy chain protein.
Human pre-B-I cells are reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-low, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, pre-BCR-negative, IgM-negative, IgD-negative, and Tdt-positive. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A large pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is proliferating and is Rag1-negative and Rag2-negative.
Large pre-B-II cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD34-negative, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-positive, pre-BCR-positive, sIgM-negative, and sIgD-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and finally to the spleen. This cell type has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-negative, CD21-negative, CD23-negative, and CD62L-negative, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-negative.
T1 B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative/positive??, CD20-positive, CD24-positive, CD38-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-postive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-negative, CD93-positive and is located in the splenic B follicles. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive.
T2 B cells are also reportedly CD20-positive, CD24-positive, CD38-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that expresses surface IgM and IgD, and CD62L. This cell type appears to be an anergic B cell that does not proliferate upon BCR signaling, is found in the spleen and lymph nodes, and has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-positive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-positive, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-low, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive (i.e. this cell-type is distinguished from T2 cells by surface expression of IgM).
A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive, CD23-negative, and CD38-negative. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas through interaction with interdigitating dendritic cells and antigen-specific CD4-positive T cells.
These cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-negative, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive and CD23-positive and CD38-positive. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas via interaction with dendritic cells and antigen specific T cells.
These cells are also CD10-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-negative, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A germinal center B cell that develops from a Bm3 B cell. This cell has the phenotype IgM-negative, IgD-positive, and CD38-positive.
A germinal center B cell that founds a germinal center, and has the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and CD23-negative.
Bm2' B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD39-negative, CD44-negative, CD71-positive, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A germinal center B cell that is rapidly dividing and has the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and CD77-positive. Somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin V gene region can occur during proliferation of this cell type.
Bm3 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD39-negative, CD44-negative, CD71-positive, and CD77-positive.
A germinal center B cell that has the phenotype CD77-negative, IgD-negative, and CD38-positive. These cells have undergone somatic mutation of the B cell receptor.
Bm4 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD39-negative, CD44-positive, and CD71-positive.
A memory B cell arising in the germinal center that is IgD-negative and has undergone somatic mutation of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes.
Bm5 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD38-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-positive, and CD77-negative.
A mature B cell that produces cytokines that can influence CD4 T cell differentiation.
A mature B cell that has the phenotype CD1d-positive and expresses interleukin-10. This cell type has been associated with suppression of chronic inflammatory responses and T cell responses.
Regulatory B cells reportedly represent 1-2% of the spleen and 7-8% of the peritoneal B220-positive cells in mice. They are also found in the bone marrow, lymph node, and blood of mice. These cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-10 and are reportedly CD5-positive, CD21-positive, CD24-positive, CD93-negative, B220-positive, IgM-positive, and IgD-positive.
An unswitched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD27-positive, CD138-negative, IgG-negative, IgE-negative, and IgA-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'IgD+ memory B cell'. Per DSD: Unswitched memory B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
An IgM memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell with the phenotype IgM-positive and IgD-negative.
IgM memory B cells are also reportedly CD1c-positive, CD95-positive, CD80-positive, CD84-positive, CD86-positive, CD150-negative, CD229-positive, CD289-positive, and CD290-positive. Transcription factors: Notch2-positive, PAX5-positive, SpiB-positive, Ets1-positive, and OBF1-positive.
A class switched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has undergone Ig class switching and therefore is IgM-negative on the cell surface. These cells are CD27-positive and have either IgG, IgE, or IgA on the cell surface.
Per DSD: Class switched memory B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgA.
IgA memory B cell are also reportedly RORalpha-positive.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for years, as opposed to months, secretes immunoglobulin, and has the phenotype weakly CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD38-negative, strongly CD138-positive, MHC Class II-negative, surface immunoglobulin-negative, IgD-negative, and strongly CXCR4-positive. The majority of these cells of this type reside in the bone marrow.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for months.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgA. These cells may be found in the bone marrow as well as in the mucosal immune system.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgG.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgM.
An IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that is class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface.
An activated mature (naive or memory) B cell that is secreting immunoglobulin, typified by being CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD138-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'plasmablast'. Plasmablasts are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD63-positive, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD319-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative.
A memory B cell with the phenotype IgD-negative and CD27-negative.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgG.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgM.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgA.
A CD8-positive alpha-beta-positive T cell with the phenotype CXCR3-positive and having suppressor function. They are capable of producing IL-10, suppressing proliferation, and suppressing IFN-gamma production.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
These cells may be the human equivalent of murine CD8-positive, CD122-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell. They are also found in the CD45RA-negative and CD62L-positive fraction.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that produces IL-22.
TH22 cells are also reportedly CCR4-positive, CCR6-positive, CCR10-positive, CXCR3-negative. TH22 cells are reportedly capable of secreting IL-13.
A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, CD38-positive, CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte, human
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell, human
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte, human
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'activated CD4+ T cell', but includes via logical inference from its parent additional markers known to be expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human activated CD4+ T cells, as activated mouse T cells do not express MHC class II.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector CD4+ T cell'. The functional characteristics of this cell type currently undefined in CL, which affects its proper placement within the hierarchy.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A naive regulatory T cell with the phenotype CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CD127lo, CCR4-positive, and CD45RO-negative.
naive CCR4-positive regulatory T lymphocyte
naive CCR4-positive regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CCR4+ Treg'. The definition is valid for human; its applicability for mouse and other species is unknown.
A memory regulatory T cell with phenotype CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CD127lo, CCR4-positive, and CD45RO-positive.
memory CCR4-positive regulatory T lymphocyte
memory CCR4-positive regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'memory CCR4+ Treg'. The definition is valid for human; its applicability for mouse and other species is unknown.
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell with the additional phenotype CCR4-positive.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CCR4+ Treg'. The definition is valid for human; its applicability for mouse and other species is unknown.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta T regulatory cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, indicating recent activation.
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'activated CCR4+ Treg'. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human activated CD4+ T cells, as activated mouse T cells do not express MHC class II.
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell, human
A recently activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, CD38-positive, CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, CCR7-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte, human
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell, human
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte, human
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'activated CD8+ T cell', but includes via logical inference from its parent additional markers known to be expressed on activated CD8+ T cells. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human activated CD8+ T cells, as activated mouse T cells do not express MHC class II.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector CD8+ T cell'. The functional characteristics of this cell type currently undefined in CL, which affects its proper placement within the hierarchy.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative.
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-cell
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Th1/Th17 CD4+ T cell'. Cells of this phenotype may include T-helper 2 T cells and some naive CD4+ T cells.
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-cell
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Tc1/Tc17 CD8+ T cell'. Cells of this phenotype may include Tc2 T cells and some naive CD8+ T cells.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T cell
A memory B cell that lacks expression of surface IgD.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'IgD- memory B cell'. The majority of these cells are class-switched, though some are IgM-positive.
A CD8-positive, alpha beta memory T cell with the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CD45RO-negative, and CCR7-negative.
This cell type is seen human but not found in the mouse.
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated
An enucleate erythrocyte that is GlyA-positive.
Marker is associated with human cell types.
An enucleate erythrocyte that is Lyg-76-high.
Marker is associated with mouse cell types.
Intraepithelial T cells with a memory phenotype of CD2-positive, CD5-positive, and CD44-positive.
CD2-positive, CD5-positive, CD44-positive alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A CD4-positive, CXCR5-positive, CCR7-negative alpha-beta T cell located in follicles of secondary lymph nodes that expresses is BCL6-high, ICOS-high and PD1-high, and stimulates follicular B cells to undergo class-switching and antibody production.
A CD24-high, CD4-low, CD8-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A CD24-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
NKT.44-NK1.1-.Th was assigned as an exact synonym based on sorting strategy displayed at immgene.org.
A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-low, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-high, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A precursor B cell that is CD45RA-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive and BP-1-negative.
Markers are commonly associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly RAG1-positive and RAG2-positive.
A pre-B cell precursor is CD19-low, CD22-positive , CD34-positive, CD38-positive.
Late pro-B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, and TdT-positive. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A precursor B cell is CD45R-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive, and BP-positive. Intracellularly expression of surrogate light chain, Rag1 and Rag2, TdT, occurs while there is no expression of mu heavy chain.
A pre-BCR-positive precursor B cell that is CD24-high, CD25-positive, CD43-positive, CD45R-positive and BP-positive.
A pre-BCR positive T cell that is CD38-high.
Markers are associated with human cells.
A pre-B cell that is pre-BCR-negative, and the kappa- and lambda- light immunoglobulin light chain-negative, CD43-low, and is BP-1-positive, CD45R-positive and CD25-positive. This cell type is also described as being AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive.
Fraction D precursor B cells are also reportedly CD24-positive and sIgD-negative.
A small pre-B cell that is CD22-positive and CD38-low.
Markers are associated with human cell. RAG expression maybe diminishing.
CD22-positive, CD38-low small pre-B cell
An immature B cell that is IgM-positive, CD45R-positive, CD43-low, CD25-negative, and CD127-negative. This cell type has also been described as being AA4-positive, IgM-positive, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive.
Markers associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly sIgD-negative.
An immature B cell that is CD38-negative, CD10-low, CD21-low, and CD22-high.
Markers are associated with human cell type.
A mature B cell subset originally defined as having being CD45R-positive, IgM-positive, IgD-positive and CD43-negative. Subsequent research demonstrated being CD21-positive and CD23-negative and CD93 negative.
A T-helper cell that is characterized by secreting interleukin 9 and responding to helminth infections. This cell-type can derives from Th2 cells in the presence of TGF-beta and IL-4. Th2 cytokine production is surpressed.
A CD38-positive naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
A CD38-negative naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
An IgG-positive double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-positive, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative.
IgG+ double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG+ double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B-cell
IgG-positive double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B cell
An IgG-negative double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-negative, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative.
IgG- double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG- double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B-cell
IgG-negative double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B cell
A CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-positive.
An IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell
An IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive that has class switched and lacks expression of IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell
A CD38-negative IgG memory B cell is a IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-negative, and IgG-positive.
A B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B lymphocyte
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B-cell
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B-lymphocyte
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
An CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD38-negative unswitched memory B lymphocyte
CD38-negative unswitched memory B-lymphocyte
A B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell
A CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD38-positive unswitched memory B lymphocyte
CD38-positive unswitched memory B-lymphocyte
A B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell
A class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface.
IgG-negative class switched memory B lymphocyte
IgG-negative class switched memory B-cell
IgG-negative class switched memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative and IgG-negative.
CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is an IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-negative.
CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
An CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-positive, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-negative, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A circulating gamma-delta T cell that is CD27-positive and capable of producing IFN-gamma.
A circulating gamma-delta T cell that expresses RORgamma(t), is CD27-negative and is capable of IL-17 secretion.
A CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell found in the thymus that has an immature phenotype (i.e. CD24-high, CD25-high, CD62L-high, CD44-high, CD2-low, CD5-low).
CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell
A T cell with a receptor of limited diversity that is capable of immediate effector functions upon stimulation.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-positive, CCR5-high, CD45RA-negative, and capable of producing IL-17 and some IFNg.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Tc17 CD8+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of Tc17 T cells. Found in the CD27-positive, CD28-positive or CD27-negative, CD28-positive fractions with the phenotype CCR4-negative and CCR7-negative (this sentence not part of definition).
A crenated erythrocyte with 30+ crenations, bumps or spurs that are the result of damage due to age or disease.
A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18.
NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments.
immature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-negative, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive.
Human markers; killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 is used as a representative example (PRO at this time lacks a KIR superfamily).
CD56-positive, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell
A natural killer cell subset that is found in the decidual of the uterus and is CD56-high, Galectin-1-positive and CD16-negative. This cell type represents the most abundant immune cell type in the decidual during the first trimester of pregnancy.
CD56-negative, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell
An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, DX5-positive, Ly49-positive, CD27-low and CD11b-low. This cell type is found in high numbers in the liver.
Markers are associated with mouse cells.
CD27-low, CD11b-low immature natural killer cell
An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive and DX-5 negative.
Dx5-negative, NK1.1-positive immature natural killer cell
A mature natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-high. This cell type is capable of interferon-gamma secretion.
CD27-high, CD11b-high natural killer cell
A CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell that has a higher threshold of activation due to higher expression of inhibitory receptors.
CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell
A natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-low.
CD27-high, CD11b-low natural killer cell
A fetal liver derived enucleated erythrocyte. This erythrocyte resembles adult erythrocytes in that they are small (3- to 6- times smaller than primitive erythrocytes) and produce adult hemaglobins.
A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell).
A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive and is found in the fetal thymus.
immature Vgamma2-positive fetal thymocyte
A precursor B cell that is AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-positive and HSA-positive.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18.
mature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor
A resting mature B cell within the Peyer's patch that is CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-positive, AA4-negative, CD23-positive, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus.
A post-natal thymocyte expressing components of the gamma-delta T cell receptor. This cell type is always double-negative (i.e. CD4-negative, CD8-negative).
A double negative post-natal thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive.
A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1 but does not express Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor.
Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte
A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1-Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor.
Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-negative.
mature Vg1.1-positive, Vd6.3-negative T cell
mature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive.
immature Vg1.1-positive, Vd6.3-negative T cell
immature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-positive.
immature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-negative.
mature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte
A T cell that expresses a T cell receptor complex and has completed T cell selection.
A T cell that has not completed T cell selection.
A mature natural killer cell that is CD11b-positive and CD27-positive.
A natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, CD11b-positive, and CD27-positive.
CD11b-positive, CD27-positive natural killer cell
A double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte that is small and not proliferating.
A double-positive thymocyte that is large (i.e. has a high forward scatter signal in flow cytometry) and is actively proliferating.
A double-positive thymocyte that is CD69-positive and has begun positive selection.
A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD4 co-receptor.
CD4-intermediate, CD8-positive double-positive thymocyte
CD4-positive, CD8-intermediate double-positive thymocyte
A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor.
CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive semimature thymocyte
Described in the immgene database as being CD24-intermediate.
CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive thymocyte
A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive.
CD69-positive, CD4-positive single-positive thymocyte
A CD8-positive, CD4-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor.
CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive semimature thymocyte
CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive thymocyte
CD69-positive, CD8-positive single-positive thymocyte
A mature CD4-positive, CD8-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor.
A mature CD8-positive, CD4-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor.
A mature NK cell that is NK1.1-positive.
Note: Nk1.1 expression is restricted to C57BL strains of laboratory mice.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is NKGA2-positive.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-positive.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative and Ly49Cl-negative.
CD94-negative, Ly49CI-negative natural killer cell
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-positive.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-positive.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-negative.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-negative.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-negative.
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive and Ly49Cl-positive.
CD94-positive Ly49CI-positive natural killer cell
A thymocyte that lacks expression of CD4 and CD8.
A T cell that is located in the intestinal epithelium and is capable of a mucosal immune response.
A CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that expresses a TCR encoded in part by the Vgamma5 gene segment.
Vgamma5-positive CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that does not express a TCR partially encoded by the Vgamma5 gene segment.
Vgamma5-negative CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A regulatory T cell that has not encountered antigen.
This cell type has been described as CD45RA-negative, but this doesn't fit with our current definition of naive T cell.
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell that has encountered antigen.
Cell has been described as being CD45RA-positive in human, but this doesn't fit with our current definition memory T cell.
A lymphocyte found in adipose tissue that lacks lineage markers of other lymphocytes but is capable of mediating TH2 cytokine responses. This cell type is found in fat associated lymphoid clusters, proliferates in response to IL2 and produce large amounts of TH2 cytokines such as IL5, IL6 and IL13
Any germinal center B cell that is part of a tonsil.
A large, granular, liver specific natural killer cell that adheres to the endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoid.
Pit cells are named for the presence of large cytoplasmic granules that resemble pits (pips) of fruit.
A cavity developed along a bedding-plane and elongate in cross-section as a result.
Mine tailings are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore.
A primary administrative division of a country, such as a state in the United States.
A subdivision of a first-order administrative division.
A subdivision of a second-order administrative division.
A subdivision of a third-order administrative division.
A political association with effective dominion over a geographic area.
A man-made feature constructed for the purpose of enabling the movement of humans, their animals or their vehicles.
An enclosure for displaying selected plant or animal life.
A geographical feature associated with water.
A collection of caves interconnected by enterable passages or linked hydrologically or a cave with an extensive complex of chambers and passages.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used for navigation, drainage or irrigation.
Continuous saline-water bodies that surround the continents and fill the Earth's great depressions.
A large expanse of saline water usually connected with an ocean.
A geographical feature associated with water with a halinity above 30 ppt (roughly 35 g/L).
A river that has either permanently or temporally lost its water.
A lake whose water contains a considerable concentration of dissolved salts.
A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land.
A lake of whose water contains low concentrations of salts.
Natural freshwater surface streams of considerable volume and a permanent or seasonal flow, moving in a definite channel toward a sea, lake, or another river; any large streams, or ones larger than brooks or creeks, such as the trunk stream and larger branches of a drainage system.
Linear body of water flowing on the Earth's surface.
An artificial body of water, often contained by a dam, constructed for the purpose of water storage.
A cylindrical hole, pit, or tunnel drilled or dug down to a depth from which water, oil, or gas can be pumped or brought to the surface.
A point where groundwater or steam flows out of the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface or where there is a fissure.
A cave without streams or drips of water.
A valley or ravine, bounded by relatively steep banks, which in the rainy season becomes a watercourse.
The temporality of wadis is problematic in deciding whether they are watercourses or valleys.
An area of water bordered by land on three sides.
A body of water, usually of smaller size than a lake.
An area of broken, fast flowing water in a stream, where the slope of the bed increases (but without a prominent break of slope which might result in a waterfall), or where a gently dipping bar of harder rock outcrops.
A wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used irrigation.
A small artificial watercourse dug for draining or irrigating the land.
A sheet of saline water separated from the open sea by sand or shingle banks. The sheet of water between an offshore reef, especially of coral and mainland. The sheet of water within a ring or horseshoe shaped atoll.
A long and narrow sea inlet with high steeply sloped walled sides. A fjord is a landform created during a period of glaciation.
A sudden descent of water over a step or ledge in the bed of a river.
A tidal water channel. Creeks may often dry to a muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but often with significant depth of water at high tide.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used drainage.
An area that is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
A wetland type that accumulates acidic peat, a deposit of dead plant material.
A semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
A dense growth of shrubbery planted as a fence or boundary.
Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used navigation.
A hot spring that erupts periodically, ejecting a column of hot water and steam into the air.
A spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally-heated groundwater from the Earth's crust.
A lake contained within a volcanic crater.
A marsh associated with water that contains low concentrations of salts.
A marsh whose water contains a considerable quantity of dissolved salts.
It would be more correct to say that this has_quality salty or has_part ((soil and water) and has_increased_levels_of salt.
A shallow man-made pond designed to produce salt from sea water. The seawater is fed into large ponds and water is drawn out through natural evaporation which allows the salt to be subsequently harvested.
A pond or lake used for the artificial culture of fish.
An swamp formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics.
A lake which is formed under the surface of the Earth. Such a lake may be associated with caves and aquifers and springs.
A river that is under the surface of the Earth.
A stream that is under the surface of the Earth.
A geographical feature associated with water that is under the surface of the earth.
This class should probably be replaced with a quality-like entity "underground" which can then be distributed to the subclasses, solving the double inheritance.
Place or area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population.
An accumulation of water of varying size.
Wikipedia: The term body of water most often refers to large accumulations of water, such as oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A body of water does not have to be still or contained; Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water.
An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land.
A permanent way having one or more rails which provides a track for cars.
Naturally formed, subterranean open area or chamber.
A stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. They are a common feature of river deltas.
A feature that has been constructed by deliberate human effort.
"constructed" should probably be made something like a quality and this class obsoleted.
A cave developed along a fault or fault zone, either by movement of the fault or by preferential solution along it.
Structure designed to transport water from a remote source, usually by gravity.
A permanent walled and roofed construction.
A barrier constructed across a watercourse to control the flow or raise the level of water.
A built structure erected over a depression or obstacle to carry traffic or some facility such as a pipeline.
An excavation in the Earth for the purpose of extracting earth materials.
As with other classes that are "features", the subclasses of this class are being moved to more informative locations. Their relation to agriculture will be modelled by something more akin to a quality or relation to an agricultural process.
A tract of crop or grazing land, as well as the group of buildings with and often surrounding a farmhouse, including barns, sheds, and other outbuildings, used for agricultural production.
An open artificial water channel, that leads water from a diversion dam or weir completely aside a natural flow, often an elevated box structure (typically wood) that follows the natural contours of the land.
A series of connected and aligned mountains or mountain ridges.
A landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill, but there is no universally accepted standard definition for the height of a mountain or a hill although a mountain usually has an identifiable summit and a local relief of more than 300m.
A rounded elevation of limited extent rising above the surrounding land with local relief of less than 300m.
A lower point that allows easier access through a mountain range. A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains.
A region of general uniform slope, comparatively level, and of considerable extent.
A high, steep, or overhanging face of rock.
A cliff that is a margin of a sea or ocean.
An area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a coast and separated from the interior by other features.
A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water.
A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a sea.
A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a lake.
A feature associated with a volcano, an opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
A feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption.
A region rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall.
Area of dry or relatively dry land surrounded by water or low wetland.
A depression caused by erosion by water or ice. Low-lying land bordered by higher ground; especially elongate, relatively large gently sloping depressions of the Earth's surface, commonly situated between two mountains or between ranges of hills or mountains, and often containing a stream with an outlet.
A tract of alluvium formed at the mouth of a river where the deposition ofsome of its load exceeds its rate of removal, crossed by the divergent channels (distributaries) of the river.
An island formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics.
An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation.
An upland moor or sandy area dominated by low shrubby vegetation including heather.
A habitat of rolling or flat terrain where grasses predominate. Typically, what is called a meadow has more biodiversity than a grassland as the former contains not only grasses but a significant variety of annual, biennial and perennial plants.
Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both.
A tunnel formed by the flow of molten lava, which has subsequently drained out.
These are usually classified as a sub-type of volcanic cave, rather than a tunnel.
An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood.
The definitions of forest can vary greatly, and different classes will be needed to support the major categories. Tree cover alone is not enough to distinguish between forests and plantations. The international definition proposed by the 2010 FAO Forestry Resource Assessment: "land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 metres and canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ . It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use." - FAO. 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010, Main report, FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome.
Treeless, level, or gently rolling plains characteristic of arctic or subarctic regions, having a permanently frozen subsoil, and usually supporting low growing vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs.
An area of land, usually relatively small, enclosed or otherwise and used for agricultural purposes.
An intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food, typically fruit, production.
A place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins or table grapes.
An intentional planting of a crop, on a large scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. The term is currently most often used for plantings of trees and shrubs. The term tends also to be used for plantings maintained on economic bases other than that of subsistence farming.
A forest that has been intentionally established by human intervention.
A geographical region whose affairs and population are administered by an authority.
A political entitity established by more than one state and with at least some influence over the affairs of its member states.
A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved minerals, that derive from the rocks through which the water flows.
A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved derivatives of sulfur.
An arid terrain with clay-rich soil that has been extensively eroded by wind and water.
A valley that no longer has a surface flow of water. Typically found in either Karst (limestone) or chalk terrain.
A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a stream.
A ridge of rocks, lying near the surface of the sea, which may be visible at low tide, but is usually covered by water.
A hydrographic feature characterized by the dominance of snow or ice.
Likely to be depopulated and "glacial" made into a quality or similar.
A mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2.
A large, slow moving river of ice, formed from compacted layers of snow, that slowly deforms and flows in response to gravity.
Soil at or below the freezing point of water (0C or 32F) for two or more years. Ice is not always present, as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material.
A geographical region that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often, but not necessarily, countries) distant from one another, for whatever reason.
A geographical area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice or other bilateral or multilateral agreement.
A circular or round inlet with a narrow entrance.
A ditch that supplies water to surrounding land.
A ditch that collects water from the surrounding land.
The sloping margin of a watercourse, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
The sloping margin of a stream, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
The sloping margin of a river, serving to confine it to its natural channel.
A dome-shaped ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km2 of land area (usually covering a highland area).
A region of permanent snow in mountainous areas or high latitudes.
The region occupied by any more or less continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the Earth's oceans. Ocean Currents are rivers of hot or cold water within the ocean. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the water like the earth's rotation, the wind, the temperature and salinity differences and the gravitation of the moon. The depth contours, the shoreline and other movements influence the direction and strength of the movements of water that forms a given current.
Definition modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current.
A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result. It often consists of a rocky bed of gravels or other small stones.
Chains of rocks or coral at or near the surface of water constructed by man.
Aragonite structures produced by living organisms, found in shallow, marine waters with little nutrients in the water.
An alkaline flat, in the context of a marine environment.
A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main course and rejoins later.
The upper part of a river system, denoting the upper basin and source streams of a river.
An area of grassland or pasture beside a river, subject to seasonal flooding.
A deep natural hollow near the crest of a mountain, usually formed by a glacier.
A small, isolated, fertile or green area in a desert region, usually having a spring or well.
An artificial working of peatland to remove the peat.
A road or railway elevated by a bank, usually across a broad body of water or wetland.
A lake formed of a natural deposit of alphalt, a black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid composed of fossil hydrocarbons.
An oceanic island, often having a characteristic ring-like shape surrounding a lagoon. Atolls are formed when coral reef grows around a volcanic island that later subsides into the ocean.
A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Bars can appear in the sea, in a lake, or in a river. They are typically composed of sand, although could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related: to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important.
A hole in coastal rock through which sea water is forced by a rising tide or waves and spurted through an outlet into the air.
Relatively narrow, deep depression with steep sides, the bottom of which generally has a continuous slope.
A hill of sand built by eolian processes.
A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a river.
A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of sand.
There should be relation here to ENVO:sand, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer.
A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of rock.
There should be relation here to ENVO:rock, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer.
Narrow section of land in a body of water connecting two larger land areas.
A feature shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. These landscapes display distinctive surface features and underground drainages, and in some examples there may be little or no surface drainage.
A landform elevated above the surrounding area.
An accumulation of boulders, stones, or other debris carried and deposited by a glacier.
An artificial slope or wall, usually earthen, which parallels the course of a river, built for the purpose of containing the river.
An elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs. Mesas form in areas where horizontally layered rocks are uplifted by tectonic activity.
The exposed summit of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice mass is present.
"peak" in the definition is understood as a synonym of mount, rather than of summit. Nunataks may also refer to areas of ridges. The definition and placement of this class may need to be revised.
An elevated and comparatively level expanse of land.
A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of gravel or stones.
There should be relation here to ENVO:rock and ENVO:gravel, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer.
A tributary valley with the floor at a higher relief than the main channel into which it flows. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys when a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume.
Rain-fed, potentially deep peatlands occurring principally in lowland areas across much of Northern Europe, as well as in the former USSR, North America and parts of the southern hemisphere.
Flat or concave peatlands with a string-like pattern of hummocks (hence the name), found principally in northern Scandinavia but occurring in the western parts of the former USSR and in North America. A few examples exist in northern Britain.
Peatlands with a shallow peat layer, only about 500 mm thick, dominated by sedges and grasses. They form in permafrost areas, covering around 110,000 to 160,000 km2 in Alaska, Canada, and the former USSR.
Peatland typified by characteristic high mounds, each with a permanently frozen core, with wet depressions between the mounds. These develop where the ground surface is frozen only for part of the year, and are common in the former USSR, Canada and parts of Scandinavia.
Forested peatlands including both rain- and groundwater-fed types, commonly recorded in tropical regions with high rainfall. This type of peatland covers around 350,000 km2, primarily in south-east Asia but also occurring in the Everglades in Florida.
Feature on the ocean floor at a depth of 3500 - 6000 meters.
A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by the tides, rivers, sea or oceans.
Broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders.
A natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. Sinkholes may vary in size from less than a meter to several hundred meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms.
A dry lakebed consisting of fine-grained sediments infused with alkali salts. Generally the shore or bed of an endorheic lake.
A lake from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material.
A lake which has layers of water which do not intermix. The deepest layer of water in such a lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen. The layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living organisms to stir them up.
A lake, part of whose margin is formed by an ice mass, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land.
A lake in a glacially eroded valley, which has been eroded below sea level.
A lake which is formed when a wide meander from a stream or a river is cut off to form a lake. They are called oxbow lakes due to the distinctive curved shape that results from this process.
A lake which forms as a result of subsidence along a geological fault in the Earth's tectonic plates.
The water mass of an ocean directly above a continental shelf.
The water mass of an ocean that is not above a continental shelf.
The zone of an ocean from the surface to where photosynthesis can occur, due to the penetration of light.
The zone of an ocean below 200m, in which photosynthesis cannot occur due to the lack of light.
The one of an ocean below the 10degC thermocline down to a temperature of 4degC.
The zone of the ocean below the bathypelagic zone, with its lowest boundary at about 6000m.
The zone of an ocean immediately below the photic zone down to a depth where the water temperature is 10degC (the thermocline).
The zone of an ocean in oceanic trenches, lying between 6000m and 10,000m.
A fissure in the Earths's surface from which geothermally heated water issues.
A hole in the Earth's crust from which steam and gases are emitted.
A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor. The vents are formed in fields hundreds of meters wide when superheated water from below the Earth's crust comes through the ocean floor. The superheated water is rich in dissolved minerals from the crust, most notably sulfides, which crystallize to create a chimney-like structure around each vent. When the superheated water in the vent comes in contact with the cold ocean water, many minerals are precipitated, creating the distinctive black color. The metal sulfides that are deposited can become massive sulfide ore deposits in time.
A sea that is not connected with an ocean.
A group of geographically or geologically associated islands.
An island that lies on a continental shelf.
An island that does not sit on a continental shelf, and is of volcanic origin.
The extended perimeter of each continent, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the current epoch by relatively shallow sea.
The continental shelf is a gentle slope. This class refers to the geographical continental shelf and not the legal concept of the same name.
An estuary whose river output is less than the marine input. Here, turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically.
An estuary whose river output and marine input are more even, with river flow still dominant; turbulence induces more mixing of salt water upward than the reverse.
An estuary whose river output greatly exceeds marine input; there is little mixing, and thus a sharp contrast between fresh surface water and saline bottom water.
An estuary located in regions with high evaporation, there is no freshwater input and in fact salinity increases inland; overall flow is inward at the surface, downwells at the inland terminus, and flows outward subsurface.
An estuary that varies dramatically depending on freshwater input, and is capable of changing from a wholly marine embayment to any of the other estuary types.
A wetland associated with the part of the land adjoining or near a sea or ocean.
A wetland found in upland areas, characterised by acidic soils.
A freshwater peat land with chemically basic (which roughly means alkaline) ground water.
A wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry-land protrusions.
A small, slow-moving stream or creek; usually located in low-lying areas.
A fen which has developed to the point where it supports trees.
A class of complex shallow wetlands in central, southern and eastern Africa, particularly in Zambia and Zimbabwe. They are generally found in higher rainfall flat plateau areas, and have river-like branching forms which may be nowhere very large, but common enough to add up to a large area.
A palustrine wetland with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils. Groundwater saturates the soil except during brief seasonal dry spells and during prolonged droughts. Pocosin soils are nutrient deficient (oligotrophic), especially in phosphorus.
A level tract lying at a small depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide.
A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by a stream.
A wetland whose water that contains low concentrations of salts.
A flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor.
A broad, low relief crater that results from a phreatic eruption or explosion caused by groundwater contact with hot lava or magma. The maar typically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake.
A crater formed by a volcano, within which occurs a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta.
An opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface.
A valley that contains, or contained, a glacier and was formed by glacial activity. Typically U-shaped in cross-section.
The parallel ridges of till deposited along the sides of an alglacier. The unconsolidated debris is deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley. The till is carried along the glacial margin until the glacier melts.
A moriane formed when the inside lateral moraines of two glaciers merge together. They form a ridge down the center of the combined glaciers.
A till covered area with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains. Forms by the accumulation of till under the ice by lodgement, but may also be deposited as the glacier retreats.
Ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus.
A plain where a stream meanders across an area with a very low gradient, usually with a fairly continuous discharge. In addition to meanders, scroll plains are also characterised by many oxbow lakes.
An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried.
An area which is subject to periodic flooding.
The stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows in a flood plain.
Area of a flood plane covered by the flood, but which does not experience a strong current.
A relatively flat and gently sloping landform found at the base of a range of hills or mountains, formed by the deposition of alluvial soil over a long period of time by one or more streams coming from the mountains.
A plain that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake, but from which the water has disappeared, by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes.
An area of land of low topographic relief that historically supported grasses and herbs, with few trees, and having generally a mesic (moderate or temperate) climate. Dominated by tall grasses (contrast steppe).
A grassland of the tropics or subtropics with scattered trees.
A plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be normal in the steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude.
A narrow, verical cave passage, often developed along a joint but not necessarily so. Usually due to solution but sometimes to tension.
A mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. Typically formed from volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from a seafloor of 1,000 - 4,000 meters depth. Independent features that rise to at least 1,000 meters above the seafloor.
Grassland used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch.
A steep-sided valley on the sea floor of the continental slope. Many submarine canyons are found as extensions to large rivers; however there are many that have no such association. Canyons cutting the continental slopes have been found at depths greater than 2 km below sea level. Many submarine canyons continue as submarine channels across continental rise areas and may extend for hundreds of kilometers.
The ground surface that lies beneath a lake.
A continental island connected to its adjacent land by a natural feature, such as a causeway.
A pond that has formed as a consequence of the activities of beavers, building a beaver dam.
A dry (salt) lake in the Saharan area of Africa that stays dry in the summer, but receive some water in the winter. This water may come as a groundwater discharge.
The point where a tributary joins a more major river.
The seabed below the end of the continental shelf (the shelf break). The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3, but it can be as low as 1 or as high as 10. The slope is often cut with submarine canyons.
The continental rise is below the continental slope, but landward of the abyssal plains. Its gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5-1. Extending as far as 500 km from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope. Sediment cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise.
Hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. Its long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, with the blunter end facing into the glacial movement. Drumlins are sometimes compared to kames, but their formation is distinctively different. A drumlin is not originally shaped by meltwater, but by the ice itself and has a quite regular shape. It occurs in fine grained material, such as clay or shale, not in sands and gravels. And drumlins usually have concentric layers of material, as the ice successively plasters new layers in its movement.
A lake that has either permanently or temporally lost its water.
Classes like this pose a logical problem. This probably shouldn't be a lake (water body) but a depression. Lakes which have temporarily lost water should be distinguished from permanently dry lakes.
A stream that has either permanently or temporally lost its water.
A flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually shining white under the sun. A salt pan is formed where water pools. A saline pan would be a lake or a pond if it were located in a climate where the rate of water evaporation were not faster than the rate of water precipitation, i.e., if it were not in a desert. If the water is unable to drain into the ground, it remains on the surface until it evaporates, leaving behind whatever minerals were dissolved. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) accumulate on the surface.
A transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves an elevation differential, often involving high cliffs. Most commonly a transition from one series of sedimentary rocks to another series of a different age and composition. In such cases, the escarpment usually represents the line of erosional loss of the newer rock over the older.
A long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America.
A long and narrow upland with steep sides.
An open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted.
A bed of loose sand mixed with water forming a soft, shifting mass that yields easily to pressure.
An area reclaimed from the sea by diking and draining.
An isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top, smaller than mesas and plateaus. Buttes are formed by erosion when a cap of hard rock, usually of volcanic origin, covers a layer of softer rock that is easily worn away. This hard rock avoids erosion while the rock around it wears down.
The raised fault block bounded by normal faults. The raised block is a portion of the Earth's crust that has remained stationary while the land has sunk on either side of it or has been crushed by a mountain range against it.
A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. A graben is the result of a block of land being downthrown producing a valley with a distinct scarp on each side. Grabens often occur side-by-side with horsts. Horst and graben structures are indicative of tensional forces and crustal stretching.
An extent or area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point at lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody.
The separation between neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country or on a high plateau (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible - just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of which falling raindrops will start a journey to different rivers, and even to different sides of a country or continent.
A watershed such that water falling on one side of the line eventually travels to one ocean or body of water, and water on the other side travels to another, generally on the opposite side of the continent.
A facility in which fish are raised commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food.
A facility where eggs of fish are hatched under artificial conditions.
A paddy field for the cultivation of rice.
A flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semiaquatic crops.
A large mass of detached land ice in the sea or stranded in shallow water.
A field of ice, formed in regions of perennial frost.
Ice mass may need to be resolved from ice field, the former referring simply to an accumulation of ice.
Area covered with low-growing or stunted perennial vegetation and usually not mixed with trees.
A shrubland area found primarily in regions with a Mediterranean climate (mid, wet winters and hot dry summers) often shaped by wildfires.
A valley created by the formation of a rift, i.e. place where the Earth's crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart by tectonic forces.
The general region of indefinite width that extends from the sea inland to the first major change in terrain features.
That part of the land in immediate contact with a body of water including the area between high and low water lines.
A body of land jutting out into and nearly surrounded by water.
A deposition landform found off coasts. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at a cove, bay, ria, or river mouth. Spits are formed by the movement of sediment (typically sand) along a shore by a process known as longshore drift. Where the direction of the shore turns inland (reenters) the longshore current spreads out or dissipates. No longer able to carry the full load, much of the sediment is dropped. This causes a bar to build out from the shore, eventually becoming a spit.
A portion of a glacier characterized by rapid flow and a chaotic crevassed surface.
A landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area.
A crater caused by the impact of a meteor.
A fluvioglacial landform occurring as the result of blocks of ice calving from the front of a receding glacier and becoming partially to wholly buried by glacial outwash. Glacial outwash is generated when sediment laden streams of meltwater flow away from the glacier and are deposited to form broad outwash plains called sandurs. When the ice blocks melt, holes are left in the sandur.
The plain formed by the large amounts of silt and sediment, picked up as a glacier erodes the underlying rocks as it moves slowly downhill, and at the snout of the glacier, meltwater can carry this sediment away from the glacier and deposit it on a broad plain. The material in the outwash plain is often size-sorted by the water runoff of the melting glacier with the finest materials, like silt, being the most distantly re-deposited, whereas larger boulders are the closest to the original terminus of the glacier.
A sandy depression in a sand dune ecosystem (psammosere) caused by the removal of sediments by wind.
A fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain.
A convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope.
The area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, i.e., the area between tide marks.
Very similar to the "marine eulittoral zone" class, but without reference to seasonal tide marks. Some sources make no distinction between these zones, thus, they are currently related synonyms.
Pools formed as a high tide comes in over a rocky shore. Water fills depressions in the ground, which turn into isolated pools as the tide retreats.
The tide zone that is flooded during high tide only, and is a highly saline environment.
The tidal zone that is mostly submerged, only being exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides.
A cavity developed along a joint and elongate in cross-section.
"Lave cave" is differentiated from "volcanic cave": the former is formed in volcanic rock, the latter is formed by volcanic processes.
A cave containing a stream or active speleothems.
A cave from which a stream flows or formerly did so and which cannot be followed upstream to the surface.
A large closed depression draining underground, witha flat floor across which there may be an intermittent or perennial stream and which may be liable to flood and become a lake. The floor makes a sharp break with parts of surrounding slopes.
A cave in present-day or emerged sea cliffs, formed by wave attack or solution.
A secondary mineral deposit formed in caves, most commonly calcite.
A zone beneath the land surface and above the level of permanent groundwater or phreatic zone in which water has a hydraulic head less than atmospheric pressure and is retained by a combination of adhesion and capillary action.
Wikipedia: If the vadose zone envelops soil, the water contained therein is termed soil moisture. In fine grained soils, capillary action can cause the pores of the soil to be fully saturated above the water table at a pressure less than atmospheric. In such soils, therefore, the unsaturated zone is the upper section of the vadose zone and not identical to it.
A zone beneath the land surface in which all interstices are filled with water. Water in the phreatic zone has a hydraulic head greater than atmospheric pressure due to the weight of overlying groundwater.
A speleothem projecting vertically upwards from a cave floor and formed by precipitation from drips.
A speleothem hanging downwards from a roof or wall, of cylindrical or conical form, usually with a central hollow tube.
A closed depression draining underground in karst, of simple but variable form, e.g. cylindrical, conical, bowl- or dish-shaped. From a few to many hundreds of metres in dimensions.
Karst developed in soluble beds underlying other rock formations; the surface may or may not be affected by the karst development.
Karst developed in eolian calcarenite when the development of karst features has taken place at the same time as the lithification of dune sand.
Karst completely pitted by closed depressions so that divides between them form a crudely polygonal network.
Karst dominated by closed depressions, chiefly dolines, perforating a simple surface.
The liquid that can be mechanically extracted an orange.
Vomit is a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose.
An abiotic mesoscopic feature made of the mineral material of the crust of the Earth.
A piece of rock that is two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 75 millimeters (about 3 inches).
A comparatively elevated area on an icecap.
A terrarium is a vivarium which simulates a terrestrial environment.
A volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone.
This may be more a subclass of 'caldera'
A chain of volcanic islands or mountains formed by plate tectonics as an oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another tectonic plate and produces magma.
A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust below continental crust.
A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust other oceanic crust on an adjacent tectonic plate.
A region of the earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity.
A volcanic field of small, scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous monogenetic volcanoes, are noted for having only one short eruptive event. Monogenetic fields occur only where the magma supply to the volcano is low or where vents are not close enough or large enough to develop plumbing systems for continuous feeding of magma.
A cone made of material ejected from a volcano. The material can range from finest particles. In comparison, cinder cones are more uniform. They are usually found in or on larger features, such as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes and can be found inside calderas, however they can also be an independent feature. They can range from a few metres in height and are usually formed by a single eruption.
A device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a fixed chamber whose water level can be varied.
An area of land and/or a body of water especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means.
A natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities or cultural significance.
A protected forest or woodland area in the United States. National forests are controlled by the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculture.
A conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. SSSIs are the basic 'building block' of nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations are based upon them, including National Nature Reserves, Ramsar Sites, Special Protection Areas, and Special Areas of Conservation.
A protected area of the sea usually established to preserve a specific habitat and ensure the ecosystem is sustained for the organisms that exist there. Most marine parks are designated by governments, and organized like watery national parks.
A protected area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality.
A designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge system is a network of lands and waters managed to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat.
A wetland protected by the terms of the Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat).
A United Kingdom government conservation designation for a nature reserve of national significance for biological or earth science interest.
A reserve of land, usually, but not always declared and owned by a national government, protected from most human development and pollution. National parks are a protected area of IUCN category II.
An island, usually the consequence of the activity of a submarine volcano, that only exists for a short period or short periods of time after its formation, then being eroded or otherwise disappearing beneath the surface of a body of water.
A distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet.
A volcano with more than one feature. They form because changes of their eruptive characteristics or the location of multiple vents in an area. Stratovolcanoes may form complex volcanoes, because they may overlap another from explosive eruptions, lava flows, pyroclastic flows and by repeated eruptions, to make multiple summits and vents. Stratovolcanoes could also form a large caldera that gets filled in by multiple small cinder cones, lava domes and craters may also develop on the caldera's rim.
A shield volcano that is formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions rather than relatively fluid basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the volcano. They typically display low-angle flank slopes and have little or no central collapse, although a shallow sag in the shield is commonly observed. Lava is commonly extruded after the cessation of explosive activity commonly superposes the vent region.
An area where wells can be drilled to obtain elements contained in solution in hot brines or to tap heat energy.
A protected area with the purpose of protecting and managing wild life.
A protected area that is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
An international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB).
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of maintaining water levels in a canal or canals.
A thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice mass flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.
A section of the Earths's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole.
That part of the land in immediate contact with a lake.
The channel bottom of a stream; the physical confine of the normal water flow.
The channel bottom of a river; the physical confine of the normal water flow.
The place where a stream discharges into a lagoon, lake, or the sea.
The end of a stream where it enters a standing water body such as a lake, sea or ocean.
A lake that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry.
This should not be a subclass of lake as it is currently defined.
An area that is sometimes inundated or saturated by surface or ground water sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
An isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate land masses which allows animals and plants to cross and colonise new lands. Land bridges are commonly created by regression, in which sea levels fall exposing previously submerged sections of continental shelf. Land bridges are also formed by: (a) upthrust at the edge of continental plates; and (b) glacial retreat alleviating pressure on shallow marine formations.
A long and narrow sheet of ice projecting out from the coastline. An ice tongue forms when a valley glacier moves very rapidly out into the ocean or a lake.
A large sea or ocean inlet larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, wider than a fjord, or it may identify a narrow sea or ocean channel between two bodies of land.
A narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses.
The physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks.
Built by fragments (called ejecta) thrown up (ejected) from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater.
A cone that is composed of particles of silt to sand size. Explosive eruptions from a vent where the magma is interacting with groundwater or the sea (as in an eruption off the coast) produce steam and are called phreatic. The interaction between the magma, expanding steam, and volcanic gases results in the ejection of mostly small particles called ash. Fallen ash has the consistency of flour. The unconsolidated ash forms an ash cone which becomes a tuff cone or tuff ring once the ash consolidates.
A cone built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders (pumice, pyroclastics, or tephra). They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.
A volcanic cone formed of molten lava ejected from a vent somewhat like taffy. Expanding gases in the lava fountains tear the liquid rock into irregular gobs that fall back to earth, forming a heap around the vent. The still partly liquid rock splashed down and over the sides of the developing mound is called spatter. Because spatter is not fully solid when it lands, the individual deposits are very irregular in shape and weld together as they cool, and in this way particularly differ from cinder and ash.
A volcano created by geologically excreted liquids and gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. Temperatures are much cooler than igneous processes.
A large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides.
A tall, conical volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from them is viscous, and cools and hardens before spreading very far. The source magma of this rock is classified as acidic, or high in silica to intermediate (rhyolite, dacite, or andesite).
An underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary. The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean.
A volcano produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a lake melted into a glacier or ice mass by the rising lava.
Something more specific than an adjacent_to relation would be better, especially considering the volcano in question may have melted nearby glacial mass.
A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long. Fissure vents can cause large flood basalts and hannels. The volcano can usually be seen as a crack in the ground or on the ocean floor. Narrow fissures can be filled in with lava that hardens.
A large, swirling body of water produced by ocean tides.
An elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kipuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow.
The shallow part of a stream which can be easily crossed.
A mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 70 metres in height and up to 2 kilometres in diameter.
Pingos may occur in cold-climate wetland areas, but are not necessarily wetlands themselves.
A natural formation where a rock arch forms, with a natural passageway through underneath.
A beach or wave cut platform raised above the shore line by a relative fall in the sea level.
A fertile low-lying raised beach found on the some of the coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular in the Outer Hebrides.
A submergent coastal landform that forms where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change; where the global sea levels rise or isostatic sea level change; where the land sinks. When this happens valleys which were previously at sea level become submerged.
A geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast.
A deposition landform such as a spit or bar which forms a narrow piece of land between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore, or between two islands or offshore rocks. They usually form because the island causes wave refraction, depositing sand and shingle moved by longshore drift in each direction around the island where the waves meet. Eustatic sea level rise may also contribute to accretion as material is pushed up with rising sea levels.
The narrow flat area often seen at the base of a sea cliff caused by the action of the waves.
A natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles artificial pavement.
A bend in a stream. A stream flowing through a wide valley or flat plain will tend to form a meanders as it alternatively erodes and deposits sediments along its course.
A biome is an environmental system to which resident ecological communities have evolved adaptations.
There has been some concern raised (see Issue #143) about the usefulness of the assertion that organisms have evolved within a given biome. They may have evolved adaptations elsewhere and demonstrating one or the other is often not feasible. Consider relabelling to "environmental system determined by an ecological community" or similar. This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arte is a thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys. Artes can also form when two glacial cirques erode towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col.
A feature of a glacier, in which dirt, which has fallen into a hollow in the ice, forms a coating which insulates the ice below. The surrounding ice melts away, leaving the dirt cone.
A cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shaped, sized and oriented drumlins.
An isolated hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.
A fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier.
A lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or one formed by meltwater trapped against an ice mass due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice.
A deep but narrow valley with a 'U' shaped cross-section and frequently a 'U' shaped plan which is usually found filled with glacial till. It is formed when the edge of an ice mass advances up a slope. Its length may be appropriately measured in centimetres or kilometres, depending on the circumstances of formation.
A steep-sided depression formed by the melting of permafrost; it may contain a lake.
A small wooded valley, either U- or V-shaped.
A shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff.
A ridge on a hillside formed when saturated soil particles expand, then contract as they dry, causing them to move slowly downhill.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of containing a flood, an overflow of water from a body of water that sumerges land.
A tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area.
There should be a better superclass than "field" which should indicate that there are no woody plants in growth form "tree" around.
An aquaduct to transport water from one river basin to another one, to solve problems of hydrographic imbalance. It can decrease floods, moving the water to lands with droughts.
A biome that applies to the terrestrial realm.
An aquatic biome that comprises systems of open-ocean and unprotected coastal habitats, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents as well as systems that largely resemble these. Water in the marine biome is generally within the salinity range of seawater: 30 to 38 ppt.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of generating electricity.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing drinking water.
A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing water for irrigation.
A lake constructed, or modified, for the chief purpose of providing an amenity.
A lake that is long, narrow, and finger-shaped, usually found in a glacial trough. Its formation begins when a glacier moves over an area containing alternate bands of hard and soft bedrock. The sharp-edged boulders carried at the bottom of the glacier erode the softer rock more quickly by abrasion, thus creating a hollow called a rock basin. On either side of the rock basin, the more resistant rock is eroded less and these outcrops of harder rock are known as rock bars, which act as dams between which rainwater may accumulate after the retreat of the ice age, filling up the rock basin and creating a ribbon lake. A ribbon lake may also form behind a terminal or recessional moraine, both of which also act as dams, enabling water to accumulate behind them. A ribbon lake may also occur if a tributary glacier joins a main glacier. The increase in power can create a trough, which is filled with water from a river/meltwater to create a ribbon lake.
A lake or estuary that is formed at the mouth of a river where flow is blocked by a bar of sediments. It can be maritime (the bar being created by the current of a sea) or fluvial (the bar being created by the flow of a bigger river at the confluence).
An intermittent lake unique to the limestone areas of Ireland, mostly west of the River Shannon. Most turloughs flood in the autumn, usually some time in October, and then dry up some time between April and July.
A mountain lake that is formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier. A moraine may form a natural dam below a tarn.
A glacier on a plateau or high area, smaller than an ice sheet.
A glacier that forms in a mountain valley.
A region of low topographic relief as a consequence of erosion by streams.
A volcanic landform which resembles a true volcanic crater, but differs in that it is not an actual vent from which lava has erupted. A pseudocrater is characterised by the absence of any magma conduit which connects below the surface of the earth. Pseudocraters are formed by steam explosions as flowing hot lava crosses over a wet surface, such as a swamp, a lake, or a pond. The explosive gases break through the lava surface in a manner similar to a phreatic eruption, and the tephra builds up crater-like forms which can appear very similar to real volcanic craters.
A volcanic field of scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous polygenetic volcanoes, are noted for having more than one eruptive event from the same vent(s), rather than the more common monogenetic volcanic field. Polygenetic volcanic fields generally occur where there is a high-level magma chamber. These volcanic fields may show lithological discontinuities due to major changes in magma chemistry, volcanotectonic events, or long erosional intervals, and may last >10 million year period.
A place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored.
A harbor which is formed by a natural landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage.
An area of land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated.
A dam constructed for the purpose of generating electricity from the water stored behind it.
A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken.
A dam constructed for the purpose of holding water in a reservoir for irrigation.
A dam constructed for the purpose of controlling flooding.
An area of calm water unaffected by the current of a stream.
A quarry from which gravel is extracted.
An excavation of the Earth's surface to provide passage for a road, railway, canal, etc.
An opening of the sea into the land, or of a lake into its shore.
The exit or point of discharge of a stream into another stream, lake or sea.
A tall, slender, spire-shaped rock projecting from a level or more gently sloping surface.
The ground surface that lies beneath a sea.
A hollow eroded by the force of the falling water at the base of a waterfall, particularly by the eddying effect.
Problematic. Does this refer to the depression or the accumulated water?
Any enclosed water area in pack ice other than a lead, not large enough to be called open water. When frozen over, a polyna becomes an ice skylight from the point of view of the submariner.
Could be a subclass of a class that describes holes in solid material covering water or other liquids. Perhaps a class like "clearing". Logical def can include surrounded_by "ice mass".
That part of the land in immediate contact with a sea, including the intertidal zone.
The line of contact between a body of water and the land.
One of a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream or a braided stream system.
A low oval elevation in areas with permafrost, frequently peat bogs, where a perennial ice lens has developed within the soil. A palsa consists, similarly to a pingo, of an ice core and overlying soil materials, in case of a palsa usually boggy soil. Palsas are characteristically found in areas with discontinuous permafrost and in such areas bay be the only reliable surface evidence of permafrost. A palsa needs large quantities of water for the formation of its ice core (i.e. ice lens), which is why they frequently emerge from and are bound by boggy soils, which can store enormous quantities of water in their pores. Palsas develop particularly in moorlands and are therefore also named palsamoors.
A stream whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., a stream that follows the slope of the original land.
A stream whose course has been determined by selective headward erosion along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock belts.
A stream whose course follows the original relief, but at a lower level than the original slope (e.g., flows down a course determined by the underlying strata in the same direction). These streams develop later and are generally a tributary to a subsequent stream.
A stream flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage.
A stream that has an almost random drainage often forming dendritic patterns. These are typically tributaries and have developed by a headward erosion on a horizontally stratified belt or on homogeneous rocks. These streams follow courses that apparently were not controlled by the original slope of the surface, its structure or the type of rock.
A stream or river which flows into another river (a parent river) or body of water but which may not flow directly into the sea.
A narrow and shallow incision into soil resulting from erosion by overland flow that has been focused into a thin thread by soil surface roughness. Rilling, the process of rill formation, is common on agricultural land and unvegetated ground.
An intrusive igneous body. Its thickness is usually much smaller than its other two dimensions. Thickness can vary from sub-centimeter scale to many meters in thickness and the lateral dimensions can extend over many kilometers. A dike is an intrusion into a cross-cutting fissure, meaning a dike cuts across other pre-existing layers or bodies of rock, this means that a dike is always younger than the rocks that contain it. Dikes are usually high angle to near vertical in orientation, but subsequent tectonic deformation may rotate the sequence of strata through which the dike lies so that the latter becomes horizontal.
A linear structural depression that extends laterally over a distance, while being less steep than a trench. A trough can be a narrow basin or a geologic rift. There are various oceanic troughs, troughs found under oceans; examples include the rift along the mid-oceanic ridge and the Cayman Trough.
An obstruction in a stream constructed by a beaver.
The portion of the ground surface which lies below water.
A saline lake that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry.
An oxbow lake that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry.
A pond that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry.
A gently inclined underground tunnel bringing water for irrigation from an aquifer.
A reservoir that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry.
The lower terminus of a wadi where it widens into an adjoining floodplain, depression, or water body.
A step-like feature between higher and lower ground: a relatively flat or gently inclined shelf of earth, backed and fronted by steep slopes or manmade detaining walls.
A peatland whose development is mostly independent of basins or topographical features where water collects; it simply covers the landscape like a blanket. Peat develops due to a continuous supply of water from rainfall, maintaining waterlogged conditions on the ground. Blanket bogs are ombrotrophic or rain fed, and as a result their pH lies between 3.5 and 4.2.
The ground surface that lies beneath a pond.
The ground surface that lies beneath a reservoir.
A generally circular saucer or bowl-shaped depression caused by volcanic or meteorite explosive action.
A patch of ground, distinct from and slightly above the surrounding plain or wetland. Often occurs in groups.
A surface stream that disappears into an underground channel, or dries up in an arid area.
The exit or point of discharge of a ditch.
A mound of earth material, at the base of a slope and the associated scoured area.
An irregular mass of fallen rock at the base of a cliff or steep slope.
A channel formed as a result of a stream cutting through a meander neck.
A former stream or distributary no longer carrying flowing water, but still evident due to lakes, wetland, topographic or vegetation patterns.
A stream that has been substantially ditched, diked, or straightened.
A deep narrow slot, notch, or groove in a cliff.
A relatively undissected upland between adjacent stream valleys.
A ridge of sand just inland and parallel to the beach, usually in series.
A gentle slope, with a generally smooth surface, particularly found around groups of islands and seamounts.
A depression which is part of an ice cap.
A site at which refuse is dumped, normally filling a natural or artificial depression.
A low obstruction built across the path of s stream to raise its level.
An annular depression that may not be continuous, located at the base of many seamounts, islands, and other isolated elevations.
A high altitude or high latitude bare, flat area covered with large angular rocks.
An undersea area of subdued corrugations off Baja California.
Add partially surrounded by marine water or similar
The low part of a gap or saddle separating basins.
An irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sorted or stratified sand and gravel that is deposited in contact with the glacial ice. It can have an irregular shape. Kames are often associated with kettles, and this is referred to as kame and kettle topography. When the ice retreats further, the delta kame often collapses. Kame terraces are frequently found along the side of a glacial valley and are the deposits of meltwater streams flowing between the ice and the adjacent valley side.
A low tract of land, especially when moist or marshy. The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one. When created by humans, this open drain system is designed to manage water runoff.
A man-made watercourse, or makeshift aqueduct, often an artificial channel which supplies water to a watermill or its mill pond, collecting water from upstream of the mill so that the natural level of the driving water is above the level of the stream at the mill. Alternatively to may deliver water for mineral washing and concentration, irrigation or to a dye works.
A beach which is armoured with pebbles or small to medium sized cobbles.
Lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a lake. Lake sediments are comprised mainly of clastic material (sediment of clay, silt, and sand sizes), organic debris, chemical precipitates, or combinations of these.
A pond, often temporary or seasonal, used as a drinking place by mammals and birds.
A water body that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry.
This is a problematic class: when an intermittent water body is dry, it is no longer a water body. The temporal aspect is insufficiently represented here.
A drainage basin from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material.
An area of unfrozen ground surrounded by permafrost.
A dam constructed for more than one purpose.
An auxiliary dam constructed to confine the reservoir created by a primary dam either to permit a higher water elevation and storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increased efficiency.
A dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil erosion.
A dam that only partly restricts a waterway, creating a faster channel that resists the accumulation of sediment.
A dam designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream.
A dam designed to divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course.
A region at which weapons, typically military, are tested.
A weapons test site at which nuclear weapons are, or have been, tested.
A region in which military personnel train.
A bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation.
A raised walkway over water, supported by piles or pillars.
A place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which is, has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology.
A building or region where sports activities can be carried out.
A sports facility constructed for skiing and allied sports that require snow and/or ice.
A deep valley with steep sides, typically of limestone, in part submerged by the sea.
A biome that applies to the freshwater realm.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large rivers" (e.g. the Mekong river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river headwaters" (e.g. the Upper Amazon headwaters) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-headwater-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river deltas" (e.g. the Niger river delta) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-delta-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small rivers" (e.g. the Salween river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-river-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large lakes" (e.g. African rift lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-lake-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
"Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small lakes" (e.g. Cameroon crater lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-lake-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class.
A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
From Wikipedia: [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
Soil is an environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms.
The various 'has part' and 'has quality' relations may not hold true for all soils; however, I have yet to find counter examples. Require input from a pedologist or similar. [pbuttigieg]
A significant accumulation of water which is part of a marine biome.
Ideas like "significant" are fuzzy and need to be modelled more accurately. The definition is a candidate for review.
The part of an elevation or depression between the relatively flat surrounding area and the peak of a mount or the bottom of a depression.
Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence.
A substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human being for nutrition or pleasure.
The FAO has the following definition for "food": "Any substance, whether processed, semi-processed, or raw, which is intended for human consumption, and includes drink, chewing gum and any substance which has been used in the manufacture, preparation or treatment of "food" but does not include cosmetics or tobacco or substances used only as drugs." (Nutrition Division/Meeting Programming and Documentation Service, FAO, 2013 (MI198) adopted from Codex Alimentarius Commission, Procedural Manual, Twentieth edition, 2011 (ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Publications/ProcManuals/Manual_20e.pdf). )
Feces is an excreta consisting of waste products expelled from an animal's digestive tract through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation.
This is distinct from classes such as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988 in that it refers to the environmental material composed primarily of feces rather than 'just' feces.
An environmental feature that is, or can be, contained and is predominantly composed of one or a few types of stuff.
The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth.
An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form.
Sediment is an environmental substance comprised of any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bedor bottom of a body of water or other liquid.
Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere.
An igneous rock that results from the crystallization of a magma below the surface of the Earth.
An igneous rock that results from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta.
Due to the general suggestion that volcanic rock simply comes from a volcanic process, it's not immediately clear whether this is interchangeable with igneous rock.
A rock formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis.
A rock formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation).
Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine,
A complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix; usually adhering to a substratum.
A natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with the Earth's surface without being destroyed.
The residual semi-solid material left from domestic or industrial processes, or wastewater treatment processes.
Sediment characterised by the absence of oxygen.
Urine is a liquid excreta containing water and waste products made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra.
A stony meteorite that have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body.
A stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks.
A meteorite that consists of a mixture of iron-nickel metal and silicate minerals.
A meteorite that overwhelmingly of nickel-iron alloys.
A sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite.
A sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains.
A fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding plane.
A treated form of sludge, sometimes used as a fertilizer in agriculture.
A solid or gel in motor oil caused by the oil gelling or solidifying, usually at temperatures lower than 100deg C.
The result of the unintentional release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment as a result of human activity.
The result of the release of natural hydrocarbons to the surface of the earth, including beneath the sea, by natural geological processes.
Marine sediment is a sediment that accumulates in the flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. The three main types of marine sediment, also known as pelagic sediment, are siliceous oozes, calcareous oozes, and red clays.
A portion of contaminated soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some contaminant.
"contaminant" is more of a disposition - any material entity can be a contaminant in particular circumstances.
A hot spring whose water has an alkaline pH.
A hot spring whose water has an acidic pH.
A device or system that supports a biologically active environment. A vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic.
Revise adjacent to. Consider sampled stream sediment. Dry stream sediment.
The dense, bottom layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake. It is the layer that lies below the thermocline.
The top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake, occurring above the deeper hypolimnion. It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and dissolved oxygen concentration than the hypolimnion.
The layer within a body of water or air where the temperature changes rapidly with depth.
Especially used in connection with lakes.
A clastic rock with a particle size of 4 to 64 millimeters based on the Krumbein phi scale of sedimentology.
A rock or rock fragment with a particle size between 64 and 256 mm.
The liquid produced when water percolates through any permeable material. It can contain either dissolved or suspended material, or usually both.
Coal mine lake sediment is lake sediment which covers the bottom of a coal mine lake.
This definition refers to water that is actually in a sea or ocean.
Coastal sea water is sea water that is adjacent to a coast.
The limits of what qualifies as "adjacent to" vary greatly. This should be defined on a data level and is left intentionally fuzzy here. The label is "coastal sea water" rather than "coastal water" as some large lakes are often said to have coasts.
A highly contaminated site designated by the United States of America's Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
The mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms.
A food product made of meat, the skeletal muscle and associated fat, and other edible tissues such as organs, livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, or lungs, of mammals.
A food made from ground meat. Typically the sausage is formed in a casing traditionally made from intestine, but sometimes synthetic
The aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials.
A hospital is a building in which health care services are provided by specialized staff and equipment.
A moist sausage of soft, even texture and flavor, often made from advanced meat recovery or meat slurry. Most types are fully cooked, cured or smoked. It is often placed hot in a special purpose soft, sliced hot dog bun.
A zone within a portion of petroleum contaminated sediment within which iron-reducing processes occur.
iron-reducing zone of petroleum contaminated sediment
A hot spring whose water has a neutral pH.
A dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.
Straw or other material strewn in an animal's enclosure (e.g. a stable) for it to sleep on and to absorb its faeces and urine.
An aquarium is a vivarium which simulates the submerged portions of an aquatic environment
A saline water aquarium is an aquarium which contains saline water as its primary ecological medium.
A fresh water aquarium is an aquarium which contains fresh water as its primary ecological medium.
cis-dichloroethane contaminated sediment
Saline lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a saline lake.
thermophilic anaerobic methanogenic reactor
A power plant is a building which contains one or more generators which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely.
A geothermal power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth's mantle and crust as well as primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth to drive its generators.
Water with a nutrient level intermediate between eutrophic and oligotrophic.
Arenosols are sandy soils, including both soils developed in residual sands after in situ weathering of usually quartz-rich sediments or rock, and soils developed in recently deposited sands such as dunes in deserts and beach lands.
Anthrosols comprise soils that have been modified profoundly through human activities, such as addition of organic materials or household wastes, irrigation and cultivation.
Alisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Alisols have a low base saturation at certain depths and high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon. They lack the albeluvic tonguing as in Albeluvisols. They occur predominantly in humid tropical, humid subtropical and warm temperate regions.
Andosols are soils that develop in volcanic ejecta or glasses under almost any climate (except under hyperarid climate conditions). However, Andosols may also develop in other silicate-rich materials under acid weathering in humid and perhumid climates.
Albeluvisols are soils that have, beginning within 1 m of the soil surface, a clay illuviation horizon with an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting in tonguing of bleached soil material into the illuviation horizon.
Acrisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Acrisols have in certain depths a low base saturation and low-activity clays.
Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal.
Cryosols comprise mineral soils formed in a permafrost environment. Where water is present, it occurs primarily in the form of ice. Cryogenic processes are the dominant soil-forming processes.
Chernozems are soils with a thick black surface layer that is rich in organic matter.
Durisols are associated mainly with old surfaces in arid and semi-arid environments and accommodate very shallow to moderately deep, moderately well- to well-drained soils that contain cemented secondary silica (SiO2) within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Calcisols are soils in which there is substantial secondary accumulation of lime. Calcisols are common in highly calcareous parent materials and widespread in arid and semi-arid environments.
Kastanozems are dry grassland soils, among them the zonal soils of the short-grass steppe belt, south of the Eurasian tall-grass steppe belt with Chernozems. Kastanozems have a similar profile to that of Chernozems but the humus-rich surface horizon is thinner and not as dark as that of the Chernozems and they show more prominent accumulation of secondary carbonates.
Leptosols are very shallow soils over continuous rock and soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. Leptosols are azonal soils and particularly common in mountainous regions.
Lixisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Lixisols have a high base saturation and low-activity clays at certain depths.
Histosols comprise soils formed in organic material. These vary from soils developed in predominantly moss peat in boreal, arctic and subarctic regions, via moss peat, reeds/ sedge peat (fen) and forest peat in temperate regions to mangrove peat and swamp forest peat in the humid tropics. Histosols are found at all altitudes, but the vast majority occurs in lowlands.
Gleysols are wetland soils that, unless drained, are saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish or yellowish colours at ped surfaces and/or in the upper soil layer or layers, in combination with greyish/bluish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil.
Gypsisols are soils with substantial secondary accumulation of gypsum (calcium sulfate). These soils are found in the driest parts of the arid climate zone.
Ferralsols represent the classical, deeply weathered, red or yellow soils of the humid tropics. These soils have diffuse horizon boundaries, a clay assemblage dominated by low-activity clays (mainly kaolinite) and a high content of sesquioxides.
Nitisols are deep, well-drained, red, tropical soils with diffuse horizon boundaries and a subsurface horizon with more than 30 percent clay and moderate to strong angular blocky structure elements that easily fall apart into characteristic shiny, polyhedric (nutty) elements. Weathering is relatively advanced but Nitisols are far more productive than most other red, tropical soils.
Luvisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation at certain depths.
Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humus rich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems may or may not have secondary carbonates but have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil.
Plinthosols are soils with plinthite, petroplinthite or pisoliths. Plinthite is an Fe-rich (in some cases also Mn-rich), humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay (and other products of strong weathering such as gibbsite) with quartz and other constituents that changes irreversibly to a layer with hard nodules, a hardpan or irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying. Petroplinthite is a continuous, fractured or broken sheet of connected, strongly cemented to indurated nodules or mottles. Pisoliths are discrete strongly cemented to indurated nodules. Both petroplinthite and pisoliths develop from plinthite by hardening.
Planosols are soils with a light-coloured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation and abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay than the surface horizon.
Solonchaks are soils that have a high concentration of soluble salts at some time in the year. Solonchaks are largely confined to the arid and semi-arid climate zones and to coastal regions in all climates.
Umbrisols are soils in which organic matter has accumulated within the mineral surface soil (in most cases with low base saturation) to the extent that it significantly affects the behaviour and utilization of the soil.
A soil in which there is a high content of expansive clay known as montmorillonite that forms deep cracks in drier seasons or years. Alternate shrinking and swelling causes self-mulching, where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing vertisols to have an extremely deep A horizon and no B horizon.
Solonetz are soils with a dense, strongly structured, clayey subsurface horizon that has a high proportion of adsorbed Na and/or Mg ions. Solonetz that contain free soda (Na2CO3) are strongly alkaline (field pH > 8.5).
Regosols form a taxonomic remnant group containing all soils that could not be accommodated in any of the other RSGs. In practice, Regosols are very weakly developed mineral soils in unconsolidated materials that do not have a mollic or umbric horizon, are not very shallow or very rich in gravels (Leptosols), sandy (Arenosols) or with fluvic materials (Fluvisols). Regosols are extensive in eroding lands, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas and in mountainous terrain.
Podzols are soils with a typically ash-grey upper subsurface horizon, bleached by loss of organic matter and iron oxides, on top of a dark accumulation horizon with brown, reddish or black illuviated humus and/or reddish Fe compounds. Podzols occur in humid areas in the boreal and temperate zones and locally also in the tropics.
A soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively).
A material which is not the desired output of a process and which is typically the input of a process which removes it from its producer (e.g. a disposal process).
This seems more like a role than a material. Anything can be waste. Thus, a "waste" role or disposition will be created and this class can then be populated by inference: any environmental material which has [role,disposition] waste will be considered a waste material.
Industrial wastes are liquid, solid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products.
A peatland dominated by species of the Bryophyte Sphagnum.
A layer within a fluid where the temperature changes rapidly with depth.
A layer within a fluid where the chemical composition changes rapidly with depth.
A nuclear power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by a radioactive decay in a nuclear reactor to convert water into steam in order to drive turbines in electrical generators through pressure.
Fluvisols accommodate genetically young, azonal soils in alluvial deposits.
Stagnosols are soils with a perched water table showing redoximorphic features caused by surface water. Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching.
Technosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are dominated by their technical origin. They contain a significant amount of artefacts (something in the soil recognizably made or extracted from the earth by humans), or are sealed by technic hard rock (material created by humans, having properties unlike natural rock). They include soils from wastes (landfills, sludge, cinders, mine spoils and ashes), pavements with their underlying unconsolidated materials, soils with geomembranes and constructed soils in human-made materials.
A depression in the sea floor that results from the collision of continental plates; the weight of the sinking plate causes the overlying plate to stretch and thin, causing a basin in the overlying plate. Sometimes, the Earth's crust in these basins stretches so much it cracks, allowing magma through from the mantle beneath. Hence, basins often contain active volcanoes and hydrothermal vents.
A material entity which determines an environmental system.
A material entity determines an environmental system when its removal would cause the collapse of that system. For example, a seamount determines a seamount environment, acting as its 'hub'. This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A structural basin that is below sea level.
Hay is grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep.
A natural building material mode from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure).
The biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
A group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate (phyllosilicates being a subgroup of silicate minerals) minerals (see clay minerals), that are typically less than 2micrometres in diameter. Clay consists of a variety of phyllosilicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminium oxides and hydroxides which include variable amounts of structural water.
a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface.
A viscous liquid state at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic.
A fermented, high-moisture forage that can be fed to ruminants.
This is interesting in that the "role" aspect of "waste" is (or can be) replaced by another role "fertilizer". Thus, the positioning of "manure" under waste may not be totally correct.
The liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whiskey. Wort contains the sugars that will be fermented by the brewing yeast to produce alcohol.
While humans are animals, this class does not refer to human houses.
Water saturated or nearly saturated with salt (NaCl). It is used (now less popular than historically) to preserve vegetables, fish, and meat.
A short cylinder of soft to semisoft blue cheese made with cow's milk.
A food made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk.
A large disc of smooth, soft, even runny cheese made with cow's milk.
A hard cow's milk cheese with an almost orange yellow paste. Older cheeses are coated in black wax.
A soft to semihard cheese made with sheep or goat's milk. It has a white paste and is made with raw, whole milk. The curds are heated to boiling point in whey and then drained and kept in salted whey.
A drum of very rich, creamy, pungent blue-veined cow's milk cheese. It has a white paste with blue veining and a brined rind. It is made in Gorgonzola, near Milan.
A generic cheese common to many countries for several related varieties of cheese which resemble the Swiss Emmental. Three types of bacteria are used in the production of Emmental cheese: Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus (L. helveticus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), and Propionibacter (P. freudenreichii or P. shermani). In a late stage of cheese production, the Propionibacter consumes the lactic acid excreted by the other bacteria, and releases carbon dioxide gas, which slowly forms the bubbles that develop the eyes. Swiss cheese without eyes is known as "blind."
A mild, large, yellow, waxy cow's milk cheese with many holes.
A German sour milk cheese made from low fat curd cheese, which contains only about one percent fat and originates in the Harz mountain region south of Braunschweig.
A small, sweetish, soft, square cow's milk cheese from Normandy with a yellowish-orange rind.
A disc of soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a soft to runny paste and a smooth, pink rind.
Meat from the domestic pig (Sus domesticus).
A meat that is preserved by the addition of a combination of salt, sugar, nitrates or nitrite and or is smoked.
Drinking water is water which may be consumed by humans with no adverse effects on their health.
Meat from bovines, especially domestic cattle (cows).
A frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavourings and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream.
Manufactured goods are goods that have been processed in any way. As such, they are the opposite of raw materials, but include intermediate goods as well as final goods.
anthropogenic abiotic mesoscopic feature
Glue is any substance applied to the surfaces of materials that binds them together and resists separation.
This sounds more like a role than a material, per se.
A fermented salty fish of Korean cuisine.
A cut of meat (a meat chop) cut perpendicularly to the spine of the pig and usually containing a rib or part of a vertebra, served as an individual portion.
A portion of enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some material entity.
This could be demoted to an inferred class if issues with double inheritance arise.
A portion of sarcosine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of sarcosine.
A portion of trimethylamine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of trimethylamine.
A portion of skatole enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of skatole.
A portion of ethanol enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of ethanol.
A portion of acetamide enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of acetamide.
A portion of pantothenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of pantothenate.
A portion of testosterone enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of testosterone.
A portion of kynurenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of kynurenate.
A portion of threonine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of threonine.
A portion of salicylate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of salicylate.
A portion of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
A portion of L-(+)-tartrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of L-(+)-tartrate.
A portion of quinate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of quinate.
A tannery is a building in which the skins of animals are treated with chemicals to alter the structure of their constituent proteins, creating leather.
Tempeh/Tempe is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybean particles into a cake form.
An industrial building is a building within which goods are produced and, optionally, stored or within which services are rendered.
It's possible that this will become an inferred class in the future. The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification should be referred to when expanding this branch. ISIC can also be used to identify processes. See http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1.
A dairy is a building in which animal milk is harvested and, optionally, processed for human consumption.
'Terminology differs between countries. For example, in the United States, the entire dairy farm is commonly called a "dairy." The building or farm area where milk is harvested from the cow is often called a "milking parlor" or "parlor." The farm area where milk is stored in bulk tanks is known as the farm's "milk house." Milk is then hauled (usually by truck) to a "dairy plant," also referred to as a "dairy", where raw milk is further processed and prepared for commercial sale of dairy products. In New Zealand, farm areas for milk harvesting are also called "milking parlours", and are historically known as "milking sheds."' Wikipedia:Dairy
A food processing building is a building in which materials that contain or consist of essential body nutrients - such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals - and may be ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life are converted alternative forms.
Needs a better definition. Related to the complexity of "food" in general, which needs its own ontology.
A bakery is a building in which raw flour-based food is baked in an oven to produce food products such as bread, cakes, pastries, and pies. These products are often sold from the bakery itself.
A bakery is a food processing building and a 'food shop' at the same time. This needs to be resolved.
An agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed.
A fine powder made from cereals or other starchy food sources.
Any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back of a pig that may be cured and/or smoked.
A brewery is a building in which alcoholic beverages are produced by brewing, that is, steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. At times, the products are also sold from the brewery.
A class of cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk cheeses that have had Penicillium cultures added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue, blue-gray or blue-green mould, and carries a distinct smell.
The liquid left over after producing butter from cream during the churning process.
A food produced by fermenting rice, barley and/or soybeans, with salt and the mold koji-kin (Aspergillus oryzae).
Must is the juice of freshly pressed grapes, that contains various quantities of pulp, skins, stems, and seeds, called pomace or grape solids, which typically comprise between 7 to 23 percent of the total weight of the must.
A liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid.
Vinegar is made by malting barley, causing the starch in the grain to turn to maltose.
A sake brewery is a brewery which produces rice wine by fermenting rice which has been polished to remove the bran.
A building or collection of co-located buildings constructed for the purpose of undertaking scientific research.
A food preserved by soaking and storing it in vinegar or brine.
A layer of impurities that accumulates at the surface of a liquid (especially water or molten metal).
A warehouse is a building which is used for the storage of goods.
A tobacco warehouse is a warehouse used to store cured leaves of plants from the genus Nicotiana, primarily N. tabacum and N. rustica.
A soft cheese made with cow's milk. It has a creamy paste and a greyish-red and downy white penicillin rind and is sometimes foil-wrapped.
A creamery is a part of a dairy where cream is separated from whole milk.
An air filter is a device that removes some substance from air.
This is a general definition derived from the definitions for particulate, chemical, and other air filters. Subclasses should be created if needed.
A fermented milk drink made from milk. It is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep's milk with kefir grains, a combination of bacteria and yeasts in a matrix of proteins, lipids, and sugars. This symbiotic matrix forms "grains" that resemble cauliflower. Many different bacteria and yeasts are found in the kefir grains, which are a complex and highly variable community of micro-organisms termed probiotics.
A lipid material derived from plants. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature.
A natural chemical precipitate of carbonate minerals; typically aragonite, but often recrystallized to or primarily calcite; which is deposited from the water of mineral springs (especially hot springs) or streams saturated with calcium carbonate.
A large flat plain in karst territory with areas usually 5 to 400 km2.
A portion of soil that is part of a roadside area.
A portion of urea enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of urea.
A portion of bacteria enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated bacterial abundance.
A portion of chloropicrin enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of chloropicrin.
Bluegrass field soil is a soil which is found in a field of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis).
Sterile water is water which does not contain lliving organisms.
The narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms.
Soil that is not penetrated by the root systems of plants.
The dwelling of an animal or group of similar animals.
A pile of earth, sand, pine needles, or clay or a composite of these and other materials that build up at the entrances of the subterranean dwellings of ant colonies as they are excavated. A colony is built and maintained by legions of worker ants, who carry tiny bits of dirt and pebbles in their mandibles and deposit them near the exit of the colony. They normally deposit the dirt or vegetation at the top of the hill to prevent it from sliding back into the colony, but in some species they actively sculpt the materials into specific shapes, and may create nest chambers within the mound.
A bird nest is the spot in which a bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young.
An ice rise is an elevation which is part of an ice shelf, typically dome shared, and formed by the ice shelf overriding an obstruction in the seabed. An ice rise may be adjacent only to an ice shelf, or to an ice shelf and a sea. For some features, properly ice rises, the term island has become established through usage.
A glacier covering a coastal strip of low-lying land backed by mountains, and sloping gently seaward over a distance up to 30km or more to terminate in ice cliffs or to merge with an ice shelf.
Fissure at the junction between an inland ice sheet, ice piedmont or ice rise and an ice shelf, the latter being subject to the rise and fall of the tide.
A fomite is any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as germs or parasites) and hence transferring them from one individual to another. A fomite can be anything such as a cloth or mop heads so when cleaning this is important to remember that this could aid when spreading pathogenic organisms.
A dump for domestic waste. A term used to describe any kind of feature containing waste products relating to day-to-day human life.
A portion of environmental material is a fiat object which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system.
Everything under this parent must be a mass noun. All subclasses are to be understood as being composed primarily of the named entity, rather than restricted to that entity. For example, "ENVO:water" is to be understood as "environmental material composed primarly of some CHEBI:water". This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A surface layer is the uppermost layer of some material entity.
This class is distinct from a geometric surface, which is two-dimensional. The idea of "uppermost" may be problematic. Further, the definition of layer (the superclass of surface in rev 133) references surface. This may be another issue. Perhaps this can be made into an inferred class using 'bounding layer of' some material entity, note that 'bounding layer' implies containment, which may not be valid here.
Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets.
Should connect to PATO as "quality of an aerosol"
A mixture of two immiscible (unblendable) substances. One substance (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase).
A vivarium is an enclosure for keeping and raising animals or plants for observation or research. Often, a portion of the ecosystem for a particular species is simulated on a smaller scale, with controls for environmental conditions.
A sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 found in crystals.
A place where a wide variety of plants primarily categorized and documented for scientific purposes.
A facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred.
A research facility consisting of instruments that measure the properties of the oceans over time. Usually of at least approximately fixed location.
An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well.
Anthropogenic material in or on which organisms may live.
This is quite odd and it probably should be obsoleted. Any material that is a participant in an agricultural process can be seen as an agricultural material.
A very strong smelling, brick-shaped, soft cow's milk cheese.
A relish, sauce, or seasoning added to food to impart a particular flavour or to complement the dish.
Food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well.
The fleshy fruit (false berry) of a plant of the family Cucurbitaceae.
Definitions and types from http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef04e.htm.
amaranthaceous inflorescence food product
A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genus Pisum.
A product of the dry seeds of Lens culinaris.
A product of the dry seeds of Cajanus cajan.
A product of the dry seeds of Vigna subterranea.
A product of the dry seeds of plants of then genus Vicia.
A product of the dry seeds of Cicer arietinum.
A product of the dry seeds of Vigna unguiculata.
A product of the dry seeds of plants of the genera Phaseola and Vigna.
A product of the dry seeds of Psophocarpus teragonolobus.
A product of the dry seeds of Vicia sativa.
A product of the dry seeds of Pachyrrizus erosus.
A product of the dry seeds of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis.
A product of the dry seeds of Lupinus spp.
A product of the dry seeds of Canavalia gladiata.
A product of the dry seeds of Lablab purpureus.
The seeds of leguminous crops harvested solely for dry grain.
A food made from an unleavened dough of wheat or buckwheat flour and water, sometimes with other ingredients such as eggs and vegetable extracts.
A food product that is a baked good made from ingredients such as flour, butter, shortening, baking powder or eggs.
A confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water, to which flavorings and colorants are added.
A food product derived from Theobroma cacao.
A dairy product that is composed of the higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization.
An opague white dairy product produced by the mammary glands of female mammals.
A sausage that is cooked and then smoked or smoke-cooked.
A sausage made from meats that have not been previously cured.
A cured sausage that is fermented and dried.
A sausage made with fresh meats, and then fully cooked.
A fruit product that has been prepared and canned or bottled for long term storage. The preparation of fruit preserves traditionally involves the use of pectin as a gelling agent, although sugar or honey may be used as well.
A product made with whole fruit, cut into pieces or crushed. The fruit is heated with water and sugar to activate the pectin in the fruit. The mixture is then put into containers.
A substance or mixture os substances used to coagulate milk in the manufacture of cheese.
A cheese product made from traditional cheese and emulsifying salts, often with the addition of milk, more salt, preservatives, and food coloring.
A condiment made from the seeds of a mustard plant (white or yellow mustard, Sinapis hirta; brown or Indian mustard, Brassica juncea; or black mustard, Brassica nigra). The whole, ground, cracked, or bruised mustard seeds are mixed with water, vinegar or other liquids, and sometimes other flavorings and spices, to create a thick paste ranging in colour from bright yellow to dark brown.
A salad dressing that is usually mayonnaise-based, but which may also contain yogurt, sour cream, or creme fraiche.
A salad dressing that is an emulsion of a vegetable oil and vinegar, often flavored with herbs, spices, and other ingredients.
A stable emulsion of oil, and vinegar or lemon juice, with many options for embellishment with other herbs and spices. Egg yolk is the traditional emulsifier.
A condiment produced by fermenting soybeans with Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus soyae molds along with roasted grain, water, and salt.
A natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mother's milk, and is often used in the production of cheese. Rennet contains many enzymes, including a proteolytic enzyme (protease) that coagulates the milk, causing it to separate into solids (curds) and liquid (whey).
A rennet that is an extract of a microorganism or fungus, such as Rhizomucor miehei.
A rennet made by the expression of cloned calf chymotrypsin genes in bacteria or yeast.
A vegetable product such as leaves, flowers, seeds and roots that is rich in essential oils and aromatic principles. Used mainly a a condiment.
A brewed drink prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant.
A beverage prepared from the cured leaves of Camellia sinensis by combination with hot or boiling water.
A heated beverage typically consisting of shaved chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and sugar.
A beverage prepated by steeping dry leaves (and twigs) of yerba mate in hot water.
Requires some relation like "formed by" erosion process with participant stream.
Requires some relation like "formed by" erosion process with participant river.
Organic matter in soil which has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain essentially as it is for centuries, or millennia.
A liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay.
The concentration basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome that have higher salinity than bordering oceans due to evaporation. Water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel.
concentration basin mediterranean sea biome
This term is specific to marine upwellings.
A multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts.
Silt is granular material of a size somewhere between sand and clay whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar.
Wikipedia: In the Udden-Wentworth scale (due to Krumbein), silt particles range between 0.0039 to 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles. ISO 14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm. In actuality, silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are approximately the same size in all dimensions; furthermore, their size ranges overlap. Clays are formed from thin plate-shaped particles held together by electrostatic forces, so present a cohesion. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.05 mm particle size. The USDA system has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the AASHTO Soil Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.075 mm particle size (i.e., material passing the #200 sieve). Silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity.
A naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
Gravel is an environmental material which is composed of pieces of rock that are at least two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension and no more than 75 millimeters.
The logical def is a little off here - it should really suggest that a gravel is composed of many "pieces" of gravel.
surface layer with role "walking substrate" or similar. Indicate it is some sort of "bottom"
Expressions of the estuarine biome occur at wide lower courses of a rivers where they flow into a sea. Estuaries experience tidal flows and their water is a changing mixture of fresh and salt.
The marine salt marsh biome comprises marshes that are transitional intertidals between land and salty or brackish marine water (e.g.: sloughs, bays, estuaries). It is dominated by halophytic (salt tolerant) herbaceous plants. The daily tidal surges bring in nutrients, which tend to settle in roots of the plants within the salt marsh. The natural chemical activity of salty (or brackish) water and the tendency of algae to bloom in the shallow unshaded water also allow for great biodiversity.
The marine pelagic biome (pelagic meaning open sea) is that of the marine water column, from the surface to the greatest depths.
The marine benthic biome (benthic meaning 'bottom') encompasses the seafloor and includes such areas as shores, littoral or intertidal areas, marine coral reefs, and the deep seabed.
The marine neritic zone biome comprises sea floor from the high tide mark to a continental shelf break. This zone generally extends to 200 m below average sea level.
The mariine bathyal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 200 m and 3000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental slope.
The marine abyssal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 2500 m and 6000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental rise and the abyssal plain.
The marine hadal zone biome describes sea floor deeper than 6000 m such as that of the oceanic trenches.
A biome expressed by strips or ridges of rocks, sand, or coral that rises to or near the surface of a body of marine water.
The marine hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals.
The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column above a continental shelf.
The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column offshore, beyond a continental shelf.
The oceanic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of the marine surface waters occurring offshore, away from a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath.
The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The oceanic epipelagic zone biome encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline.
The oceanic mesopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends through the water column from approximately 200-1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases.
The bathypelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below approximately 1000 m water depth - the maximum depth to which detectable daylight penetrates in all but the clearest oligotrophic waters - and extends to about 2500 - 2700 m water depth. In the temperate Atlantic, the beginning of the bathypelagic zone biome approximates to the deep oxygen minimum and the base of the permanent thermocline.
The abyssopelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below the bathypelagic zone biome at approximately 2500 -2700 m and extends either to the hadal pelagic zone biome (at approximately 6000 m) or to the benthopelagic zone biome within ca. 100 m of the seafloor. The depth of 2700 m may be critical for physiological reasons as the change in hydrostatic pressure across this depth may preclude organism migration.
The oceanic hadal pelagic zone biome comprises the water column in oceanic trenches occurring at depths between 6000m and 10,000m.
The benthopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column which usually coincide with the benthic boundary layer (BBL) - the layer of isothermal and isohaline water contiguous to the sea floor. A general reversal in the declining gradient of pelagic biomass may be observed here, perhaps explained by viable nutrition on the sea floor being resuspended by bottom currents. This zone typically extends 100 m above the seafloor, but may reach upto1000 m during benthic storms.
The neritic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of marine surface waters occurring above a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath.
The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The epipelagic zone encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline.
The neritic mesopelagic zone biome comprises the marine column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from approximately 200 to 1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases.
A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring within the marine water column.
The epeiric sea (also known as an epicontinental sea) biome comprises a shallow seas that extend over part of a continent. Epeiric seas are usually associated with the marine transgressions of the geologic past, which have variously been due to either global eustatic sea level changes, local tectonic deformation, or both, and are occasionally semi-cyclic.
The marginal sea biome comprises parts of an ocean partially enclosed by land such as islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas. Unlike mediterranean seas, marginal seas have ocean currents caused by ocean winds. Many marginal seas are enclosed by island arcs that were formed from the subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another.
The mediterranean sea biome comprises mostly enclosed seas that have limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds.
The ocean biome comprises major bodies of saline water, principal components of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt.
The marine coral reef biome comprises constructional wave-resistant entities which are primarily built by corals and are often cemented together. The growth of these structures is aided by zooxanthellae, algae that are symbiotic with the reef-building corals.
The marine rocky subtidal reef biome comprises regions of the marine reef biome composed mainly of rock and which harbour abundant communities of algae and invertebrates. These reefs are often very patchy, with alterations of rocks dominated by rich invertebrate assemblages and turf-forming calcareous red algae.
A marine black smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by a black vent plume. This black plume is a consequence of dissolved metals and minerals forming complexes with sulphide and indicates polymetallic sulphide mineral deposits beneath the surface.
A marine white smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by lightly hued plumes, typically containing barium, calcium, and silicon. These vents tend to have lower temperature plumes when compared to black smoker environments.
A marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of themarine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic) rocks. Ultramafic rocks are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). The Earth's mantle is composed of ultramafic rocks.
marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome
A marine basaltic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on basaltic rocks. Basalt generally has a composition of 45 to 55 wt % SiO2, 2 to 6 wt % total alkalis, 0.5 to 2.0 wt % TiO2, 5 to 14 wt % FeO and 14 wt % or more Al2O3. Contents of CaO are commonly near 10 wt %, those of MgO commonly in the range 5 to 12 wt %.
A marine algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in a marine system. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved. Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the severity.
Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp. They are recognized as one of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth. Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds.
Kelp forests and beds may extend many meters above the sea floor, thus should not be considered a type of "bed".
Seagrass beds are highly diverse and productive ecosystems, and can harbour hundreds of associated species from all phyla. They partly create their own habitat: the leaves slow down water-currents increasing sedimentation, and the seagrass roots and rhizomes stabilize the seabed.
Particulate material is an environmental material which is composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material.
Subclasses should be assigned by inference.
particulate matter
The upper part of the marine water column with generally uniform properties resulting from wind-driven mixing.
Benthic storms are strong benthic (near bottom) currents transporting sediment, created by the input of energy (largely kinetic) to the seabed. In regions with high mesoscale eddy activity, benthic storms are frequent and can create isohaline and isothermal conditions extending as much as 1000m above the seafloor.
A portion of planktonic material is a portion of environmental material primarily composed of plankton.
See Issue #251. Awaiting class creation in PCO to attempt logical definitions.
planktonic material
A marine downwelling describes a net current of marine surface water towards deeper regions of the water column. Marine downwellings are usually caused by differences in the density (and hence, temperature and salinity) of seawater.
Marine anoxic zones are areas of marine water that are depleted of dissolved oxygen. This condition is generally found in areas that have restricted water exchange. In most cases, oxygen is prevented from reaching the deeper levels by a physical barrier (sill) as well as by a pronounced density stratification. Anoxic conditions will occur if the rate of oxidation of organic matter by bacteria is greater than the supply of dissolved oxygen.
A marine current is a continuous, directed movement of marine water generated by the forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, Coriolis force, temperature and salinity differences and tides caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun. Depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a current's direction and strength.
Marine streamers are tongues of cold water that extend > 100 km offshore from upwelling regions. Enhanced primary productivity may occur in these waters as they are typically more nutrient rich than marine surface waters.
Mesoscale marine eddies are characterized by currents which flow in a roughly circular motion around the center of the eddy. The sense of rotation of these currents may either be cyclonic or anticyclonic. Ocean eddies are also usually made of water masses that are different to those outside of the eddy. Marine mesoscale eddies are between about 10 and 500 km in diameter, and persist for periods of days to months. They may be formed when an ocean current develops an instability. This instability grows, causing the current to meander, and eventually an eddy is pinched off from the meander.
Sediment comprised of weathered continental rocks, wind blown dust, volcanic ash or other terrestrial material.
An oceanic front is a narrow zone of enhanced horizontal gradients of water properties (temperature, salinity, nutrients, etc.) that separates broader areas with different water masses or different vertical structure (stratification).
A marine Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in a marine body of water. Currents flowing over shoaling topography such as seamounts are accelerated and destabilised, resulting in Taylor columns. Eddies and internal waves are generated downstream of the topological feature and may extend 1000 m or so above them. This may result in a localised increase in primary production where the Taylor column reaches surface waters.
An expanse of marine water characterised by low concentrations of nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate as well as organic matter and, hence, low primary productivity. These regions tend to have high dissolved oxygen levels due to a lack of respiration.
A gyre in oceanography is any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis Effect; planetary vorticity along with horizontal and vertical friction, which determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (torque).
The marine thermocline describes a sharp change in the temperature of seawater (in relation to the temperature gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column, which is usually associated with rapid changes in water density and salinity.
A marine chemocline is a marine cline caused by a strong, vertical chemistry gradient within a body of marine water. Chemoclines most commonly occur where local conditions favor the formations of anoxic bottom water.
The marine pycnocline describes a sharp change in the density of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column. Pycnoclines are usually associated with thermo- and haloclines.
The marine nutricline describes a sharp change in the nutrient content of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column.
The marine lysocline denotes the depth in the ocean below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically. As water column depth and therefore pressure increases, the corresponding calcite saturation of seawater decreases and the calcite begins dissolve.
A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water temperature.
A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal salinity.
Biogenous sediment is derived from living organisms, typically planktonic organisms possessing shells, frustules or coccoliths.
A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water density.
A marine current that generally occurs below the permanent thermocline (where it occurs) or below 400 m depth and that is driven by density and temperature gradients.
A marine current bordered by the surface of the water column and the permanent thermocline, where it occurs. Surface currents are mostly wind driven and mostly limited to the top 400 m of the water column. Ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to move in the direction of the wind. Large ocean currents are a response of the atmosphere and ocean to the flow of energy from the tropics to polar regions. In some cases, currents are transient features and affect only a small area. Other ocean currents are essentially permanent and extend over large horizontal distances.
A marine surface current that flows along an oceanic front.
A warm water, narrow marine surface current flowing from the equator to high latitudes at speeds between 40 and 120 kilometers per day. Western boundary currents are the deepest ocean surface flows, usually extending 1000 meters below the ocean surface.
A cold water, broad marine surface current flowing from high latitudes to the equator at speeds between 3 and 7 kilometers per day.
A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring on or along marine benthic environments.
The permanent marine thermocline describes a marine thermocline found in temperate to tropical latitudes, which marks the transition between warm waters and cold deep waters. The permanent thermocline separates the marine cold-water sphere and the marine warm-water sphere
The seasonal marine thermocline is a marine thermocline, which generally occurs below the marine wind mixed layer.
The marine cold-water sphere describes a water mass extending from the polar seas and across low latitudes at depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m, which is separated from the marine warm-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline
The marine warm-water sphere describes a water mass extending to depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m in low and middle latitudes. It is separated from the marine cold-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline
Hydrogenous sediment is derived from solutes that precipitate out of sea water by a variety of chemical reactions. These are typically less abundant than other sediment types.
Cosmogenous sediment is derived from extraterrestrial dust and debris in the form of meteorites and similar entities.
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 centimetres (8 in) across. However, most nodules are between 5 and 10 cm in diameter.
Suspended sediment, or suspended load, is the term for the particles settle slowly enough to be carried in flowing water (such as a stream or coastal area) either without touching the bed or while only intermittently touching it. These particles are generally of the fine sand, silt and clay size, although larger particles may be carried as well depending on the intensity of the flow.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter greater than 256 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 64 and 256 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 4 and 32 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 2 and 4 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 62.5 micrometers and 2 mm.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 3.9 and 62.5 micrometers.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 1 and 3.9 micrometers.
Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter below 1 micrometers.
A marine hydrothermal vent is a marine benthic feature where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals.
The marine sponge reef biome comprises marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders.
The supralittoral zone is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides.
The marine littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends, approximately, from the spray region above the high tide mark to the edge of the coninental shelf.
The marine sublittoral zone is part of the marine littoral zone which is permanently covered by seawater. In physical oceanography, the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, internal waves, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the continental shelf, with depths around 200 meters. In marine biology, the sublittoral refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the photic zone.
The marine cold seep biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where seepage of methane, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbon rich fluids and other fluids occurs.
The dilution basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome with lower salinity than the surrounding ocean due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers. Water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom.
A marine hydrothermal vent plume, part of a marine hydrothermal vent, is a high temperature water jet laden with dissolved metals and minerals that is driven by heat generated due to tectonic activity below the vent.
Sediment characterised by a temperature of 15-45 degrees Celsius and high-to-low oxygenation. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows.
Sediment characterised by a temperature of 45-75 degrees Celsius and low to no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows.
Sediment characterised by a temperature of 80-125 degrees Celsius and no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows.
High temperature water ejected from hydrothermal vents and laden with dissolved metals and minerals as a result of percolation through crustal rocks.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active nitrate reducing microbial communities.
An isolated fragment of rock, which fell vertically through the water column into finer-grained water-deposited sedimentary rocks. Drop stones range in size from small pebbles to boulders.
An accumulation of organic matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water.
A accumulation of plant matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water.
The carcass of an animal that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water.
Whale fall is the term used for a whale carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. When a whale dies in shallow water, its carcass is typically devoured by scavengers over a relatively short period of time: within several months. However, in deeper water (depths of 2,000 m/6,600 ft or greater), fewer scavenger species exist, and the carcass can provide sustenance for a complex localized ecosystem over periods of decades.
Seal fall is the term used for a seal carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor.
A wood fall describes an accumulation of woody plant material that has fallen to the ocean floor.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active manganese reducing microbial communities.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active iron reducing microbial communities.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active sulphate reducing microbial communities.
Sediment hosting and characterised by active carbon dioxide reducing microbial communities.
Environmental material derived from living organisms.
Material derived from a biofilm, an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other and/or to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm EPS, which is also referred to as slime, is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides in various configurations.
Material derived from a microbial mat, a multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments.
Marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. Its origin lies in activities within the productive photic zone.
A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic pertaining to or derived from living organisms.
Pockmarks are craters in the seabed resulting from the release of gas or liquid. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column.
A marine sponge reef is marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders.
A collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function.
A photophore is a light-emitting organ which appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors. The light can be produced from compounds during the digestion of prey, from specialized mitochondrial cells in the organism, called photocytes ("light producing" cells) , or, similarly, associated with symbiotic bacteria in the organism.
Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
A specialised organ found in deep-sea tube worms populating hydrothermal vent environments that is colonised by chemosynthetic bacteria which supply the host worm with organic compounds. The term may be applied to similar organs in other worms.
A specialized organ that is linked to the gut in beetles and host to a symbiotic yeast. The yeast cells assist in the digestion of less nutritious foods, supply needed B-vitamins and sterols, and provide resistance to certain toxins.
Determinate nodules are root nodules found on tropical (sub)legumes, such as those of the genera Glycine (soybean), Phaseolus (common bean), Lotus, and Vigna. Determinate nodules lose meristematic activity shortly after initiation, thus growth is due to cell expansion resulting in mature nodules which are spherical in shape.
Indeterminate nodules are found on temperate legumes like Pisum (pea), Medicago (alfalfa), Trifolium (clover), and Vicia (vetch). They earned the moniker "indeterminate" because they maintain an active apical meristem that produces new cells for growth over the life of the nodule. Because they are actively growing, indeterminate nodules manifest zones which demarcate different stages of development/symbiosis.
A part of an indeterminate root nodule where new nodule tissue is formed which will later differentiate into the other zones of the nodule.
indeterminate root nodule active meristem
A part of an indeterminate root nodule permeated with infection threads full of bacteria. The plant cells are larger than in the previous zone and cell division is halted.
indeterminate root nodule infection zone
A part of an indeterminate root nodule where each cell contains a large, central vacuole and the cytoplasm is filled with fully differentiated bacteroids which are actively fixing nitrogen. Typically, the plant provides these cells with leghemoglobin, resulting in a distinct pink color.
indeterminate root nodule nitrogen fixation zone
A part of an indeterminate root nodule where plant cells and their bacteroid contents are being degraded. The breakdown of the heme component of leghemoglobin results in a visible greening at the base of the nodule.
indeterminate root nodule senescent zone
A forest biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, densely packed vegetation which strongly limits light penetration to the forest floor.
A woodland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, woody plants spaced sufficiently far apart to allow light penetration to support communities of herbaceous plants or shrubs living closer to the woodland floor.
A shrubland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, dense groups of shrubs.
A grassland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, an unbroken layer of grasses (Gramineae), sedges (Cyperaceae) or rushes (Juncaceae).
A savanna biome is a woodland biome which has seasonal water availability and includes, across its entire spatial extent, trees spaced sufficiently far apart to allow an unbroken layer of grass, sedge (Cyperaceae) or rush (Juncaceae) communities to live.
A desert biome is a terrestrial biome which loses more liquid water by evapotranspiration than is supplied by precipitation and includes communities adapted to these conditions.
A tundra is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, only low-growing vegetation such as dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. Tundra biomes rarely have monthly average temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius and have low evapotranspiration ratios.
A mangrove biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, mangrove plants (Rhizophoraceae). Mangrove plants are able to withstand high levels of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. Mangrove biomes often occur near tropical and sub-tropical estuaries and depositional marine coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action.
Preliminary definition. Depending on whether mangrove trees or shrubs are present, this class could be a child of shrubland biome or woodland biome. Consider creating the appropriate classes.
A temperate desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to intermediate insolation, low rainfall, and large temperature variations between winter and summer. Winter temperatures may fall below 0 degrees Celsius. Some precipitation in this biome may fall as snow.
Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established.
A tropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, very high insolation due to inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Tropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog.
A subtropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, high insolation (but lower than that of a tropical desert biome), inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Subtropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog.
A montane desert biome is a desert biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A polar desert biome is a desert biome which is subject to low levels of insolation, annual precipitation less than 250 millimeters, and a mean temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius during its warmest month. Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water.
A flooded savanna biome is a savanna biome which has very wet to saturated soil moisture content.
A montane grassland biome is a grassland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A coniferous forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
A broadleaf forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
A mixed forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf and coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor.
A mediterranean forest biome is a forest biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
An environmental condition is a range of a determinate quality or combination of qualities that are present in an environmental system.
Experimental class created in EnvO. A condition defines a restricted range of a given quality or combination of qualities. If an environment class, E, has_condition C, then all qualities listed in C are restricted to the ranges defined in C in E. This is not intended as a logical conditional.
A tropical condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives high yearly solar irradiance per unit area and, on Earth, the Sun reaches a subsolar point at least once during the solar year. This results in a hot and moist year-round climate at low elevations, which have a monthly average temperature above 18 degrees Celsius.
A subtropical condition is an environmental condition in which an envrionmental system receives more solar irradiance than those with temperate conditions, but less than those with tropical conditions. At low elevations, this typically results in eight months of the year having average temperatures greater than or equal to 10 degrees Celsius with the coldest monthly temperature averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius.
A temperate condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives less solar irradiance than those with subpolar conditions, but greater than those with subtropical conditions.
This class' definition is less satisfactory than the other latitudinal conditoins.
A mediterranean condition is a subtropical condition in which hot dry summers and winters with moderate to high rainfall.
These regions are under the constant influence of the subtropical ridge.
A mediterranean woodland biome is a subtropical woodland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
A montane shrubland biome is a shrubland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A mediterranean shrubland biome is a subtropical shrubland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
An anthropogenic terrestrial biome is a terrestrial biome which has community structures determined by human activity.
A montane savanna biome is a savanna biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions.
A mediterranean grassland biome is a subtropical grassland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water.
subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome
An arid condition is an environmental condition in which annual precipitation is less than half of annual potential evapotranspiration.
Lava is magma which has extruded beyond a planetary crust.
Some use 'lava' to refer to rock that is formed when lava cools. This is not the intended meaning of this class. See 'igneous rock' or similar.
Felsic lava is lava which is high in silica (> 69 percent by weight), aluminium, potassium, sodium, and calcium, forming a polymerized liquid rich in feldspar and quartz. Felsic lava has a higher viscosity than other magma types. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 650 to 750 °C. Unusually hot (>950 °C) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres
Intermediate lava is lava which, relative to felsic lava, is lower in aluminium and silica (between 52 and 63 percent by weight), and usually somewhat richer in magnesium and iron. The temperature of intermediate lava ranges from 750 to 950 degrees Celsius, destroying polymerized bonds and promoting more fluid behaviour relative to felsic lavas and also a greater tendency to form phenocrysts. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker groundmass, and also occasionally amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts.
Mafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types other than ultramafic lava, has a high ferromagnesian content and low aluminium and silica content, with silca making up between 45 and 52 percent of its weight. Mafic lava generally erupts at temperatures in excess of 950 degrees Celsius. The high temperature and low polymerisation in mafic lava favors low viscosity and chemical diffusion, promoting the formation of large, well-formed phenocrysts.
Ultramafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types, has very high magnesium oxide content and less than 45 percent silica by weight is thought to have erupted at temperatures of 1600 degrees Celsius. Due to its high temperature and composition, the viscosity of ultramafic lava is very low.
Basalt is a volcanic rock which is formed by the rapid cooling of basaltic lava.
A coastal scrubland is a scrubland which is part of a coast.
A polar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area, resulting in colder climatic conditions. On Earth, polar conditions are such that every month has average temperature lower than 10 degrees Celsius.
Note that this class refers to a climatic rather than a positional condition.
An oak woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of oak trees.
A conifer woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of coniferous trees, from the Division Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae.
A juniper woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the genus Juniperus.
A scrubland which is located in a desert.
A piece of rock with a grain size above 300 millimetres in diameter. Smaller boulders are, at times, referred to as rocks or stones.
A pinyon juniper woodland is a conifer woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the subsection Cembroides of the genus Pinus and the genus Juniperus.
A cropland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for agricultural activity and which contains no village or larger human settlement.
A village biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which contains settlements such as villages, towns, and/or small cities and which is primarily used for agricultural activity.
A rangeland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for the rearing and grazing of livestock.
A dense settlement biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for human habitation, recreation, and industry within built structures with little other land use.
An urban biome is a dense settlement biome which has been urbanised.
A subpolar coniferous forest biome is a coniferous forest biome which includes communities adapted to subpolar conditions.
A subpolar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area and is surrounded by large land masses. This results in very cold winters with temperatures potentially falling to around -40 degrees Celsius and summers which last no more than 3 months of the year with a 24-hour average temperature of at least 10 degrees Celsius.
A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities.
In ENVO's alignment with the Basic Formal Ontology, this class is being considered as a subclass of a proposed BFO class "system". The relation "environed_by" is also under development. Roughly, a system which includes a material entity (at least partially) within its site and causally influences that entity may be considered to environ it. Following the completion of this alignment, this class' definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised.
A mineral deposit is a physiographic feature which has unusually high concentrations of one or more minerals.
Note that the definition of the term mineral is debatable; however, a mineral generally must be naturally occuring, stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula (unlike rocks, which may include a wide variety of components), are usually formed by geophysical processes (i.e. are abiogenic), and have an ordered atomic arrangement.
A mineral material is an environmental material which is primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure.
A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor which emits lighter-hued minerals, such as those containing barium, calcium and silicon. These alkaline hydrothermal vents also continuously generate acetyl thioesters, providing both the starting point for more complex organic molecules and the energy needed to produce them.
A cline is a comparatively thin, typically horizontal layer within a fluid, in which a property of the fluid varies greatly over a relatively short vertical distance.
A similar term exists in linguistics and mathematics. An ecocline, or biological cline, is a related concept; however, may be better placed as a child of a class like "ecotone".
A layer within a fluid where the density gradient changes rapidly with depth.
A layer within a water body where the nutrient content changes rapidly with depth.
A layer within a marine water body where the rate of calcite dissolution changes rapidly with depth. The increase in the rate of calcite dissolution with depth is largely due to the concomitant fall in calcite saturation.
A seep is a spring in which water has filtered through permeable earth to the surface.
A hydrothermal seep is a seep in which diffuse flow of geothermally heated fluids with high methane concentrations. This seep has been proposed as an intermediate between cold seeps and hydrothermal vents.
Water vapour is a vapour which is the gas phase of water.
Perhaps a better relation between water vapour and water can be found in or added to RO?
An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body.
Atmospheric water vapour is water vapour that is part of an atmosphere.
A sedimentary rock which is composed mainly of silt. This rock has a grainsize in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones.
A clastic sedimentary rock which is composed primarily of clay sized particles.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are composed of silicate minerals and rock fragments that were transported by moving fluids. Clastic rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock (lithic) fragments, clay minerals, and mica; numerous other minerals may be present as accessories and may be important locally.
A mudstone is a clastic sedimentary rock which contains a mixture of at least one third of silt- and one third of clay-sized particles.
There is debate on the usage of mudstone and mudrock, and some ambiguity is to be expected. Wikipedia: The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks.
Lime mudstone is a limestone which is primarily composed of either clay-size or both silt-size and clay-size detrital (transported) carbonate grains.
Wikipedia: The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks.
Slate is a metamorphic rock which is fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, Slates are derived from clastic sedimentary rocks.
A structural basin is a geological depression formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying rock strata.
Ice is water frozen into a solid state. It can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions. The addition of other materials such as soil may further alter its appearance.
A depression caused by the collapse of a pingo.
A mass which is formed when moisture, diffused within soil or rock, accumulates and freezes in a localized zone, wedging soil or rock apart.
A layer is a quantity of some material which has comparable thickness and usually covers some surface.
A stratum is a layer which is composed of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers.
Preliminary definition. Concepts such as "characteristic" may be problematic.
Note that this class does not contain metalimnion as a subclass. The metaliminon is classified as a thermocline.
A lake which is permanently covered by ice, does not mix, and exhibit inverse cold water stratification whereby water temperature increases with depth below the ice surface.
A holomictic lake is a lake which mixes at least once per year. Mixing is caused by a uniform temperature distribution from the upper to lower layers of the lake.
A dimitic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during two mixing periods each year. Mixing typically occurs during the spring and autumn, when the lake is "isothermal" (i.e., at the same temperature from the top to the bottom). At this time the water throughout the lake is about 4°C, and, in the absence of any temperature or density differences, the lake readily mixes from top to bottom. These lakes are common in regions with temperate climates.
A polymictic lake is a holomictic lake which is too shallow to allow thermal stratification and which can mix from top to bottom through the ice-free period of the year.
A monomictic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during one mixing period each year.
A monomictic lake which is covered by ice throughout much of the year and only mixes when its surface ice melts and the lake lacks thermal stratification.
A monomictic lake which does not freeze and is thermally stratified throughout most of the year, only mixing in winter when cooler temperatures ease stratification.
A cold polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is covered by ice in winter.
A warm polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is not covered by ice at any point during the year.
A layer that is part of a marine water body.
A lake bed which is dry. That is, the bed of a dry lake.
The continental margin is the zone of the ocean floor that separates the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust. Together, the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise are called continental margin. Continental margins constitute about 28% of the oceanic area.
A Taylor column is a column of deflected fluid flow which is formed in a perturbed, rotating fluid, is parallel to the axis of rotation, and extends above the obstacle perturbing the fluid in a rigid manner.
This is an interesting class. It's not really a column in the sense of a water column, nor is it a current, exactly. It may also occur in any fluid, gaseous or liquid.
An atmospheric Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Taylor columns often form above islands resulting in vortex streets in the atmosphere.
Brackish water which is part of an estuary.
A portion of environmental material which protrudes through a surface layer.
This is kept as a general class. One can specify subclasses by identifying the protruding material (e.g. rock outcroup, mineral outcrop, etc ) and the material(s) the protrusion emerges from. Possible logical definition: A portion of ENVO:environmental material which has_quality PATO:"protruding out of" a ENVO:surface layer of an ENVO:environmental material.
An endolithic environment is an environment that exists within solid rock.
A high pressure environment is an environment in which all material entities are exposed to a high ratio of force per unit area.
A high temperature environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to increased levels of heat radiation or which have molecules or atoms moving randomly with increased levels of average kinietic energy.
An environmental system which is located beyond the Earth's exosphere and away from the Earth's core.
This would need an instance of planet (i.e. Earth) to be fully expressed. Note that this is not necessarily outer space, as it can include planetary environments that are not of Earth.
A cold environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to low temperatures.
The definition of the deprecated 'cold temperature habitat' class, which this class was derived from, quotes an upper threshold of 15 degrees Celsius for 'coldness'.
A haline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of salt, typically above 2 molar.
A cultivated environment is an environment that has been modified by humans by the preparation of the land, usually for the purposes of growing crops.
A culturing environment is an environment which is maintained by humans for the purposes of preparing cell, organ, tissue and plant tissue cultures.
An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity.
Unsatisfactory definition here. Must consider the threshold that makes an environmental system anthropogenic.
A high osmolarity environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of solutes.
An acidic environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to a low pH.
An alkaline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high pH, typically greater than a pH of 9.
An aquatic environment is an environment in which most parts are surrounded by water.
An extreme high temperature environment is a high temperature environment in which entities are exposed to temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius.
The lower threshold, 80 degrees Celsius, is derived from the definition of the obsolete class "extreme high temperature habitat" which this class replaces.
A rocky slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of rock.
A marine environment and enviroment which is determined by a marine water body.
A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space.
a useful class: this can be used to define sub-terrestrial and sub-marine
A strand swamp is a swamp that forms linear drainage channels on flatlands.
A dome swamp is a swamp which occurs in a depression where deeper waters at the centre of the swamp allow trees to grow taller relative to those in shallower regions of the depression. This creates a dome-like shape.
The logical def should be improved with the idea of a vegetation unit growing in a depression expressed.
A cypress dome swamp is a dome swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
Requires import of some taxonomy for differentia
A cypress strand swamp is a strand swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
A cypress swamp is a swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis.
A gravelly slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of gravel.
A hillside is a slope that is part of a hill.
A talus slope is a slope which has a surface layer composed of scree.
An understory is a layer of plant life which grows below the canopy without penetrating it.
A shrub layer is a layer of vegetation in a woodland or forest consisting of low, woody vegetation of shrub form.
A herb and fern layer is a layer of a forest or woodland which is composed of all vascular plant life that are one metre or less in height.
This definition is inclusive of non-herbaceous plants that may be transiently present in the "herb layer". See Gilliam FS (2007) The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in Temperate Forest Ecosystems. BioScience. 57(10):845-858. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/B571007) for rationale and a review of definitional and terminological variation.
Refers to the ground layer of a forest or woodland where leaf litter or other plant matter accumulates
A biome which has the environmental condition polar
This class is primarily for inference and, in general, should not be used directly by annotators. If you're an annotator, please consider using a more informative term such as 'tundra biome'.
An alpine condition is an environmental condition in which the monthly mean temperature is less than 10 degrees Celsius and which occurs at altitudes above the tree line and below the snowline.
Requested term with preliminary def. See Issue 29 on the envo tracker.
A subalpine condition is an environmental condition in which an altitude range falls immediately below the tree line.
Requested in Issue 33 of our tracker. The lower boundry of this condition's range, that is, the lower altitudinal limit of an elevation that is considuered subalpine, is not clear in this definition.
A montane condition is an environmental condition in which an altitude range falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line.
The exact level of the tree line varies with local climate, but typically the tree line is found where mean monthly soil temperatures never exceed 10.0 degrees C and the mean annual soil temperatures are around 6.7 degrees C. In the tropics, this region is typified by montane rain forest (above 3,000 ft) while at higher latitudes coniferous forests often dominate.
An altitudinal condition is an environmental condition in which ranges of factors such as temperature, humidity, soil composition, solar irradiation, and tree density vary with ranges in altitude.
Depending on the latitude (and, to a lesser extent, other factors), the actual location of the zones where these conditions are in effect will change.
A nival condition is an environmental condition in which vegetation is extremely limited, soils are silica enriched, and ground cover is dominated by snow and ice at altitudes above the snowline.
An upper montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately below the tree line.
This definition is somewhat odd in that it doesn't clearly define a lower boundary.
A lower montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately above mid-altitude forests.
This definition does not define an upper boundary.
A montane conifer woodland is a conifer woodland which is located within an altitude range that falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line.
A field used for the cultivation of corn or related crop plants.
Requested in Issue 112 as part of the curation of metagenome submissions in the European Nucleotide Archive.
An organic material primarily composed of a portion of plant root.
Requested in Issue 115 as part of the annotation of metagenomic submissions present in the European Nucleotide Archive.
Autoclaved sand is sand that has been sterlised by exposure to high pressure saturated steam at at least 121 degrees Celsius.
This class was created to accommodate "fields" from agricultural fields to marine mesoscale eddy fields. Thus, it has a very broad definition which makes it less than informative when annotating. Please consider using or requesting an appropriate subclass.
A mesoscale eddy field is an expanse of marine water which includes coherent vortices, as well as a rich cascade of other structures such as filaments, squirts and spirals and is characterized by temperature and salinity anomalies with associated flow anomalies that are nearly in geostrophic balance. Although only the surface expression of mesoscale eddies is visible in satellite images of sea surface height or temperature, they are in fact three dimensional structures that reach down into the pycnocline.
An ice cap climatic condition is a polar condition in which the montly average temperature does not exceed 0 degrees Celsius.
A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation.
A portion of granite is a portion of igneous rock which is intrusive, felsic, granular, and phaneritic.
Requested in issue 45. Some relations to PATO and SWEET classes suggested.
A portion of alkaline water is a portion of water with a pH greater than 7.
A portion of acidic water is a portion of water with a pH less than 7.
A cave formed in limestone, usually by dissolution of limestone by acidic groundwater.
Can be linked to a solutional environmental process and acidic groundwater.
A cave formed by the dissolution of soluble rock or other solid material such as limestone, chalk, dolomite, gypsum, salt or marble.
A cave formed at the same time as the surrounding rock.
A cave that is formed by the action of pressurised lava pushing against surrounding rock and then draining away.
A cave formed by erosion caused by flowing streams carrying rocks or sediments.
A glacier cave is a cave formed within or under a glacier.
An ice cave is a bedrock cave which contains year-round ice formations.
A talus cave is a cave formed by the openings between large boulders which have fallen into a random heap.
An anchialine cave is a cave which contains an anchialine pool.
An anchialine pool is a landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean and which has fresh water towards its surface with saline water in its deeper layers.
An tundra climatic condition is a polar condition in which at least one month's average temperature exceeds 0 degrees Celsius.
Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields.
As with other wastes, this is more a role than a material in itself. This should be revised.
Household waste refers to waste material usually generated in the residential environment. Waste with similar characteristics may be generated in other economic activities and can thus be treated and disposed of together with household waste.
Biological waste is waste containing mostly natural organic materials (remains of plants, animal excrement, biological sludge from waste-water treatment plants and so forth).
A dry woodland is a woodland which occurs in areas of rain shadow in a tropical marine climate, receives very little rainfall, typically has rapidly draining soils and trees which have adaptations to dry climates such as thick bark, small leaves, and the disposition to shed their leaves.
A tropical marine condition is a tropical condition in which the ocean strongly influences the climate and a wet and dry season occur.
A semi-evergreen forest is a forest which undergoes a long dry season and, as a consequence, has a two-storey layer structure, a dry canopy, a leaf litter layer that only decays during moist periods trees with very small leaves or which shed their leaves to conserve water and which flower during the dry season and grow during the wet season.
A humid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has hot, humid summers, warm to cool dry winters, and average annual precipitation either evenly distributed throughout the year or marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter
In cases where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, this condition falls into the Cfa category of the Köppen climate classification. In cases marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter, this condition falls into the Cwa category of the Köppen climate classification. Environmental systems with this condition usually occur on the eastern side of continents.
An arid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has an annual average temperature near 18.2 degrees Celsius with their coldest month averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius, the absence of regular rainfall, and high humidity.
Mild variants are generally located in areas adjacent to powerful cold ocean currents.
A highland subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which increased elevation results in mild summers, cooler winters, and, in some instances, snowfall associated with montly temperature averages below 22 but above -3 degrees Celsius.
This is an interesting overlap of a latitudinal and altitudinal condition. Some link between this condition and the altitudinal conditions should be considered. This condition corresponds to the Cfb and Cwb categories of Köppen climate classification.
An oceanic temperate condition is a temperate condition which is strongly influenced by oceans and oceanic winds. Summers are cool and winters are cool, but not cold, and there is little frozen precipitation at lower elevations.
This condition is typically present on the western coasts of large continental landmasses.
A continental temperate condition is a temperate condition which is influenced by large land masses. Summers are warm to hot and winters are often long, cold, and snowy.
A cold desert is a desert which has hot summers and cold, dry winters with temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius
This variant of the desert climate is somewhat rare outside of Asia. A cold desert climate is typically found in temperate zones, almost always in the rain shadow of high mountains which restrict precipitation from the westerly winds, or in the case of Central Asia, from the monsoon. The Gobi desert in Mongolia is a classic example of a region with a cold desert climate. Though hot in summer, it shares the very cold winters of the rest of Central Asia. The Kyzyl Kum and Taklamakan deserts of Central Asia and the drier portions of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States are other major examples of BWk climates. The Ladakh region, lying in the Great Himalayas in India also has a cold desert climate.
This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000).
tropical lowland evergreen broadleaf rain forest
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made.
tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest
This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made.
This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made.
tropical semi-evergreen moist broadleaf forest
This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). It is currently unclear how to relate forests and swamps.
This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made.
A (portion of) plastic is an (portion of) anthropogenic environmental material including any of numerous organic synthetic or processed materials which are primarily composed of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight.
A portion of respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less.
respirable suspended particulate matter
Snow is an environmental material which is primarily composed of flakes of crystalline water ice.
The littoral zone is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. The adjacency of water has many consequences including the generation of microclimates and impacts on the biology.
This class is intended to capture littoral zones that are associated with marine, freshwater, and any other aquatic environments. Note that there is no single definition of the extent of the "littoral zone", associated with any water body. Here, we use definitions that will be more familiar to marine biologists rather than military organisations, although the latter can be added on request.
An environmental zone is an environmental feature whose extent is determined by the presence or influence of one or more material entities or processes. An environmental zone may, itself, assume the role of an environmental feature.
For example, a intertidal zone is that part of a coast which is exposed to air and water due to tidal processes. It determines the intertidal zone environment. This class is experimental and not suitable for annotation! "Zone" is likely to become some form of BFO:site. It is intended to capture entities from both physiography and human geography.
A freshwater littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends offshore from the shore of a freshwater body of water to the limit of occupancy of rooted plants.
The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, wet meadow, marsh and aquatic vegetation. Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.
The eulittoral zone extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shapes and reforms cliffs, gaps, and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms.
A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by algae. This zone usually extends up to five metres below the low water mark.
A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by sessile animals such as oysters. This zone usually begins at a depth greater than the infralittoral zone.
A whole plant which is relatively young.
A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less.
fine respirable suspended particulate matter
A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 100 nanometers or less.
Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM10 and PM2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates.
ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter
A house is a building that provides a dwelling-place for a living entity.
The provisioning of a dwelling-place can perhaps be modelled as a role.
A human house is a house which provides a dwelling-place for humans.
A garden that is associated with a human house. This association is generally one of spatial proximity or parthood.
A building part is a construction which is part of a building.
Not recommended for annotation. This class is likely to be made into an inferred class as its subclasses are distributed among more meaningful superclasses (i.e. ceiling is_a surface layer). See for example, "building floor". The boundaries between building parts may be bona fide or fiat.
An indoor kitchen is a room or part of a room primarily used for cooking or food preparation, but which may have other funcitons such as dining, food storage, dishwashing, or laundry.
Not a sublcass of room as this may just be part of some room.
A bathroom is a room which contains a washbasin or other fixture, such as a shower or bath, used for bathing by humans.
A living room is a room in a human house which is used for social and domestic leisure activities.
The logical definitions must state which social and leisure activities are included here. Jet-skiing and mass rallies are probably not the range.
A patio is a paved outdoor area, adjacent to a human house, and used for dining or recreation.
An indoor toilet is a room which contains a sanitation fixture used primarily for the disposal of human urine and faeces.
A room is a building part which is separated from other building parts by one or more interior walls and, optionally, outdoor areas by one or more exterior walls.
A portion of carbon nanotube enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of carbon nanotubes.
Logical definition will be created pending import of "carbon nanotube" from CHEBI
A rocky shore is an intertidal area of a seacoast where solid rock is the predominant substrate.
This label is usually used to refer to 'rocky intertidal shores', i.e. a marine environment. Other types of rocky shore should be requested explicitly. Additionally, "rocky" could be a quality, this would link this with rocky deserts etc.
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to create a space suitable for habitation, temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion
Should be better defined logically aggregating 'hole' or 'tunnel' with some sort of relation to 'habitation' etc.
A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending.
A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. The subclasses of this class need to be checked: are they properly placed under other classes or is this corrected and the dominant form of mixed vegetation noted in the label?
Waterborne particulate matter is a form of particulate matter in which small, solid portions of solid material are surrounded by water.
This class should be populated by inference, relying on 'composed primarily of', many 'pieces of solid material' and 'surrounded by' some 'water'.
waterborne particulate matter
A lava field is an expanse of flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain.
A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive effusive eruption.
Andesite is an extrusive igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between basalt and dacite, and ranges from 57 to 63 percent silicon dioxide as illustrated in TAS diagrams. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Magnetite, zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, and garnet are common accessory minerals. Alkali feldspar may be present in minor amounts.
Dacite is an igneous, volcanic rock. It has an aphanitic to porphyritic texture and is intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite. Dacite consists mostly of plagioclase feldspar with biotite, hornblende, and pyroxene (augite and/or enstatite). It has quartz as rounded, corroded phenocrysts, or as an element of the ground-mass. The plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine and labradorite. Sanidine occurs, although in small proportions, in some dacites, and when abundant gives rise to rocks that form transitions to the rhyolites.
An accumulation of a salt, typically sodium chloride.
salt mass
A disturbed area is an environmental zone which includes an ecosystem which was subject to an ecological disturbance. That is, the ecosystem in the area has undergone a pronounced change in response to a change in environmental conditions or other perturbation.
This is often used by plant collectors when early successional species are observed in an area.
A ravine is a small, narrow, steep-sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller than a canyon and that is usually worn by running water.
An environmental zone of varying area which is adjacent to a road.
A mixed grassland is a grassland which contains a mixture of tall and short grasses.
A wet meadow is a type of wetland with soils that are saturated with water for part or all of the growing season.
Debate exists whether a wet meadow is a type of marsh or a completely separate type of wetland. Wet prairies and wet savannas are hydrologically similar. Wet meadows may occur because of restricted drainage or the receipt of large amounts of water from rain or melted snow. They may also occur in riparian zones and around the shores of large lakes. Unlike a marsh or swamp, a wet meadow does not have standing water present except for brief to moderate periods during the growing season. Instead, the ground in a wet meadow fluctuates between brief periods of inundation and longer periods of saturation. Wet meadows often have large numbers of wetland plant species, which frequently survive as buried seeds during dry periods, and then regenerate after flooding. Wet meadows therefore do not usually support aquatic life such as fish. They typically have a high diversity of plant species, and may attract large numbers of birds, small mammals and insects including butterflies.
A mass of salt which has erupted onto a planetary surface, usually through sedimentary rock.
salt glacier
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is an environmental material composed of carbon dioxide in its gaseous form present in the atmosphere.
This could also be considered a part of an environmental material like air.
A concrete masonry unit is a large, rectangular masonry unit primarily composed of concrete.
A masonry unit is a solid piece of material, usually with a regular shape, used as a component in the construction of buildings. Masonry units are usually composed of brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, or cob.
Concrete is a composite material composed of an aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time.
Missing the class for "aggregate" - tricky to define what it is, exactly. Again, seems more like some sort of material/disposition hybrid.
Asphaltic concrete is a concrete which uses refined asphalt as a cement.
Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
This class refers to naturally-occuring asphalt or bitumen.
Refined asphalt is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid with a boiling point above 500 degrees Celsius, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil.
Masonry cement is a substance used in construction that has the disposition to set and harden and thus may be used to bind materials together.
"Cement" refers more to a disposition than a specific material.
Hydraulic cement is a masonry cement which contains activated aluminium silicates or pozzolans, such as fly ash, allowing it to set in wet conditions or underwater.
Non-hydraulic cement is a cement which sets by reacting with carbon dioxide in the air and will not set in wet conditions or underwater. It is susceptible to attack by aggresive chemicals after setting.
Building walls are bulding parts which serve to support roofs, floors and ceilings; enclose a space as part of the building envelope; give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security.
This is a building part and not the same as a standalone wall, which is a building in its own right.
A boundary wall is a constructed barrier which is usually opaque, constructed from masonry, and of greater structural strength than a fence.
This is not the same as a wall that is part of a building. use ENVO:01000420 for the latter.
A constructed barrier is a freestanding wall, berm, or fence built to limit movement of entities across a boundary.
A fence is a constructed barrier which is generally of lighter construction than a wall and used to provide visual sectioning of spaces.
An exterior wall is a building wall which separates the interior of a building from the buildings surrounding environment.
A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the floor or roof structure above.
A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight. A roof is also the framing or structure which supports the covering
This class is meant to represent roofs which are parts of buildings, rather than a roofs of cave and other natural formations.
Thatch is material composed of dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather.
A portion of brick material is a material derived from a brick which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete that has been fire-hardened or air-dried.
A brick is a masonry unit which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried.
Generally used to refer to the masonry unit rather than a material.
Plaster is a building material which has the disposition to harden when it reacts with water, liberating heat through crystallization. Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a paste when used.
Gypsum plaster is a plaster which is formed by partially dehydrating gypsum by heating it to approximately 150 degrees Celsius and grinding the product into a powder. Gypsum anhydride - formed by heating gypsum above 200 degrees Celsius - may also be used as plaster.
Lime plaster is a plaster which is primarily composed of calcium hydroxide and an inert filler (such as sand). Coversion of the calcium hydroxide to calcium carbonate through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the air causes the plaster to set.
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent.
This class refers to all forms of glass. For the familiar form present in window panes and drinking glasses, consider silica-based glass.
Silica-based glass is a glass composed primarily of silicon dioxide, the primary constituent of sand.
Silica-based glasses are the most common manufactured variety of glass.
Soda-lime glass is a silica-based glass which is composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide, with sodium oxide and calcium oxide consituting most of its remaining composition.
This type of glass constitutes 90% of manufactured glass.
Flat glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 73% silicon dioxide (silica), 14% sodium oxide, 9% calcium oxide, 4% magnesium oxide, 0.15% aluminium oxide, 0.03% potassium oxide, 0.02% titanum dioxide, and 0.01% iron III oxide.
Most flat glass is soda-lime glass produced by the float glass process. It is more water soluble than container glass.
Container glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 74% silicon dioxide (silica), 13% sodium oxide, 10.5% calcium oxide, 1.3% aluminium oxide, 0.3% potassium oxide, 0.2% sulphur trioxide, 0.2% magnesium oxide, 0.04% iron III oxide, and 0.01% titanum dioxide.
Container glass is less water soluble than flat glass.
Quartz glass is a glass which is composed of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form.
This is "pure" silica glass. As an ENVO:"environmental material" this class assumes that there remains some possibility that 'contaminants' being present.
A building floor is a surface layer which is part of a building and used for walking.
To be more precise, a subfloor and a floor covering may be specified. Please request these classes and propose definitions if they are needed.
A brick building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of brick material or is built from bricks.
A wooden building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of wood.
A concrete building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of concrete
At times, this is called a cement floor, although that is probably not accurate.
A sandy building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of sand.
A glass building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of glass.
A dung building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of dried animal feces.
A stone building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of rock.
A thatched exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of thatch.
A stone exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of rock.
A straw exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of straw.
A mud exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of mud.
A solid, cylindrical object or column with its length greater than its diameter.
This was created in response to a user request, but it is an odd class in that it specifies a shape rather than a particular material entity. It may, therefore, be deprecated when more meaningful or sensible alternatives become apparent.
A pole-reinforced mud exterior wall is a mud exterior wall which is supported and reinforced by poles.
A brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from bricks.
A burnt brick is a brick which has been dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology .
An unburnt brick is a brick which has been air dried rather than dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology .
A burnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from burnt bricks.
An unburnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from unburnt bricks.
A dome-shaped mass of salt formed when a thick bed of evaporite minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir.
salt dome
An iron sheet is a mass of iron which has been forged into a roughly planar form of less than 6 millimetres in thickness.
salt material
A sheet-iron exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from sheets of iron.
A sheet-iron building roof is a building roof that is built from sheets of iron.
A thatched building roof is a building roof that is built by thatching (or out of thatch).
A wooden building roof is a building roof that is built from wood.
An asbestos building roof is a building roof that is built from asbestos.
asbestos exists in CHEBI and will be imported to complete this class' logical def.
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications.
A tile building roof is a building roof that is built using tiles.
A fixture which is used primarily for the collection and, in some cases, disposal of human urine and feces.
"disposal" may not be the most precise way to describe fill-in latrines. Note that no assertion is made on whether these fixtures are in- or outdoors.
A pit latrine is a latrine which is constructed by digging a hole in the ground.
This class refers to human latrines. Note that some pit latrines can use pour-flush mechanisms. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - Wikipedia:Pit_latrine
A diapir is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks due to its higher buoyancy.
Unclear whether this should be a subclass of intrusion, as diapirism can actually cause fracturing.
diapir
A latrine is a toilet which is of simple construction (relative to a flush or chemical toilet) and typically intended for communal use.
A latrine slab is a broad, flat, thick piece of solid material (typically stone or concrete) used as the floor of a latrine and which includes a hole through which excreta are deposited into a latrine pit.
A batholith is an area of mostly continuous plutonic (igneous intrusive) rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers, formed in the planetary crust, and exposed by erosion. On Earth, Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite.
The form of erosion should be further specified.
batholith
A latrine pit is an artificial hole or cavity in the ground used to collect human excreta.
A latrine pit is typically at least 3 metres (10 feet) deep and 1 metre (3.2 feet) across.
A pit latrine with a slab floor is a pit latrine which has a latrine slab as a floor.
This class refers to human latrines. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - Wikipedia:Pit_latrine
An outhouse is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers a pit latrine or a dry toilet.
"Outside North America, the term "outhouse" refers not to a toilet but to outbuildings in a general sense."
An intrusion is a mass of rock which has been formed within a pre-existing fracture in a larger mass of rock. While some intrusions are still located in the fracture where they formed, others may be (partially) exposed by erosional processes.
intrusion
Subclasses of this class will be created by inference.
sedimentary intrusion
A toilet fixture which uses water to flush liquid and solid excreta into a sewage containment or processing facility through a drainpipe.
A toilet fixture which uses little to no water; excreta is removed manually or composted in situ.
Subclasses will probably be filled in by inference.
A chemical toilet fixture is a toilet fixture which uses chemicals to deodorise and treat excreta which is stored in the fixture.
"In the past, disinfection was generally carried out by mixing formaldehyde, bleach or similar chemicals with the toilet water when flushed...[F]ormaldehyde is very irritating to the eyes, ears, skin, nose, and throat, it is being replaced by other proprietary blends such as glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds, with non-staining dyes and nature-identical perfume oils. Additionally, enzyme hybrids are sometimes used." Wikipedia:Chemical_toilet
A ventilated improved pit latrine is a pit latrine which includes a vent pipe fitted to the pit with a flyscreen covering the pipe's outlet. Air currents moving across the outlet of the vent pipe create a vaccum which draws odors out of the latrine's superstructure.
A covered latrine is a building which comprises a latrine sheltered by an outhouse.
A covered pit latrine is a building which comprises a pit latrine sheltered by an outhouse.
A covered pit latrine with slab is a building which comprises a pit latrine with a slab floor sheltered by an outhouse.
A flush toilet fixture into which water is manually poured to dispose of excreta.
A pit latrine which includes a water seal (U-trap or siphon) used over one or two offset pits instead of a plain hole or seat. Water is manually poured through the trap to flush excreta into the latrine pit.
A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another.
Atmospheric ozone is an environmental material primarily composed of ozone in its gaseous form and present in the atmosphere.
The layer of the atmosphere which is sandwiched between the troposphere and mesosphere. Of the energy that reaches the Earth from the sun, only 3% is absorbed in the stratosphere, but that includes the vitally important process of absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the stratospheric ozone layer. The stratosphere is cloudless and dust free, and almost unaffected by the turbulent conditions of the underlying level of the atmosphere. (Source: WRIGHT)
Definition from GEMET - will be refined.
The mesosphere is part of the earth's atmosphere which is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere in which temperature decreases with altitude to the atmosphere's absolute minimum
The lowest of the concentric layers of the atmosphere, occurring between the Earth's surface and the tropopause. It is the zone where atmospheric turbulence is at its greatest and where the bulk of the Earth's weather is generated. It contains almost all the water vapour and aerosols and three-quarters of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. Throughout the troposphere temperature decreases with height at a mean rate of 6.5°C/km and the whole zone is capped by either an inversion of temperature or an isothermal layer at the tropopause. (Source: WHIT)
The thermosphere is a part of the earth's atmosphere that begins at about 50 miles (80 kilometers) above the earth's surface, extends to outer space, and is characterized by steadily increasing temperature with height
A composting toilet fixture is a dry toilet fixture in which managed, aerobic decomposition converts human excreta into organic matter suitable for the fertilisation or amendment of soils.
composting toilet
Paraffin is a thin, clear liquid composed of hydrocarbons that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. Paraffin is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 and 275 degrees Celsius, resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78–0.81 grams per cubic centimetre. It is miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water. Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes (cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% by volume. Aromatic hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams. Olefins are usually not present at more than 5% by volume.
paraffin
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and sometimes a usually lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and gases are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years.
natural gas
Liquified petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
liquefied petroleum gas
A gas that is primarily composed of hydrocarbon molecules.
hydrocarbon gas
Compressed natural gas is a natural gas stored at high pressures, typically 20–25 Megapascals.
compressed natural gas
Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide, and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, water, and siloxanes.
This is distinct from natural gas which is a fossil fuel product.
biogas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60 percent of that of diesel fuel.
liquefied natural gas
liquefied hydrocarbon gas
Compressed biogas is biogas stored at increased pressures.
This is distinct from compressed natural gas, which refers to the compressed form of a fossil fuel.
compressed biogas
Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen.
charcoal
A paraffin lamp is a type of lighting device which burns paraffin to generate light and heat.
paraffin lamp
A flat-wick lamp is a simple type of paraffin lamp, which burns paraffin drawn up through a wick by capillary action.
flat-wick lamp
A central-draught lamp is a paraffin lamp which burns a parrafin saturated, tubular wick contained between two structural tubes and supplied with oxygen by a central draught of air through the innermost of these tube.
central-draught lamp
A mantle lamp is a central-draught lamp which includes a pear-shaped, fabric mesh containing thorium or other rare-earth salts placed over the burner. On first use the fabric burns away and the rare-earth salts are converted to oxides, leaving a very fragile structure which incandesces (glows brightly) upon exposure to the heat of the burner flame.
mantle lamp
A lantern is a portable device or mounted fixture comprising a light source protected by a translucent case.
lantern
A lamp is an object which generates heat, light, or any other form of radiation.
lamp
A paraffin lantern is a lantern which houses a parrafin lamp in a structure of soldered or crimped-together sheet metal stampings and glass or other translucent material.
paraffin lantern
A tubular paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which includes metal tubes in its casing that direct air to the burning wick.
tubular paraffin lantern
A dead-flame paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which has a wick housed in a glass globe with airflow channelled upwards by vents below the burning wick and an open chimney above it.
dead flame paraffin lantern
A hot-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects hot air from the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick.
hot-blast paraffin lantern
A cold-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects cool air from around the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick.
cold-blast paraffin lantern
An electric lamp is a lamp which produces light from electricity.
electric lamp
A battery-powered electric lamp is an electric lamp which draws its power from a device composed of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
battery-powered electric lamp
A candle is a lamp composed of a wax within which an ignitable wick is embedded.
candle
A wax is an environmental material which is primarily composed of lipids or other organic compounds that consist of long alkyl chains. Waxes are are malleable near ambient temperatures and melt at approximately 45 degrees Celsius.
wax
An apiary is a place where beehives of honey bees are kept and maintained by beekeepers.
apiary
A device capable of receiving and/or transmitting information encoded in electromagnetic radiation through wave modulation.
radio device
A cassette deck is a device capable of playing and recording audio compact cassettes.
cassette player
A television set is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of converting digital or analog information signals into moving images and sound.
television set
A telephone is a telecommunications device which converts sound into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media, and reconverts such signals into sound waves.
telephone
A mobile phone is a telephone which transmits sound information to a mobile phone network via radio transmissions.
mobile phone
A landline telephone is a telephone which is connected to a telephone network with wires through which electronic signals are carried.
landline telephone
A refrigerator is a device which consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a mechanical, chemical, or electronic heat pump that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment such that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room
refrigerator
A table is a form of furniture with a flat horizontal upper surface used to support objects, for storage, show, and/or manipulation.
table
A desk is a table which is intended for information-manipulation tasks, including writing and use of interactive electronics.
The intentional nature of this definition is problematic, but the restricted range of activities visited upon a desk is of interest.
desk
A chair is a piece of furniture with a raised surface commonly used to seat a single person.
This class, along with benches, stools, and the like, can be grouped under "seating furniture" or similar. However, this is probably better as an inferred class using some sort of BFO:function in the subclass annotation.
chair
A piece of furniture is a movable object intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., chairs, stools and sofas) and sleeping (e.g., beds).
The assumption is that furniture is manufactured, which is arguable. Further, according to Black's Law Dictionary (http://thelawdictionary.org/furniture/) many classes can be subclasses of 'piece of furntiure': "This term includes that which furnishes, or with which anything is furnished or supplied; whatever must be supplied to a house, a room, or the like, to make it habitable, convenient, or agreeable; goods, vessels, utensils, and other appendages necessary or convenient for housekeeping; whatever is added to the interior of a house or apartment, for use or convenience. Bell v. Holding, 27 Ind. 173.The term “furniture” embraces everything about the house that has been usually enjoyed there, including plate, linen, china, and pictures. 1 Endicott v. Endicott, 41N. J. Eq. 96, 3 Atl. 157.The word “furniture” made use of in the disposition of the law. or in the conventions or acts of persons, comprehends only such furniture as is intended for use and ornament of apartments, but not libraries which happen to be there, nor plate. Civ.Code La. art. 477." However, this would eventually be absurd and limit other groupings. Perhaps some sort of 'furnishing' BFO:function would be a better way to handle this.
piece of furniture
A sofa is a bench which is partially or entirely upholstered, and often fitted with springs and tailored cushions.
sofa
A bench is a piece of furniture, on which several people may sit at the same time.
bench
A mattress is a mass of material which is able to cushion and support a reclining body and is used as or on a bed.
mattress
A bed frame is a piece of furniture which is used to position a mattress and bed base and may include a means of supporting a canopy.
bed frame
A bed base is a piece of furniture which supports a mattress.
bed base
A framed bed is a piece of furniture which is composed of a mattress supported by a bed base and held in place by a bed frame.
framed bed
A cabinet is a roughly cuboidal piece of furniture which is used to store miscellaneous items in compartments accessible through doors or drawers.
cabinet
A cupboard is a cabinet which is used indoors to store household objects such as food, crockery, textiles and liquor, and to protect them from dust and dirt
cupboard
A clock is an instrument which may indicate, keep, and/or co-ordinate time.
clock
A pressure lamp is a portable paraffin or oil lamp in which fuel is forced up into the mantle or burner by air pressure in the reservoir, which can be increased by pumping with a plunger.
This may be a paraffin or an oil lamp. It can potentially be filled by inference if we can express that any lamp with pressurised fuel in the lamp reservoir is a pressure lamp. See Issue #228.
pressure lamp
freshwater spring
river water
Rainwater is liquid water which has precipitated in the form of droplets through the condensation of atmospheric water vapour.
rainwater
A motor vehicle is a vehicle which is propelled by an engine or motor and that does not operate on rails.
motor vehicle
A truck is a motor vehicle which, as its primary funcion, transports cargo rather than human passangers.
truck
A water truck is a truck which transports water.
water truck
A vehicle is a mobile machine which transports people or cargo.
vehicle
A car is a wheeled motor vehicle used primarily for the transportation of human passengers. Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.
car
A cart is a vehicle which has two wheels and is designed to transport human passengers or cargo.
NB: "[A cart]...is different from a dray or wagon, which is a heavy transport vehicle with four wheels and typically two or more horses, or a carriage, which is used exclusively for transporting humans...Over time, the term "cart" has come to mean nearly any small conveyance, from shopping carts to golf carts, without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion." Wikipedia:Cart
cart
An animal-drawn cart is a cart which is attached to one or more working or draught animals.
animal-drawn cart
A boat is a watercraft of any size which is able to float or plane on water.
Difficult to distinguish from "ships". Similar to mountains and hills. " In naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water. Some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet (300 m) long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as 'boats' rather than 'ships', regardless of their size and shape." - Wikipedia:Boat
boat
A motor boat is a boat which is propelled by a motor.
motor boat
A motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy.
motor
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers.
bus
A taxicab is a car which may be hired, along with its operator, to transport passengers between locations of their choosing.
Depth can be added with specifications of BFO:role for both the car and the human operator.
taxicab
A watercraft is a vehicle which is able to travel on or through water.
Ships, boats, hovercraft and submarines are all considered watercraft. The term would normally imply some propulsive capability (whether by sail, oar or engine) and hence is distinct from a simple device that merely floats, such as a log raft. - Wikipedia
watercraft
A bicycle is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other.
bicycle
A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle.
motorcycle
A scooter or motor scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the rider's feet.
motorscooter
A lentic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, has very little to no directed flow.
lentic water body
A lotic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, is flowing.
lotic water body
A closed ecological system is a vivarium which does not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system.
This class refers to strictly sealed enclosures such as Biosphere 2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_2), rather than vivaria which allow matter exchange with external environmental systems.
closed ecological system
A mesocosm is a vivarium that is embedded within a natural environment and is used to place a relatively small part of that environment under experimental control for the purposes of scientific investigation.
mesocosm
A microcosm is a vivarium within which a simple ecosystem is artificially established and used to simulate and predict the behaviour of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions.
microcosm
A manufactured structure made of interspaced structural elements such as metal or wooden bars or wires held together such that they may be used to confine, contain, or protect something.
manufactured cage
A drylot is an enclosure of limited size usually bare of vegetation and used for fattening livestock.
drylot
A feedlot is a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
feedlot
Leaf litter is dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that has fallen to the ground.
plant litter
A chonolith is an igneous rock intrusion of irregular shape with a demonstrable base, absent in other types of irregularly-shaped intrusions.
chonolith
Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid.
Land may more properly be represented as part of a planetary surface rather than a sublcass.
land
A liquid planetary surface is a planetary surface layer where a liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space.
liquid planetary surface
Outer space is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays that exists between celestial bodies.
outer space
A planetary crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle.
This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's crust would be an instance.
planetary crust
A planetary structural layer is laminar part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. Planetary layers have differing physicochemical properties and composition.
planetary structural layer
A planetary mantle is a planetary layer which is an interior part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density.
This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's mantle would be an instance.
planetary mantle
A planetary core is the innermost structural layer or layers of a planet. The core may be entirely liquid, entirely solid, or have both liquid and solid parts.
"Not to be confused with planetary core in the core accretion theory, referring to a central accretionary body surrounded by a halo of dust and gas which serves to trap debris and increase the rate of accretion.." WIkipedia:Planetary_core. This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's core would be an instance. The "layer" aspect of cores may be problematic.
planetary core
Needs a general definition that holds for Earth as well as other planets.
outer planetary core
inner planetary core
A liquid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of liquid material.
liquid planetary core
A solid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of solid material.
solid planetary core
A lithosphere is the outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.
Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle.
lithosphere
An asthenosphere is a layer of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite which is highly viscous, mechanically weak, and ductilely deforming.
asthenosphere
Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids that is found beneath the uppermost solid layer of a planetary body. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles.
magma
A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully or ditch), and narrow compared to its length (as opposed to a simple hole).
trench
stream channel
An ocean strait is a strait which connects two oceans.
ocean strait
river channel
A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement with substandard housing in which households lack any one of the following: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient-living area, durability of housing, or security of tenure.
slum
An undersea trough is a trough which is below a marine water body.
undersea trough
A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants.
See also: http://www.ecotope.org/anthromes/v1/guide/urban/12_dense_settlements/default.aspx
The thresholds for what makes a settlment "dense" can be determined as needed. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request.
dense settlement
An igneous intrusion is a mass of rock and minerals formed when magma cools, solidifies, and undergoes fractional crystallisation without reaching the surface.
"Intrusion" can refer to the solidified mass or the molten rock.
igneous intrusion
Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism.
tephra
Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption.
tuff
Scoria is a highly vesicular, dark colored volcanic rock that may or may not contain crystals.
Scoria differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser.
scoria
Pumice is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals.
pumice
A cone that is composed of consolidated volcanic ash.
tuff cone
A geological fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides a mass of rock into two or more pieces.
geological fracture
A geological fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock mass movement.
geological fault
An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the future. Geologists commonly consider faults to be active if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years.
active geological fault
A vein is a geological fracture which is filled with minerals precipitated out of an aqueous solution.
vein
A sheet of rock that formed in a fracture in a pre-existing rock body.
dike
A joint is a geological fracture which has no measureable shear displacement
geological joint
A geological fracture across which shear displacement has occurred
Sounds like this should be populated by inference.
shear fracture
A microfracture is a small fracture which is found in a portion of solid material along which further fracturing tends to occur. Microfractures are considered imperfections which to pre-exist any fractures formed by the application of stress to a material.
microfracture
Contaminated air is air which has sufficient concentrations of environmental pollutants such that it may adversely affect a given ecosystem.
contaminated air
A lake which has concentrations of environmental contaminants high enough to harm the ecosystems associated with it.
polluted lake
A mineral material composed primarily of sodium chloride.
This class is for material primarily composed of sodium chloride. For other pure chemical salts, consider a CHEBI class. Request new ENVO terms for environmental samples of other chemical salts.
sodium chloride salt
water mass
marine water mass
A coast is the area where land meets the sea, ocean, or lake.
Used for both marine and lake coasts. The boundary of the coast is fuzzy and it overlaps both the water body and land in quesiton. Compared to 'shore'
coast
The general region of indefinite width that extends from a lake inland to the first major change in terrain features.
lake coast
Volcanic ash is an environmental material which consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 millimetres in diameter. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents.
volcanic ash
An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas.
flood
A coastal flood is a flood which is formed as a result of large amounts of water from marine water bodies or large lakes being transported to usually dry land by displacement processes such as high winds or seismic activity.
coastal flood
A riverine flood is a flood which is formed as a result of a river's flow rate exceeding the capacity of its channel.
riverine flood
A flash flood is a flood formed by the rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam. Flash floods are distinguished from a regular flood by a timescale of less than six hours.
flash flood
A storm surge is a coastal flood which is caused by low-pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides.
Needs links to weather when these phenomena are added.
storm surge
Meltwater is the water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans.
meltwater
A mass of igneous rock formed when hot magma flows out (extrudes) onto a planetary surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff.
igneous extrusion
A dike formed when sediment fills a pre-existing fracture in a mass of rock.
clastic dike
A stock is a discordant igneous intrusion having a surface exposure of less than 100 square kilometres. Stocks differ from batholiths only in being smaller.
Some assertion to indicate that stocks are smaller than batholiths should be made.
stock
A sheet intrusion (or concordant pluton) that has been injected between two layers of sedimentary rock. The pressure of the magma is high enough that the overlying strata are forced upward, giving the laccolith a dome or mushroom-like form with a generally planar base.
laccolith
A large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region.
lopolith
A phacolith is an intrusion parallel to the bedding plane or foliation of folded country rock. More specifically, it is a typically lens-shaped intrusion that occupies either the crest of an anticline or the trough of a syncline.
phacolith
A tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock.
sill
An environmental system which can sustain and allow the growth of an ecological population.
A habitat's specificity to an ecological population differentiates it from other environment classes.
habitat
A self-contained constructed feature used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat or other 'substantial' structure. A dwelling typically includes nearby outbuildings, sheds etc. within the curtilage of the property, excluding any 'open fields beyond'. It has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning.
See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/264 for discussion. This definition needs a lot of clean up and links to household and related classes must be made to form logical definitions for inference to work.
human dwelling
An oasis is a vegetated area located in a desert, supplied with water from a water source which it surrounds, and surrounded by arid soil, sand, or rock.
A vegetated area is a geographic feature which has ground cover dominated by plant communities.
An environment which is determined by a bone element.
A hydroform is a geographic feature which is primarily composed of water held in shape by an environmental process.
Should create links to envrionmental process with new relation like "sustained_by"
A hypodermic needle is a medical instrument made from a hollow needle. It is commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body of an organism.
A textile is a manufactured product comprised of a network of natural or artificial fibers (often referred to as thread or yarn).
Bedclothing is a textile covering used on a bed as a sheet, blanket, or pillowcase.
A pockmark field is an undersea feature formed by shallow seabed depressions, typically several tens of metres across and a few metres deep. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column.
Nesting material is an animal habitation consisting of matierals used to cushion, insulate and protect the young of the organism. The adult will use the material to form a protective structure to house and raise their young. Nests are built primarily by birds, but also by mammals, fish, insects and reptiles.
Tissue culture is the culture of cells, tissues or organs in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions.
Cell culture is a growth of cells in vitro in an artificial medium for experimental research.
Plant tissue culture is the growth or maintenance of plant cells, tissues, organs or whole plants in vitro.
Organ culture is the aseptic culture of complete living organs of animals and plants outside the body in a suitable culture medium. Animal organs must be small enough to allow the nutrients in the culture medium to penetrate all the cells.
A natural bodily fluid or secretion such as blood, semen, saliva, blood plasma, intracellular and interstitial fluids.
This differs from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids and will probably be revised.
Blood is a bodily fluid composed of blood plasma and blood cells suspended within the plasma that circulates around the organism's body. Blood performs may important functions including the supplying of oxygen and nutrients, removal of waste, circulation of white blood cells, detection of antibodes, coagulation, transportation of antibodies and the regulation of pH and body temperature.
Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided.
Excreta are bodily fluids consisting of waste matter, such as sweat or feces, discharged from the body.
Bile is a bodily fluid consisting of a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids.
Aqueous humour is a bodily fluid consisting of a thick watery substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea.
Sweat is an excreta consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.
Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes.
Blood plasma is a bodily fluid that comprises the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume.
Ear was is a bodily fluid consisting of a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and many other mammals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects.
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. CSF is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain.
Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats.
Breast milk is a bodily fluid produced that is secreted from two milk-secreting glandular organs on a female's chest.
Vitreous humor is a bodily fluid consisting of a clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates.
Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation.
Tears is a bodily fluid consisting of a drop of the clear salty liquid secreted by glands (lacrimal glands) in the eyes. Tears wet the membrane covering the eye and help rid the eye of irritating substances.
Oronasal secretion is a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose.
Saliva is a slightly alkaline secretion of water, mucin, protein, salts, and often a starch-splitting enzyme (as ptyalin) that is secreted into the mouth by salivary glands, lubricates ingested food, and often begins the breakdown of starches.
Sebum is an oily bodily fluid secreted from the sebaceous glads that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing cells. In the glands, sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst. Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked. It can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin.
Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells.
Synovial fluid is a bodily fluid secreted by the synovial membrane into the joint cavity to form a thin layer at the surface of cartilage.
Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water.
Lymph is a bodily fluid consisting of a usually clear coagulable fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels, is discharged into the blood by way of the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, and resembles blood plasma in containing white blood cells and especially lymphocytes but normally few red blood cells and no platelets.
Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid.
A biological product is an environmental substrate comprised of any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product available to prevent, treat or cure diseases or injuries in man.
This definition should be revised, it is currently too ambiguous.
Siliceous ooze is a marine sediment composed of the debris of plankton with silica shells, such as diatoms and radiolaria. This ooze is limited to areas with high biological productivity, such as the polar oceans, and upwelling zones near the equator. The least common type of sediment, it covers only 15% of the ocean floor. It accumulates at a slower rate than calcareous ooze: 0.2-1 cm / 1000 yr.
Red clay, also known as pelagic clay, accumulates in the deepest and most remote areas of the ocean. Containing less than 30% biogenic material, its composition is a varied mix of very fine quartz and clay minerals, authigenic deposits precipitated directly from seawater, and micrometeorites. Though called "red" because it sometimes takes the color of oxidized iron minerals, it is usually brownish in color. Its ultimate origin is uncertain, but red clay seems to be mostly derived from distant rivers, and windblown dust. Covering 38% of the ocean floor, it accumulates more slowly than any other sediment type, at only 0.1-0.5 cm / 1000 yr.
Calcareous ooze is a marine sediment composed primarily of the shells--also known as tests--of foraminifera, coccolithophores, and pteropods. This is the most common pelagic sediment by area, covering 48% of the world ocean's floor. This type of ooze is limited to depths above the Carbonate Compensation Depth at time of burial. It accumulates more rapidly than any other pelagic sediment type, with a rate that varies from 0.3 - 5 cm / 1000 yr.
Animal feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. Most animal feed is from plants but some is of animal origin. Fodder refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves. It includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and also sprouted grains and legumes.
Contaminated animal feed is an animal feed that has become contaminated with or come contact with microorganisms or toxic chemicals.
Coastal water is a marine water body bordering a coast.
A vegetable with dark green, spear-shaped leaves that can be curled or smooth and are attached to thin stems.
A canopy designed to protect against precipitation or sunlight.
A skin obtained from animals for human use typically from deer or cattle sources used to produce leather, shoes, fashion accessories, musical instruments.
A mixture of crushed and coarsely ground bones that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and formerly in animal feed.
Plant feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed plants.
A food consisting of a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals, consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo and its nutrient reserves.
A textile comprised of a pliable material made usually by weaving, felting, or knitting natural or synthetic fibers and filaments.
A soil consisting of the upper layer of soil on the surface consisting of loose material capable of supporting life composed of a mixture of mineral and organic matter.
A food that is usually sweet and often baked. Cakes normally combine some kind of flour, a sweetening agent (commonly sugar), a binding agent (generally egg, though gluten or starch are often used by lacto-vegetarians and vegans), fats (usually butter, shortening, or margarine, although a fruit puree such as applesauce is sometimes substituted to avoid using fat), a liquid (milk, water or fruit juice), flavors and some form of leavening agent (such as yeast or baking powder), though many cakes lack these ingredients and instead rely on air bubbles in the dough to expand and cause the cake to rise. Cake is often frosted with buttercream or marzipan, and finished with piped borders and crystallized fruit.
A food involving whipped and cooked milk, sugar and egg yolk mixtures.
A ground meat product, made of beef finely chopped by a meat grinder.
A food product from a category of domestic birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers including fowl such as chickens, turkeys, and waterfowls such as domestic ducks and geese and other meat birds such as pigeons and doves and games birds including pheasants.
A written message from one person to another addressed to a person or organization.
A family of hard Italian cheeses made from sheep milk.
An environment that is determined by an axilla skin.
An environment that is determined by a mouth.
A manufactured product that is some mixture of chemicals created through some chemical engineering process
The portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties
A wastewater treatment plant that treates industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use.
A wastewater treatment plant that treats agriculatural wastewater. Agricultural wastewater treatment relates to the treatment of wastewaters produced in the course of agricultural activities. Agriculture is a highly intensified industry in many parts of the world, producing a range of wastewaters requiring a variety of treatment technologies and management practices.
A feature that arises from a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system.
An algal bloom that is located in freshwater. Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients, particularly some phosphates.
An animal habitation constructed by termites. Termite workers build and maintain nests which house the colony. These are elaborate structures made using a combination of soil, mud, chewed wood/cellulose, saliva, and faeces. A nest has many functions such as providing a protected living space and water conservation (through controlled condensation).
An environment which is determined by an anatomical entity.
Organismal continuant entity which is enclosed by the bona fide boundary of an organism or is an attribute of its structural organization. Examples: cell, heart, head, peritoneal cavity, apex of lung, anatomical term, sagittal plane.
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenine + H2O = hypoxanthine + NH3.
A cell septum whose formation is independent of nuclear division.
A septum or cross wall which does not entirely span the space between two portions of cell wall and may contain a specialized central pore structure. A porous septum allows the movement of organelles and/or cytoplasm between compartments.
A septum which spans a cell and does not allow exchange of organelles or cytoplasm between compartments.
A cell septum that forms following nuclear division.
A septum, or cross-wall, between two portions of a cell or hypha; contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure; pore is covered on each side of the septum by a septal pore cap (parenthosome).
The spontaneous death by lysis of bacteria in response to environmental conditions.
The killing by an organism of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.
immune cell chemotaxis during inflammatory response
leucocyte chemotaxis during inflammatory response
leukocyte chemotaxis during inflammatory response
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus a part of an immune response.
immune cell chemotaxis during immune response
leucocyte chemotaxis during immune response
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in immune response
The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a Langerhans cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a lymphocyte to cross a high endothelial venule in response to an external stimulus.
lymphocyte chemotaxis across high endothelial venule
The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a basophil in response to an external stimulus.
Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a double-stranded RNA molecule.
double-stranded RNA specific editase activity
double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + H2O = IMP + NH3.
adenosine 5-monophosphate deaminase activity
adenosine 5-phosphate aminohydrolase activity
adenosine monophosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an acid pH optimum.
acid nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase activity
acid phosphomonoester hydrolase activity
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum)
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum)
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H2O = L-ornithine + urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phenol sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 hydrogen peroxide = O2 + 2 H2O.
hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: cytidine + H2O = uridine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O2 + 4 H+ = 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O.
complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) activity
The reduction of O2 to water is accompanied by the extrusion of four protons from the intramitochondrial compartment.
Catalysis of the reaction: cytosine + H2O = uracil + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: dCMP + H2O = dUMP + NH3.
deoxycytidine monophosphate deaminase activity
deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate aminohydrolase activity
deoxycytidine-5'-phosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydropterin + H2O = 7,8-dihydrolumazine + NH3.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from in a polypeptide chain.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = glycerone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming)
D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase activity
fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity
fructose 1-monophosphate aldolase activity
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate triosephosphate-lyase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H(2)O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH(4)(+).
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate aminohydrolase (ketol isomerizing)
aminodeoxyglucosephosphate isomerase activity
glucosamine phosphate deaminase activity
glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:5.3.1.10.
glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+.
D-glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase activity
NADP-dependent glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
NADP-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP) activity
glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase activity
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2.
L-aspartate-alpha-decarboxylase activity
L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase (4-aminobutanoate-forming)
L-glutamate alpha-decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+.
L-glutamate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent glutamic dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked glutamic dehydrogenase activity
NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-specific glutamic dehydrogenase activity
NADH-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+.
L-glutamate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
glutamate biosynthesis, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
glutamate biosynthetic process, using glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADPH + H+.
L-glutamate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
NAD(P)H-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity
dehydrogenase, glutamate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate))
glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H(2)O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(+).
monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase activity
triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase activity
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase activity
1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase activity
1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase activity
phosphoinositide phospholipase C activity
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity
Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of malate with the concomitant production of pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH + H+.
(S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
(S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) activity
For decarboxylation of oxaloacetate (the second substrate listed in EC:1.1.1.38), see 'oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity ; GO:0008948'.
malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NAD+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NADP+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+.
(S)-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase activity
malate dehydrogenase (NADP, decarboxylating)
malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating, NADP)
NADP-linked decarboxylating malic enzyme
For decarboxylation of oxaloacetate (the second substrate listed in EC:1.1.1.40), see 'oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity ; GO:0008948'.
malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA.
(R)-2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA CoA-carbonylmutase activity
(R)-methylmalonyl-CoA CoA-carbonylmutase activity
methylmalonyl coenzyme A carbonylmutase activity
methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase activity
methylmalonyl-CoA CoA-carbonyl mutase activity
Catalysis of the sequential hydrolytic removal of 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated oligonucleotides.
5' nucleotide phosphodiesterase/alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity
nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase I activity
oligonucleate 5'-nucleotidohydrolase activity
orthophosphoric diester phosphohydrolase activity
5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond.
hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactohydrolase.
alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase activity
alpha-galactoside galactohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.
alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.
alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase activity
p-nitrophenyl-alpha-mannosidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-L-fucoside + H2O = an alcohol + L-fucose.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides.
beta-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminide N-acetylhexosaminohydrolase activity
beta-acetylaminodeoxyhexosidase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides.
beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase activity
Note that the inclusion of 'MetaCyc:BGALACT-PWY' is exceptional: normally MetaCyc pathway entries are database references for biological process terms, not molecular function terms. An exception was made in this case because the MetaCyc entry 'BGALACT-PWY' describes only one reaction, that catalyzed by beta-galactosidase.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-D-glucuronoside + H2O = an alcohol + D-glucuronate.
beta-D-glucuronoside glucuronosohydrolase activity
beta-glucuronide glucuronohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides.
beta-D-mannoside mannohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine + H(+) = CO(2) + putrescine.
L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: donor + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized donor + 2 H2O.
donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-lysophosphatidylcholine + H2O = glycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.
2-lysophosphatidylcholine acylhydrolase activity
lysophosphatidylcholine hydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.
phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate.
phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans.
poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase activity
poly-alpha-1,4-galacturonide glycanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA.
propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a 2-oxo acid = an aldehyde + CO2.
2-oxo-acid carboxy-lyase (aldehyde-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + CoA + nucleotide triphosphate = nucleotide diphosphate + phosphate + succinyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: uridine + phosphate = uracil + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
uridine:phosphate alpha-D-ribosyltransferase activity
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of serine-type endopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain; a serine residue (and a histidine residue) are at the active center of the enzyme.
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds.
A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.
A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens.
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, most prokaryotic cells and some protozoan parasites, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan; in protozoan parasites such as Giardia species, it's made of carbohydrates and proteins.
Crater-like ring of chitinous scar tissue located on the surface of the mother cell. It is formed after the newly emerged daughter cell separates thereby marking the site of cytokinesis and septation. The number of bud scars that accumulate on the surface of a cell is a useful determinant of replicative age.
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
The outermost layer of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.
The second outermost layer of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.
Either of the two innermost layers of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, coupling the oxidation and reduction of NAD/H and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.
This term was intentionally placed under 'protein metabolic process ; GO:0019538' rather than 'protein catabolic process ; GO:0030163' to cover all processes centered on breaking peptide bonds, including those involved in protein processing.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid derivative metabolic process
cellular amino acid derivative metabolism
cellular modified amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium.
Note that amino acid and derivative metabolism should not be annotated here. Instead use the 'amino acid and derivative metabolism' node.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH.
6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase activity
2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase activity
6-phospho-D-gluconate:NAD(P)+ 2-oxidoreductase activity
6-phosphogluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity
gluconate 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
phosphogluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain, in a reaction that requires a free N-terminal amino group, C-terminal carboxyl group or both.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a tRNA molecule.
tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with release of beta-D-glucose.
beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate.
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate amidohydrolase activity
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate amidohydrolase activity
acetylaminodeoxyglucosephosphate acetylhydrolase activity
acetylglucosamine phosphate deacetylase activity
N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminides.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase activity
N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase activity
alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide N-acetylgalactosaminohydrolase activity
alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine = L-proline + NH(4)(+).
L-ornithine ammonia-lyase (cyclizing; L-proline-forming)
ornithine cyclase (deaminating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: RSO-R' + H2O = RSOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any sulfuric ester bond, any ester formed from sulfuric acid, O=SO(OH)2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + H(2)O = 2-oxobutanate + NH(4)(+).
1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid deaminase activity
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate aminohydrolase (isomerizing)
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate endolyase (deaminating) activity
Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.99.4.
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H(+) = agmatine + CO(2).
L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanohydrolase activity
1,4-(1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + H2O = dUTP + NH3.
deoxycytidine triphosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine + H(2)O + H(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + NH(4)(+).
2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate deaminase activity
2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine 2-aminohydrolase activity
2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine 2-aminohydrolase activity
diaminohydroxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: guanine + H2O = xanthine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + H(+) = cadaverine + CO(2).
L-lysine carboxy-lyase (cadaverine-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a quinone = oxaloacetate + a quinol.
(S)-malate:(quinone) oxidoreductase activity
(S)-malate:quinone oxidoreductase activity
FAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = nitrate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H(2)O = indole + NH(4)(+) + pyruvate.
L-tryptophan indole-lyase (deaminating) activity
L-tryptophan indole-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate forming) activity
tryptophan catabolic process, using tryptophanase
tryptophan catabolism, using tryptophanase
Catalysis of the reaction: urea + H2O = CO2 + 2 NH3.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
electron transfer flavoprotein, group II
redox-active disulfide bond electron carrier
electron carrier, chlorophyll electron transport system
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which uses compounds other than oxygen (e.g. nitrate, sulfate) as the terminal electron acceptor.
A protective structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane composed of peptidoglycan (also known as murein), a molecule made up of a glycan (sugar) backbone of repetitively alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids. An example of this component is found in Escherichia coli.
A layer of peptidoglycan found outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. The peptidoglycan is relatively thick (20-80nm) and retains the primary stain of the Gram procedure, thus cells appear blue after Gram stain. The cell walls often contain teichoic acids (acidic anionic polysaccharides) bound to the peptidoglycan. Examples of this component are found in Gram-positive bacteria.
The peptidoglycan layer of the Gram-negative cell envelope. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is relatively thin (1-2nm) and is linked to the outer membrane by lipoproteins. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is too thin to retain the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure and therefore cells appear red after Gram stain.
A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.
A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The process in which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes, such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to redox potential.
A microfibril composed of cellulose arranged in orthogonal layers. Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed of B(14) linked glucose subunits. It is a major component of plant cell walls. Higher plant microfibrils are about 10nm in diameter and extremely long in relation to their width. The cellulose molecules are oriented parallel to the long axis of the microfibril in a paracrystalline array, which provides great tensile strength. The microfibrils are held in place by the wall matrix and their orientation is closely controlled by the cell.
A membranous cellular structure that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation.
A thylakoid is not considered an organelle, but some thylakoids are part of organelles.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
A light-dependent catabolic process occurring concomitantly with photosynthesis in plants (especially C3 plants) whereby dioxygen (O2) is consumed and carbon dioxide (CO2) is evolved. The substrate is glycolate formed in large quantities in chloroplasts from 2-phosphoglycolate generated from ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by the action of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; the glycolate enters the peroxisomes where it is converted by glycolate oxidase to glyoxylate which undergoes transamination to glycine. This then passes into the mitochondria where it is decarboxylated forming one molecule of serine for every two molecules of glycine. This pathway also exists in photosynthetic bacteria.
The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate to form butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol.
acetate fermentation to butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol
acetate catabolic process to butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol
The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is activated, reduced and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the activated sulfate, adenylyl-sulfate, is reduced to sulfite by the activity of adenylyl-sulfate reductase.
sulphate assimilation via adenylyl sulphate reduction
sulfate assimilation via adenylyl sulfate reduction
The process in which the growth of pollen tube is directed towards the female gametophyte.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.
Alternative respiration pathway consumes oxygen, oxidizes NADH to NAD+ and generates water. During electron flow, proton motive force is diminished resulting in fewer molecules of ATP compared to cytochrome pathway. The pathway is found in plants, algae and some protozoa.
The side of the cell wall that is opposite to the side that faces the cell and its contents.
The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of mannosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of mannose or a mannose derivative.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of galactosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of galactose or a galactose derivative.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of glucose or a glucose derivative.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of fucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of fucose or a fucose derivative.
Catalysis of the cleavage of hexosamine or N-acetylhexosamine residues (e.g. N-acetylglucosamine) residues from gangliosides or other glycoside oligosaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4. It is the simplest of the alkanes.
A metabolic process in which carbon (usually derived from carbon dioxide) is incorporated into organic compounds (usually carbohydrates).
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.
energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
catabolic carbohydrate metabolic process
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.
The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism recognizes chemoattractant signals from, and grows towards, potential targets.
The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism recognizes chemorepellent signals that inhibit its growth toward the source.
Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on other substrates
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.97.-.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of the reversible conversion of pyruvate or oxaloacetate to malate.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on haem group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a heme group of donors, oxygen as acceptor
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring other glycosyl groups
Note that enzymes of class EC:2.4.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a pentosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring pentosyl groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfur-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring sulphur-containing groups
transferase activity, transferring sulfur-containing groups
Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur atoms from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in other compounds
Note that enzymes of class EC:3.5.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amide.
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
Note that enzymes of class EC:4.99.-.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
Note that enzymes of class EC:4.1.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
Catalysis of the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond in a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group to form two smaller molecules, each being an aldehyde or a ketone.
Catalysis of the release of the N-terminal pyroglutamyl group from a peptide or protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H2O = L-citrulline + NH3.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing ammonia (NH3).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The oxidation of ammonium (NH4) to nitrogen (N2) in the absence of oxygen, using nitrite (NO2) as the electron acceptor. It is suggested that hydroxylamine and ammonium are combined to yield hydrazine, which is subsequently oxidized to N2.
anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor
The oxidation of nitrite (NO2) to nitrate (NO3), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Nitrite oxidation is the final step in nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, and nitrite oxidoreductase (NOR) is the key enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to nitrate in nitrite oxidizing species.
aerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron donor
The reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen by four reactions; each intermediate is transformed to the next lower oxidation state; also part of cellular bioenergetics; the nitrogen compounds can serve as terminal acceptors for electron transport phosphorylation in place of oxygen.
The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction step is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) (EC:1.8.4.8).
sulphate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulphate reduction by a phosphoadenylyl-sulphate reductase (thioredoxin)
sulfate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction by phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin)
The formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4, from other components, including acetate.
methane biosynthetic process from acetate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4, from other compounds, including carbon dioxide (CO2).
methane biosynthesis from carbon dioxide
methane biosynthetic process from carbon dioxide
The formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4, from other components, including methanol.
methane biosynthetic process from methanol
The metabolic process in which ammonia (NH3) is oxidized to nitrite (NO2) in the presence of oxygen; enzymatic reactions convert ammonia to hydrazine, and hydrazine to nitrite.
aerobic ammonia oxidation to nitrite via hydrazine
aerobic respiration, using ammonia as electron donor
The metabolic process in which carbon monoxide (CO) is oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) to generate energy. Conservation of energy in this process likely uses sodium ion gradients for ATP synthesis and is coupled to quantitative sulfide methylation.
aerobic respiration, using carbon monoxide as electron donor
The metabolic process in which ferrous ions (Fe2+) are oxidized to ferric ions (Fe3+) to generate energy, coupled to the reduction of carbon dioxide.
aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor
The oxidation of hydrogen (H2) to water (H2O), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. A hydrogenase enzyme binds H2 and the hydrogen atoms are passed through an electron transfer chain to O2 to form water.
aerobic respiration, using hydrogen as electron donor
An aerobic respiration process in which a sulfur-containing molecule (hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, thiosulfate, and various polythionates) is oxidized.
zzzz Note that there is an error with this class (sulfate can't be used as an electron donor)
aerobic respiration, using sulphur or sulphate as electron donor
aerobic respiration, using sulfur or sulfate as electron donor
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the reduction of sulfate to another sulfur-containing ion or compound such as hydrogen sulfide, adenosine-phosphosulfate (APS) or thiosulfate.
The reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, which acts as a terminal electron acceptor. Sulfate is activated to adenosine-phosphosulfate (APS) which is then reduced to sulfite, which is in turn reduced to hydrogen sulfide.
The process in which sulfur compounds with an intermediate oxidation state serve as both electron donors and electron acceptors in an energy-generating redox process. The reaction takes place anaerobically, in light and in the absence of CO2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the reduction of sulfate to thiosulfate via bisulfite.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, via the intermediate tagatose-6-phosphate.
lactose breakdown via tagatose-6-phosphate
lactose degradation via tagatose-6-phosphate
lactose catabolic process via tagatose-6-phosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, catalyzed by the enzyme glucoside 3-dehydrogenase (EC:1.1.99.13).
lactose breakdown, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
lactose degradation, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
lactose catabolic process, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose.
lactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification.
protein metabolic process and modification
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-hydroxyglutarate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
glutamate fermentation via 2-hydroxyglutarate
glutamate catabolic process via 2-hydroxyglutarate
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol into propane-1,3-diol and water.
glycerol fermentation to 1,3-propanediol
glycerol fermentation to propane-1,3-diol
anaerobic glycerol catabolic process to propane-1,3-diol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of non-phosphorylated forms of glucose.
non-phosphorylated glucose catabolic process
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into butanediol; effected by some members of the Enterobacteriaceae, e.g. Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, and Serratia.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of citrate to diacetyl, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of lactate to propionate, concomitant with the oxidation of lactate to acetate and CO2 and yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
lactate fermentation to propionate and acetate
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
anaerobic purine nucleobase catabolic process
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose; it is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2), producing two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the enzymatic breakdown of D-glucose to D-lactate and ethanol, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at the rate of one ATP per glucose molecule.
glucose fermentation to D-lactate and ethanol
glucose catabolic process to D-lactate and ethanol
Glycolytic fermentation resulting in the catabolism of glucose to propionate, yielding energy in the form of ATP; an alternative to the acrylate pathway to produce propionate.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate and acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
glucose catabolic process to lactate and acetate
glucose fermentation to lactate and acetate
The anaerobic enzymatic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate, and possibly ethanol, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Fermentation that includes the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate via the glycolytic pathway.
The anaerobic enzymatic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate, via canonical glycolysis, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
glucose fermentation to lactate via pyruvate
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate
Fermentation that does not include the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate via the glycolytic pathway.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into ethanol, lactate, formate, succinate, and acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
glucose catabolic process to mixed acids
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nitrogen-containing compound, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids; in these reactions, one amino acid is oxidised (acts as an electron donor) and a different amino acid is reduced (acts as an electron acceptor); oxidation of the electron-donating amino acid yields energy in the form of ATP.
anaerobic catabolism of pairs of amino acids
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate via the intermediates mesaconate and S-citramalate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
glutamate fermentation via mesaconate and citramalate
glutamate catabolic process via mesaconate and citramalate
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol and acetate to butyrate and caproate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
ethanol-acetate fermentation to butyrate and caproate
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in the host organism by a symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
hemolysis by symbiont of host red blood cells
regulation of cytolysis of host cells by symbiont
hemolysis by symbiont of host erythrocytes
The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.
The biological process in which new individuals are produced by either a single cell or a group of cells, in the absence of any sexual process.
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the neural tube is directed to a specific target site in the neural tube in response to a repulsive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
negative chemotaxis of branchiomotor neuron axon in neural tube
chemorepulsion of branchiomotor neuron axon in neural tube
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the neural tube is directed to a specific target site in the neural tube in response to an attractive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
positive chemotaxis of branchiomotor neuron axon in neural tube
chemoattraction of branchiomotor neuron axon in neural tube
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the branchial arch mesenchyme is directed to a specific target site in the branchial arch mesenchyme in response to a repulsive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
negative chemotaxis of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme
chemorepulsion of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the branchial arch mesenchyme is directed to a specific target site in the branchial arch mesenchyme in response to an attractive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
positive chemotaxis of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme
chemoattraction of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
positive chemotaxis of branchiomotor axon
The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
negative chemotaxis of branchiomotor axon
The creation and reception of signals that guide olfactory bulb interneuron precursors down concentration gradients towards the olfactory bulb.
negative chemotaxis involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration
chemorepulsion involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration
The creation and reception of signals that result in the migration of interneuron precursors up a concentration gradient towards the olfactory bulb.
positive chemotaxis involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration
chemoattraction involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration
The creation and reception of signals that repel olfactory bulb interneurons from the subventricular zone as a component process in tangential migration.
negative chemotaxis involved in postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration
chemorepulsion involved in postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration
The creation and reception of signals that result in the movement of interneurons toward the signal, where this process is involved in migration from the subpallium to the cortex.
positive chemotaxis involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
chemoattraction involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The creation and reception of signals that result in the movement of interneurons away from the signal during migration from the subpallium to the cortex.
negative chemotaxis involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
chemorepulsion involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex
The creation and reception of signals that repel a precerebellar neuron as a component of the process of tangential migration.
negative chemotaxis involved in precerebellar neuron migration
chemorepulsion involved in precerebellar neuron migration
The creation and reception of signals that guide a precerebellar neuron towards their signals, where this process is involved in tangential migration.
positive chemotaxis involved in precerebellar neuron migration
chemoattraction involved in precerebellar neuron migration
The attachment of a cell or organism to a substrate or other organism.
A developmental process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken. Dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated.
In plants and animals, dormancy may be a response to environmental conditions such as seasonality or extreme heat, drought, or cold. In plants, dormancy may involve the formation of dormant buds, and may be preceded by the senescence of plant parts such as leaves in woody plants or most of the shoot system in herbaceous perennials. The exit from dormancy in vascular plants is marked by resumed growth of buds and/or growth of vascular cambium.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+.
NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-dependent malic dehydrogenase activity
NAD-linked malate dehydrogenase activity
NAD-specific malate dehydrogenase activity
A thylakoid that is derived from and attached to, but not necessarily continuous with, the plasma membrane, and is not enclosed in a plastid. It bears the photosynthetic pigments in photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
A viscous, carbohydrate rich layer at the outermost periphery of a cell.
A slime layer is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds a cell. Specifically this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
A crystalline protein layer surrounding some bacteria.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
This term refers to the breakdown of mature proteins. For cleavage events involved in generating a mature protein from a precursor, consider instead the term 'protein maturation ; GO:0051604' and its children.
Structural change in proteins which destroys the native, active configuration without rupture of peptide bonds.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
negative regulation of blood coagulation
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.
GO:0030234 is reserved for cases when the regulator directly interacts with the enzyme. When regulation of enzyme activity is achieved without enzyme binding, or when the mechanism of regulation is unknown, instead annotate to 'regulation of catalytic activity ; GO:0050790'.
The region between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, as found in organisms such as yeast and Gram positive bacteria. The region is thinner than the equivalent in Gram negative bacteria.
The region between the inner (cytoplasmic or plasma) membrane and outer membrane of organisms with two membranes such as Gram negative bacteria. These periplasmic spaces are relatively thick and contain a thin cell wall.
outer membrane bounded periplasmic space
outer membrane-enclosed periplasmic space
outer membrane-bounded periplasmic space
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: hyaluronate = n 3-(4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
glucuronoglycosaminoglycan lyase activity
hyaluronidase [but cf. EC 3.2.1.35 (hyalurononglucosaminidase) and EC 3.2.1.36 (hyaluronoglucuronidase)]
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + 2 H(+) = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NH(4)(+).
5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate ammonia-lyase (cyclizing)
5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate ammonia-lyase (cyclizing; 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate-forming)
formiminotetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase activity
formimidoyltetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase activity
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.
A structure composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials. It usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha and grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a cellular spore, a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.
Note that the synonym 'spore differentiation', like the term name and definition, refers to differentiation into a spore rather than any subsequent developmental changes that a spore may undergo.
sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
The formation of spores derived from the products of mitosis. Examples of this process are found in Bacterial species.
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a phosphorus- or arsenic-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, with other acceptors
Note that enzymes of class EC:1.20.99.- should also be annotated to this term.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, with the production of acetic acid, butyric acid, carbon dioxide (CO2), and dihydrogen; effected by some saccharolytic species of Clostridium, e.g. C. butyricum.
A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell powered by the rearward secretion of carbohydrate slime.
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals and bacteria) or be part of the cell (as in plants).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine = L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine.
L-cysteine:enzyme cysteine sulfurtransferase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans.
1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase activity
endo-(1,4)-beta-xylanase(1,4)-beta-xylan 4-xylanohydrolase activity
endo-(1->4)-beta-xylanase(1->4)-beta-xylan 4-xylanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans, to remove successive glucose units.
1,4-beta-D-glucan glucohydrolase activity
The side of the outer membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the periplasm of the cell.
In GO, 'external side' still refers to part of the membrane and does not refer to components beyond (outside of) the membrane.
A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle; a hollow structure made of protein, which usually has the form of a cylindrical tube closed by conical end caps. By regulating their relative gas vesicle content, aquatic microbes are able to perform vertical migrations.
Note that although this organelle is commonly referred to as a 'vesicle' or 'vacuole' in the literature, it is not surrounded by a membrane.
Any process that modulates an organism's tendency or ability to rise or float in a fluid medium such as water or air, often through the use of stored gases.
An organelle found in bacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat containing metabolic enzymes whose purpose is the sequestration or concentration of metabolites and which has the appearance of a polygonal granule by electron microscopy.
An organelle found in the Cyanobacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat and enzymes for the fixation of carbon dioxide including mechanisms for the concentration of carbonate to increase the efficiency of fixation under low-carbon dioxide conditions.
An organelle found in bacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat containing enzymes for the degradation of ethanolamine whose purpose is the protection of the rest of the cell from the toxic acetaldehyde product of the enzyme ethanolamine ammonia lyase.
ethanolamine degradation polyhedral organelle
An organelle found in bacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat containing enzymes for the degradation of 1,2-propanediol whose purpose is the protection of the rest of the cell from the toxic propionaldehyde product of the enzyme diol dehydratase.
propanediol degradation polyhedral organelle
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminides.
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase activity
N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase activity
beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity
beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide N-acetylgalactosaminohydrolase activity
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which the constituent parts function together.
A specialized extracellularc matrix that surrounds the photoreceptors of the retina and lies between them and the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium. The IPM has been implicated in several important activities required for photoreceptor function and maintenance.
A multilayered extraembryonic matrix that functions as a substrate for cell adhesion through early development. It is thought to protect and lubricate the embryo, stabilize the blastomeres during morphogenesis, and regulate nutrient intake. The major constituent of the hyaline layer is the protein hyalin. This matrix has been found in echinoderms.
A cyclic series of interconversions involving L-ascorbate and glutathione that scavenges hydrogen peroxide and reduces it to water, with concomitant oxidation of NADPH.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in (1->3)-beta-D-xylans.
1,3-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of 1,3-linkages between beta-D-glucuronate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in hyaluronate.
glucuronoglucosaminoglycan hyaluronate lyase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-fucose residues in beta-D-fucosides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-galactosidic linkages in agarose, giving the tetramer as the predominant product.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 6-phospho-beta-D-galactoside + H2O = 6-phospho-D-galactose + an alcohol.
6-phospho-beta-D-galactoside 6-phosphogalactohydrolase activity
beta-D-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1,3-alpha-L-galactosidic linkages in agarose, yielding agarotetraose as the major product.
Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + 2 H(2)O = diphosphate + dUMP + H(+) + NH(4)(+).
dCTP aminohydrolase (dUMP-forming) activity
The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules.
Note that this term is not synonymous with 'homophilic cell adhesion ; GO:0007156'; the process may occur by homophilic or heterophilic mechanisms.
The attachment of a cell to a cell of a different type via adhesion molecules.
Note that this term is not synonymous with 'heterophilic cell adhesion ; GO:0007157'; the process may occur by homophilic or heterophilic mechanisms.
The adhesion of one erythrocyte to one or more other erythrocytes via adhesion molecules.
The process in which a cell gives rise to an endospore, a dormant, highly resistant spore with a thick wall that forms within the mother cell. Endospores are produced by some low G+C Gram-positive bacteria in response to harsh conditions.
The process in which an akinete, a thick-walled (encysted) dormant cell derived from the enlargement of a vegetative cell, is formed. Akinetes typically have granular cytoplasm, are more resistant to environmental extremes than vegetative cells, and are characteristic of several groups of Cyanobacteria.
Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylic anion, where the carboxylic chain has 8 or fewer carbon atoms.
A membrane enriched in complexes formed of reaction centers, accessory pigments and electron carriers, in which photosynthetic reactions take place.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of arachidonic acid.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a gamma-linked glutamate bond.
The directed movement of a germ cell from their site of production to the gonad, through the attraction of cells towards their target.
The directed movement of a germ cell from their site of production to the gonad, through the repulsion of cells away from a tissue.
The directed movement of an astrocyte guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The directed movement of a helper T cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a T-helper 17 cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a T-helper 1 cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a T-helper 2 cell in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The directed movement of a B cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The directed movement of a motile cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).
cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor
The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).
endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor
The movement of a B cell to cross a high endothelial venule in response to an external stimulus.
B-cell chemotaxis across high endothelial venule
B cell chemotaxis across high endothelial venule
The directed movement of a mature natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). A mature natural killer cell is a natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class and other stress related molecules.
activated natural killer cell chemotaxis
The region at either end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell, where polarized growth occurs.
A cell tip at which no growth takes place. For example, in fission yeast the cell end newly formed by cell division does not grow immediately upon its formation, and lacks actin cytoskeletal structures.
A cell tip which has existed for at least one complete cell cycle, and at which polarized growth occurs. For example, in fission yeast the cell end that existed prior to cell division grows immediately after division, and contains a distinctive complement of proteins including actin cytoskeletal structures.
A cell tip that was newly formed at the last cell division, and that has started to grow after the cell has activated bipolar cell growth (i.e. in which new end take-off, NETO, has taken place). New end take-off is when monopolar cells initiate bipolar growth.
new cell tip after activation of bipolar cell growth
A cell tip which has existed for at least one complete cell cycle, and at which polarized growth occurs, which is part of a cell that has activated bipolar cell growth (i.e. in which new end take-off, NETO, has taken place). For example, in fission yeast the cell end that existed prior to cell division grows immediately after division, and contains a distinctive complement of proteins including actin cytoskeletal structures.
old cell tip after activation of bipolar cell growth
Catalysis of the reaction: isoguanine + H2O = xanthine + NH3.
The directed movement of a muscle cell towards a tendon cell in response to an external stimulus. Tendon cells, for example, produce positive guidance cues that attract muscle cells.
muscle cell chemotaxis towards tendon cell
muscle cell chemotaxis toward tendon cell
The region between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, as found in organisms such as filamentous fungi.
The killing by a virus of host cell by cytolysis, caused by a virus stopping, preventing, or reducing peptidoglycan biosynthesis in the host organism. Peptidoglycans are any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
cytolysis by virus via suppression of host peptidoglycan biosynthetic process
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
See also the biological process term 'cell growth ; GO:0016049'.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.
directed movement in response to stimulus
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to light.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of an oxidizable substrate, for example, fructose.
taxis in response to oxidizable substrate
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of an alternative electron acceptor, for example, nitrate.
The series of events leading to chemical and structural alterations of an existing cell wall that can result in loosening, increased extensibility or disassembly.
Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R' + H2O = RPOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3.
Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface.
The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall (Fungi and Gram-positive Bacteria).
A protective structure surrounding some fungi and bacteria, attached externally to the cell wall and composed primarily of polysaccharides. Capsules are highly organized structures that adhere strongly to cells and cannot be easily removed. Capsules play important roles in pathogenicity, preventing phagocytosis by other cells, adherance, and resistance to dessication.
The pigmented membrane of any thylakoid.
A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a temperature gradient. Movement may be towards either a higher or lower temperature.
taxis in response to temperature stimulus
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a heterocyst, a differentiated cell in certain cyanobacteria whose purpose is to fix nitrogen.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The cell wall material that surrounds the septum in fungal cells.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical.
A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of folate.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of 3',5'-cAMP.
chemotaxis to adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of L-malate to L-lactate and carbon dioxide, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The anaerobic conversion of pyrimidine nucleobases, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
The oxidation of arsenite to arsenate, using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Arsenite oxidase provides electrons to an electron carrier which transfers them to oxygen utilizing respiratory systems.
aerobic respiration, using arsenite as electron donor
The region of a bacterial cell to which the DNA is confined.
The outermost layer of a bacterial endospore, which is loosely attached and located outside of the endospore coat. It is generally composed of protein, carbohydrate, and perhaps lipid.
The layer in a bacterial endospore that lies under the exosporium, and is impermeable to many toxic molecules. The coat may also contain enzymes that are involved in endospore germination.
The outer membrane around a bacterial endospore, located between the endospore cortex and endospore coat.
A layer surrounding a bacterial endospore found inside the outer endospore membrane, but outside the membrane surrounding the endospore core. It consists of peptidoglycan of a different chemical nature than that found in vegetative cell walls which results in less cross-linking of peptidoglycan.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
A complex of cell wall invaginations in a synergid cell, similar to those in transfer cells.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine-37 + H2O = inosine-37 + NH3, in a tRNA-Ala molecule.
tRNA-specific adenosine-37 deaminase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and of the D-galactose 6-sulfate units of keratan sulfate.
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-6-sulfate 6-sulfohydrolase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity
acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase activity
N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. A spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.
The formation of a cellular spore derived from the products of mitosis. A cellular spore is a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction.
asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
A short filamentous structure on the surface of a bacterial cell distinguished from other pili by post-translational N-methylation of the pilin monomers.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another.
hemolysis of erythrocytes in other organism
hemolysis of red blood cells in other organism
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular macromolecule catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
Any constituent part of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
Any constituent part of a cell septum, a structure composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials. It usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha and grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells.
Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
Any constituent part of an external encapsulating structure, a structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell.
Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
The killing by a virus of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
The killing by a virus of a cell in its host organism by cytolysis, caused by the formation by the virus of pores in its host cell membrane.
cytolysis by virus via pore formation in host cell membrane
A biological process that involves only one organism.
A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves a single organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, occurring within a single organism.
single-organism carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, occurring within a single organism.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition, involving only one organism.
The fermentation of organic substances with a net release of hydrogen.
The glycolytic fermentation beginning with the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway, continuing with pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) activity. This pathway is found in strict anaerobes such as Clostridia species.
glycolytic fermentation via PFOR pathway
The glycolytic fermentation beginning with the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway, followed by pyruvate:formate lyase (PFL) activity. This pathway is found in facultative anaerobes such as E. coli.
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of D-xylose to ethanol, yielding energy in the form of ATP.
Catalysis of the release of the N-terminal residue from a tripeptide.
alanine-phenylalanine-proline arylamidase activity
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine = NH(4)(+) + trans-cinnamate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-malate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH + pyruvate.
(R)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
bifunctional L(+)-tartrate dehydrogenase-D(+)-malate (decarboxylating)
D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NADP+ = oxaloacetate + NADPH + H+.
(S)-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
NADP-linked malate dehydrogenase activity
malic dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing alpha-L-arabinofuranoside residues in alpha-L-arabinosides.
alpha-L-arabinofuranoside arabinofuranohydrolase activity
alpha-L-arabinofuranoside hydrolase activity
polysaccharide alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase activity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.
A large enclosure of aggregated pigment, typically bacteriochlorophyll c (BChl c), that acts as a light-harvesting antenna structure and is characteristic of green photosynthetic bacteria (e.g. Chlorobiaceae). The BChl aggregates are organized into lamellar elements by pigment-pigment rather than pigment-protein interactions. Chlorosomes also contain BChl a, carotenoids, quinones, lipids, and proteins, and are attached to the cytoplasmic membrane via a BChl a-containing protein baseplate.
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxyadenosine + H2O = deoxyinosine + NH3.
The directed movement of a cell or organism towards a source of light.
The directed movement of a cell or organism away from a source of light.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-benzoyl-D-arginine-4-nitroanilide + H(2)O = 4-nitroaniline + N(2)-benzoyl-D-arginine + H(+).
N-benzoyl-D-arginine-4-nitroanilide amidohydrolase activity
D-benzoylarginine-4-nitroanilide amidase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H2O + methylenediurea = CO2 + 2 NH3 + N-hydroxymethylurea.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate + H(2)O + H(+) = 2,5-dioxopentanoate + NH(4)(+).
1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate aminohydrolase (decyclizing)
1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an adenosine-phosphate + H20 = an inosine phosphate + NH3. Catalyzes the deamination of AMP, ADP or ATP.
adenosine (phosphate) deaminase activity
adenosine-phosphate aminohydrolase activity
Consider instead annotating to one of the more specific terms: AMP deaminase activity ; GO:0003876, ADP deaminase activity ; GO:0047629, or ATP deaminase activity ; GO:0047692.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = IDP + NH3.
adenosine diphosphate deaminase activity
adenosinepyrophosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-amino acid ester + H2O = an alpha-amino acid + an alcohol.
alpha-amino acid ester hydrolase activity
alpha-amino-acid ester hydrolase activity
alpha-amino-acid-ester aminoacylhydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: anilide + H(2)O = a carboxylate + aniline + H(+).
brain acetylcholinesterase (is associated with AAA-2)
pseudocholinesterase (associated with arylacylamidase)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ITP + NH3.
adenosine triphosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: blasticidin S + H2O = deaminohydroxyblasticidin S + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: creatinine + H2O = N-methylhydantoin + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxycytidine + H2O = deoxyuridine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine + H2O = xanthosine + NH3.
The gel-like pectin matrix consists of the interlinked acidic and neutral pectin networks that are further cross-linked by calcium bridges. Pectins consist largely of long chains of mostly galacturonic acid units (typically 1,4 linkages and sometimes methyl esters). Three major pectic polysaccharides (homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I and rhamnogalacturonan II) are thought to occur in all primary cell walls.
An extracellular matrix part that consists of cross-linked glycoproteins.
Network composed of hemicelluloses; members of a class of plant cell wall polysaccharide that cannot be extracted from the wall by hot water or chelating agents, but can be extracted by aqueous alkali. Includes xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, arabinogalactan II, glucomannan, xyloglucan and galactomannan.
An extracellular matrix part that consists of lignin in the form of a three-dimensional polymeric network. Lignins are complex racemic aromatic heteropolymers derived from a variety of phenylpropane monomers coupled together by an assortment of carbon-carbon and ether linkages. Lignin is crucial for structural integrity of the cell wall and stiffness and strength of the stem. In addition, lignin waterproofs the cell wall, enabling transport of water and solutes through the vascular system, and plays a role in protecting plants against pathogens.
An extracellular matrix part that consists of fatty acid-derived polymers, including both aromatic and aliphatic components. The suberin network is found in specialized plant cell walls, where it is laid down between the primary wall and plasma membrane, forms protective and wound-healing layers, and provides a water-impermeable diffusion barrier.
Region of plant cell wall specialised to act as a seal to prevent back leakage of secreted material (analogous to tight junction between epithelial cells). Found particularly where root parenchymal cells secrete solutes into xylem vessels. The barrier is composed of suberin; a fatty substance, containing long chain fatty acids and fatty esters, also found in the cell walls of cork cells (phellem) in higher plants.
The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis
Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense.
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + O(2) = acetate + CO(2) + H(2)O.
(S)-lactate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
lactate oxidative decarboxylase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + CO2.
malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase activity
malonyl-CoA carboxy-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming)
Catalysis of the reaction: N-phosphocreatine + H(2)O = creatine + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine + H2O = 2,4-dihydroxypteridine + NH3.
2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine aminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimid-5-ylmethyl)-3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridinium bromide + H2O = 1-(4-hydroxy-2-methylpyrimid-5-ylmethyl)-3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridinium bromide + NH3.
1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimid-5-ylmethyl)-3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridinium-bromide aminohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(2)O + H(+) = S-inosyl-L-homocysteine + NH(4)(+).
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine aminohydrolase activity
S-adenosylhomocysteine deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: sepiapterin + H2O = xanthopterin-B2 + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + 2-oxoglutarate = indolepyruvate + L-glutamate.
5-hydroxytryptophan-ketoglutaric transaminase activity
L-phenylalanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
hydroxytryptophan aminotransferase activity
L-tryptophan:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + NAD(P)+ = (indol-3-yl)pyruvate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+.
L-tryptophan:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)
NAD(P)+-L-tryptophan dehydrogenase activity
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a phosphorus- or arsenic-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H.
oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, with NAD(P)+ as acceptor
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-aminomuconate + H(2)O + H(+) = (Z)-5-oxohex-2-enedioate + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + NAD(+) + phosphonate = 2 H(+) + NADH + phosphate.
NAD-dependent phosphite dehydrogenas activity
phosphonate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.
Cell wall structures composed of linear polysaccharides which are deposited at both sides of the primary septum at 90 degrees to the primary septum.
The region at either end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell.
Note that this term differs from 'cell pole ; GO:0060187' in that it is applicable to a narrower range of cell shapes.
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
Note that this term differs from 'cytokinesis ; GO:0000910' in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division.
The killing by an organism of a cell in another organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
cytolysis of cells of another, non-host, organism
cytolysis of cells of competing organism
The killing by an organism of a cell in a second organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
cytolysis of cells in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
cytolysis of cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction
cytolysis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The killing by an organism of a cell in its symbiont organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in the environment of its host organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
energy taxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
chemotaxis in response to host environment
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
aerotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near its host organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive energy taxis in response to host environment
positive energy taxis in host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near its host organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative energy taxis in response to host environment
negative energy taxis in host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive aerotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive chemotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative aerotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative chemotaxis in response to host environment
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within its host organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near its host organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
chemotaxis on or near host during symbiotic interaction
chemotaxis on or near host involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within its host organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near its host organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near its host organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within its host organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in the environment of a second organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
energy taxis in response to environment of other organism
energy taxis in environment of other organism during symbiotic interaction
energy taxis in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
chemotaxis in response to environment of other organism
chemotaxis in environment of other organism during symbiotic interaction
chemotaxis in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
aerotaxis in response to environment of other organism
aerotaxis in environment of other organism during symbiotic interaction
aerotaxis in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near a second organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive energy taxis in response to environment of other organism
positive energy taxis in environment of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive energy taxis in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near a second organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative energy taxis in response to environment of other organism
negative energy taxis in environment of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative energy taxis in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive aerotaxis in response to environment of other organism
positive aerotaxis in environment of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive aerotaxis in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive chemotaxis in response to environment of other organism
positive chemotaxis in environment of other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive chemotaxis in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative aerotaxis in response to environment of other organism
negative aerotaxis in environment of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative aerotaxis in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative chemotaxis in response to environment of other organism
negative chemotaxis in environment of other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative chemotaxis in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within a second organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
energy taxis within other organism during symbiotic interaction
energy taxis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
energy taxis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near a second organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
energy taxis on or near other organism during symbiotic interaction
energy taxis on or near other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive aerotaxis on or near other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive aerotaxis on or near other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive aerotaxis within other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive aerotaxis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive aerotaxis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative aerotaxis on or near other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative aerotaxis on or near other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative aerotaxis within other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative aerotaxis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative aerotaxis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative chemotaxis on or near other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative chemotaxis on or near other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
aerotaxis within other organism during symbiotic interaction
aerotaxis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
aerotaxis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
aerotaxis on or near other organism during symbiotic interaction
aerotaxis on or near other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative chemotaxis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative chemotaxis within other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative chemotaxis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive chemotaxis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive chemotaxis within other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive chemotaxis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive chemotaxis on or near other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive chemotaxis on or near other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
chemotaxis within other organism during symbiotic interaction
chemotaxis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
chemotaxis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
chemotaxis on or near other organism during symbiotic interaction
chemotaxis on or near other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within a second organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative energy taxis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative energy taxis within other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative energy taxis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near a second organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative energy taxis on or near other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative energy taxis on or near other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near a second organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive energy taxis on or near other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive energy taxis on or near other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within a second organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive energy taxis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive energy taxis within other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive energy taxis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
hemolysis of cells in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
hemolysis by organism of RBCs in other organism during symbiotic interaction
hemolysis by organism of erythrocytes in other organism during symbiotic interaction
hemolysis by organism of red blood cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction
hemolysis of cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction
hemolysis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
A type of cell wall modification in which the cell wall is reinforced and made thicker.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a menaquinone = oxaloacetate + a menaquinol.
(S)-malate:(menaquinone) oxidoreductase activity
(S)-malate:menaquinone oxidoreductase activity
malate dehydrogenase (menaquinone) activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine-34 + H2O = inosine-34 + NH3, in a tRNA-Ala molecule.
tRNA-specific adenosine-34 deaminase activity
Flagellar filaments located in the periplasmic space; characterized in spirochetes, in which they are essential for shape and motility. Composed of a core surrounded by two sheath layers, the flagella rotate to allow migration of the cell through viscous media, which would not be possible using external flagella.
A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
A collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, multilayered structure that is synthesized by an underlying ectodermal (hypodermal) cell layer. The cuticle serves essential functions in body morphology, locomotion, and environmental protection. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
collagen and cuticulin-based exoskeleton extracellular matrix
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix
Either of two different areas at opposite ends of an axis of a cell.
Note that this term differs from 'cell tip ; GO:0051286' in that it is applicable to a broader range of cell shapes.
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.
Modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides.
The directed movement of the outgrowing Malpighian tubule guided by specific chemical cues/signals. Movement may be towards a guidance cue (positive chemotaxis) or away from it (negative chemotaxis). Guidance contributes to the final positioning of the tubule.
cell chemotaxis involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
The directed movement of a colon epithelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The glycolytic process that begins with the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase activity. Glycolytic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, in which the glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate intermediate coupled to transmembrane transport.
transport-coupled glycolytic process through glucose-6-phosphate
The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal.
The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, with the production of pyruvate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the utilization of ADP in the initial kinase reactions.
glucose catabolic process to pyruvate utilizing ADP
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds formed between L-amino acids.
peptidase activity, acting on L-amino acid peptides
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond in an oligopeptide, i.e. a molecule containing a small number (2 to 20) of amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds.
The side of the fungal-type cell wall that is opposite to the side that faces the cell and its contents.
A long, thin cell projection that contains F-actin and tubulin, with microtubules centrally located and F-actin peripherally located.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnetic stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnetic stimulus.
The directed movement of a motile cell in response to the presence of angiotensin.
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell wall.
cell wall organization or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular cell wall organisation or biogenesis
cellular cell wall organization or biogenesis
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
cell wall organisation in other organism
cell wall organization at cellular level
cell wall organization in other organism
Crater-like ring of chitinous scar tissue located on the surface of the daughter cell, in budding fungi, at the site of separation from the mother cell. It is formed after the newly emerged daughter cell separates, thereby marking the site of cytokinesis and septation.
The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.
The directed movement of a smooth muscle cell in response to an external stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity metabolic process
A nitrogen compound metabolic process that contributes to the nitrogen cycle. The nitrogen cycle is a series of metabolic pathways by which nitrogen is converted between various forms and redox states; it encompasses pathways in which nitrogen is acted upon directly, such as nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and mineralization.
The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more bacterial-type flagella. A bacterial-type flagellum is a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.
bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility
Cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell along a solid surface.
Bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell through a liquid medium.
bacterial-type flagellum-mediated cell swimming
bacterial-type flagellar swimming motility
bacterial-type flagellum-dependent swimming motility
Bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility in which the action of numerous flagella results in the smooth movement of a group of cells along a solid surface. Swarming motility is observed in groups of bacteria.
bacterial-type flagellum-mediated cell swarming
bacterial-type flagellar swarming motility
bacterial-type flagellum-dependent swarming motility
Cell gliding that results from the actions of cell surface adhesin proteins that are propelled by membrane motor proteins.
cell surface adhesin-mediated gliding motility
A response to a stimulus that consists of a sequential series of modifications to a set of proteins where the product of one reaction acts catalytically in the following reaction. The magnitude of the response is typically amplified at each successive step in the cascade. Modifications typically include proteolysis or covalent modification, and may also include binding events.
A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.
See also the biological process term 'blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway ; GO:0007597'.
blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucosidic link in esculin.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + 2-oxoglutarate = phenylpyruvate + L-glutamate.
L-phenylalanine:alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity
This reaction falls within the larger set of reactions associated with EC 2.6.1.57 and several other EC numbers (See BRENDA:http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.6.1.57).
L-phenylalanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of xyloglucan side chains so as to remove unsubstituted D-xylose residues attached to the glucose located at the non-reducing terminus.
xyloglucan 1,6-alpha-xylosidase activity
The region at growing end of the pollen tube cell, where polarized growth occurs.
Catalysis of the reaction: malonate + ATP + coenzyme A = malonyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclic adenosine monophosphate + H2O = cyclic inosine monophosphate + NH3.
cyclic adenosine monophosphate deaminase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: 5'deoxyadenosine + H2O = 5'deoxyinosine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5'methyl thioadenosine + H2O = 5'methyl thioinosine + NH3.
5'-methylthioadenosine deaminase activity
The middle layer in a microsporidian spore wall that lies under the exospore and outside the plasma membrane, containing chitin and proteins.
Microsporidian biology uses the term endospore differently than GO:0043593 endospore coat which is for a spore formed inside of another cell. Microsporidian endospore refers to the inner layer of the spore wall itself.
The dense, protein rich outermost layer of a microsporidian spore wall that lies above the endospore.
A pit-like area in the cell wall of a sieve element; contains pores lined with callose and occupied by strands of protoplasmic material that interconnect the protoplasts of contiguous sieve elements.
A part of the cell wall of a sieve tube member that bears one or more highly specialized sieve areas.
Typical of angiosperms. Part of sieve tube member (PO:0000289).
A sieve plate that contains several specialized sieve areas in either a scalariform or reticulate arrangement.
Often located on an end wall of a sieve tube member. Unspecialized sieve areas may occur on other parts of the cell.
A sieve plate that contains a single specialized sieve area.
A structure lying external to bacterial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated bacteria, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the bacteria.
A cellular component consisting of one leaflet of a membrane bilayer and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.
The side of a membrane that faces the cytoplasm.
The attachment, via cell adhesion molecules, of a cell to either another cell of the same organism, or to an underlying substrate of the same organism such as the extracellular matrix.
The clustering together and adhesion of initially separate cells to form an aggregate. Examples include the clustering of unicellular organisms or blood cells in suspension and the condensation of mesenchymal cells during cartilage formation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound.
organonitrogen compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
regulation of physiological response to wounding
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.
A cell wall part that is the part of a wall of a vessel member and bears one or more openings (perforations).
Part of a vessel member (PO:0002003). May be simple, with one perforation, or multiperforate, with more than one perforation. Perforation plates are usually on the end walls of a cell, but may also be on the side walls.
An extracellular matrix consisting of a densely packed organomineral assembly in which the mineral phase represents the majority of the material by weight.
An example is found in shell calcitic prisms of the Mediterranean fan mussel Pinna nobilis (PMID:15994301), but the term may also be useful to annotate bone and eggshell proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane from methanol and hydrogen.
methane biosynthesis from methanol and hydrogen
methanogenesis from methanol and hydrogen
methane biosynthetic process from methanol and hydrogen
The directed movement of a Schwann cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a methane from a formic acid.
methane biosynthetic process from formic acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a methane from a methylamine.
methane biosynthetic process from methylamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a methane from a dimethylamine.
methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a methane from a trimethylamine.
methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a methane from a dimethyl sulfide.
methane biosynthetic process from dimethyl sulfide
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a methane from a 3-(methylthio)propionic acid.
methane biosynthetic process from 3-(methylthio)propionic acid
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a methane from a methanethiol.
methane biosynthetic process from methanethiol
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a methane from a carbon monoxide.
methane biosynthetic process from carbon monoxide
A role borne by an organism in symbiosis.
symbiont role
A symbiont role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that both symbionts derive a growth, survival, or fitness advantage from symbiosis.
The role is realized in processes that result in the growth, survival, or fitness advantage of either organism.
mutualist role
A symbiont role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that it derives a growth, survival, or fitness advantage from symbiosis, but the other symbiont is neither advantaged nor disadvantaged.
The role is realized in processes that result in the commensal's growth, survival, or fitness advantage.
commensal role
A symbiont role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that it derives a growth, survival, or fitness advantage from symbiosis while the other symbiont's growth, survival, or fitness is reduced.
In the medical community, the term 'parasite' is used with the narrower meaning of eukaryotic pathogen.
The role is realized in processes that result in the parasite's growth, survival, or fitness advantage or in the other organism's growth, survival, or fitness reduction.
parasite role
A role borne by an infectious agent when contained in a host in which its infectious disposition can be realized.
infectious agent role
A role borne by pathogen in virtue of the fact that it or one of its products is sufficiently close to an organism towards which it has the pathogenic disposition to allow realization of the pathogenic disposition.
Clostridium botulinum is an example of an entity with the capability to bear the pathogen role but that does not have the capability to bear the infectious agent role or the parasite role. The influenza viruses are examples of organisms that can bear both the infectious agent and pathogen roles.
pathogen role
An infectious disposition to become part of a disorder only in organisms whose defenses are compromised.
The disposition is realized in a process by which the bearer becomes part of a disorder in an immunocompromised host.
This includes individuals who are immunocompromised or who have damaged barriers that normally protect against infection (e.g. skin).
opportunistic infectious disposition
An infectious disposition to become part of a disorder in organisms that have intact defenses.
A pathogen with a primary infectious disposition can cause disease or death in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts.
A quote from page 3 of Mandell's "Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases" (Sixth edition): "It is useful to distinguish "principal" pathogens, which regularly cause disease in some proportion of susceptible individuals with apparently intact defense systems, from other potentially pathogenic microorganisms. ... even for most organisms classified as principal pathogens, for example, Staphylococcus aureus and the pneumococcus, some impairment or local breakdown in normal host defense mechanisms must occur for these bacteria to cause disease. ... Thus, it seems clear that the capacity of certain microorganisms to cause disease in seemingly uncompromised human hosts on a regular basis reflects some fundamental difference in their virulence capabilities from those of opportunists and the more numerous commensal species that rarely, if ever, cause disease."
primary infectious disposition
A host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its extended organism contains a second organism and provides an environment supportive for the survival, growth, maturation, or reproduction of that organism.
The relevant environmental resources may include nutrient resources, warmth, or moisture.
The role is realized in processes in which the host makes the relevant environmental resources available to its partner in symbiosis. A bearer of a symbiont host role is bearer also of a symbiont role.
symbiont host role
A symbiont host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its partner in symbiosis reaches developmental maturity or reproduces sexually in the host.
The role is realized in developmental and reproduction processes of the host's partner in symbiosis.
definitive host role
A symbiont host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its partner in symbiosis utilizes the host to undergo a developmental stage transition, and the host is required for continuation of the partner's life cycle.
The role is realized in developmental processes of the host's partner in symbiosis.
intermediate host role
A symbiont host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its partner in symbiosis utilizes the host to undergo a developmental stage transition, but the host is not required for continuation of the partner's life cycle.
paratenic host role
A symbiont host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its partner in symbiosis has the infectious disposition but cannot be transmitted from the host to the partner's definitive host.
dead-end host role
A symbiont host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its partner in symbiosis derives from the host a growth, survival, or fitness advantage while the host's growth, survival, or fitness is reduced.
The partner in symbiosis bears the parasite role.
The role is realized in processes that result in the parasite's growth, survival, or fitness advantage or in the host's growth, survival, or fitness reduction.
parasite host role
A pathogen host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its extended organism contains an infectious agent.
By this definition, vectors and other organisms that may not be infected are bearers of the infectious agent host role.
infectious agent host role
A host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its extended organism contains a pathogen.
Bearing the infectious agent host role implies bearing the pathogen host role, but the reverse is not true. See comment for infectious agent host role.
pathogen host role
An infectious agent host role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that its extended organism contains an infectious agent, the infectious agent has the infectious disposition towards the host, and the host has no symptoms of the infectious disease caused by the infectious agent.
infectious agent carrier role
A disposition to cause I) malfunction of cells, ii) damage to extracellular matrix, or iii) damage of cells to a degree that can result in cell death.
toxin disposition
A toxin disposition to damage cells or extracellular matrix by a direct enzymatic process.
The disposition is realized in a direct enzymatic process that damages host cells or extracellular matrix.
exotoxin disposition
A disease whose physical basis is an infectious disorder.
The disposition is realized in an infectious disease course.
infectious disease
A disposition that inheres in a material entity in virtue of the fact that the entity has a part (e.g. a gene product), which itself has a disposition to mitigate damage to the entity.
Examples include the following: CCR5 mutations protect T cells from HIV invasion. A tumor cell's resistance to chemotherapy protects the cell from damage by the drug (although this harms the patient). An insect's resistance to insecticide protects it from the insecticide.
The disposition is realized in a process that mitigates damage to the bearer and has the part as a participant.
protective resistance
A protective resistance that mitigates the damaging effects of a drug.
resistance to drug
A disposition to initiate processes that result in a disorder.
A pathogenic disposition is realized in processes that create a disorder.
The use of 'initiates' is intended to convey that a pathogenic disposition is realized when processes resulting in a disorder begin because of some action on the part of the bearer of the disposition. By this interpretation of 'initiates', disorder-causing entities such as glass, UV light, and toxins do not have a pathogenic disposition.
pathogenic disposition
A pathogenic disposition that inheres in an organism and is a disposition for that organism (1) to be transmitted to a host, (2) to establish itself in the host, (3) to initiate processes that result in a disorder in the host, and (4) to become part of that disorder.
The disposition is realized in a process that has as part a transmission process, an establishment in host process, a process that results in a disorder, and a process in which the bearer of the disposition becomes part of that disorder. The infectious disposition has a complementary disposition that inheres in an organism and is the capability to be host to an organism with an infectious disposition and to undergo processes intiated by that infectious organism that result in a disorder.
infectious disposition
An infectious disposition that is the disposition to be transmitted from an infected, non-human host to a human host.
An infectious disease associated with an infectious agent that bears the zoonotic disposition is referred to as a zoonosis.
zoonotic disposition
An infectious disposition that is the disposition to be transmitted from an infected, human host to a non-human host.
An infectious disease associated with an infectious agent that bears the reverse zoonotic disposition is referred to as a reverse zoonosis.
reverse zoonotic disposition
An organism that has an infection in or on its extended organism.
infected organism
An organism that has two infections with distinct Species of infectious agents.
co-infected organism
An infection comprised of infectious organisms from different Species.
complex infection
An infection for which the infectious agents that are part of the infection persist in the extracellular space of the host.
extracellular infection
An infection for which the infectious agents that are part of the infection persist inside host cells.
intracellular infection
An infection for which the infectious agents that are part of the infection are distributed throughout the host.
systemic infection
An infection for which the infectious agents that are part of the infection are limited to a relatively small area of the host's body.
local infection
A local infection for which symptoms are observed in parts of the host's extended organism that are distant from the infection.
focal infection
An infection that is clinically abnormal.
infectious disorder
An infection that has as part virus particles located in the blood.
viremia
An infection that has as part bacteria located in the blood.
bacteremia
An aggregate of organisms of the same Species.
The organism population may be delineated by spatio-temporal proximity or by demographic criteria such as age.
organism population
An organism bearing a symbiont role.
symbiont
An organism bearing a commensal role.
commensal
A organism bearing a parasite role.
parasite
An infectious agent with a primary infectious disposition.
primary pathogen
An organism bearing a host role.
host
An organism bearing a parasite host role.
parasite host
An organism bearing an infectious agent host role.
infectious agent host
An infectious agent vector bearing a biological vector of infectious agent role.
biological vector of infectious agent
A molecular entity that has a toxin disposition.
toxin
A molecular entity bearing an exotoxin disposition.
exotoxin
A material entity with an antimicrobial disposition.
antimicrobial
A material entity bearing an antibacterial disposition.
antibacterial
An infection bearing the primary infection role.
primary infection
An infection bearing the secondary infection role.
secondary infection
An infectious disease that has as its physical basis an infectious disorder composed of infectious agents that have a zoonotic disposition.
zoonosis
An infection that is part of an asymptomatic host.
subclinical infection
An organism who has been bearer of the infectious agent carrier role for an extended period of time.
chronic carrier of infectious agent
A resistance to drug that mitigates the damaging effects of an antibiotic.
antibiotic resistance
An infectious agent whose infection incidence is increasing following its first introduction into a new host Species.
emerging pathogen
A part of an extended organism that itself has as part a population of one or more infectious agents and that (1) exists as a result of processes initiated by members of the infectious agent population and is (2) clinically abnormal in virtue of the presence of this infectious agent population, or (3) has a disposition to bring clinical abnormality to immunocompetent organisms of the same Species as the host (the organism corresponding to the extended organism) through transmission of a member or offspring of a member of the infectious agent population.
The organism corresponding to the extended organism is host to the infectious agents. By this definition, parts of the host can be considered part of the infection.
infection
An organism that has an infectious disposition.
infectious agent
An organism population persisting in a site it has colonized.
colony
An infectious disposition to be transmitted directly from one organism to another of the same Species by horizontal transmission.
The disposition is realized in a direct, horizontal transmission process between members of the same Species.
communicability
An infectious disorder that is the physical basis for an unfolding acute infectious disease course.
acute infection
An infection that persists for an extended period of time.
chronic infection
A role borne by an organism in virtue of the fact that it's extended organism contains a material entity other than the organism.
host role
An infection resulting from a transmission process that unfolds in a hospital.
hospital-acquired infection
An infection resulting from a transmission process that did not unfold in a health care facility.
community-acquired infection
An infection established as a result of spread from another infection in a non-adjacent location in the extended organism of the host.
metatstatic infection
An infection resulting from a transmission process that unfolds in a nursing home.
nursing-home acquired infection
An infectious agent with a capability to infect human hosts.
infectious human pathogen
An infection comprised of infectious organisms all of the same Species.
simple infection
An infectious agent whose infection incidence is increasing in a host population as a result of changes in the biology of the host or pathogen, or changes in their interactions.
re-emerging pathogen
An infection that has as part organisms of the Genus Candida.
candidiasis
An infection that has as part organisms of the Species Trichomonas vaginalis.
trichomoniasis
An infection that has as part organisms of the Genus Leptospira.
leptospirosis
An infection located in the bowel and that has as part organisms of the Genus Shigella.
Shigellosis
An infection located in the colon and that has as part organisms of the Species Entamoeba histolytica
amebiasis
An infectious disease that has as its physical basis an infectious disorder composed of infectious agents that have a reverse zoonotic disposition.
An infectious agent with an opportunistic infectious disposition.
A disposition to initiate processes that result in a disorder in a human organism.
human pathogenicity disposition
Prokaryotic cell quality where a cell has either a bacterial-type flagellum (or flagella) or a periplasmic flagellum.
flagellar quality
Filament branch angle, where the angle between the cylindrical cells of the branching filament and the cylindrical cells of the main trichome is perpendicular.
branches perpendicular to the long trichome axis
branch perpendicular to trichome
Filament branch morphological quality relating to the size (length, and hence the number of cells in the branch, and thickness) of a filament branch, relative to the size of the main trichome.
filament branch size
Filament branch physical object quality defining the morphology (shape, size, length) of branches in relationship to the main filament.
morphologically differentiated branches
The nature of branches in a microbial filament to be straight (i.e. not curved).
straight filament branch
The nature of branches in a microbial filament to be arcuate (curved).
branches later curve to the direction of the original trichome
arcuate filament branch
Filament branch spatial pattern where the filament exhibits branching (either false or true branching). Filaments occur singularly (solitary), and do not occur in pairs (are offset from one another).
solitary branches
Filament branch spatial pattern where the filament exhibits branching (either false or true branching). Filaments occur paired, opposite from one another.
paired branches
Differentiated filament branching relating the distribution of heterocytes in the filament and their spatial relationship to the branches.
heterocyte position relative to branches
Filament branch size where the diameter of cylindrical cells in the filament branches are thicker than the diameter of cylindrical cells in the main trichome.
secondary lateral branches generally thinner
branches thinner than main filament
The physical relationship of branches in a microbial filament to heterocytes, being physically adjacent to heterocytes wherein branches initiate at the heterocytes.
branches initiate usually at originally intercalary heterocytes
lateral branches initiating at the heterocytes
heterocytes basal in branches
The physical relationship of branches in a microbial filament to heterocytes, where heterocytes are located at the end of branches.
heterocytes apical in branches
Heterocyte position where the heterocyte is not located in the filament branch.
heterocytes not in branches
Heterocyte position where the heterocyte is located in the filament branch. Heterocyte location within the filament branch has apical-basal polarity.
Paired filament branches where the filament exhibits false branching.
paired false branching
Paired filament branches where the filament exhibits true branching.
paired true branching
Solitary filament branches where the filament exhibits false branching.
solitary false branching
Solitary filament branches where the filament exhibits true branching.
solitary true branching
Filament differentiation quality, relating to the morphology and differentiation of the apical cell in the filament.
A trichome cell that is located subterminally in a trichome, and which has undergone differentation. Found in trichomes with apical-basal polarity.
Filament branch length where the branches are short and contain few cells (relative to the length and number of cells in the main filament).
short filament branch
Filament branch length where the branches are long and contain many cells (relative to the length and number of cells in the main filament).
long filament branch
The molar percentage of nucleobases in the DNA of a prokaryotic chromosome and/or plasmid.
A prokaryotic cell that is bacillus-like (some variation of cylindrical).
Flagellated cell where the cell has multiple flagella, located in two tufts at both ends (poles) of the cell.
An acidic environment that is the environment inhabited by a prokaryotic cell.
prokaryotic acidic environment
An alkaline environment that is the environment inhabited by a prokaryotic cell.
prokaryotic alkaline environment
An assay to determine macroscopic or microscopic optical quality of a prokaryotic cell, or aggregation of prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic metabolite where fermentation produces are produced as a result of fermentation.
A type of filament only found in some filamentous cyanobacterial taxa. Is comprised by a trichome and an extracellular sheath. May or may not have branches.
An isopolar trichome morphology quality where heterocysts are only present at the poles, or terminals, of the trichome such that the trichome morphology is symmetric.
An isopolar trichome morphology quality where heterocysts are regularly dispersed along the length of the trichome such that the trichome morphology is symmetric.
Trichome differentiation quality of isopolar trichomes with respect to the location of heterocytes and the symmetrical arrangement of the heterocytes.
A part of a trichome where rapid cell division occurs. Meristematic zones, which arise terminally or subterminally, are found in the trichomes of Scytonemataceae, Rivulariaceae, and Microchaetaceae. Zone involves several cells along the trichome.
A sheath that is easily dissolving and indistinct (unlocalized).
https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/CaseinAgar.html FORMULA Ingredients per liter of deionized water:* Dry Milk, Instant Nonfat 50.0gm Pancreatic Digest of Casein 5.0gm Yeast Extract 2.5gm Glucose 1.0gm Agar 12.5gm Final pH 6.8 +/- 0.3 at 25 degrees C.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains nonfat dry milk, pancreatic digest of casein (casitone), yeast extract, glucose, and agar. Used for the differentiation of prokaryotes based on their ability to degrade casein.
A group of prokaryotic cells where the cells are attached to one another end-to-end, forming long threads. Formed when cell division occurs in a single plane (at right angles to the filament axis) and when cells do not detach from one another.
A trichome part formed when there is transient cell division in another plane other than crosswise to the length of the trichome axis. This results in the formation of a branch at right angles to the axis of the length of the trichome. Found only in the Stigonematales (Cyanobacteria).
A trichome part formed when there is interruption of the axis of a trichome. Are initiated when necritic cells form, breaking the trichome. Or are initiated at heterocytes. At first both ends of the interrupted trichome grow aside one another, later on the two new trichome ends grow in different directions. Occurs in the Oscillatoriales, Nostocales, and Stigonematales (Cyanobacteria).
A filament part formed when a new trichome begins to grow at an angle to the axis of the original length of the filament, also enclosed in sheath.
A sheath that is firm and distinct (localized, not easily dissolving and not indistinct).
Morphologically differentiated filament part, where the sheath has a distinctive spatial pattern.
sheath having distinctive spatial pattern
A prokaryotic cell containing thylakoids membranes.
An environment that exists on the surface of a rock (or a rocky substrate).
epilithic environment
A submerged environment consisting of a rocky substrate comprised of sediments, clays, or silt, colonized by a microorganisms or a microbial community.
epipelic environment
Wikipedia: Epiphyte An epiphyte is a plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant (such as a tree) and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. Epiphytes differ from parasites in that epiphytes grow on other plants for physical support and do not necessarily negatively affect the host. An epiphytic organism that is not a plant is called an epibiont.[1] Epiphytes are usually found in the temperate zone (e.g., many mosses, liverworts, lichens, and algae) or in the tropics (e.g., many ferns, cacti, orchids, and bromeliads).[2] Many houseplants are epiphyte species due to their minimal water and soil requirements. Epiphytes provide a rich and diverse habitat for other organisms including animals, fungi, bacteria, and myxomycetes.[3]
An environment that exists on a terrestrial plant (Embryophyte).
epiphytic environment
Wikipedia: Endophyte An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease.[1][2][3][4] Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of these endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood.[5][6] Endophytes are also known to occur within lichens[7] and algae. Many economically important grasses (e.g., Festuca spp. and Lolium spp. ) carry fungal endophytes in genus Epichloë,[8] some of which may enhance host growth[9] and may improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought, and enhance resistance to insects, plant pathogens and mammalian herbivores.[10][11][12][13]
An environment that exists within a plant (Embryophyte).
endophytic environment
An environmental system that is submerged, and attached to submerged rocks, plants, animals, or other objects.
periphytic environment
http://huey.colorado.edu/cyanobacteria/taxa/calyptra.php Definition of Calyptra Thickened or enlarged tip of a cyanobacterial filament, a hoodlike, lidlike, or caplike structure.
Modified apical cell, having a thickened or enlarged morphology. Has a hood-like, lid-like, or cap-like form. Little is known about the role, although presence is environmentally influenced. Not all trichomes in a natural population will exhibit a calyptra. Found in the Oscillatoriales and Nostocales.
A prokaryotic colony that has a distinct morphology (size, shape, texture, or structure).
Tapered trichome quality where the trichome is wider at the apical and basal ends, and narrower toward the center of the trichome (hour-glass shaped).
trichomes narrowed in the middle part and clearly widened at the ends
Prokaryotic quality (morphology, symmetry, position) relating to a cell part or cellular component.
Tapered trichome quality where the trichome is narrower at the apical and basal ends, and widened toward the center of the trichome (fusiform-shaped).
trichomes attenuated at the ends of developed trichomes
Thylakoid-containing cell where there are widened spaces between the thylakoid membranes. Function is not clear and are likely influenced by environmental factors. Frequency and location are taxa-specific.
Prokaryotic cell wall lysis susceptibility that defines how susceptible the cell wall is to lysis when the cell is placed in the presence of an environment with an altered chemical composition (detergent).
A gravity-driven water filter made by the British Berkefeld® company, with an intermediate pore size N (for Normal). Pore sizes average 0.43 microns in diameter.
From: Lai, Q., Yuan, J., Gu, L. & Shao, Z. (2009). Marispirillum indicum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a deep-sea environment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59, 1278–1281. Recipe: sodium acetate, 1.0 g Tryptone, 10.0 g yeast extract, 2.0 g sodium citrate, 0.5 g NH4NO3, 0.2 g seawater, 1L pH 7.5
An organic rich, liquid marine microbiological culture medium containing acetate, tryptone, yeast extract, citrate, ammonium nitrate, with a seawater base. Used for the cultivation of Marispirillum.
From: Lai, Q., Yuan, J., Gu, L. & Shao, Z. (2009). Marispirillum indicum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a deep-sea environment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59, 1278–1281. Recipe: sodium acetate, 1.0 g Tryptone, 10.0 g yeast extract, 2.0 g sodium citrate, 0.5 g NH4NO3, 0.2 g seawater, 1L pH 7.5 Agar is added to the medium to solidify.
An organic rich, solid marine microbiological culture medium containing acetate, tryptone, yeast extract, citrate, ammonium nitrate, with a seawater base. Used for the cultivation of Marispirillum.
From: http://himedialabs.com/TD/M384.pdf Zobell Marine Agar 2216 Zobell Marine Agar 2216 is recommended for cultivation, isolation and enumeration of heterotrophic marine bacteria. Composition Ingredients (Gms/Litre) Peptic digest of animal tissue 5.000 Yeast extract 1.000 Ferric citrate 0.1000 Sodium chloride 19.450 Magnesium chloride 8.800 Sodium sulfate 3.240 Calcium chloride 1.800 Potassium chloride 0.550 Sodium bicarbonate 0.160 Potassium bromide 0.080 Strontium chloride 0.034 Boric acid 0.022 Sodium silicate 0.004 Sodium fluorate 0.0024 Ammonium nitrate 0.0016 Disodium phosphate 0.008 Final pH (25˚C) 7.6+/-0.2
An organic-rich, mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptones and yeast extract in a base of artificial sea water. Used for the cultivation of heterotrophic marine microorganisms.
A culture medium used to select for, grow, and maintain prokaryotic microorganisms. Can be in either liquid (broth) or solidified (e.g. with agar) forms.
A chemically defined microbiological culture medium where all chemicals used are known. Does not contain any plant, animal, or microbiological cell extracts.
A microbiological culture medium that is liquid.
A microbiological culture medium that is solidified with a gelling agent, such as agar, agarose, gelatin, or pectin.
A microbiological culture medium that has components that are chemically heterogeneous, unknown, or uncharacterized mixtures or cellular extracts.
undefined microbiological culture medium
From: Balch WE et al, 1979. Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group. Microbiol Rev 43(2):260. Ingredients are added to distilled water to give a final volume of 1L. Cysteine and Na2S are added after boiling the medium under an 80% N2-20% CO2 gas mixture, the final gas phase of tubed medium being an 80% H2-CO2 gas mixture at two atmospheres of pressure. 50 mL mineral 1 solution (6 g K2HPO4 per liter) 50 mL mineral 2 solution (per liter: KH2PO4, 6 g; (NH4)2SO4, 6 g, NaCl, 12 g; MgSO4x7H2O, 2.6 g; CaCl2x2H2O, 0.16 g) 10 mL trace minerals (pH to 7.0 with KOH; per liter: nitrilotriacetic acid, 1.5 g; MgSO4x7H2O, 3.0 g; MnSO2x2H2O, 0.5 g; NaCl, 1.0 g; FeSO4x7H2O, 0.1g; CoSO4 or CoCl2, 0.1 g; CaCl2x2H2O, 0.1 g; ZnSO4, 0.1 g; CuSO4x5H2O, 0.01 g; AlK(SO4)2, 0.01 g; H3BO3, 0.01 g; Na2MoO4x2H2O, 0.01g); dissolve nitrilotriacetic acid with KOH to pH 6.5 then proceed to add minerals) 10 mL trace vitamines (contains in milligrams per liter: biotin, 2; folic acid, 2; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 10; thiamine hydrochloride, 5; riboflavin, 5; nicotinic acid, 5; DL-calcium pantothenate, 5; vitamin B12, 0.1; p-aminobenzoic acid, 5; lipoic acid, 5) 0.002 g FeSO4x7H2O 5.0 g NaHCO3 2.5g sodium acetate 2.5 g sodium formate 2.0 g yeast extract 2.0 g trypticase (BBL) 0.5 g L-Cysteine hydrochloridexH2O 0.5 g Na2Sx9H2O
pH is not noted in the original publication. However, pH of the medium is reported to be 7.0 in The Prokaryotes: Vol 3: Archaea. Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes, p. 213, copyrighted 2006.
A mineral-salts liquid microbiological culture medium containing acetate, formate, yeast extract, trypticase, cysteine and sulfide with H2 and CO2 in the headspace gas mixture. Used for the growth of methanogenic archaea.
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing acetate, formate, yeast extract, trypticase, cysteine and sulfide with hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the headspace gas mixture. Used for the growth of methanogenic archaea.
From Table 1 in: Sherr BF, Sherr EB, Berman T. 1983. Grazing, growth, and ammonium excretion rates of a heterotrophic microflagellate fed with four species of bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 45(4):1196-1201. Salt Amt (mg L-1 of distilled water) NaHCO3 197 NaCl 155 CaCl2 130 MgCl2 124 MgSO4 65 KCl 13 CaSO4 9.5 Total salts, 693.5 mg L-1. Total solids in Lake Kinneret water range from 640 to 714 mg L-1.
Could not find in any references the pH of AKW, however the pH of Lake Kinneret varies from about 8.6 at the surface to 7.8 at depth. http://kinneret.ocean.org.il/ar_grp.aspx
A dilute, mineral-salts liquid microbiological culture medium formulated to mimic Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) water. Used to cultivate freshwater autotrophic microorganisms.
Prokaryotic cell part quality, describing the nature of the cell wall. Determined from the results of the Gram stain assay.
From:Makhdoumi-Kakhki et al 2011. Haloarchaeobium iranensis gen.nov., sp. nov., an extremeley halophilic archaeon isolated from the saline lake Aran-Bidgol, Iran. Int J. Syst. Evol. MIcrobiol. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.033167-0 and Dyall-Smith. 2009. Halohandbook. http://www.haloarchaea.com/resources/halohandbook/ Add the following to a large beaker: Salt water (30% stock), 767 Pure water, 200 Peptone (Oxoid), 5 yeast extract, 1 Stir to dissolve, adjust pH up to 7.5 with 1M Tris pH 7.5, using 5 mL per liter. Adjust to 1L with pure water. For solid medium add 15g Difco Bacto-agar. 30% Salt water stock solution (the CaCl2 is not added until just before pouring plates and some TrisHCl pH 7.5 is added): per liter: H2O, 850 mL NaCl, 240 g MgCl2x6H2O, 30g KCl, 7g 1M TrisHCL pH 7.5, 20 mL
A hypersaline, liquid microbiological culture medium that contains mineral salts, peptone, and yeast extract. Used for the cultivation of Haloarchaeobium iranensis.
From: Zhou H et al. 2008. Isolation and characterization of Ferroplasma thermophilum sp. nov., a novel extremely acidophilic, moderately thermophilic archaeon and its role in bioleaching of chalcopyrite. J Appl Microbiol 105:591. Modified 9K medium contained (per litre): 3.0 g (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 g KH2PO4, 0.1 g KCl, 0.5 g MgSO4x7H2O, 0.01 g Ca(NO3)2. Trace elements (per litre) comprised: 11.0 mg FeCl3x6H2O, 0.5 mg CuSO4x5H2O, 50 mg Na2SO4, 2.0 mg H3BO3, 2.0 mg MnSO4, 0.8 mg Na2MoO4x2H2O, 0.6 mg CoCl2x6H2O, 0.9 mg ZnSO4x7H2O and 0.1 mg Na2SeO4. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 1.0 by adding 50% (v ⁄ v) H2SO4, was autoclaved, and then filter-sterilized (0.2 um filter paper) trace elements and FeSO4x7H2O were added in the medium.
An acidic, liquid, mineral-salts microbiological culture medium, high in ferrous iron. Used for the cultivation of Ferroplasma thermophilum.
From: Heng-Lin Cui, Xin-Yi Li, Xia Gao, Xue-Wei Xu, Yu-Guang Zhou, Hong-Can Liu, Aharon Oren and Pei-Jin Zhou. 2010. Halopelagius inordinatus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Halobacteriaceae isolated from a marine solar saltern. IJSEM 60:2089-2093. per liter: yeast extract, 0.2 g fish peptone, 0.2 g sodium pyruvate, 2.0 g sodium lactate, 2.0 g KCl, 5.4 g K2HPO4, 0.3 g NH4Cl, 0.5 g MgSO4x7H2O, 20.0 g NaCl, 200.0 g pH 7.0-7.2.
A hypersaline, liquid microbiological culture medium containing mineral-salts, magnesium sulfate, pyruvate, lactate, peptone, and yeast extract. Used for the cultivation of Halopelagius inordinatus.
neutral oligotrophic haloarchaeal medium
From: Cui H-L et al. 2010. Halosarcina limi sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon from a marine solar saltern, and emended description of the genus Halosarcina. Int J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:2462. CM2 Recipe: Per liter: Casamino acids (Difco), 0.5 g yeast extract (Difco), 0.5 g sodium pyruvate, 0.5 g fish peptone, 0.5 g glucose, 5.0 g sodium glutamate, 0.5 g trisodium citrate, 3.0 g KCl, 2.0 g K2HPO4, 0.3 g CaCl2, 0.5 g MgSO4x7H2O, 20 g NaCl, 230.0 g pH 7.0–7.2
From: Cui H-L, et al. 2010. Halogranum rubrum gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon isolated from a marine solar saltern. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:1366. Modified R2A medium: Contains the following ingredients per liter: Casamino acids 0.5g yeast extract, 0.5g sodium pyruvate, 0.5 g fish peptone, 0.5g glucose, 0.5g sodium glutamate, 0.5g trisodium citrate, 3.0g KCl, 2.0g K2HPO4, 0.3g CaCl2, 0.5g MgSO4x7H2O, 20.0g NaCl, 200.0 g pH 7.0-7.2
A hypersaline, liquid microbiological culture medium containing mineral-salts, magnesium sulfate, pyruvate, glucose, glutamate, citrate, and peptones. Used for the cultivation of Halogranum rubrum and Halosarcina limi.
Inorganic compounds or mixtures of inorganic compounds added to culture media to support growth or metabolism of a microorganism. Because the exact composition of the mixture is known, it is referred to as "defined".
From: http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium954.pdf 954. Medium for Halococcus dombrowskii. Casamino acids 5.00 g Yeast extract 5.00 g TRIS 12.10 g KCl 2.00 g MgCl2x6H2O 20.00 g CaCl2x2H2O 0.20 g NaCl 200.00 g Agar 20.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 mL Adjust pH to 7.4. Add the agar after dissolving all ingredients in the water and adjustment of pH. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 19505 Haladaptatus cibarius 18796 Halalkalicoccus jeotgali B3 14522 Halococcus dombrowskii 19504 Halorubrum cibi 18794 Haloterrigena jeotgali A29 18795 Natronococcus jeotgali DSM 18795
A hypersaline, organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing mineral-salts, tris, casamino acids, and yeast extract. Used to cultivate Halococcus dombrowskii (DSM 14522).
From:http://www.atcc.org/~/media/B61DC4844DBE4D51867A06D49DE22564.ashx ATCC Medium: 2820 HAYFLICK Medium Yeast Extract…………………………………..19.6 g PPLO…………………………………………...17.7 g Phenol Red……………………………………24 mg DNA sodium salt (Sigma, D1501)………...…0.24 g Horse serum (aseptically add)……………….157 ml DI Water………………………………………..843 ml Combine all ingredients except for the horse serum. Adjust pH to 7.8 +/- 0.2. Autoclave at 121C and let medium cool to 55C. Aseptically add horse serum and dispense as required.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing beef heart infusion, peptone, and sodium chloride. Developed for the growth of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
From: Nutrient Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Nutrient Broth has the formula originally designed for use in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. It is not a recommended bacteriological medium in later editions of this publication. It is one of several nonselective media recommended for use in the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique of estimating the density of viable organisms in food samples1 and is useful in routine cultivation of microorganisms. Principles of the Procedure This relatively simple formulation supports the growth of nonfastidious microorganisms due to its content of peptone and beef extract. Formula Difco™ Nutrient Broth Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Extract.................................................................. 3.0 g Peptone....................................................................... 5.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 6.8 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of beef extract and peptone.
Barbeyron T, L'Haridon S, Corre E, Kloareg B & Potin P. 2001. Zobellia galactanovorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine species of Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a red alga, and classification of [Cytophaga] uliginosa (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Reichenbach 1989 as Zobellia uliginosa gen. nov., comb. nov. IJSEM 51:985-997.: When it was desirable to avoid attack of the substratum, strains were grown on ZoBell solidified with 0.7% (w/v) Phytagel (a gellan gum; Sigma).
An organic-rich, mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptones and yeast extract in a base of artificial sea water. Solidified using Phytagel (gellan gum) instead of agar. Used for the cultivation of heterotrophic marine microorganisms capable of degrading agar.
A microbiological culture medium that contains bovine rumen fluid (or ruminal fluid), used for the culture of microorganisms that live in the rumen.
From: Schneegurt MA, Chapter 2, Media and conditions for the growth of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria and archaea. pg. 39, Table 2.1. In Vreeland RH (ed) Advances in Understanding the Biology of Halophilic Microorganisms. DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5539-0_2 Medium composition in grams per liter: NaCl, 250 MgSO4x7H2O, 20 FeCl2, 0.023 Na-citrate, 3 Casamino acids, 7.5 yeast extract, 10
Original citation: Sehgal SN, Gibbons NE (1960) Effect of some metal ions on the growth of Halobacterium cutirubrum. Can J Microbiol 6:165–169. The routine medium contained 7.5 g casamino acids (Difco), 10 g yeast extract (Difco), 3 g trisodium citrate, 2 g potassium chloride, 20 g magnesium sulphate heptahydrate, 250 g sodium chloride, aid distilled water to 1 liter. The ingredients were dissolved in 800 ml water, the pH adjusted to 7.5-7.8 with N potassium hydroxide, and the medium autoclaved 5 minutes at 120˚C. It was then filterecl to remove the precipitate, the pH mas adjusted to 7.4 with N hydrochloric acid, and the medium made up to final volume.
Sehgal and Gibbons, 1960, Effect of some metal ions on the growth of Halobacterium cutirubrum. Can J Microbiol 6:165.
A hypersaline, organic-rich liquid medium containing casamino acids, yeast extract, and salts. Used for the growth of Halobacterium cutirubrum.
From: Brucella Agar with 5% Sheep Blood, Hemin and Vitamin K1 (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Brucella Agar with 5% Sheep Blood, Hemin and Vitamin K1 is used for the isolation and cultivation of fastidious, obligately anaerobic microorganisms.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium, containing peptones, yeast extract, glucose, and sodium bisulfite as a reducing agent. Supplemented with 5% sheep blood, hemin, and vitamin K. Used for the growth of Brucella.
Barbeyron T, L'Haridon S, Corre E, Kloareg B & Potin P. 2001. Zobellia galactanovorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine species of Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a red alga, and classification of [Cytophaga] uliginosa (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Reichenbach 1989 as Zobellia uliginosa gen. nov., comb. nov. IJSEM 51:985-997. The strain was assayed for amylase activity using starch at a concentration of 0.2 % (w/v) in ZoBell agar or in ZoBell Phytagel plates.
An organic-rich, mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptones and yeast extract in a base of artificial sea water. Solidified using Phytagel instead of agar. Supplemented with starch. Used for the cultivation of heterotrophic marine microorganisms capable of degrading agar.
Balch et al. 1979. Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group. Microbiol Rev 43(2):260.
Miller TL et al, 1982. Isolation of Methanobrevibacter smithii from human feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 43(1):227.
Miller, 2001. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, v. 1, 2nd ed. p.219.
A liquid, mineral-salts microbiological culture medium containing acetate, formate, yeast extract, trypticase, cysteine and sulfide with H2 and CO2 in the headspace gas mixture. Supplemented with additional 0.1% NH4Cl, 10% rumen fluid, 2% agar, and with clindamycin and cephalotin (cefalotin). Used for the growth of Methanobrevibacter from feces.
A hypersaline, organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains mineral-salts, tris, peptone, and yeast extract. Used for the cultivation of Haloarchaeobium iranensis.
A microbiological culture medium that contains blood, treated blood, lysed blood cells, blood serum, or treated blood serum.
microbiological culture medium containing blood
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Animal Blood, Citrated is blood that has been washed and treated with sodium citrate as the anticoagulant. It serves as a source of erythrocytes for serological procedures.
Blood medium ingredient comprised of animal blood where citrate has been added to prevent coagulation. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
A liquid microbiological culture medium that contains horse (equine) serum.
equine serum-containing microbiological culture medium
A microbiological culture medium (a blood serum agar), made with porcine (pig) blood serum.
microbiological culture medium, containing procine serum
From: PPLO Media (Mycoplasma Media) (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use PPLO (Mycoplasma) agars and broths, when supplemented with nutritive enrichments, are used for isolating and cultivating Mycoplasma. Mycoplasma Broth Base (Frey) is used for the cultivation of avian mycoplasmas. Principles of the Procedure Meat digests, peptones, beef extract and yeast extract provide the nitrogen, vitamins, amino acids and carbon in these media. Sodium chloride maintains the osmotic balance of these formulations. Agar, the solidifying agent, is used in PPLO (Mycoplasma) Agar at a concentration slightly reduced from usual to ensure formation of the largest possible colonies because the organisms grow into the agar with only slight surface growth.13 The base media are supplemented with Mycoplasma Supplement or Mycoplasma Enrichment w/o Penicillin because Mycoplasma spp. are fastidious in their growth requirements. 14 Mycoplasma Supplement contains fresh yeast extract and horse serum. Yeast extract provides the preformed nucleic acid precursors that are required by Mycoplasma spp.14 Horse serum supplies cholesterol, a growth stimulant.14 Mycoplasma Enrichment without Penicillin is a selective enrichment containing the inhibitor thallium acetate, to which a penicillin of choice (penicillin G or a broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin) can be added at the time of use to make it selective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Formulae Difco™ PPLO Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Heart, Infusion from 50 g..................................... 6.0 g Peptone..................................................................... 10.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 14.0 g Difco™ PPLO Broth Consists of the the same ingredients without the agar. pH 7.8 ± 0.2 BBL™ Mycoplasma Agar Base (PPLO Agar Base) Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Heart, Infusion from (solids).................................. 2.0 g Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 7.0 g Beef Extract.................................................................. 3.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 3.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 14.0 g pH 7.8 ± 0.2 BBL™ Mycoplasma Broth Base (PPLO Broth Base) Consists of the same ingredients without the agar. BBL™ Mycoplasma Broth Base (Frey) Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 7.5 g Papaic Digest of Soybean Meal..................................... 2.5 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 5.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Potassium Chloride...................................................... 0.4 g Magnesium Sulfate...................................................... 0.2 g Disodium Phosphate.................................................... 1.6 g Monopotassium Phosphate.......................................... 0.1 g pH 7.7 ± 0.2 Difco™ Mycoplasma Supplement Approximate Formula* Per 30 mL Vial Yeast Extract................................................................ 0.09 g Horse Serum.............................................................. 22.8 mL BBL™ Mycoplasma Enrichment without Penicillin Approximate Formula* Per 30 mL Vial Horse Serum.............................................................. 20.0 mL Yeast Extract (fresh autolysate)................................... 10.0 mL Thallium Acetate........................................................ 50.0 mg *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing various peptones and sodium chloride. Developed for the growth of mycoplasmas.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/SP4Media.htm SP4 Broth, Plain**: Pancreatic Digest of Casein 10.0gm Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin 5.0gm PPLO Broth without CV 3.5gm Polymyxin B 50.0mg Amphotericin B 5.0mg Fetal Bovine Serum 170.0ml CMRL 1066 Medium (10X) 50.0ml Yeast Extract 35.0ml Yeastolate 10% 20.0ml Penicillin 1,000,000U Final pH at 25 degrees C.: SP4 Broth, Plain SP4 Broth with Arginine 7.0 +/- 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digests of casein and gelatin, PPLO broth (without CV, i.e. without crystal violet), fetal bovine serum (fetal calf serum), CMRL 1066 medium (a mixture of amino acids, vitamins, co-factors, and organic micronutrients), yeast extract, and polymyxin B, Amphotericin B, and penicillin. Used for the growth of mycoplasmas.
A solid microbiological culture medium (a blood agar), containing horse blood.
A slant culture is where liquified (melted) solid medium has been added to a sterile test tube and allowed to solidify (cool) at an angle with respect to the horizontal, such that the solid medium surface is at an angle with respect to the sides of the test tube. The slant culture allows for a larger surface of the agar to be exposed to oxygen.
http://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/media/table/bg.html From: Moss,B. 1972. The influence of environmental factors on the distribution of freshwater algae: an experimental study. J. Ecol. 60:917-932. Blue-Green (BG) Medium This medium is made up in 2 parts. Autoclave parts 1 and 2 separately at 15 psi, allow to cool them then mix aseptically. For agar plates, add 15 g non-nutrient agar per L. Part 1: Tricine 0.50 g Soil extract (SE1) 25.00 mL Extra nutrient salts 3.75 mL Filtered natural seawater to 1.0 L Adjust pH to 7.6-7.8 with 1M NaOH or HCl. Part 2: NaNO3 1.500 g K2HPO4x3H2O 0.040 g MgSO4x7H2O 0.075 g CaCl2x2H2O 0.036 g Citric acid 0.006 g Ammonium ferric citrate green 0.006 g EDTANa2 0.001 g Na2CO3 0.020 g Trace metal solution 1.00 mL Distilled water to 1.0 L Adjust pH to 7.4. Extra nutrient salts: NaNO3 3.00 g Na2HPO4 0.12 g K2HPO4 0.10 g Distilled water to 100.0 mL Trace metal solution: H3BO3 0.286 g MnCl2x4H2O 0.022 g Na2MoO4x2H2O 0.039 g CuSO4x5H2O 0.008 g Co(NO3)2x6H2O 0.005 g Distilled water to 100 mL
A mineral-salts, marine, liquid microbiological culture medium containing soil extract. Used for the growth of photoautotrophic microorganisms.
From: Lindstrom, K. 1983. Selenium as a growth factor for plankton algae in laboratory experiments and in some Swedish lakes. Hydrobiologia 101:35-48. Macronutrients (all values mg per L) NaHCO3 84.00 NaNO3 12.75 CaCl2x2H2O 14.70 MgSO4x7H2O 12.32 K2HPO4 1.74 Na2SiO3x9H2O 1.14 Micronutrients FeCl3x6H2O 0.108 Na2MoO4x2H2O 0.048 ZnCl2 0.027 MnCl2x4H2O 0.010 CoCl2x6H2O 0.0096 Na2SeO3x5H2O 0.000184 EDTA 0.558 pH 8.1
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium comprised mainly of sodium bicarbonate. Used to cultivate autotrophic microorganisms from lakes.
From: Patel GB. 1984. Characterization and nutritional properties of Methanothrix concilii sp. nov., a mesophilic, aceticlastic methanogen. Can J Microbiol 30:1383-1396. The composition of the Aa medium used for isolation and stock culture maintenance was as follows (in milligrams per litre): CH3COONa·3H2O, 6800; K2HPO4, 2190; KH2PO4, 1500; Na2CO3, 480; (NH4)2SO4, 450; cysteine-HCl, 125; Na2S·9H2O, 125; MgSO4·7H2O, 120; CaCl2·2H2O, 60; NaCl, 54; FeSO4 ·7H2O, 21; nitrilotriacetic acid, 15; MnSO4 · 2H2O, 5; CoCl2-6H2O, 1; ZnSO4·7H2O, I; resazurin, I; CuSO4·5H2O, 0.1; AIK(SO4)2- 12H2O, 0.1; H3BO3, 0.1; Na2Mo04·2H2O, 0.1; pyridoxine-HCl, 0.1; thiamine-HCl, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, lipoic acid, each 0.05; biotin and folic acid, each 0.02; vitamin B-12, 0.005. The Aa medium ingredients, except Na2CO3 and cysteine- Na2S, were 'mixed and adjusted to pH 7.8. The medium was then reduced with cysteine- Na2S, and Na2CO3 was added, using the Hungate (1950) technique. The reduced medium was dispensed in 10-mL aliquots into 60-mL serum vials (Miller and Wolin 1974) under 80% N2: 20% CO2 gas phase. The postautoclave (121°C, 15 min) pH was 7.2 ± 0.1. If the same medium contained 10000 mg/L of CH3COONa·3H20, it was referred to as AA medium.
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing sodium acetate, potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium sulfide, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, nitrilotriacetic acid, manganese sulfate, cobalt chloride, zinc sulfate, resazurin, copper sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, boric acid, sodium molybdate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), lipoic acid, biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide. Used for the growth of Methanosaeta concillii.
Quality that inheres in a prokaryotic cell, group of cells, prokaryotic colony, or part of a prokaryotic cell.
L-proline arylamidase that uses the substrate L-proline 4-nitroanilide (L-proline-p-nitroanilide). Proline arylamidase activity (which could be from proline aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) cleaves the substrate, releasing 4-nitroaniline which is bright yellow in color. A positive test is yellow; a negative test is colorless.
L-proline arylamidase assay using nitroanilide
A filter with a specified pore size that filters solid material above the specified pore size out of a liquid medium.
A gravity-driven water filter made by the British Berkefeld® company.
Physical object quality of a prokaryotic cell.
A trichome part, refering to the poles (terminal ends) of a prokaryotic trichome. May involve one cell or multiple cells along the trichome.
Temperature optimum quality, where growth rates at moderate temperatures (20-40˚C) are higher than growth rates at other temperatures.
An organic-rich, mineral-salts, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptones and yeast extract in a base of artificial sea water. Used for the cultivation of heterotrophic marine microorganisms.
From: Bacto™ Tryptic Soy Broth/Trypticase™ Soy Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Tryptic (Trypticase) Soy Broth (Soybean-Casein Digest Medium) is a general purpose medium used in qualitative procedures for the cultivation of fastidious and nonfastidious microorganisms from a variety of clinical and nonclinical specimens. Principles of the Procedure Enzymatic digests of casein and soybean provide amino acids and other complex nitrogenous substances. Dextrose is an energy source. Sodium chloride maintains the osmotic equilibrium. Dibasic potassium phosphate acts as a buffer to control pH. The addition of 6.5% sodium chloride to Trypticase Soy Broth permits the differentiation of salt-tolerant enterococci, which are resistant to the high salt content, from the salt-intolerant S. bovis group and other streptococcal species. At this concentration, the sodium chloride is a selective agent that interferes with membrane permeability and osmotic and electrokinetic equilibria.4 Fildes Enrichment is a peptic digest of sheep blood that supplies the X (hemin) and V (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD) factors necessary for the growth of H. influenzae. Dextrose is omitted from the formula for Tryptic Soy Broth without Dextrose to permit use of the medium in fermentation studies. The carbohydrate concentration used most frequently in fermentation reactions is 0.5% or 1%. Tryptic Soy Broth and Trypticase Soy Broth are provided as prepared media in a variety of bottle styles. In addition, Tryptic Soy Broth is provided as a Sterile Pack Bottle; i.e., the bottle has been terminally sterilized inside of autoclavable double-bags. All varieties of bottled TSB conform with requirements for Ready- To-Use Media as described in the USP. Formulae Bacto™ Tryptic Soy Broth (Soybean-Casein Digest Medium) Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 17.0 g Papaic Digest of Soybean............................................. 3.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 2.5 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 2.5 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2 BBL™ Trypticase™ Soy Broth (Soybean-Casein Digest Broth) Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 17.0 g Papaic Digest of Soybean............................................. 3.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 2.5 g Dextrose...................................................................... 2.5 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2 Bacto™ Tryptic Soy Broth without Dextrose Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 17.0 g Enzymatic Digest of Soybean Meal............................... 3.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 2.5 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.3 ± 0.2
Wikipedia:Tryptic_soy_broth Tryptic soy broth (frequently abbreviated as TSB) is used in microbiology laboratories as a culture broth to grow aerobic bacteria. It is frequently used in commercial diagnostics in conjunction with the additive Thio which promotes growth of anaerobes.
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of pancreatic digest of casein (casitone), papaic digest of soybean (soy peptone), dextrose (D-glucose), sodium chloride, and dipotassium phosphate (potassium dibasic phosphate).
From: Tryptic Soy Agar/Trypticase™ Soy Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Tryptic (Trypticase) Soy Agar (TSA) is used for the isolation and cultivation of nonfastidious and fastidious microorganisms. It is not the medium of choice for anaerobes. Principles of the Procedure The combination of casein and soy peptones in TSA renders the medium highly nutritious by supplying organic nitrogen, particularly amino acids and longer-chained peptides. The sodium chloride maintains osmotic equilibrium. Agar is the solidifying agent. Haemophilus species may be differentiated by their requirements for X and V factors. Paper strips impregnated with these factors are placed on the surface of the medium after inoculation with the test organism. Following incubation, a zone of growth around the strip indicates a requirement for the factor(s). Formulae Difco™ Tryptic Soy Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 15.0 g Papaic Digest of Soybean............................................. 5.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2 BBL™ Trypticase™ Soy Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 15.0 g Papaic Digest of Soybean............................................. 5.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria.
An organic-rich, solid medium containing casitone (pancreatic digest of casein), Phytone peptone (papaic digest of soybean), and sodium chloride. Used for the cultivation of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms.
A single-organism metabolic process that is present in a prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell.
A solid or liquid mixture of chemicals which are used as ingredients in microbiological culture media used to grow and propogate prokaryotic microorganisms.
chemical mixture, serving as microbiological medium ingredients
A flattened prokaryotic cell where the shape is partially spherical.
sub-cylindrical
Temperature optimum quality, where growth rates at elevated temperatures (40-85˚C) are higher than growth rates at ambient temperatures.
A filament of prokaryotic cells relating to the presence or absence of septa separating the individual cells that make up the filament.
filament septation
cyanobacterial filament part
A cell filament that has a distinctive shape.
distinctively shaped filament
A filament morphological quality where the filaments have a particular spatial orientation with respect to a substrate or surface.
spatially differentiated filaments
False-branched filaments, where branches initiate at a necridic cell. Branches often appear as pairs.
filaments make sometimes typical loop-like lateral formations
scytonematoid-branched filaments
False-branched filaments, where branches initiate at a heterocyte. Branches only sometimes appear as pairs.
tolypothrixoid-branched filaments
True-branched filaments, where the cells divide irregularly in different planes and form clusters of cells. The cells remain physiologically attached.
X-branched filaments
zzzz 'inheres in' some (Stigonema or Fischerella or Hapalosiphon or Westiella) Westiella is in NCBI Tax browser, but not in OntoFox.
True-branched filaments, where a cell in the trichome divides longitudinally (parallel to the axis of the filament) and the trichome branch starts to grow perpendicular to one side of the main trichome.
erect true branches develop usually unilaterally after the lengthwise cell division
true branching lateral (usually unilateral)
T-branched filaments
zzzz 'inheres in' some (Hyphomorpha or Pulvinularia or Colteronema or Loriella or Mastigocoleopsis) - no NCBI entries.
True-branched filaments, where an apical cell divides longitudinally, from which grows obliquely two equivalent branches.
pseudodichotomous branches arise by longitudinal division of the apical cells
pseudodichotomously divaricated at the ends
pseudodichotomously divaricated branches
pseudodichotomously divaricated free filaments
V-branched filaments
zzzz 'inheres in' some (Scytonema or Brachytrichia or Mastigocladus) Brachytrichia is in NCBI Tax Browser, but not in OntoFox.
True-branched filaments, where branches arise in the intercalary (medial) cells after oblique cell division at an intercalary (medial cell).
reverse Y-branched filaments
Filament with one trichome in the sheath, where the trichome is two cells in width. Arises as a result of cell division occuring in two planes,one perpendicular to the axis of the trichome and one parallel to the axis of the trichome.
biseriate filament
An extracellular sheath in cyanobacteria is typically a laminated (lamellated, laminar), fibrillar, extracellular structure made of polysaccharides (glycan). It plays a role in desiccation tolerance and often contains pigments (such as scytonemin) which protect from photodamage caused by uv light. It also has proteins (including water stress proteins, pectases). Often multilayered and colored.
extracellular sheath
Wikipedia: trichome Algal trichomes Certain, usually filamentous, algae have the terminal cell produced into an elongate hair-like structure called a trichome. The same term is applied to such structures in some cyanobacteria, such as Spirulina and Oscillatoria. Cyanobacteria trichomes may be unsheathed, as in Oscillatoria, or sheathed, as in Calothrix.[1] These structures play an important role in preventing soil erosion, particularly in cold desert climates.[citation needed] The filamentous sheaths form a persistent sticky network that helps maintain soil structure.
A prokaryotic filament part, comprised of a chain of cells that has undergone binary fission in a single plane, where the cells remain attached after cell division. Found in the Nostocales and Stigonematales (Cyanobacteria).
trichome
A prokaryotic trichome where the two poles of the trichome have the cell diameter (i.e., are symmetrical and not tapered). Caused by the development of a basal heterocyte.
apical cells morphologically not different from other cells
morphologically not diversified in "main" filaments and branches
isopolar trichome
A prokaryotic trichome where the two poles of the trichome have different cell diameters (i.e. trichomes are tapered on end end and asymmetrical). Caused by the development of a basal heterocyte.
differentiating into basal and apical parts
filaments differentiated into basal and apical parts
filaments distinctly divided into basal end with a heterocyte and the apical end
trichomes, oriented by their bases with heterocytes to their substrate and by their apical hir-like parts to the surface
heteropolar trichome
A trichome cell that is located terminally in a trichome, and which has undergone differentiation. Found in trichomes with apical-basal polarity.
apical cell
Prokaryotic cell wall lysis susceptibility that defines how susceptible the cell wall is to lysis when the cell is placed in the presence of an environment with an altered chemical composition (hypotonic solution).
susceptibility to lysis by hypotonic solution
Filament orientation quality where erect filaments and prostrate filaments are present, refers to the basal filaments that are prostrate to the substrate.
basal prostrate filaments
A trichome cell comprised of a cell that has undergone differentiation such that it is dead (nectritic).
trichomes disintegrating in separated cells within filaments
trichomes often disintegrate soon after heterocyte formation between heterocytes
necritic cell
Cell clusters, where the cells are chroococcoid (spherical).
old trichomes change often in chroococcoid stages
chroococcoid cell cluster
Filament differentiation quality with respect to the positioning of the meristematic zone along the length of the trichome.
differentiated meristematic zone
Heteropolar trichome where the width of the trichome varies such that the trichome is tapered.
tapered trichome
An apical cell or cells in a heteropolar filament that is differentiated to form an elongated hair-like extension.
in the apical part narrowed in elongated, cellular hair
trichomes elongated in cellular hair-like ends
hair cell
Apical cell that is vacuolized (has gas vacuoles).
vacuolized apical cell
Cyanobacterial filament part, where the apical cell is morphologically distinctive.
morphologically distinctive apical cell
Apical cell that is conical-rounded (conical-blunt).
conical-rounded apical cell
conical apical cell
pointed apical cell
club-shaped ends of trichomes and branches
rounded apical cell
elongated apical cell
Apical cell that is narrowed (has decreased width).
narrowed apical cell
Apical cell quality related the developmental transformation of the apical cell into nanocytes.
terminal cells of branches divide often repeatedly in nanocytes
apical cell develops into nanocytes
Apical cell that is hyaline (spindle-shaped).
hyaline apical cell
Apical cell that is elongated-rounded (elongated-blunt).
elongated-rounded apical cell
Pointed apical cell that is bluntly pointed (attenuate).
bluntly pointed apical cell
Pointed apical cell that is sharply pointed (acuminate).
sharply pointed apical cell
Sub-apical cell quality where the sub-apical cell is vacuolized (has gas vacuoles).
vacuolized sub-apical cell
Meristematic zone position quality where the position is subterminal.
subterminal meristematic zones
Meristematic zone position quality where the position is terminal.
in the apical part sometimes with meristematic zones
meristematic zons near the ends of branches
terminal meristematic zones
Tapered trichome quality where the trichome is wider at the apical end, and narrower at the basal end (cuneate-shaped).
apical cell is larger than the other ones
trichomes sometimes with slightly widened apical parts
tapered by apical widening
Tapered trichome quality where the trichome is narrower at the apical end, and wider at the basal end (attenuate-shaped).
tapered by apical narrowing
From: Irgens RL. 1977. Meniscus, a new genus of aerotolerant, gas-vacuolated bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 27(1):38-43. The TES, modified from Pfennig’s formula (personal communication), contained (per liter): ZnSO4x7H2O, 0.10 g; MnCl2x4H2O, 0.03 g; H3BO3, 0.3 g; CoCl2x6H20, 0.2 g; CuCl2x2H2O,0.01 g ; NiCl2x6H2O, 0.02 g; Na2MoO4x 2H2O, 0.03g; pH3 to 4.
A trace elements solution containing zinc sulfate, manganese chloride, boric acid, cobalt chloride, copper chloride, nickel chloride, and sodium molybdate.
From: Balch WE et al, 1979. Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group. Microbiol Rev 43(2):260. Trace vitamines (contains in milligrams per liter: biotin, 2; folic acid, 2; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 10; thiamine hydrochloride, 5; riboflavin, 5; nicotinic acid, 5; DL-calcium pantothenate, 5; vitamin B12, 0.1; p-aminobenzoic acid, 5; lipoic acid, 5) Also reported in Wolin EA, Wolin MJ, Wolfe RS. 1963. Formation of methane by bacterial extracts. J Biol Chem 238(8):2882-2886.
A solution of vitamins containing biotin, folic acid, pyridoxine, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, cobalamin (vitamin B12), 4-aminobenzoic acid (p-aminobenzoic acid), and lipoic acid. Used to support growth of methanogenic archaea.
A chemical entity produced by a prokaryotic cell, as a result of metabolism.
Organic compounds or mixtures of organic compounds added to culture media to support growth or metabolism of a microorganism.
Wikipedia:methanogenesis Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria. The production of methane is an important and widespread form of microbial metabolism. In most environments, it is the final step in the decomposition of biomass.
Prokaryotic metabolite where methane is produced as a result of methanogenesis.
Prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell, specialized for the production of methane. Found only in the archaeal domain of life.
A mixture of dry or liquid organic compounds added to culture media to support growth or metabolism of a microorganism. Because the exact composition of the mixture is unknown or uncharacterized, it is referred to as "undefined".
The process in which tetrathionate is reduced to sulfide.
Undefined mixture of complex organic compounds deriving from the aqueous extraction (an extraction using water, such as hot water or steam) of animal organs, animal tissues, or animal secretions. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from aqueous extracts of animal tissues or fluids
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds deriving from the aqueous extraction (an extraction using water, such as hot water or steam) of microbial (prokaryotic or microbial eukaryotic) cells. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from extracts of microbial organisms
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds derived from hydrophobic substances including lipids, fatty acids, and triacylglycerols, derived from the chemical or physical extraction of oil from an organism, the part of an organism, or a naturally occurring substance (such as crude oil).
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from oil
An undefined mixture of complex organic compounds (peptides, sometimes with additional undefined vitamins and cofactors) derived from enzymatic, acid, or base digests of protein from plant or animal sources. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from extracts of proteinaceous material
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds derived (typically amino acids) from the acid hydrolysis of animal or plant protein added to culture media.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from chemical hydrolysis of protein
BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised).
Protein hydrolysates, also called peptones, are the result of the enzymatic hydrolysis of protein.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of protein
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): BBL™ Trypticase™ Peptone is a pancreatic digest of casein and is the primary nitrogen source in Trypticase Soy Broth and Agar. Ash content is 5.7% NaCl content is 0.1%
Reference for Bio-trypticase: "Rapport de Mission au Centre National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Veterinaires de Nouakchott du 12/07 au 02/08/1999"; Institute Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles. Retired name for "peptone pancreatique du caseine"; produced by Bio-Merieux (www.biomerieux.com) or Oxoid (www.remel.com/Microbiology).
Trademarked commercial name for pancreatic digest of casein (milk protein from cow's milk, Bos taurus), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): Meat peptones are proteins from animal sources that have been hydrolyzed, or broken down into amino acids and peptides, to provide nitrogen for microorganisms. Meat peptones can be tailored to specific nutritive needs of microorganisms by controlling the quality and origin of the protein, the quality and source of the enzyme used to digest the protein, and the methods used for hydrolysis, concentration and drying the peptone. Peptone manufacture methods are discussed in the section titled Hydrolysis to Hydrolysate. Sources of animal protein include meat from muscle tissue or offal (waste parts, entrails) and gelatin. Muscular tissue and offal are utilized fresh, frozen or dried. Gelatin is extracted by boiling collagen, the fibrous protein found in connective tissue, bone and cartilage. A variety of proteolytic enzymes, or proteases, may be used to accomplish enzymatic hydrolysis of animal protein. Pepsin and trypsin are widely used for animal peptone manufacture. Pepsin is isolated from porcine or other animal stomach. Trypsin, along with chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A, carboxypeptidase B, and elastase, are enzymes isolated from animal pancreas.
An enzymatic hydrolysis of meat (muscle tissue) proteins from mixed animal (mammalian) sources, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): Bacto™ Neopeptone is an enzymatic digest of protein. Neopeptone contains a wide variety of peptide sizes in combination with vitamins, nucleotides and minerals. Ash content is 6.9% NaCl content is 1.4%
An enzymatic digest of meat, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised).: Bacto™ Peptone is an enzymatic digest of animal protein. Bacto Peptone was first introduced in 1914 and became the standard Peptone for the preparation of bacteriological culture media. The nutritive value of Bacto Peptone is largely dependent on the amino acid content that supplies essential nitrogen. Bacto Peptone contains only a negligible quantity of proteoses and more complex constituents. Ash content is 6.9% NaCl content is 1.7%
An enzymatic digest of animal (mammalian) protein (of unspecified orgin), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised).: BBL™ Polypeptone™ Peptone is a mixture of peptones made up of equal parts of pancreatic digest of casein and peptic digest of animal tissue. Polypeptone Peptone includes the high content of amino acids and small polypeptides characteristic of pancreatic digest of casein and the larger polypeptides characteristic of peptic digest of animal tissue. Ash content is 9.7% NaCl content is 2.7%
A mixture of peptones (pancreatic digest of casein and peptic digest of animal/mammalian tissue - meat), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised). The Bacto™ Proteose Peptones are enzymatic digests of protein. Studies of peptic digests of animal tissue prepared under varying digestion parameters led to the development of Proteose Peptone, Proteose Peptone No. 2 and Proteose Peptone No. 3. Data accumulated during these studies demonstrated that no one peptone is the most suitable nitrogen source for every microbiological application. Bacto Proteose Peptone No. 4 is a spray-dried version of Bacto Proteose Peptone. BiTek™ Proteose Peptone and BiTek Proteose Peptone No. 3 are enzymatic digests of protein, developed to offer alternatives to the Bacto Proteose Peptones for scale-up to production applications. Ash content is 7.8% NaCl content is 4.9%
A peptic digest of protein derived from animal (mammalian) tissue, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): Enzymeatic digests of soy flour. Soy contains several heat labile protease inhibitors. The most common way of eliminating these factors is to heat or toast the defatted soy beans in a processing plant under controlled conditions. Soy flour, the principle substrate in a soy peptone, is rich in high-quality protein, carbohydrates, calcium and B vitamins. The enzymes used in the digestion of soy flour are typically from animal-free sources or from microorganisms that have been grown in animal-free media. Ash content is 12% NaCl content is 0.2%
A mixed enzymatic digest of flour made of the seed of the soybean (Hordeum vulgare), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients(TM) Techical Manual (3rd edition, revised): Bacto™ Tryptone is a pancreatic digest of casein. It was developed by Difco Laboratories while investigating a peptone particularly suitable for the elaboration of indole by bacteria. It is also notable for the absence of detectable levels of carbohydrates. Ash content is 6.6% NaCl content is 0.0%
From: Wikipedia:Tryptone Tryptone is the assortment of peptides formed by the digestion of casein by the protease trypsin.
An enzymatic hydrolysate of casein (a milk protein from cow's milk, Bos taurus) made using the hydrolytic enzyme trypsin, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised).: Bacto™ Tryptose is a mixed enzymatic hydrolysate with distinctive nutritional properties. The digestive process of Tryptose results in assorted peptides of higher molecular weight suitable for long-chain amino acid requirements. Ash content is 8.8% NaCl content is 3.2%
A mixed enzymatic hydrolysate of protein (animal meat of unspecified origin), used for the cultivation of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): Bacto™ Casamino Acids is an acid hydrolysate of casein, prepared according to the method described by Mueller and Miller. The method described, reduces the sodium chloride and iron content of the hydrolyzed casein. This hydrolyzed casein, supplemented with inorganic salts, growth factors, cystine, maltose and an optimum amount of iron was used by Mueller and Miller to prepare diptheria toxin. Bacto Casamino Acids duplicate this specially treated hydrolyzed casein. Ash content is 18.3% NaCl content is 12.1%
An acid hydrolysate of casein (milk protein from cow's milk, Bos taurus), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
A complex mixture of unrefined petrolium hydrocarbons, pumped from subsurface geologic formations, used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From Wikipedia: Yolk: The yolk of one large egg (50 g total, 17 g yolk) contains approximately: 2.7 g protein, 210 mg cholesterol, 0.61 g carbohydrates, and 4.51 g total fat. All of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are found in the egg yolk. Egg yolk is one of the few foods naturally containing vitamin D. The composition (by weight) of the most prevalent fatty acids in egg yolk is typically as follows: Unsaturated fatty acids: Oleic acid, 47% Linoleic acid, 16% Palmitoleic acid, 5% Linolenic acid, 2% Saturated fatty acids: Palmitic acid, 23% Stearic acid, 4% Myristic acid, 1%
Oil extracted from yolk of chicken eggs, used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
The process by which thiosulfate undergoes disproportionation to sulfate and hydrogen sulfide.
From Wikipedia:Olive_oil: Olive oil is a fat obtained from the olive (the fruit of Olea europaea; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. The oil is produced by pressing whole olives. Olive oil is composed mainly of the mixed triglyceride esters of oleic acid and palmitic acid and of other fatty acids, along with traces of squalene (up to 0.7%) and sterols (about 0.2% phytosterol and tocosterols).
Oil extracted from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea), used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
The purpose of this assay is to determine if a microbial isolate is capable of metabolizing glutamate. This enzyme is important for the synthesis of urea and in nitrogen assimilation. Glutamate is deaminated via a hydrolysis reaction to produce 2-oxoglutarate, ammonia, and either NADH or NADPH. Activity can be assayed using colorimetric assays for NADH production. 2-oxoglutarate is also known as alpha-ketoglutarate. Activity could also be determined using a pH sensitive indicator dye. Glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the following reaction: L-Glutamate + H2O <-> 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH/NADHP + H+ L-Glutamate + H2O <-> alpha-ketoglutarate + NH3 + NADH/NADHP + H+
An extract made from archaeal cells, used for culturing microorganisms.
An extract made from bacterial cells, used for culturing microorganisms.
From http://www.oxoid.com/UK/blue/prod_detail/prod_detail.asp?pr=CM1032&cat=&sec=1: Heart Infusion Broth has been developed to give the same performance characteristics as Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Broth. However, as bovine brain is a specified risk material, the exclusion of it from the Heart Infusion Broth means that the regulatory requirements when using it are lower. The medium has been developed to give equivalent performance to Brain Heart Infusion but the exclusion of calf brain infusion means that Heart Infusion Broth carries a lower regulatory burden. Simple additions may be made to the medium to make it suitable for the cultivation of yeasts and moulds and for use in blood culture. A highly nutritious infusion medium recommended for the cultivation of streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci and other fastidious organisms.
A water extract of bovine (Bos taurus) heart, used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From Wikipedia:Brain_heart_infusion_broth: Brain-heart infusion broth (BHI broth or BHIB) is a highly nutritious general-purpose growth medium for culturing fastidious and nonfastidious microorganisms, such as streptococci, pneumococci and meningococci. It is made by boiling cow or porcine hearts and brains. Boiling releases soluble factors into the broth. The broth can then be turned into powder for easy distribution. BHI broth contains sodium chloride which is used to differentiate enterococci from nonenterococcal group D streptococci. BHI broth is often used in food safety, water safety, and antibiotic sensitivity tests.
Hot water extract of bovine (Bos taurus) or porcine (Sus scrofa) hearts and brains, used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
An extract made from cellular paste from the culture of Chlorella spp., used for the culturing of microorganisms. Chlorella is a microscopic green alga in the Trebouxiophyceae.
From "Materials and Methods in the Study of Protozoa", pg. 21, by Harold Kirby, University of California Press, 1950: "One part of caecal contents is mixed with 9 parts of Ringer solution, and the mixture strained through a sieve and then through a funnel with a thick pad of absorbent cotten."
A water extract of fecal material derived from some animal (mammal), used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): Bacto™ Malt Extract is the water-soluble portion of malted barley. The extraction process breaks down the polysaccharides into simple sugars. After the malting process is complete, the extract is prepared from the malted barley by cracking the grain in a mill and then extracting the grain with a warm liquor. The resulting “wort” is filtered and evaporated or dried under vacuum. Ash content is 0.3% NaCl content is 0.2%
Water-soluble extract of malted (i.e. germinated) seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare), used for the culturing of microorganisms. Prepared by malting the seed, cracking it (grinding) using a mill, heating it in water, then filtering the extract and drying it.
From "Report of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, and of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station", v. 25, Part 1, 1913, pg. 431: Manure extract agar. - Prepared as follows: To 100 grams of well-rotted horse manure was added 500 cc. of distilled water. This was allowed to stand for twenty-four hours at room temperature and then filtered. The filtrate was used as a stock solution.
A water extract of horse (Equus caballus) manure, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From Wikipedia:Meat_extract: Meat extract is highly concentrated meat stock, usually made from beef.
A water extract of animal (mammalian) meat, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From Jeaon, J-R & Kim, J-Y. 2006. Effects of pine needle extract on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and obesity in high-fat diet fed rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29(10):2111-2115: Pine needles were collected from Kyungbook Province, Republic of Korea, and were extracted using 20 kg of water for 2 h at 80 °C. The extract was filtered, and was then freeze-dried at 40 °C. Pine needle water extract (PNE) was stored at 4 °C until use.
A hot water extract of pine needles (the adult leaves of Pinus spp.), used for the culturing of microorganisms. Formed as result of heating pine needles in warm water, filtering the extract and then drying it.
From Roubos-van den Hil, Dalmas, Nout & Abee. 2009. Soya bean tempe extracts show antibacterial activity against Bacillus cerus cells and spores. J. Appl. MIcrobiol. 109(1):137-145: Fermented soya beans (tempe) and cooked soya beans, were freeze-dried and grounded passing through a 0·5-mm sieve (Ultra Centrifugal Mill ZM 200, Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany) and were stored at −20°C until further processing. Freeze-dried products were suspended in distilled water (60 g l−1) and stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 3 h at room temperature. The pH was continually checked and adjusted to pH 8·0 with 1 mol l−1 NaOH. To obtain clear supernatants, the soluble extract was obtained by three consecutive centrifugation steps (10 min, 10 000 g, 20°C). Supernatants were freeze-dried and soluble dry matter was stored at −20°C and used as soya bean soluble dry matter in experiments.
A water extract of ground beans (the seed) of soya (Glycine max), used for the culturing of microorganisms. Formed by fermenting the beans, heating (cooking) them, filtering the material and freeze dyring it. Next, the material is hydrated, treated with sodium hydroxide, centrifuged and freeze-dried.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): Bacto™ Yeast Extract is one of the most complete and versatile fermentation bionutrients available. It is an important ingredient for the microbiological assay of vitamins. Yeast extract is also of value in the assay of antibiotics. B factor, a growth substance necessary for the production of rifampin in a Nocardia sp., can be isolated from yeast extract Ash content is 11.2% NaCl content is 0.1%
From www.SigmaAldrich.com: A water soluble extract of autolyzed yeast cells. Yeast extract is a mixture of amino acids, peptides, water soluble vitamins and carbohydrates and can be used as additive for culture media.
A water-soluble extract of autolyzed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised).: Beef Extract is derived from infusion of beef and provides an undefined source of nutrients. Beef Extract is not exposed to the harsh treatment used for protein hydrolysis, so it can provide some of the nutrients lost during peptone manufacture. Beef Extract is a mixture of peptides and amino acids, nucleotide fractions, organic acids, minerals and some vitamins. “Its function can therefore be described as complementing the nutritive properties of peptone by contributing minerals, phosphates, energy sources and those essential factors missing from peptone.” Beef Extract Powder is a meat extract dried to powder form. Bacto™ Beef Extract, Desiccated, is the dried form of Beef Extract paste. Ash content is 9.3% NaCl content is 0.3%
A water extract of beef (Bos taurus) protein, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
Wikipedia:Gram_staining Gram staining, also called Gram's method, is a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative). The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique. Gram staining differentiates bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls by detecting peptidoglycan, which is present in a thick layer in gram-positive bacteria.[1] In a Gram stain test, gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye, while a counterstain (commonly safranin or fuchsine) added after the crystal violet gives all Gram-negative bacteria a red or pink coloring.
zzzz has_participant some [ChEBI] safranin - Safranin is not in ChEBI yet.
Cell staining assay where a cell staining assay, performed by staining a smear of prokaryotic cells with two stains (Crystal Violet or Safranin). Delineates prokaryotes into two major groups (Gram positive and Gram negative, although results can be ambiguous in some taxa) that results from the different staining of cell wall types.
A prokaryotic cell, or group of cells, having a distinct morphology (shape or size).
morphologically distinct prokaryotic cell
Physical object quality of a prokaryotic colony.
From: http://www.microbelibrary.org/component/resource/laboratory-test/2842-triple-sugar-iron-agar-protocols RECIPE Pancreatic digest of casein USP (see Note) 10.0 g Peptic digest of animal tissue USP (see Note) 10.0 g Glucose 1.0 g Lactose 10.0 g Sucrose 10.0 g Ferrous sulfate or ferrous ammonium sulfate 0.2 g NaCl 5.0 g Sodium thiosulfate 0.3 g Phenol red 0.024 g Agar 13.0 g Distilled water 1,000 mL Note: The following combination of ingredients can substitute for the first two components listed: beef extract, 3.0 g; yeast extract, 3.0 g; and peptone, 20.0 g. Combine ingredients, and adjust the pH to 7.3. Boil to dissolve the agar, and dispense into tubes. Sterilize by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min. Cool in a slanted position to give a 2.5-cm butt and a 3.8-cm slant.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium that contains peptones, three sugars (glucose, lactose, and sucrose), ferric iron, thiosulfate, and phenol red (a pH indicator). If the sugars are fermented, the pH indicator will turn red indicating a lowered pH. If hydrogen sulfide is produced, the ferric iron will be reduced to ferrous sulfide, producing a black color.
From:http://www.microbelibrary.org/component/resource/laboratory-test/2842-triple-sugar-iron-agar-protocols RECIPE Pancreatic digest of casein USP (see Note) 10.0 g Peptic digest of animal tissue USP (see Note) 10.0 g Glucose 1.0 g Lactose 10.0 g Sucrose 10.0 g Ferrous sulfate or ferrous ammonium sulfate 0.2 g NaCl 5.0 g Sodium thiosulfate 0.3 g Phenol red 0.024 g Agar 13.0 g Distilled water 1,000 mL Note: The following combination of ingredients can substitute for the first two components listed: beef extract, 3.0 g; yeast extract, 3.0 g; and peptone, 20.0 g. Combine ingredients, and adjust the pH to 7.3. Boil to dissolve the agar, and dispense into tubes. Sterilize by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min. Cool in a slanted position to give a 2.5-cm butt and a 3.8-cm slant.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains peptones, three sugars (glucose, lactose, and sucrose), ferric iron, thiosulfate, and phenol red (a pH indicator). If the sugars are fermented, the pH indicator will turn red indicating a lowered pH. If hydrogen sulfide is produced, the ferric iron will be reduced to ferrous sulfide, producing a black color.
An optical quality assay of a single prokaryotic cell, determined by visualization of a liquid culture of a prokaryotic microorganism (i.e., a clonal liquid suspension in a liquid culture medium).
A prokaryotic cell that is pigmented (in that it has a color imparted by a chemical pigment compound).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate N-benzoyl-L-leucine-beta-naphthylamide.
The optical quality of a liquid culture of clonal prokaryotic organisms, which exhibits opalescent turbidity (refracting different wavelengths of light under white light illumination, or iridescence) after gentle shaking.
From: http://www.atcc.org/~/media/DF06C418BB3A44189AD1A3CEB59B8D6E.ashx ATCC Medium: 1776 Tyrosine Agar (ISP Medium 7) Glycerol 15.0 g L-Tyrosine 0.5 g L-Asparagine 1.0 g K2HPO4 0.5 g MgSO4x7H2O 0.5 g NaCl 0.5 g FeSO4x7H2O 10.0 mg Trace elemetns solution Ho-Le (see below) 1.0 mL Agar 20.0 g Distilled water 1.0 L Adjust medium for final pH 7.3 +/- 0.1. Autoclave at 121C for 15 minutes. Trace Elements Solution Ho-Le: H3BO3 2.85 g MnCl2x4H2O 1.8g FeSO4 1.36 g Sodium tartrate 1.77 g CuCl2x2H2O 26.9 mg ZnCl2 20.8 mg CoCl2x6H2O 40.4 mg Na2MoO4x2H2O 25.2 mg Distilled water 1.0 L
An organic-rich, mineral-salts, solid microbiological culture medium containing glycerol, tyrosine, asparagine, and minerals salts. Used for the growth of Streptoalloteichus.
From Wikipedia:endospore: An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum. The name "endospore" is suggestive of a spore or seed-like form (endo means within), but it is not a true spore (i.e., not an offspring). It is a stripped-down, dormant form to which the bacterium can reduce itself. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in Gram-positive bacteria. In endospore formation, the bacterium divides within its cell wall. One side then engulfs the other. Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. Revival of spores millions of years old has been claimed. When the environment becomes more favorable, the endospore can reactivate itself to the vegetative state. Most types of bacteria cannot change to the endospore form. Examples of bacteria that can form endospores include Bacillus and Clostridium.
A differentiated prokaryotic cell, found in the Firmicutes, which is specialized for extreme tolerance to desiccation, radiation, and exposure to ultraviolet light. Characterized by thick cell walls.
Wikipedia:bacterial_cell_structure Gas vacuoles are membrane-bound, spindle-shaped vesicles, found in some planktonic bacteria and Cyanobacteria, that provides buoyancy to these cells by decreasing their overall cell density. Positive buoyancy is needed to keep the cells in the upper reaches of the water column, so that they can continue to perform photosynthesis. They are made up of a shell of protein that has a highly hydrophobic inner surface, making it impermeable to water (and stopping water vapour from condensing inside) but permeable to most gases. Because the gas vesicle is a hollow cylinder, it is liable to collapse when the surrounding pressure becomes too great.
An intracellular non-membran-bound organelle (cytoplasmic vesicle) made of protein which functions to provide buoyancy to the cell in the water column.
Wikipedia:granule_(cell biology) In cell biology, a granule is a small particle. It can be any structure barely visible by light microscopy.
Cytoplasmic part which forms a distinctive granular particle, which may or may not be visible using light microscopy.
Wikipedia:magnetosome Magnetosome chains are membranous prokaryotic structures present in magnetotactic bacteria. They contain 15 to 20 magnetite crystals that together act like a compass needle to orient magnetotactic bacteria in geomagnetic fields, thereby simplifying their search for their preferred microaerophilic environments. Each magnetite crystal within a magnetosome is surrounded by a lipid bilayer, and specific soluble and transmembrane proteins are sorted to the membrane. Recent research has shown that magnetosomes are invaginations of the inner membrane and not freestanding vesicles. Magnetite-bearing magnetosomes have also been found in eukaryotic magnetotactic algae, with each cell containing several thousand crystals.
Intracellular membrane-bound organelle that form chains, comprised of magnetic iron minerals that function to orient the cell axis along the Earth's magnetic field lines. Found in magnetotactic prokaryotes.
An isopolar trichome morphology quality where heterocysts are rarely present along the length of the trichome such that the trichome morphology is asymmetric.
From:Humphry DR, George, A, Black GW, Cumming& s SP. 2001. Flavobacterium frigidarium sp. nov., an aerobic, psychrophilic, xylanolytic and laminarinolytic bacterium from Antarctica. IJSEM 51:1235-1243. Minimal medium (MM) containing the following (w/v): 0.02% FeSO4, 0.02% MgSO4, 0.075% KNO3, 0.05% K2HPO4 and 0.004% CaCl2. The pH was adjusted to 7.2 with 1 M NaOH or 1M HCl.
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium comprised of ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate, and calcium chloride, supplemented with 0.5% w/v xylose. Used for the cultivation of Flavobacterium frigidarium.
Thylakoid-containing cell where thylakoids are dispered irregularly (asymmetrically) throughout the interior of the cell.
Thylakoid-containing cell where thylakoids are located around the inside periphery of the interior of the cell.
Thylakoid-containing cell where thylakoids are distributed throughout the inside of the cell and have a radial (like spokes on a wheel) arrangement.
Wikipedia:magnetosome Magnetotactic bacteria usually mineralize either iron oxide magnetosomes, which contain crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4), or iron sulfide magnetosomes, which contain crystals of greigite (Fe3S4).
Intracellular membrane-bound organelle that form chains, comprised of magnetic iron minerals made of greigite that function to orient the cell axis along the Earth's magnetic field lines. Found in magnetotactic prokaryotes.
Intracellular membrane-bound organelle that form chains, comprised of magnetic iron minerals made of magnetite that function to orient the cell axis along the Earth's magnetic field lines. Found in magnetotactic prokaryotes.
A prokaryotic cell which has intracellular granules.
A prokaryotic cell part quality that has gas vacuoles (gas vesicles).
An intracellular granule that is specialized for the storage of carbon.
An intracellular granule that is specialized for the storage of nitrogen.
intracellular phosphorus storage granule
Wikipedia:Chromatiaceae The Chromatiaceae are the main family of purple sulfur bacteria. Many members conduct an anoxygenic photosynthesis. They are distinguished from the Ectothiorhodospiraceae by producing sulfur globules and storing them within their cells.
Intracellular granule composed of elemental sulfur.
A gas vacuolated cell, were gas vacuoles are small (decreased) in size.
cell having small gas vacuole
A gas vacuolated cell, were gas vacuoles are large (increased) in size.
cell having large gas vacuole
A prokaryotic cell that has gas vacuoles (gas vesicles).
Wikipedia:volutin_granules Volutin granules are an intracytoplasmic (inside the cytoplasm of a cell) storage form of complexed inorganic polyphosphate, the production of which is used as one of the identifying criteria when attempting to isolate Corynebacterium diphtheriae on Löffler's medium. Polyphosphate granules are called metachromatic granules due to their displaying the metachromatic effect; they appear red or blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue.
Intracellular phosphorus storage granule composed of polyphosphate.
Wikipedia:cyanophycin Cyanophycin, or multi-L-arginyl-poly (L-aspartic acid), is a non-protein, non-ribosomally produced amino acid polymer composed of an aspartic acid backbone and arginine side groups.
Intracellular carbon and nitrogen storage granule composed of cyanophycin macromolecules.
Filippini M, Svercel M, Laczko E, Kaech A, Ziegler U & Bagheri HC. 2011. Fibrella aestuarina gen. nov., sp. nov., a filamentous bacterium of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from a tidal flat, and emended description of the genus Rudanella Weon et al. 2008. IJSEM 61:184-189. 0.5% yeast water
From: Filippini M, Kaech A, Ziegler U & Bagheri HC. 2011. Fibrisoma limi gen. nov., sp. nov., a filamentous bacterium isolated from tidal flats. IJSEM 61:1418-1424. 0.5% yeast water
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium consisting of a solution of yeast extract (0.5%) in water.
Wikipedia:polyhydroxyalkanoates Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids. They are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. These plastics are biodegradeable and are used in the production of bioplastics.
Intracellular carbon storage granule composed of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate.
Wikipedia:polyhydroxybutyrate Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are of interest as bio-derived and biodegradable plastics. The poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) form of PHB is probably the most common type of polyhydroxyalkanoate, but other polymers of this class are produced by a variety of organisms: these include poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV), polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH), polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO) and their copolymers.
Intracellular carbon storage granule composed of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
Intracellular carbon storage granule composed of starch.
Granulated cell, where the granual size is coarse (has an increased size).
Granulated cell, where the granule size is fine (has a decreased size).
Granulated cell, where there are many granules (an increased number) per cell.
Granulated cell, where there are one granule per cell.
An endospore that forms in the middle of the cell.
An eEndospore that forms laterally to the long axis of a cell.
An endospore that forms near the ends (or the poles) of the cell, but not at the extreme ends of the cell.
An endospore that forms at the pole (end) of the cell.
Amorphously described generic term for filament- or pili-like structures.
From Wikipedia:akinete: An akinete is a thick-walled dormant cell derived from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It serves as a survival structure. It is a resting cell of cyanobacteria and unicellular and filamentous green algae. Under magnification, akinetes appear thick walled with granular-looking cytoplasms.
A differentiated prokaryotic cell, found in the Nostocales (Cyanobacteria), which play a role in dormancy (such as overwintering in lake sediments). Characterized by thick cell walls.
Rippka, Castenholz & Herdman, 2001, in Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, v. 1, 2nd ed., pg 563.
An akinete which is proximally located to a heterocyst.
An akinete that isdistally located from the heterocytes. May occur multiply in chains that, in the absence of combined nitrogen, are initiated at a site that is equidistant from two intercalary or terminal heterocysts.
From: 2x Yeast Extract Tryptone (2X YT) Medium (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use 2x YT Medium is used for cultivating recombinant strains of Escherichia coli. Principles of the Procedure Peptone and yeast extract provide the necessary nutrients and cofactors required for excellent growth of E. coli. Sodium chloride is included to provide a suitable osmotic environment. 2x YT Medium formula per Liter: Pancreatic digest of casein 16.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g Sodium chloride 5.0 g pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of casein, yeast extract, and sodium chloride. Used for the cultivation of Escherichia coli.
From: 2x Yeast Extract Tryptone (2X YT) Medium (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use 2x YT Medium is used for cultivating recombinant strains of Escherichia coli. Principles of the Procedure Peptone and yeast extract provide the necessary nutrients and cofactors required for excellent growth of E. coli. Sodium chloride is included to provide a suitable osmotic environment. 2x YT Medium formula per Liter: Pancreatic digest of casein 16.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g Sodium chloride 5.0 g Agar pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of casein, yeast extract, and sodium chloride. Used for the cultivation of Escherichia coli.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing heart infusion (beef heart infusion), yeast enriched peptone (Biosate peptone), dextrose (D-glucose), sodium chloride, disodium hydrogenphosphate, and sodium carbonate. Used for the cultivation of Streptococci.
From: http://www.neogen.com/Acumedia/pdf/ProdInfo/7161_PI.pdf Intended Use Todd Hewitt Browth is used for the cultivation of steptococci and other fastidious microorganisms. Formula / Liter: Heart infusion (dehydrate) 3.1 g Yeast enriched peptone 20 g Dextrose 2 g Sodium chloride 2 g Disodium phosphate 0.4 g Sodium carbonate 2.5 g Final pH: 7.8 +/- 0.2 at 25˚C. Directions: 1. Dissolve 30 g of the medium in one liter of purified water. 2. Heat with frequent agitation to compeltely dissolve the medium. 3. Autoclave at 121 ˚C for 15 minutes.
Castenholz, 2001, in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 1, 2nd ed., pg. 474. An "envelope" outside of the outer membrane.... variously called the sheath, glycocalyx, or capsule, or depending on the consistency, may be referred to as gel, mucilage, or slime. Many sheaths show a microfibrillar substructure. The sheaths of cyanobacteria are predominantly composed of polysaccharide, but in some strains >20% of the weight may consist of polypeptides. ... pigments may accumulate and mask the color of the cells.
Part of the glycocalyx, or envelope of a prokaryotic cell, that lies outside the outer membrane.
A sheath having a layered, laminated (i.e., laminar) structure.
A sheath that is pigmented (contains pigmented compounds).
From: Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar is used for cultivating and enumerating microorganisms in water and dairy products. Principles of the Procedure Nutrients, including amino acids, carbon compounds, carbohydrates, minerals and trace substances, are supplied by the tryptone, beef extract and dextrose. Agar is the solidifying agent in Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar. Formulae Difco™ Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Extract.................................................................. 3.0 g Tryptone...................................................................... 5.0 g Dextrose (Glucose)....................................................... 1.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g pH 7.0 ± 0.2 Difco™ m TGE Broth Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Extract.................................................................. 6.0 g Tryptone.................................................................... 10.0 g Dextrose (Glucose)....................................................... 2.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing beef extract, tryptone, and glucose. Used for cultivation of microorganisms from water and dairy products.
Wikipedia:pseudopeptidoglycan Pseudopeptidoglycan (also known as pseudomurein) is a major cell wall component of some archaea that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles eubacterial peptidoglycan in morphology, function, and physical structure. The basic components are N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (peptidoglycan has N-acetylmuramic acid instead), which are linked by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds. Lysozyme, a host defense mechanism, is ineffective against organisms with pseudopeptidoglycan cell walls. Lysozyme can break β-1,4-glycosidic bonds to degrade peptidoglycan; however, pseudopeptidoglycan has β-1,3-glycosidic bonds, rendering lysozyme useless.
Cell wall composed a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (2-amino-2-deoxy-L-taluronic acid), linked by beta-1,3-glycosidic bonds. Found in the archaeal domain of life.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): BBL™ Biosate™ Peptone is a mixed hydrolysate comprised of 65% pancreatic digest of casein and 35% yeast extract. Ash content is 7.7% NaCl content is 0.3%
A mixed hydrolysate of pancreatic digest of casein (65%) and yeast extract (35%). Biosate is a Trademark of BD.
Wikipedia:teichoic acid Teichoic acids (cf. Greek τεῖχος, teīkhos, "wall", more specifically a fortification wall, as opposed to τοῖχος, toīkhos, a regular wall) are bacterial polysaccharides of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate linked via phosphodiester bonds. Teichoic acids are found within the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria such as species in the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium and Listeria, and appear to extend to the surface of the peptidoglycan layer. Teichoic acids are not found in Gram-negative bacteria. They can be covalently linked to N-acetylmuramic acid of the peptidoglycan layer, to the lipids of the cytoplasmic membrane, or to a terminal D-alanine in the tetrapeptide crosslinkage between N-acetylmuramic acid units. Teichoic acids that remain anchored to lipids are referred to as lipoteichoic acids, while teichoic acids that are covalently bound to peptidoglycan are referred to as wall teichoic acids.
Cell wall composed of polysaccharides of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate linked via phosphodiester bonds, found in the peptidoglycan cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria.
An organic-rich, liquid medium containing animal and plant peptones and sodium chloride. Supplemented with sheep blood, yeast extract, bacitracin, and polymyxin B. Used for the cultivation of Capnocytophaga spp.
From: Mashimo PA, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura M & Slots J. 1983. Selective recovery of oral Capnocytophaga spp. with sheep blood agar containing bacitracin and polymyxin B. J Clin Microbiol 17:187-91. TBBP medium consists of 4% Trypticase soy agar (BBL Microbiology Systems, Coceysville, Md.), 5% sheep blood, 0.1 % yeast extract, 50 micrograms of bacitracin per mL, and 100 micrograms of polymyxin B per mL.
An organic-rich, solid medium containing animal and plant peptones and sodium chloride. Supplemented with sheep blood, yeast extract, bacitracin, and polymyxin B. Used for the cultivation of Capnocytophaga spp.
From Sandh, Xu & Bergman, 2012, Diazocyte development in the marine diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Microbiology 158:345-352.: The establishment of non-diazotrophic cultures of the filamentous marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 enabled the first detailed investigation of the process leading to the development of its unique nitrogen-fixing cell type, the diazocyte.
A prokaryotic differentiated cell capable of nitrogen fixation, found in Trichodesmium species (Cyanobacteria). Diazocytes are mostly found in the center cells of Trichodesmium filaments.
Crystalline, microcystalline, nanocrystalline, or amorphous inorganic chemical precipitates that form outside the cell as a result of the local presence of the cell or the activities of the cell.
Crystalline, microcystalline, nanocrystalline, or amorphous inorganic chemical precipitates of iron minerals that form outside the cell as a result of the local presence of the cell or the activities of the cell.
Wikipedia:Ectothiorhodospiraceae The Ectothiorhodospiraceae are a family of purple sulfur bacteria, distinguished by producing sulfur globules outside of their cells.
Crystalline, microcystalline, nanocrystalline, or amorphous inorganic chemical precipitates of elemental sulfur that forms outside the cell as a result of the local presence of the cell or the activities of the cell. Produced by Ectothiorhodospiraceae.
Wikipedia:Fimbria_(bacteriology) In bacteriology, a fimbria [(plural fimbriae); also referred to as a pilus (plural pili) by some scientists] is an appendage composed of curlin proteins that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. This appendage ranges from 3-10 nanometers in diameter and can be up to several micrometers long. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects. A bacterium can have as many as 1,000 fimbriae. Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They may be straight or flexible.
From: Irgens Rl, Suzuki I, Staley JT. 1989. Gas vacuolate bacteria obtained from marine waters of Antarctica. Curr Microbiol 18:261-5. SWC contained (per liter of 1/2 strength artificial seawater [ASW]): tryptone, 0.5 g; yeast extract, 0.5 g; beef extract, 0.2 g; sodium acetate, 0.2 g. The pH was adjusted to 7.6 with a dilute solution of NaOH. ASW, 1/2 strength, contained (per liter): NaCl, 12.0 g; MgSO4x7H2O, 3.5 g; MgCl2x6H2O, 2.6 g; CaCl2x2H2O, 0.55 g; KCl, 0.35 g.
A dilute organic-containing, liquid microbiological culture medium containing tryptone, yeast extract, beef extract, and acetate, in a base of half-strength artifical seawater.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to reduce a compound that contains a tetrazoleum moiety. Tetrazolium compounds are redox indicators of microbial oxidation and reduction, and hence microbial respiration.
Flagellated cell where the cell has more than one flagellum.
Prokaryotic cell which has either a bacterial-type flagellum (or flagella) or a periplasmic flagellum.
Flagellated cell where the cell has only one flagellum.
http://microbeonline.com/bacterial-flagella-structure-importance-and-examples-of-flagellated-bacteria/ Monotrichous: Single polar flagellum e.g. Vibrio cholerae (Mneomonics: Mono means one)
Flagellated cell where the cell has a single flagellum located at the end (pole) of the cell.
http://microbeonline.com/bacterial-flagella-structure-importance-and-examples-of-flagellated-bacteria/ Amphitrichous: Single flagellum at both ends e.g. Alcaligenes faecalis (Mneomonics: Remember: the characteristics of Amphibians: live both in land and water)
Flagellated cell where the cell has two flagella, each located at the ends (poles) of the cell.
http://microbeonline.com/bacterial-flagella-structure-importance-and-examples-of-flagellated-bacteria/ Lophotrichous: Tuft of flagella at one or both ends e.g. Spirilla
Flagellated cell where the cell has multiple flagella, located in a tuft at the end (pole) of the cell.
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Spirochaeta The morphology and cellular structure of Spirochaeta spp. (and most other Spirochetes) is unique among prokaryotes. The cells are helical in shape and consist of an outer membrane, axial filaments (ultrastructurally similar to bacterial flagella), and a protoplasmic cylinder. The outer membrane or the outer sheath surrounds all of the structures including the axial filaments and the protoplasmic cylinder. The protoplasmic cylinder is the cell body of the organism. It is coiled and is composed of the cytoplasm, the nuclear region and the peptidoglycan-cytoplasmic membrane complex. The axial filaments are usually called the periplasmic flagella but are also known as periplasmic fibrils, axial fibrils and endoflagella.
Flagellated cell where the cell has multiple flagella, each located in tufts in the periplasmic space.
http://microbeonline.com/bacterial-flagella-structure-importance-and-examples-of-flagellated-bacteria/ Peritrichous: Flagella surrounding the cell, e.g. Typhoid bacilli (Mneomonic: Remember Periphery)
Flagellated cell where the cell has multiple flagella, all located at the periphery of the cell.
Prokaryotic motility that is characterized microscopically by end-over-end tumbling and employs a flagellum. This type of motility is typical of Listeria.
From Wikipedia:heterocyst: Heterocysts are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed during nitrogen starvation by some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc punctiforme, Cylindrospermum stagnale, and Anabaena sphaerica. They fix nitrogen from dinitrogen (N2) in the air using the enzyme nitrogenase, in order to provide the cells in the filament with nitrogen for biosynthesis. Nitrogenase is inactivated by oxygen, so the heterocyst must create a microanaerobic environment.
A prokaryotic differentiated cell capable of nitrogen fixation, found in the filamentous Nostocales (Cyanobacteria). Heterocytes (which differentiate into heterocysts) have thick cell walls which exclude oxygen in the air and allow nitrogen fixation to occur. Are terminally differentiated cells, incapable of carrying out photosynthesis.
From Rippka, Castenholz & Herdman, 2001, in Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, v. 1, 2nd ed., pg 563.: In the absence of combined nitrogen (ammonium or nitrate), 5-10% of the vegetative cells differentiate into heterocysts. These specialized cells are the sites of aerobic nitrogen fixation and may occupy terminal or intercalary positions in the trichomes.
A heterocyte which develops at the middle or near the end (but not the end) of a filament (trichome).
A heterocyte which develops at the end of a filament (trichome).
From Wikipedia:hormogonium: Hormogonia are motile filaments of cells formed by some cyanobacteria in the order Nostocales and Stigonematales. They are formed during asexual reproduction in unicellular, filamentous cyanobacteria some contain heterocysts and akinetes.
Prokaryotic differentiated cell specialized for asexual reproduction comprised of short chains of motile filaments, found in the Nostocales, Stigonematales/Stigonemataceae, and Oscillatoriales (Cyanobacteria). Hormogonia are shorter than the typical length of vegetative filaments.
From: Irgens Rl, Suzuki I, Staley JT. 1989. Gas vacuolate bacteria obtained from marine waters of Antarctica. Curr Microbiol 18:261-5. SWC-m contained (per liter of full strength ASW): KH2PO4, 0.01 g; ferric citrate, 0.001 g; NH4Cl, 0.4 g; yeast extract, 0.4 g; beef extract, 0.4 g; tryptone, 0.4 g; vitamins, 10 mL; trace elements solution (TES), 2.0 mL; carbon source, 0.2 g; pH 7.0. The following macromolecular carbon sources were tested for hydrolysis on plates: starch, 1.0%; tributyrin, 1.0%; chitin, 1.0%; casein, 0.5%. xxxxxxx From: Irgens RL. 1977. Meniscus, a new genus of aerotolerant, gas-vacuolated bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 27(1):38-43. The TES, modified from Pfennig’s formula (personal communication), contained (per liter): ZnSO4x7H2O, 0.10 g; MnCl2x4H2O, 0.03 g; H3BO3, 0.3 g; CoCl2x6H20, 0.2 g; CuCl2x2H2O,0.01 g ; NiCl2x6H2O, 0.02 g; Na2MoO4x 2H2O, 0.03g; pH3 to 4. xxxxxxx From: Staley JT. 1981. The genera Prosthecomicrobium and Ancalomicrobium. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Truper HG, Balows A,Schlegel HG, (eds). The prokaryotes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Pg 68. Vitamin Solution B12 0.1 mg Biotin 2 mg Calcium pantothenate 5 mg Folic acid 2 mg nicotinamide 5 mg pyridoxine HCl 10 mg riboflavin 5 mg thiamine HCL 5 mg Add distilled water up to 1 L and sotre in 4˚C in a dark container.
A dilute organic-containing, liquid microbiological culture medium containing tryptone, yeast extract, beef extract, and acetate, in a base of full-strength artifical seawater.
Wikipedia:pilus Conjugative pili allow the transfer of DNA between bacteria, in the process of bacterial conjugation. They are sometimes called "sex pili", in analogy to sexual reproduction, because they allow for the exchange of genes via the formation of "mating pairs". Perhaps the most well-studied is the F pilus of Escherichia coli, encoded by the F plasmid or fertility factor.
Pilus involved in the transfer of DNA from one bacterium (the donor) to another (the recipient).
From: Irgens Rl, Suzuki I, Staley JT. 1989. Gas vacuolate bacteria obtained from marine waters of Antarctica. Curr Microbiol 18:261-5. Agar slants containted 1.5 % agar, agar plates contained 2.0 % agar, and soft agar tubes contained 0.2 % agar.
A colony that has a distinct morphology manifested in its 2D or 3D shape.
A prokaryotic colony that has distinct physical characteristics (qualities).
A colony having distinct physical quality that manifests in the spatial pattern of the elements of the colony.
A prokaryotic colony that manifests in how light (visible electromagnetic radiation) passes through the colony.
A colony with a texture that manifests in the appearance of the surface characteristics.
http://www.yourdictionary.com/satellite#americanheritage Satellite colonies occur when tiny colonies are found to surround a larger central colony.
A prokaryotic colony where small colonies surround larger colonies on an agar (or other solid) surface.
A colony with distinct spatial pattern where the center part of the colony is tight (densely compacted) and the outer part of the colony is sparse (not densely compacted).
A colony having distinct physical quality that is dry (has a brittle, friable texture that breaks apart).
A colony with distinct optical quality that is dull (not shiny, with a low saturation) in its appearance.
A colony with a structure that has a grainy, or granular, appearance in its center.
A colony with distinct EM radiation quality that has a wet appearance.
A colony with a structure that is mucoid (has a sticky appearance due to the presence of exopolysaccharide capsular material).
A colony with a texture that is rough (i.e. not smooth).
A colony with a shape that has raised, branching features starting in the center of the colony, with an appearance that resembles veins or branches of a tree.
A colony with a texture that is wrinkled (has a shriveled appearance).
A colony with distinct optical quality that is cloudy (semi-translucent or semi-opaque, whitish in color).
A colony having a distinct process quality where the colony is iridescent (appears to change color as the angle of illumination changes).
A colony with a structure that contains coloration due to the presence of pigment compounds that absorb particular wavelengths of light.
A colony with distinct optical quality that is opaque (where light does not pass through).
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Bovine Albumin contains bovine albumin fraction V, 0.2% in 0.85% saline solution.
A blood medium ingredient comprised of bovine (Bos taurus) albumin (a mixture of protein derived from blood). Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
A colony with distinct optical quality that is translucent, where much light is able to pass through it without absorption of particular wavelengths of light.
A colony with distinct optical quality that is completely or nearly completely clear or transparent, where nearly all light is able to pass through it.
The process of anaerobic respiration, where sulfate is reduced to sulfite, tetrathionate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, or hydrogen sulfide.
anaerobic respiration, using sulfate as electron acceptor
A hydrolase activity, which hydrolyzes pyrazinamide (a drug used to treat tuberculosis) into pyrazinoic acid (the active agent against tuberculosis). Pyrazinamidase catalyzes the following reaction: Pyrazinamide + H2O <=> pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) + NH3.
The process of anaerobic respiration, where elemental sulfur reduced to hydrogen sulfide.
anaerobic respiration, using elemental sulfur as electron acceptor
The process of aerobic respiration, where hydrogen sulfide is oxidized (using oxygen) to elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, tetrathionate, sulfite, or sulfate.
aerobic respiration, using hydrogen sulfide as electron donor
The process of aerobic respiration, where elemental sulfur is oxidized (using oxygen) to thiosulfate, tetrathionate, sulfite, or sulfate.
aerobic respiration, using elemental sulfur as electron donor
The process of anaerobic respiration, where thiosulfate is reduced to elemental sulfur or hydrogen sulfide.
anaerobic respiration, using thiosulfate as electron acceptor
The process of anaerobic respiration, where sulfite is reduced to tetrationate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, or hydrogen sulfide.
anaerobic respiration, using sulfite as electron acceptor
Chymotrypsin assay that uses the substrate N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (BTEE). Chymotrypsin activity will cleave the substrate, releasing N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine. The presence of this produce is measured by recording the increase in absorbance at 256 nm.
Chymotrypsin assay that uses the substrate N-benzoyl-D-L-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.1. Trypsin activity will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is purple in color.
N-benzoyl-D-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide
chymotrypsin assay using N-benzoyl-Phe-pNA
Uses the substrate N-benzoyl-D-L-arginine 2-naphthylamide at pH 8.5. Trypsin activity will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color.
An aminopeptidaseeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-alanyl-L-alanine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-proline-2-naphthylamide.
alanyl phenylalanyl proline arylamidase activity
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid-2-naphthylamide.
glutamyl glutamic acid arylamidase activity
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-glutamyl-glycine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-glutamyl-glycyl-L-arginine-2-naphthylamide.
glutamyl glycyl arginine arylamidase activity
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate glutaryl-L-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide.
glutaryl phenylalanine arylamidase activity
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate glycyl-L-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide.
glycyl phenylalanine arylamidase activity
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate glycyl-L-proline-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate glycyl-L-tryptophan-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate glycyl-glycine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-leucyl-L-glycine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-seryl-L-tyrosine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate N-carbobenzoyl-glycyl-glycyl-arginine-beta-naphthylamide.
N-carbobenzoyl-glycyl-glycyl-L-arginine peptidase activity
Prokaryotic cell where the shape is irregular.
An optical quality assay of a single prokaryotic cell, determined by visualization under a microscope.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate N-benzoyl-L-valyl-glycyl-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide.
N-benzoyl-L-valyl-glycyl-L-arginine-4-methoxy peptidase activity
A prokaryote colony where the shape of the colony margin is asymmetrical (i.e. irregular).
A colony with distinct spatial pattern where the colony is diffuse (sparse, where the colony is very thin).
A filamentous colony with a shape that is fuzzy, or filamentous and where the colony margin is asymmetrical (i.e. irregular).
A colony with a shape that is undulate (wave-like) and where the colony margin is asymmetrical (i.e. irregular).
A prokaryotic colony where the shape of the colony margin is symmetrical (i.e. regular).
A colony with a shape that has a curled edge, and where the colony margin is symmetrical (i.e. regular).
A colony with a shape which is circular (round), and where the colony margin is symmetrical (i.e. is regular).
A colony with a shape which is erose (i.e. has a notched, toothed, or indented appearance) and where the colony margin is symmetrical (i.e. regular).
A filamentous colony with a shape that is fuzzy, or filamentous and where the colony margin is symmetrical (i.e. regular).
A colony with a shape that is lobed and where the colony margin is asymmetrical (i.e. irregular).
A colony with a shape that is circular (round).
A colony with distinct spatial pattern where the colony is effuse (i.e. thin, unlocalized without defined margins, with a tendancy to spread).
A colony with a shape that is fuzzy, or filamentous.
A colony having distinct physical quality that has differential density. The center part of the colony is opaque and granular, while the surrounding perifery is flat and transulcent, giving the colony the appearance of a fried egg. This shape is typical of Mycoplasma species, and is due to colonies having a thicker center than edge. This appearance is typical of older (mature) colonies of Mycoplasma.
Fallon RJ. 1967. Mycoplasmas and their role as rodent pathogens. Lab Anim 1:43. DOI: 10.1258/002367767781006794.
A colony having distinct physical quality that manifests in the electromagnetic (EM) radiation appearance of the colony.
colony having distinct electromagnetic (EM) radiation quality
A colony having distinct physical quality that is shaped like a mulberry (acinar), sunken, and opaque with little or no pale periphery. Is typical of young colonies of Mycoplasma species that will develop into colonies that have a fried egg appearance when more mature.
A colony with a shape that is very tiny, like a point (where colonies may have a diameter of less than 1 mm).
A colony having distinct physical quality that is rhizoidal (has margins or edges that resemble the roots of a tree, radiating out from the center of the colony).
A colony with a shape that is spindle-shaped (i.e. is thickest in the middle, tapering to both ends).
A colony with a shape that has a depression (or crater) in the center of the colony, and thus has a 2D profile that is cup-shaped.
A colony with a shape that is flat (has a flat profile).
A colony with a shape that is raised, or elevated from the surface of the agar.
A colony with a shape that is pulvinate (is strongly elevated with a domed profile being shaped like a cushion).
A colony with a shape that has a convex, or domed, profile.
A colony having distinct physical quality that is umbonate (having a mushroom-like profile with a higher center and a lower margin).
The optical assay of a single prokaryotic cell, having the quality of autofluorescence when illuminated with a particular wavelength of light.
Autofluorescence of a prokaryotic cell that is blue-green in nature, occurring when the cells are illuminated with radiation at 420 nm. Occurs due to the presence of a particular fluorescent compound in the cell (e.g., Factor 420, also known as Coenzyme F420).
A lipase that hydrolyzes C10 compounds. Assayed using the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-3-indoxyl-caprate (5-bromo-3-indolyl decanoate; blue-caprate).
A lipase that hydrolyzes C14 compounds. Assayed using the chromogenic substrate 2-naphthyl myristate.
A lipase that hydrolyzes C8 compounds. Assayed using the chromogenic substrate 2-naphthyl caprylate.
Wikipedia:Coccobacillus A coccobacillus (plural coccobacilli) is a type of bacterium with a shape that is intermediate between cocci (spherical bacteria) and bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria). Coccobacilli are therefore in essence very short rods which may be mistaken for cocci. Haemophilus influenzae, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis are coccobacilli. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a gram-negative coccobacillus that is prevalent in subgingival plaques. Acinetobacter strains may grow on solid media as coccobacilli. Bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative coccobacillus responsible for causing whooping cough.
A prokaryotic cell, being a bacillus where the long axis of the cell is only slightly longer than the short axis of the cell.
Wikipedia:Spirillum Spirillum in microbiology refers to a bacterium with a cell body that twists like a spiral. It is the third distinct bacterial cell shape type besides coccus and bacillus cells.
A prokaryotic cell, where the long axis of the cell twists in a spiral.
Prokaryotic cells and the physical relationships between the cells (whether they are physically attached, or connected, to one another).
prokaryotic cell having distinct cell arrangement
A multicellular relationship of prokaryotic cells where two cells are attached to one another in pairs.
A filament of prokaryotic cells, where the parts of the filament are morphologically differentiated.
morphologically differentiated filament part
A multicellular relationship of prokaryotic cells where cells are attached to one another in multiples of four (8,12, or 16). This morphology forms as a result of cell division occurring in three planes.
A multicellular relationship of prokaryotic cells where cells are attached to one another end-to-end and side-to-side to form clumps or sheets after dividing. This morphology forms as a result of cell division taking place in multiple planes.
A multicellular relationship of prokaryotic cells where cells are attached to one another end-to-end to form chains. Forms when cell division occurs in one plane and cells become detached after cell division takes place.
A multicellular prokaryotic morphological quality where cells are attached to one another in multiples of four. Forms when cell division occurs in two planes at right angles to one another.
A prokaryotic cellularity where cells are isolated and singular, where the daughter cells detach from one another after cell division and septation occurs.
Wikipedia:Streptobacillus Streptobacillus is a genus of aerobic, gram-negative facultative anaerobe bacteria, which grow in culture as rods in chains.
A multicellular relationship of prokaryotic cells where the shape of the cell is elongated (forming a bacillus, or short rod) and the cells are attached to one another end-to-end to form chains.
Wikipedia:Streptococcus Streptococcus is a genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria group. Cellular division occurs along a single axis in these bacteria, and thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the name—from Greek στρεπτος streptos, meaning easily bent or twisted, like a chain (twisted chain). Contrast this with staphylococci, which divide along multiple axes and generate grape-like clusters of cells. Most streptococci are oxidase- and catalase-negative, and many are facultative anaerobes.
A multicellular relationship of prokaryotic cells where the shape of the cells is round (forming a coccus) and the cells are attached to one another end-to-end to form chains.
Wikipedia:Staphylococcus Staphylococcus (from the Greek: σταφυλή, staphylē, "grape" and κόκκος, kókkos, "granule") is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. Under the microscope, they appear round (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters.
A multicellular relationship of prokaryotic cells where the shape of the cells is round (forming a coccus) and the cells are attached to one another end-to-end and side-to-side to form clumps or clusters.
A differentiated cyanobacterial filament where the filaments are branched.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/false%20branching A branched arrangement of the cells of certain filamentous bacteria and algae resulting from a slipping of the end of one cell past that of another following cell division, from continued growth of the free end of a trichome through the sheath in various blue-green algae, or esp. from continued growth of parts of a filament separated by one or more intervening dead cells or by heterocysts.
Differentiated filament branching, where filaments have "false" branches. Initiated by the interruption of a trichome between two vegetative cells, either at the location of a necridic cell or a heterocyte. Later on, one or both ends of the interrupted trichomes grow aside from the axis of the main trichome. Found in the Oscilaltoriales and Nostocales and Stigonematales.
false branching growing usually at first parallel with original trichome, later diverging
pseudobranchings adpressed with each other and only in the upper parts divaricate
Differentiated filament branching, where filaments have "true" branches. Formed when one cell occasionally divides longitudinally (with the cell division plane parallel to the plane of the filament axis) or obliquely with respect to the main axis of the filament. Branches remain attached to the main trichome.
branches arise after lengthwise cell division
true branches grow initially perpendicular to the mother trichome
true-branched filaments
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diplobacillus A short, rod-shaped organism occurring in pairs, joined end-to-end; diplobacterium.
A multicellular prokaryotic morphological quality where the shape of the cells are elongated (i.e. bacillus or rod-shaped) and two cells are attached to one another in pairs.
Wikipedia:Diplococcus A diplococcus (plural diplococci) is a round bacterium (a coccus) that typically occurs in the form of two joined cells. Examples are gram-negative Neisseria sp., and gram-positive Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp.. Its name comes from diplo, meaning double, and coccus, meaning berry.
A multicellular prokaryotic morphological quality where the shape of the cells are round and two cells are attached to one another in pairs.
A filament orientation quality where filaments are lying upright (perpendicular) to a substrate or surface.
erect filaments
A filament orientation quality where filaments are lying along (parallel to) a substrate or surface.
prostrate filaments
A filament shape where the filament has a straight appearance (is not bent, curved, coiled, or torulose).
straight filament
A filament shape where the filament has a curved appearance along a gradual angle (not straight or bent).
curved filament
A filament shape where the filament has a regularly coiled (helical) appearance.
coiled filament
A filament shape where the filament has an appearance of being bent at an angle.
bent filament
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/torulose Adj. 1. torulose - of a cylindrical or ellipsoid body; swollen and constricted at intervals
A torulose filament shape where the filament has a non-uniformly beaded appearance, where parts of the filament are swollen and constricted.
torulose filament
Wikipedia: Moniliform Having a form resembling a string of beads, where the component parts or segments are more or less uniform in size and are spherical or rounded in shape.
A filament shape where the filament has a uniformly regular, beaded appearance.
moniliform filament
Any consituent part of a prokaryotic heteropolar filament.
A trichome part that is comprised of the terminal (basal) cell in a trichome, which has differentiated to form a heterocyte (heterocyst). Found in trichomes with apical-basal polarity that have an erect positionality.
A coiled filament shape where the shape of the coiling is tight, having increased coiling.
filaments forming tight, regular spirals
tight filament coiling
A coiled filament shape where the shape of the coiling is loose, having decreased coiling.
loose filament coiling
A coiled filament shape where the shape of the coiling is irregular.
trichomes irregularly screw-like or spirally coiled
irregular filament coiling
A coiled filament shape where the shape of the coiling is regular.
regular filament coiling
Bacterial thylakoid that is present in Cyanobacteria.
A cyanobacterial filament part (e.g. apical cell, meristematic zone) which is differentiated.
trichome_differentiation
differentiated cyanobacterial filament part
Prokaryotic cell having a distinctive shape.
Wikipedia:Bacillus_(shape) The word bacillus (plural bacilli) may be used to describe any rod-shaped bacterium, and such bacilli are found in many different taxonomic groups of bacteria. However, the name Bacillus, capitalized and italicized, refers to a specific genus of bacteria. The name Bacilli, capitalized but not italicized, can also refer to a more specific taxonomic class of bacteria that includes two orders, one of which contains the genus Bacillus. Bacilli are usually solitary, but can combine to form diplobacilli, streptobacilli, and palisades.
A prokaryotic cell, where one axis (the long axis, the length) of the cell is longer than the other axis (the short axis, the width) of the cell.
Wikipedia:Coccus Coccus (plural cocci or coccuses) can be used to describe any bacterium that has a spherical shape. It is one of the three distinct types of bacteria shapes, the other two being bacillus (rod-shaped) and spirillum (spiral-shaped) cells. Coccus is an English loanword of a Neolatin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun kokkos (κόκκος) meaning "berry".
A prokaryotic cell that is spherical with no apparent long axis.
Wikipedia:Cylinder_(geometry) A cylinder (from Greek κύλινδρος – kulindros, "roller, tumbler") is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes, the surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given line segment, the axis of the cylinder. The solid enclosed by this surface and by two planes perpendicular to the axis is also called a cylinder. The surface area and the volume of a cylinder have been known since deep antiquity.
A prokaryotic cell, being a bacillus where the long axis of the cell is much longer than the short axis of the cell.
A prokaryotic cell where one part of the cell has been made flat so that the shape of the cell is asymmetrical or irregular.
A prokaryotic cell where one end end of the cell are wider than the middle (pear shaped).
A prokaryotic cell where the surface of the cell is not rounded but is polygonal (has angular edges).
Wikipedia:Prosthecate_bacteria Prosthecate bacteria are a non-phylogenetically related group of Gram-negative bacteria that possess appendages, termed prosthecae. These cellular appendages are neither pili nor flagella, as they are extensions of the cellular membrane and contain cytosol. One notable group of prosthecates is the genus Caulobacter.
A prokaryotic cell where the cell has appendages or stalks that are extensions of the cell surface (including the cell wall and cell membrane).
Wikipedia:Haloquadratum Haloquadratum ("salt square") is a genus of the family Halobacteriaceae. The first species to be identified in this group, Haloquadratum walsbyi, is highly unusual since its cells are shaped like flat, square boxes.
A prokaryotic cell where the surface of the cell is polygonal and the angles of the cell meet at right angles forming a box.
A prokaryotic cell where the surface of the cell is polygonal and the angles of the cell meet at angles that are less than 90 degrees giving the cell a triangular or pyramidal appearance.
A sub-cylindrical, flattened prokaryotic cell where the shape is hemispherical (flattened on one side of the sphere).
Prokaryotic cells that are very small formed as a result of rapid cell division.
A prokaryotic cell, being a bacillus where one one end is wider and more rounded than the other end (i.e. being club-shaped, or cudgel-shaped). The cannonical morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Wikipedia:Vibrio Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a curved rod shape (comma shape), several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood.
A prokaryotic cell, being a bacillus where the elongated axis of the cells is curved (but not spiral).
Castenholz, 2001, in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, v. 1, 2nd ed., pg. 473.
Seong-Joo L & Golubic S. 1998. Multi-trichomous cyanobacterial microfossils from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation, China: Paleoecological and taxonomic implications. Lethaia 31:169-184. Multi-trichomous filamentous cyanobacteria of the genera Schizothrix and Microcoleus are the most commonly reported constructive elements in modern microbial mat ecosystems. .... A few specimens within the studied assemblage contain two to several parallel rows of evenly spaced internal bodies within a tube (Fig. 5C, D0, corresponding to a multi-trichomous arrangement.
Cyanobacterial filament with one trichome in the sheath, where the trichome is greater than two cells in width. Arises as a result of cell division occuring in two planes,one perpendicular to the axis of the trichome and one parallel to the axis of the trichome.
Wiktionary:uniseriate Having one line or series; uniserial, unbranched
Cyanobacterial filament with one trichome in the sheath, where the trichome is one cell in width. Arises as a result of cell division occuring in only one plane.
sheaths envelop always only one trichome
Prokaryotic cell having a distinctive size (width).
A distinctively-sized prokaryotic cell, where the size is small enough to pass through a filter with a defined pore size.
From: Wikipedia: Nanophytoplankton Nanophytoplankton are particularly small phytoplankton with sizes between 2 ­and 20 µm. They are the autotrophic part of nanoplankton. Like other phytoplankton, nanophytoplankton are microscopic organisms that obtain energy through the process of photosynthesis and must therefore live in the upper sunlit layer of ocean or other bodies of water. These microscopic free-floating organisms, including algae, protists, and cyanobacteria, fix large amounts of carbon which would otherwise be released as carbon dioxide.
Photosynthetic prokaryotes, or single-celled eukaryotes, that have a cell size between 2 and 20 micrometers in diameter.
From: Wikipedia: Picoplankton Picoplankton is the fraction of plankton composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 μm that can be either : Some species can also be mixotrophic. Picoplankton are responsible for the most primary productivity in oligotrophic gyres, and are distinguished from nanoplankton and microplankton. Because they are small, they have a greater surface to volume ratio, enabling them to obtain the scarce nutrients in these ecosystems. Note that the SI prefix pico- is used quite loosely here, as nanoplankton and microplankton are only 10 and 100 times larger, respectively.
Prokaryotes or single-celled eukaryotes that have a cell size between 0.2 and 2 micrometers in diameter.
From: Wikipedia: Heterotrophic_picoplankton Heterotrophic picoplankton is the fraction of plankton composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 μm that do not perform photosynthesis.
Prokaryotes or single-celled eukaryotes that have a cell size between 0.2 and 2 micrometers in diameter and that are not photosynthetic, but rather use organic carbon as a source of energy.
From: Wikipedia: Photosynthetic_picoplankton Photosynthetic picoplankton is the fraction of the phytoplankton performing photosynthesis composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 µm (picoplankton). It is especially important in the central oligotrophic regions of the world oceans that have very low concentration of nutrients.
Prokaryotes or single-celled eukaryotes that have a cell size between 0.2 and 2 micrometers in diameter and that are photosynthetic (use light as a source of energy).
From: Scanlan DJ et al. 2009. Ecological genomics of marine picocyanobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 73(2):249-299. Marine picocyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus numerically dominate the picophytoplankton of the world ocean, making a key contribution to global primary production.
Prokaryotes or single-celled eukaryotes that have a cell size between 0.2 and 2 micrometers in diameter, that are photosynthetic (use light as a source of energy), and that are members of the genus Prochlorococcus and iin some members of the genus Synechococcus (both Cyanobacteria).
Filament septation, where septa separating the individual cells that make up the filament are present.
Cyanobacterial filament one or more than one trichome in the sheath, with the trichomes oriented parallel to one another, where each trichome is one cell in width. Arises as a result of cell division mostly occurring in only one plane, and occasionally occurring in a second plane.
filaments composed of one to more parallel arranged trichomes
filaments contain one or more trichomes placed together and more or less parallel within one sheath
sheaths containing 1 to several trichomes
sheaths enveloping one (rarely 2) trichomes
A heteropolar trichome that is tapered (has a larger cell diameter at one end of the filament than the other).
A prokaryotic cell that is irregular in shape, where the shapes of the cells are irregular and variable (pleomorphic). Cell shapes may be variable in size and shape, depending on the environmental conditions.
From: Barbeyron T, L'Haridon S, Corre E, Kloareg B & Potin P. 2001. Zobellia galactanovorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine species of Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a red alga, and classification of [Cytophaga] uliginosa (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Reichenbach 1989 as Zobellia uliginosa gen. nov., comb. nov. IJSEM 51:985-997. The strain was assayed for amylase activity using starch at a concentration of 0.2 % (w/v) in ZoBell agar or in ZoBell Phytagel plates.
An organic-rich, mineral-salts, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptones and yeast extract in a base of artificial sea water. Supplemented with starch. Used for the cultivation of heterotrophic marine microorganisms.
Metabolic test for tryptophanase [L-tryptophan indole-lyase (deaminating)] activity. Measures the formation of indole from tryptophan using the enzyme Tryptophanase. Indole is detected by the addition of Kovac's reagent (isoamy alchohol, para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, and concentrated HCl). Indole forms a complex with para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, resulting a red color. A negative result is yellow. In some API tests, James' reagent (a proprietary mixture of HCl, water, and 2-methoxy-4-dimethylamino benzaldehyde) is used instead of Kovac's reagent, as it has a longer shelf life. Tryptophanase catalyzes the following reaction: Tryptophan + H2O <=> indole + pyruvate + ammonia
Prokaryotic cell wall quality that defines how susceptible the cell wall is to lysis when the cell is placed in the presence of an environment with an altered chemical composition (detergent, water, hypotonic solution).
prokaryotic cell wall lysis susceptibility
Susceptibility to lysis by detergent where the cell shows increased susceptibility toward lysis by detergent.
lyse completely in sodium dodecyl sulfate
sensistive to lysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate
susceptible to lysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate
Susceptibility to lysis by hypotonic solution where the cell shows increased susceptibility toward lysis by hypotonic solution.
susceptible to lysis by hypotonic solution
susceptibile to lysis by hypotonic solution
Susceptibility to lysis by water where the cell shows increased susceptibility toward lysis by water.
lyse after transfer into demineralized water
The molar percentage of guanosine and cytidine nucleobases ([molG+molC]/[molG+molC+molA+molT)) in the DNA of a prokaryotic chromosome and/or plasmid.
The process in which nitrite is reduced to more reduced nitrogen compounds, including nitrite, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and dinitrogen.
Cell gliding, characterized by bacterial movement that does not involve use of a flagellum. Gliding is typically observed when a particular genus or species of microorganism encounters a surface.
The process in which nitrite is reduced to more reduced nitrogen compounds, including nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and dinitrogen.
The process of anaerobic respiration, through the reduction of tetrathionate to thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, or hydrogen sulfide.
anaerobic respiration, using tetrathionate as electron acceptor
A gravity-driven water filter made by the British Berkefeld® company, with a wider pore size W (for Wenig). Pore sizes average 0.45 microns in diameter.
Pathogen role of a pathogenic prokaryotic cell.
A gravity-driven water filter made by the British Berkefeld® company, with a narrow pore size V (for Viel). Pore sizes average 0.38 microns in diameter. This is the most common filter size used to study the filterability of microorganisms.
Single-organism metabolic process, where the prokaryotic microorganism uses enzymes to synthesize a storage molecule (usually a polymer) inside the cell that is used to store carbon.
An assay to determine if a particular microbial taxon or isolate has reactivity towards blood, blood plasma, or blood cells (including clotting).
microbiological reactivity to lymphatic materials assay
Single-organism metabolic process, where the prokaryotic microorganism uses enzymes to synthesize a storage molecule (usually a polymer) inside the cell that is used to store nitrogen.
From: McClung-Toabe Agar (Atlas, The Handbook of Microbiological Media for the Examination of Food, 2nd ed., pgs 221-222) Egg Yolk Emulsion, 50%: Composition per 100.0 mL: Chicken egg yolks 11 Whole chicken egg 1 NaCl (0.9% solution) 50.0 mL Preparation of Egg Yolk Emulsion, 50%: Soak eggs with 1:100 dilution of saturated mercuric chloride solution for 1 min. Crack eggs and separate yolks from whites. Mix egg yolks with 1 chicken egg. Measure 50.0 mL of egg yolk emulsion and add to 50.0 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution. Mix thoroughly. Filter sterilize. Warm to 45-50˚C.
An emulsion of chicken egg and chicken egg yolks, created by heating an homogenized mixture of egg and egg yolks with sodium chloride.
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hemadsorption\ hemadsorption /he·mad·sorp·tion/ (hem″ad-sorp´shun) the adherence of red cells to other cells, particles, or surfaces.hemadsor´bent
A microbiological assay for binding to blood cells, where the cell of a microorganism adheres to red blood cells.
A microbiological assay of lysis of blood cells, where the assay is for cytolysis of red blood cells. Hemolysis assays are carried out using some formulation of blood agar, and the assay involves determination of whether lysis has occured and the nature of the lysis.
Wikipedia:hemolysis_(microbiology) Alpha-haemolysis occurs when an organism secretes alpha-haemolysin, a protein which forms a pore in the membranes of red blood cells. This leads to the formation of colonies on blood agar that have a dark greenish appearance. The green color is caused by peroxidation of hemoglobin (presence of biliverdin).
A hemolysis assay for the process of alpha-hemolysis, where a protein secreted by a microorganism results in the formation of a pore in the membranes of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and thus causing the cells to lyse. Alpha hemolysis partially breaks down the red blood cells leaving a greenish color due to the presence of biliverdin, a by-product of hemoglobin.
Wikipedia:hemolysis_(microbiology) Beta hemolysis (β-hemolysis), is caused by the secretion of beta-hemolysin by a pathogenic bacterium. Beta-hemolysin is a protein which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, releasing phosphoryl choline and resulting in lysis fo the red blood cell. The result are colonies on blood agar that are surrounded by a yellow, transparent zone.
A hemolysis assay for the process of beta-hemolysis, where a protein (beta-haemolysin) secreted by a microorganism results in the hyrolysis of sphingomyelin in erythrocytes (red blood cells) and thus causing the cells to lyse. Beta-hemolysis breaks down the red blood cells and hemoglobin completely, leaving a clear zone in the agar around the growing cells or colonies.
Wikipedia:hemolysis_(microbiology) Gamma hemolysis, caused by the secretion of gamma-hemolysin, results in the lysis of leucocytes (white blood cells). Red blood cells are unaffected, and therefore do not show hemolytic activity on blood agar plates.
A hemolysis assay for the process of gamma-hemolysis, where a protein (beta-haemolysin) secreted by a microorganism results in the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in erythrocytes (red blood cells) and thus causing the cells to lyse. Gamma-hemolysis does not break dow the red blood cells, and thus no clearing is seen.
Wikipedia:hemagglutination Hemagglutination, or haemagglutination, is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells (RBCs). It has two common uses in the laboratory: blood typing and the quantification of virus dilutions.
A microbiological assay for binding to blood cells, where a microorganism causes red blood cells to clump (agglutinate).
Heterotypic cell-cell adhesion where a prokaryotic cell is able to adhere to another cell.
From: Staley JT. 1981. The genera Prosthecomicrobium and Ancalomicrobium. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Truper HG, Balows A,Schlegel HG, (eds). The prokaryotes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Pg 68. Vitamin Solution B12 0.1 mg Biotin 2 mg Calcium pantothenate 5 mg Folic acid 2 mg nicotinamide 5 mg pyridoxine HCl 10 mg riboflavin 5 mg thiamine HCL 5 mg Add distilled water up to 1 L and store in 4˚C in a dark container.
A solution of B vitamins including cobalamin (B12), biotin (B7), pantothenic acid (B5), folic acid (B9), nicotinamide (B3), pyridoxine (B6), riboflavin (B2), and thiamine (B1). Used to support the growth of microorganisms.
A solution of trace elements (or trace metals), sometimes also having an organic chelator of metal ions (such as EDTA or nitrilotriacetic acid). Used to support the growth of microorganisms.
From http://www.jcm.riken.jp/cgi-bin/jcm/jcm_grmd?GRMD=149 Metals ''44'': EDTA·2Na 250.0 mg ZnSO4·7H2O 1095.0 mg FeSO4·7H2O 500.0 mg MnSO4·xH2O 154.0 mg CuSO4·5H2O 39.2 mg Co(NO3)2·6H2O 24.8 mg Na2B4O7·10H2O 17.7 mg Distilled water 1.0 L
A trace elements solution containing disodium EDTA, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, cobalt nitrate, and sodium tetraborate.
A water extract of soil. Soil extract is often prepared by sieving air dried soil through a coarse sieve and autoclaving distilled water. Used to support the growth of microorganisms.
Chopped and ground meat (muscle tissue) containing a low fat content from beef (Bos taurus). Used to culture microorganisms.
A polymeric organic compound or mix of organic compounds which are liquid under autoclave conditions but solidify under the growth conditions used to cultivate a microorganism. Used to make solid microbiological culture media.
Defined organic solution comprised of a mixture of vitamins (used as enzyme co-factors) added in small amounts to microbiological culture medium. Used to support the growth of microorganisms.
Microbiological medium ingredient, derived from chicken egg, where the chicken egg has been homogenized (mixed).
An enzymatic hydrolysis of protein derived from fish (of unspecified origin), used for the cultivation of microorganisms.
Protein hydrolysates, also called peptones, are the result of the enzymatic hydrolysis of animal protein (mammal meat, muscle tissue).
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of mammalian protein
A pancreatic digest of heart tissue derived from animal (mammalian) tissue, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
Protein hydrolysates, also called peptones, are the result of the enzymatic hydrolysis of milk proteins (such as casein or lactalbumin).
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of milk protein
A pancreatic digest of gelatin, extracted from collagen derived from bone, cartilage, and connective tissue (of unspecified origin).
A microbiological culture medium that lacks organic carbon compounds and therefore promotes the growth of autotrophic microorganisms.
microbiological culture medium, promotes growth of autotrophs
A microbiological culture medium that contains organic carbon compounds and therefore promotes the growth of heterotrophic microorganisms.
microbiological culture medium, promotes growth of heterotrophs
From: BugwoodWiki:CMCA (Carboxymethylcellulose agar) Medium contains: Part 1: Distilled water, 1 L NH4H2PO4, 1 g KCl, 0.2 g MgSO4*7H2O, 1 g Yeast extract, 1 g Part 2: Carboxymethyl cellulose, 26 g Agar, 3g Mix ingredients from Part 1 and add ingredients from Part 2 while stirring Autoclave 20 minutes.
A mineral-salts, solid microbiological culture medium with yeast extract, ammonium phosphate, and carboxymethyl cellulose. Used for the cultivation of microorganisms capable of metabolizing cellulose.
A solid microbiological culture medium that has been solidified by agar and poured into a flat surface in a Petri dish.
A microbiological culture medium that has a salinity of greater than 5% salt.
hypersaline microbiological culture medium
A microbiological culture medium that has a salinity of 3-5 % salts.
A microbiological culture medium that has a salinity of greater than 0.05 % salts and less than 3% salts.
A prokaryotic quality relating the optimal physiological preference (pressure, salinity, temperature) of a particular strain of prokaryotes. When these preferred conditions are met, the organism will exhibit cell division.
Wikipedia:piezophile Barophilic microorganisms grow at high pressures. They are typically isolated from deep subsurface or deep sea habitats.
Pressure optimum quality, where growth rates at elevated pressures are higher than growth rates at atmospheric pressure. Generally a characteristic of prokaryotic microorganisms that grow in the deep oceans.
Magnesium (II) ions are required to be present in order for growth of a particular microorganism to occur.
An assay used to identify or characterize a microorganism. Is used to determine the biological process, quality, cellular component, molecular function, or a chemical entity that is associated with the particular microorganism.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of urease in a microorganism. Urease hydrolyzes urea to produce CO2 and ammonia, which increases the pH of the media: (NH2)2CO + H2O -> CO2 + 2 NH3 The urease test uses phenol red as a pH indicator. An increase in alkalinity results in a color from yellow to pink/red. A positive result is pink/orange/red; a negative test result is yellow. The test employs either Christensen's Urea Agar or Stuart's Urea Broth.
Wikipedia:piezophlie Barotolerant microorganisms are able to grow or survive at high pressures, but can also grow and survive at atmospheric pressures.
Pressure optimum quality, where some growth occurs at elevated pressures, but growth is fastest at atmospheric pressures.
Barophilic, and can only grow at elevated pressures. These organisms require elevated pressure to grow and survive.
The metabolic quality of a microorganism with respect to its relationship to oxygen.
Wikipedia:fermentation Fermentation is a metabolic process of microorganisms which converts a carbohydrate carbon and energy substrate into acids, gases, and/or alcohols.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the carbon and energy sources are organic compounds. Is an anaerobic process which does not require an electron transport system.
A prokaryotic metabolic process which involves the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds and involves an electron transport chain.
Wikipedia:aerobic organism An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. Facultative anaerobes grow and survive in an oxygenated environment and so do aerotolerant anaerobes.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the organism grows in the presence of oxygen.
Wikipedia:anaerobic_organism An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if oxygen is present, which means that it can perform its bodily functions better in the absence of oxygen. An anaerobic organism may be unicellular or multicellular (like metazoa or more complex organisms like deep sea worms). A few parasites like Trichinella spiralis (pork worm) respire anaerobically in nurse cells (infected cell playing host to the juvenile parasite). Some largely unicellular anaerobic microbes are protozoans, but most of the anaerobic microbes are bacteria or Archaea. For practical purposes there are three categories: obligate anaerobes, which are harmed by the presence of oxygen aerotolerant organisms, which cannot use oxygen for growth, but tolerate the presence of it facultative anaerobes, which can grow without oxygen but can utilize oxygen if it is present
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the organism grows in the absence of oxygen.
Wikipedia:Chemotroph Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic (chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic (chemolithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which utilize solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source.
Wikipedia:Mixotroph A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon. Possible alternations are between photo- and chemotrophy, between litho- and organotrophy, between auto- and heterotrophy or a combination of it. Mixotrophs can be either eukaryotic or prokaryotic. They can take advantage of different environmental conditions. If a trophic mode is obligate, then it is always necessary for sustaining growth and maintenance; if facultative, it can be used as a supplemental source. Some organisms have incomplete Calvin cycles, so they are incapable of fixing carbon dioxide and must use organic carbon sources.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where phototrophy and heterotrophy co-occur at the same instance in time.
Wikipedia:Phototroph Phototrophs are the organisms that carry out photon capture to acquire energy. They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular metabolic processes. Most of the well-recognized phototrophs are autotrophs, also known as photoautotrophs, and can fix carbon.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where light is the energy source.
Wikipedia:Lithotroph Photolithotrophs obtain energy from light and therefore use inorganic electron donors only to fuel biosynthetic reactions (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation in lithoautotrophs). These bacteria are photosynthetic; photolithotrophic bacteria are found in the purple bacteria (e. g., Chromatiaceae), green bacteria (Chlorobiaceae and Chloroflexi) and Cyanobacteria. Purple and green bacteria oxidize sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, iron or hydrogen. Cyanobacteria extract reducing equivalents from water, i.e., they oxidise water to oxygen. The electrons obtained from the electron donors are not used for ATP production (as long as there is light); they are used in biosynthetic reactions. Some photolithotrophs shift over to chemolithotrophic metabolism in the dark.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where light is the energy source, and the electron donor is an inorganic compound.
Wikipedia:Microbial metabolism Photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor).
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is carbon dioxide
Wikipedia: Photofermentation Photofermentation is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen manifested by a diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria by a series of biochemical reactions involving three steps similar to anaerobic conversion. Photofermentation differs from dark fermentation because it only proceeds in the presence of light. For example photo-fermentation with Rhodobacter sphaeroides SH2C (or many other purple non-sulfur bacteria[1]) can be employed to convert small molecular fatty acids into hydrogen[2] and other products.
A prokaryotic metabolic process that involves fermentation in the light. Is carried out by photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms.
Wikipedia:anaerobic_organism An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. For practical purposes there are three categories: obligate anaerobes, which are harmed by the presence of oxygen aerotolerant organisms, which cannot use oxygen for growth, but tolerate the presence of it facultative anaerobes, which can grow without oxygen but can utilize oxygen if it is present
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the organism grows in the absence of oxygen. Can grow or live in the presence of oxygen.
Wikipedia:facultative_anaerobic_organism A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation. In contrast, obligate anaerobes die in the presence of oxygen.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the organism grows in the presence of oxygen or in the absence of oxygen.
Wikipedia:obligate_anaerobe Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms that live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen; some of these are killed by oxygen.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the organism grows in the absence of oxygen. Cannot grow or live in the presence of oxygen.
Wikipedia:Lithotroph A chemolithotroph (named after the process of chemolithotropy) is a type of extremophile that is able to use inorganic reduced compounds as a source of energy. This process is accomplished through oxidation and ATP synthesis. Most chemolithotrophs are able to fix carbon dioxide (CO2) through the Calvin Cycle, a metabolic pathway in which carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as glucose. This group of organisms includes sulfur oxidizers, nitrifying bacteria, iron oxidizers, and hydrogen oxidizers. The term chemolithotropy refers to a cell’s acquisition of energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, also known as electron donors, in the absence of light. Chemolithotropy is a form of metabolism, and the extreme conditions under which it can take place leads to its classification as a branch of the extremophiles. This process only occurs in prokaryotes, and was first characterized by the Russian microbiologist Sergej Winogradsky.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, and the electron donor is an inorganic compound.
Wikipedia:Primary nutritional groups Chemoorganotrophs are organisms which oxidize the chemical bonds in organic compounds as their energy source. Chemoorganotrophs also attain the carbon molecules that they need for cellular function from these organic compounds. The organic compounds that they oxidize include sugars (i.e. glucose), fats and proteins).[2]
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, and the electron donor is an organic compound.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
Wikipedia:Photoheterotroph Photoheterotrophs are heterotrophic organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. Consequently, they use organic compounds from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements; these compounds include carbohydrates, fatty acids, and alcohols. Examples of photoheterotrophic organisms include purple non-sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria, and heliobacteria.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where light is the energy source, and the electron donor is an organic compound.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is an carbon dioxide.
Wikipedia:Microbial metabolism Photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen).
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
Wikipedia:Microbial metabolism Chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is carbon dioxide.
Wikipedia:Microbial metabolism Chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacillus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is carbon dioxide.
Wikipedia:Primary nutritional groups A chemoorganoheterotrophic organism is one that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development, and that produces its energy from oxido-reduction of an organic compound. This group of organisms may be further subdivided according to what kind of organic substrate and compound they use. Decomposers are examples of Chemoorganoheterotrophs which obtain carbon and electron reactions from dead organic matter. Herbivores and carnivores are examples of organisms that obtain carbon and electron reactions from living organic matter.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
Wikipedia:microaerophile A microaerophile is a microorganism that requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere (~20% concentration). Many microphiles are also capnophiles, as they require an elevated concentration of carbon dioxide. In the laboratory they can be easily cultivated in a candle jar. A candle jar is a container into which a lit candle is introduced before sealing the container's airtight lid. The candle's flame burns until extinguished by oxygen deprivation, which creates a carbon dioxide-rich, oxygen-poor atmosphere in the jar.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the organism grows in the presence of oxygen, where the oxygen concentration is less than atmospheric levels.
Wikipedia:obligate_aerobe An obligate aerobe is an aerobic organism that requires oxygen to grow. Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substances, like sugars or fats, in order to obtain energy. During respiration, they use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. They have the advantage of yielding more energy than obligate anaerobes, but face high levels of oxidative stress.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the organism grows in the presence of oxygen. Is incapable of anaerobic growth (growth in the absence of oxygen).
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds deriving from the aqueous extraction (an extraction using water, such as hot water or steam) of macroscopic plants. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from extracts of plants
Organic compounds or mixtures of organic compounds added to culture media to support growth or metabolism of a microorganism. Because the exact composition of the mixture is known, it is referred to as "defined".
Undefined organic chemical mixture, comprised of ruminal fluid derived from the rumen of a cow, which has been clarified (through the processes of heating/autoclaving and then centrifugation). Used to cultivate microorganisms.
From Wikipedia:Sludge: Sludge is a semi-solid slurry and can be produced as sewage sludge from wastewater treatment processes or as a settled suspension obtained from conventional drinking water treatment and numerous other industrial processes.
Fluid derived from the liquid component of municipal sludge, used for the cultivation of microorganisms.
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): TC Yeastolate products are animal-free and water-soluble portions of autolyzed yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. TC Yeastolate is a mixture of peptides, amino acids, carbohydrates, simple and complex as well as vitamins. Ash content is 11.7% NaCl content is 0.6%
The water-soluble portion of autolyzed yeast (Saccharomyces cereviseiae), used to support the growth of microorganisms. Yeastolate is a branch name for a yeast extract sold by BD.
A prokaryotic cellularity where cells are physically attached, or connected, to one another after cell division occurs. Septation may or may not occur. The connections between the cells may be loose and transient, or may be long-lasting and permanent.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Chocolatized Defibrinated Blood is defibrinated blood that has been heated to release additional growth factors that would otherwise remain unavailable within intact red blood cells. Heat stable hemin (X-factor) and heat labile nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (V-factor) are the growth factors readily available in chocolatized media.
Blood medium ingredient comprised of defibrinated blood that has been heated. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From Wikipedia:Inspissation: Inspissation is the process of thickening by dehydration.
Serum medium ingredient comprised of blood serum from a mammal that has been inspissated (dehydrated, i.e. has a decreased water composition). Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need inspissated blood serum to grow.
Prokaryotic cells which have a morphological shape and a role that is different from vegetative (undifferentiated cells).
Prokaryotic differentiated cell that has a role in the fixation of gaseous dinitrogen (N2) into ammonia and thus enhance survival in nitrogen-deficient environments.
prokaryotic differentiated cell, specialized for nitrogen fixation
Prokaryotic differentiated cell that has a role in asexual reproduction.
prokaryotic differentiated cell, specialized for asexual reproduction
Prokaryotic differentiated cell which contributes to enhanced dormancy and thus survival during times unsuitable for growth.
prokaryotic differentiated cell, specialized for dormancy
Shiba T & Imhoff JF. 2005. Genus XVIII. Roseobacter in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Ed. Vol 2, Part C, p. 213.
Shioi Y. 1986. Growth characteristics and substrate specificity of aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. Och-114. Plant Cell Physiol 27:567-572. Shioi (1986) used a medium which contains in 1 liter of distilled water: 20 g NaCl, 5.0 g MgCl2x6H2O, 2.0 g Na2SO4, 0.5 g KCl, 0.5 g CaCl2x2H2O, 0.2 g NaHCO3, 0.1 g ferric citrate, 2.0 g yeast extract (Difco), 1.0 g polypeptone, 1.0 g Casamino acids, and 1.0 mL glycerol.
The pH is not in any available references online or in Bergey's Manual. However is likely slightly alkaline due to the buffering of sodium bicarbonate.
An organic-rich, marine, liquid microbiological culture medium containing yeast extract, polypeptone, casamino acids, and glycerol in an artificial sea water base. Used for the growth Erythrobacter.
From: http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2008/12/pdb.rec11558.full?text_only=true SM Broth Composition: Reagent Quantity (for 1 L) Final concentration Glucose 10 g 56 mM KH2PO4 1.9 g 14 mM K2HPO4 0.6 g 3.4 mM NH4Cl 1 g 20 mM Proteose peptone 2 ( Difco 212120) 10 g 1% Yeast extract (Oxoid LP0021) 1 g 0.1% Dissolve in 1 L of H2O. Adjust the pH to 6.0–6.4 with KOH.
A liquid microbiological culture medium containing gelatin, magnesium sulfate, and sodium chloride. Used for the storage and dilution of Escherichia coli bacteriophage lambda.
From: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Datasheet/c0422dat.pdf CMRL-1066 With L-Glutamine, Without Sodium Bicarbonate Components g/L L-Alanine 0.025 L-Arginine 0.05787 L-Aspartic Acid 0.03 L-Cysteine•HCl• H2O 0.26 L-Cystine 0.02 L-Glutamic Acid 0.075 L-Glutamine 0.1 Glycine 0.05 L-Histidine HCl• H2O 0.02 Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline 0.01 L-Isoleucine 0.02 L-Leucine 0.06 L-Lysine•HCl 0.07 L-Methionine 0.015 L-Phenylalanine 0.025 L-Proline 0.04 L-Serine 0.025 L-Threonine 0.03 L-Tryptophan 0.01 L-Tyrosine 0.04 L-Valine 0.025 L-Ascorbic Acid 0.05 PABA 0.00005 D-Biotin 0.00001 Choline Chloride 0.0005 Coenzyme A•Na 0.0025 Cocarboxylase 0.001 2'-Deoxyadenosine 0.01 2'-Deoxyguanosine 0.01 2'-Deoxycytidine•HCl 0.0116 Flavin Aadenine Dinucleotide•2Na 0.000106 Folic Acid 0.00001 myo-Inositol 0.00005 5-Methyldeoxycytidine 0.0001 beta-NAD 0.007 beta-NADP•Na 0.001 Niacinamide 0.000025 Nicotinic Acid 0.000025 D-Pantothenic Acid [hemicalcium] 0.00001 Pyridoxal•HCl 0.000025 Pyridoxine•HCl 0.000025 Riboflavin 0.00001 Thiamine•HCl 0.00001 Thymidine 0.01 Uridine-5-Triphosphate•Na 0.001 Calcium Chloride [Anhydrous] 0.2 Magnesium Sulfate [Anhydrous] 0.09769 Potassium Chloride 0.4 Sodium Acetate [Anhydrous] 0.05 Sodium Chloride 6.8 Sodium Phosphate Monobasic [Anhydrous] 0.122 D-Glucose 1.0 Phenol Red•Na 0.02124 Glutathione 0.01 D-Glucuronic Acid•Na 0.00388 Cholesterol 0.0002 Tween 80 0.005 Sodium bicarbonate is added during the preparation step and the pH is adjusted to 7.0 ± 0.3.
A defined liquid microbiological culture medium containing glucose, a pH indicator, a mixture of amino acids, vitamins, co-factors, and organic micronutrients. Used for tissue cell culture.
From: Skim Milk Medium (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Skim Milk Medium may be used for the cultivation and differentiation of microorganisms based on the coagulation and proteolysis of casein. Principles of the Procedure Skim Milk is a source of lactose and casein and other nutrients required for the growth of lactobacilli.4 Clostridial species can be differentiated based on their ability to enzymatically degrade proteins to peptones (peptonization) or coagulate milk.5 It may be used to detect the stormy fermentation produced by Clostridium perfringens. Formula Difco(TM) Skim Milk Approximate Formula* Per Liter Skim Milk Powder 100.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 6.3 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing skim milk powder. Used to cultivate microorganisms that can metabolize casein.
An organic-ric, solid microbiological culture medium containing skim milk powder. Used to cultivate microorganisms that can metabolize casein.
From: Columbia Agar with 5% Sheep Blood (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Columbia Agar Base, without or with the addition of 5% (or 10%) sheep blood, is a highly nutritious, general-purpose medium for the isolation and cultivation of nonfastidious and fastidious microorganisms from a variety of clinical and nonclinical materials. Difco™ Columbia Blood Agar Base Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 10.0 g Proteose Peptone No. 3................................................ 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 5.0 g Beef Heart, Infusion from 500 g................................... 3.0 g Corn Starch.................................................................. 1.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g Directions for Preparation from Dehydrated Product 1. Suspend the powder in 1 L of purified water: Difco™ Columbia Blood Agar Base – 44 g; BBL™ Columbia Agar Base – 42.5 g; Difco™ Columbia Blood Agar Base EH – 39 g. Mix thoroughly. 2. Heat with frequent agitation and boil for 1 minute to completely dissolve the powder. 3. Autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. 4. For preparation of blood agar, cool the base to 45-50°C and add 5% sterile, defibrinated blood. Mix well. 5. Test samples of the finished product for performance using stable, typical control cultures.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium, containing peptones, starch, and sheep blood. Used for the growth of heterotrophic microorganisms that require blood.
Heart infusion agar supplemented with sheep blood
From: Columbia Agar Base (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Columbia Agar Base, without or with the addition of 5% (or 10%) sheep blood, is a highly nutritious, general-purpose medium for the isolation and cultivation of nonfastidious and fastidious microorganisms from a variety of clinical and nonclinical materials. Principles of the Procedure Columbia Agar Base supplemented with sheep, rabbit or horse blood derives its superior growth-supporting properties from the combination of peptones prepared from pancreatic digest of casein, meat peptic digest and heart pancreatic digest. Yeast extract and corn starch are also included in the formulation and serve as energy sources with yeast extract being a supplier of the B-complex vitamins. Sodium chloride maintains osmotic balance in the medium. It should be noted that Columbia Sheep Blood Agar has a relatively high carbohydrate content and, therefore, beta-hemolytic streptococci may produce a greenish hemolytic reaction that may be mistaken for alpha hemolysis. Fildes enrichment is prepared by the action of the enzyme pepsin on defibrinated sheep blood. Bacitracin is a polypeptide antibiotic that is active mainly against gram-positive bacteria. BBL™ Columbia Agar Base Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 10.0 g Meat Peptic Digest....................................................... 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 5.0 g Heart Pancreatic Digest................................................ 3.0 g Corn Starch.................................................................. 1.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.5 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium, containing peptones and starch. Used for the growth of heterotrophic microorganisms.
From: http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium246.pdf DSMZ Medium 246 246. SEA WATER AGAR Beef extract 10.0 g Peptone 10.0 g Agar 20.0 g Tap water 250.0 ml Sea water* 750.0 ml Dissolve beef extract and peptone by heating in tap water, adjust pH to 7.8 and boil for 10 min. Readjust pH to 7.3. Add agar and autoclave at 121°C for 20 min. Directly after autoclaving, add warm (55°C) sterile sea water. Liquid medium without agar should be combined when cooled to room temperature. *Natural sea water is stored in the dark for at least three weeks to "age". If natural sea water is not available use artificial sea water. Artificial sea water: NaCl 28.13 g KCl 0.77 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.60 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.80 g NaHCO3 0.11 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.50 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Humphry DR, George A, Black GW & Cummings SP. 2001. Flavobacteirum frigidarium sp. nov., an aerobic, psychrophilic, xylanolytic and laminariolytic bacterium from Antarctica. IJSEM 51:1235-1243.
An organic-rich, marine, solid microbiological culture medium containing beef extract and peptone, in a diluted artificial sea water base. Used for the growth of marine Flavobacterium.
From: Yi H, Cho J-C, & Chun J. 2012. Flavivirga jejuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., and Flavivirga amylovorans sp. nov., new members of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater, and emended descriptions of the genera Psychroserpens and Lacinutrix. IJSEM 62:1061-1068. Growth in synthetic ZoBell broth was tested at 5-50˚C (at 5˚C intervals) and in the presence of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15 and 20% (w/v) NaCl or sea salts (Sigma).
An organic-rich, mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptones and yeast extract in a base of artificial sea water. Made without sodium chloride. Used to test the salinity preference of marine heterotrophic microorganisms.
From: Atlas RM, Handbook of Microbiological Media, 3rd edition, pg. 1472 Composition per liter: Agar 15.0 g Pancreatic digest of casein 10.0 g Peptic digest of animal tissue 10.0 g NaCl 5.0 g Yeast extract 2.0 g Glucose 1.0 g NaHSO3 0.1 g Rabbit blood, laked 50.0 mL Hemin solution 1.0 mL Vitamin K1 solution 1.0 mL pH 7.0 +/- 0.2 at 25˚C Hemin solution: Composition per 100.0 mL: Hemin 0.5 g NaOH (1N solution) 10.0 mL Preparation of Hemin Solution: Add hemin to 10.0 mL of NaOH solution. Mix thoroughly. Vitamin K1 solution: Composition per 20.0 mL: Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) 0.2 g Ethanol (95% solution) 20.0 mL Preparation of Vitamin K1 Solution: Add vitamin K1 to 20.0 mL of ethanol. Mix thoroughly. Preparation of Medium: Add components, except vitamin K1 solution and laked rabbit blood, to distilled/deionized water and bring volume to 849.0 mL. Mix thoroughly. Gently heat and bring to boiling. Autoclave for 15 min at 15 psi pressure-121˚C. Cool to 45-55˚C. Aseptically add 1.0 mL of sterile vitamin K1 solution and 50.0 mL of sterile laked rabbit blood. Laked blood is prepared by freezing whole blood overnight and thawing to room temperature. Mix thoroughly. Pour into steril Petri dishes or distribute into sterile tubes. Use: For the cultivation and enhancement of pigment production of a variety of anaerobic bacteria.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptones, yeast extract, sodium chloride, glucose, sodium sulfite, hemin, vitamin K, and laked rabbit blood. Used for the growth of heterotrophic microorganisms that require blood.
From: Wikipedia: R2a agar R2A agar (Reasoner´s 2A agar) is a culture medium developed to study bacteria which normally inhabit potable water. These bacteria tend to be slow-growing species and would quickly be suppressed by faster-growing species on a richer culture medium. Since its development in 1979, it has been found to allow the culturing of many other bacteria that will not readily grow on fuller, complex organic media. Typical Composition (g/l) Proteose peptone, 0.5 Casamino acids, 0.5 Yeast extract, 0.5 Dextrose, 0.5 Soluble starch, 0.5 Dipotassium phosphate, 0.3 Magnesium sulfate 7H2O, 0.05 Sodium pyruvate, 0.3 Agar, 15 Final pH 7 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing yeast extract, proteose peptone, casamino acids, glucose, starch, and pyruvate. Used for the growth of heterotrophic bacteria from potable (fresh) water.
From: Reasoner DJ & Geldreich EE. 1985. A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water. AEM 49(1):1-7. Composiotn of R3A Experimental Media (From Table 1): Yeast extract, 1.0 g/L Difco Proteose Peptone No. 3, 1.0 g/L Casamino Acids, 1.0 g/L Glucose, 1.0 g/L Soluble starch, 1.0 g/L Sodium pyruvate, 0.5 g/L K2HPO4, 0.6 g/L MgSO4x7H2O, 0.1 g/L Agar, 15.0 g/L Final pH 7.2; adjust with crystalline K2HPO4 or KH2PO4 before adding agar. Add agar, heat medium to boiling to dissolve agar, and autoclave for 15 min at 121°C and 15 lb/in2.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing yeast extract, proteose peptone, casamino acids, glucose, starch, and pyruvate. Concentration of organic and inorganic constituents are twice that in R2A medium. Used for the growth of heterotrophic bacteria from potable (fresh) water.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing yeast extract, proteose peptone, casamino acids, glucose, starch, and pyruvate. Used for the growth of heterotrophic bacteria from potable (fresh) water.
From: Yeast Extract-Peptone-Dextrose Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use YPD Agar and YPD Broth are used for maintaining and propagating yeasts in molecular microbiology procedures. Principles of the Procedure YPD Agar and YPD Broth contain peptone as a source of carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and minerals. Yeast extract supplies B-complex vitamins which stimulate bacterial growth. Dextrose is the carbohydrate source. YPD Agar contains agar as the solidifying agent. Formulae Difco™ YPD Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Yeast Extract.............................................................. 10.0 g Peptone..................................................................... 20.0 g Dextrose.................................................................... 20.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g Difco™ YPD Broth Consists of the same ingredients without the agar. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 6.5 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing yeast extract, peptone, and dextrose (D-glucose). Used for the cultivation of yeasts.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing yeast extract, peptone, and dextrose (D-glucose). Used for the cultivation of yeasts.
From: Cato EP, Holdeman LV, & Moore WEC. 1979. Proposal of neotype strains for seven non-saccharolytic Bacteroides species. IJSB 29(4):427-434. Growth was stimulated by the addition of ca. 0.02% Tween 80 to the media.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing yeast extract, peptone, and glucose. Supplemented with Tween 80 (0.02%, aka polysorbate 80). Used for the cultivation of Bacteroides spp.
Peptone-yeast extract-tween basal medium
From: Kampfer P, Busse H-J, Longaric I, Rossello-Mora R, Galatis H, & Lodders N. 2012. Pseudarcicella hirudinis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the skin of the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis. IJSEM 62:2247-2251. 0.3% (w/v) peptone from casein 0.3% (w/v) yeast extract pH 7.2 at 28˚C
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing casitone and yeast extract. Used for the growth of Pseudarcicella sp.
From: Peptone Water (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Peptone Water is used for cultivating nonfastidious organisms, for studying carbohydrate fermentation patterns and for performing the indole test. Principles of the Procedure Peptone Water contains peptone as a source of carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and minerals. Sodium chloride maintains the osmotic balance of the medium. Formula Difco™ Peptone Water Approximate Formula* Per Liter Peptone..................................................................... 10.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.2 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptone and sodium chloride.
From: Plate Count Agar/Standard Methods Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Plate Count Agar and Standard Methods Agar (Plate Count Agar; Tryptone Glucose Yeast Agar) are used for obtaining microbial plate counts from milk and dairy products, foods, water and other materials of sanitary importance. Principles of the Procedure Enzymatic digest of casein provides the amino acids and other complex nitrogenous substances necessary to support bacterial growth. Yeast extract primarily supplies the B-complex vitamins, and dextrose is an energy source. TTC is reduced to the insoluble formazan inside the bacterial cell producing red-colored colonies. Formula Difco™ Plate Count Agar or BBL™ Standard Methods Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 2.5 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of casein, yeast extract, and dextrose. Used for the enumeration of microorganisms that grow in dairy products.
From: Pseudomonas Isolation Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Pseudomonas Isolation Agar is used with added glycerol in isolating Pseudomonas and differentiating Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other pseudomonads based on pigment formation. Principles of the Procedure Peptone provides the carbon and nitrogen necessary for bacterial growth. Magnesium chloride and potassium sulfate promote production of pyocyanin. Irgasan, an antimicrobial agent, selectively inhibits gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria other than Pseudomonas spp. Agar is the solidifying agent. Glycerol serves as an energy source and also helps to promote pyocyanin production. Formula Difco™ Pseudomonas Isolation Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Peptone..................................................................... 20.0 g Magnesium Chloride.................................................... 1.4 g Potassium Sulfate....................................................... 10.0 g Irgasan™..................................................................... 25.0 mg Agar.......................................................................... 13.6 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptone, potassium sulfate, magnesium chloride, and Irgasan (aka triclosan; a broad spectrum antibiotic). Is a selective medium used for the isoaltion and growth of Pseudomonas.
From: http://www.microbelibrary.org/component/resource/laboratory-test/3151-oxidative-fermentative-test-protocol RECIPE Hugh and Leifson’s OF basal medium (6, 8) Peptone (tryptone) 2.0 g Sodium chloride 5.0 g Glucose (or other carbohydrate)a 10.0 g Bromthymol blue 0.03 g Agar 3.0 g Dipotassium phosphate 0.30 g Bring to 1 liter with distilled water. The pH should be adjusted to 7.1 prior to autoclaving (7). After the medium is autoclaved at 121°C for 15 minutes, a filter sterilized solution of 10% solution of carbohydrate (6, 8) is aseptically added to the medium to a final concentration of 1%. The sterile medium containing the carbohydrate is aliquoted aseptically into sterile test tubes and cooled unslanted as stabs (5). Some procedures call for the addition of 10 g/liter of carbohydrate to the medium prior to sterilization. The medium is then dissolved by heating to a boil on a hot plate or by steaming for 20 minutes prior to aliquoting into test tubes. The tubed medium is then steamed for 20 minutes in place of autoclaving to prevent breaking down of the carbohydrate (7). OF basal medium is commercially available in a premixed form from biological supply companies. The carbohydrate source is not included and must be added as stated above.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptone, glucose, sodium chloride, and a pH indicator (bromthymol blue). Used to test for the ability of a microorganism to metabolize specific carbohydrates, which are added to the basal medium.
From: Marine Cations Supplement 1558 (From: Farmer, J. J., III & Hickman-Brenner, F. W. (2006). The genera Vibrio and Photobacterium. In The Prokaryotes: a Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria, 3rd edn, vol. 6, pp. 508–563. Edited by M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K. H. Schleifer & E. Stackebrandt. New York: Springer., pages 532 and 535). This medium is useful for increasing the salt content of bacteriological media to enhance the growth of marine bacteria. It contains Na+, K+, Mg++, and Ca++ at 10 times the in-use concentration. It is our formulation which was modified from the “electrolyte supplement” of Furniss et al. (1978), and it is added in the ratio of one volume of supplement to nine volumes of medium. Sodium chloride (NaCl) 150 g Potassium chloride (KCl) 3.7 g Magnesium chloride (MgCl2 · 6H2O) 51 g Calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 2H20) 7.4 g Water 912 ml Dissolve the ingredients in the order listed. All should dissolve readily, and a crystal-clear, colorless solution should result. The volume of the solution will expand to 1 liter after the salts dissolve. Dispense and autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. It should remain crystal clear after autoclaving, but a slight amount of fine precipitate may form and settle to the bottom of the container. To use this supplement in other media: aseptically add one volume of marine cations, supplement 1558 to nine volumes of the sterile medium, and mix thoroughly.
Lucena T, Pascual J, Giordano A, Gambacorta A, Garay E, Arahal DR, Macian MC, & Pujalte MJ. 2010. Euzebyella saccharophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae. IJSEM 60:2871-2876. MCS = marine cations supplement
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptone, glucose, sodium chloride, and a pH indicator (bromthymol blue). Supplemented with MCS (marine cations supplement), which includes sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride. Used to test for the ability of a marine microorganism to metabolize specific carbohydrates, which are added to the basal medium.
From: Nutrient Agar 1.5 % (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Nutrient Agar 1.5% is used for cultivating a variety of microorganisms and with the addition of blood or other enrichment can be used for cultivating fastidious microorganisms. Principles of the Procedure Beef extract and peptone provide the nitrogen, vitamins, amino acids and carbon sources in Nutrient Agar 1.5%. Sodium chloride maintains the osmotic balance so that red blood cells will not rupture when blood is added as supplement.1 Agar is the solidifying agent. Formula Difco™ Nutrient Agar 1.5% Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Extract.................................................................. 3.0 g Peptone....................................................................... 5.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 8.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.3 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing beef extract, peptone and sodium chloride (8g/L). Used for the cultivation of general heterotrophic microorganisms.
From: Wikipedia:MRS_agar Often abbreviated to MRS, this type of bacterial growth medium is so-named by its inventors: de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe. Developed in 1960, this medium was designed to favour the luxuriant growth of Lactobacilli for lab study. It contains sodium acetate, which suppresses the growth of many competing bacteria (although some other Lactobacillales, like Leuconostoc and Pediococcus, may grow). This medium has a clear brown colour.[1] MRS agar typically contains(w/v):[2] 1.0 % peptone 0.8 % egg extract 0.4 % yeast extract 2.0 % glucose 0.5 % sodium acetate trihydrate 0.1 % polysorbate 80 (also known as Tween 80) 0.2 % dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 0.2 % triammonium citrate 0.02 % magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 0.005 % manganese sulfate tetrahydrate 1.0 % agar pH adjusted to 6.2 at 25°C
A slightly-acidic, organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptones, egg extract, yeast extract, glucose, Tween 80, and minerals salts. Used for the cultivation of Lactobacilli.
From: Pankratov TA, Tindall BJ, Liesack W, & Dedysh SN. 2007. Mucilaginibacter paludis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Mucilaginibacter gracilis sp. nov., pectin-, xylan- and laminarin-degrading members of the family Sphingobacteriaceae from acidic Sphagnum peat bog. IJSEM 57:2349-2354. All tests were carried out using medium MM1 containing (per liter distilled water) 0.5 g glucose, 0.04 g MgSO4.7H2O, 0.02 g CaCl2.2H2O and 0.1 g yeast extract.
The pH of the medium is not specified, and the medium itself is unbuffered. The optimal pH of growth for the organism in the study, however, was pH 6.0-6.5.
A dilute organic carbon-containing, solid microbiological culture medium with glucose, yeast extract, and divalent mineral-salts. Used for the cultivation of Mucilagibacter sp.
An undefined organic chemical mixture derived from the juice of a tomato (the fruit of Solanum lycopersicum), formed through the process of maceration (homogenization) followed by filtration.
From: Mueller Hinton Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Each lot of Mueller Hinton Agar and Mueller Hinton II Agar has been tested according to, and meets the acceptance limits of, the current M6 protocol published by the CLSI. Mueller Hinton Agar is recommended for antimicrobial disc diffusion susceptibility testing of common, rapidly growing bacteria by the Bauer-Kirby method, as standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Summary and Explanation Mueller Hinton Agar was originally developed for the cultivation of pathogenic Neisseria.6 However, these organisms are now commonly isolated on selective media. Principles of the Procedure Acid hydrolysate (digest) of casein and beef extract supply amino acids and other nitrogenous substances, minerals, vitamins, carbon and other nutrients to support the growth of microorganisms. Starch acts as a protective colloid against toxic substances that may be present in the medium. Hydrolysis of the starch during autoclaving provides a small amount of dextrose, which is a source of energy. Agar is the solidifying agent. The Bauer-Kirby procedure is based on the diffusion through an agar gel of antimicrobial substances which are impregnated on paper discs.16 In contrast to earlier methods which used discs of high and low antimicrobial concentrations and which used the presence or absence of inhibition zones for their interpretation, this method employs discs with a single concentration of antimicrobial agent and zone diameters are correlated with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC).1,2,4,7,16 In the test procedure, a standardized suspension of the organism is swabbed over the entire surface of the medium. Paper discs impregnated with specified amounts of antibiotic or other antimicrobial agents are then placed on the surface of the medium, the plate is incubated and zones of inhibition around each disc are measured. The determination as to whether the organism is susceptible, intermediate or resistant to an agent is made by comparing zone sizes obtained to those in the CLSI Document M100(M2).4 Various factors have been identified as influencing disc diffusion susceptibility tests. These include the medium, excess surface moisture on the medium, agar depth, disc potency, inoculum concentration, pH and β-lactamase production by test organisms. 7,13,16 Formulae Difco™ Mueller Hinton Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Extract Powder..................................................... 2.0 g Acid Digest of Casein................................................. 17.5 g Starch.......................................................................... 1.5 g Agar.......................................................................... 17.0 g pH 7.3 ± 0.1 BBL™ Mueller Hinton II Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Extract.................................................................. 2.0 g Acid Hydrolysate of Casein......................................... 17.5 g Starch.......................................................................... 1.5 g Agar.......................................................................... 17.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.3 ± 0.1
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing beef extract, casein hydrolysate, and starch. Used for the cultivation of Neisseria.
From MacConkey Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use MacConkey agars are slightly selective and differential plating media mainly used for the detection and isolation of gram-negative organisms from clinical,1-3 dairy,4 food,5-7 water,8 pharmaceutical, 9-11 cosmetic,6,7 and other industrial sources. MacConkey Agar is used for isolating and differentiating lactose-fermenting from lactose-nonfermenting gram-negative enteric bacilli. Principles of the Procedure Peptones are sources of nitrogen and other nutrients. Yeast extract is a source of trace elements, vitamins, amino acids and carbon. Lactose is a fermentable carbohydrate. When lactose is fermented, a local pH drop around the colony causes a color change in the pH indicator (neutral red) and bile precipitation. Bile salts, bile salts no. 3, oxgall and crystal violet are selective agents that inhibit growth of gram-positive organisms. Sodium chloride maintains osmotic balance in the medium. Magnesium sulfate is a source of divalent cations. Agar is the solidifying agent. Formulae Difco™ MacConkey Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin....................................... 17.0 g Peptones (meat and casein).......................................... 3.0 g Lactose...................................................................... 10.0 g Bile Salts No. 3............................................................. 1.5 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.5 g Neutral Red.................................................................. 0.03 g Crystal Violet............................................................... 1.0 mg pH 7.1 ± 0.2 Difco™ MacConkey Agar Base Consists of the same ingredients without the lactose. BBL™ MacConkey Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin....................................... 17.0 g Peptones (meat and casein).......................................... 3.0 g Lactose...................................................................... 10.0 g Bile Salts...................................................................... 1.5 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.5 g Neutral Red.................................................................. 0.03 g Crystal Violet............................................................... 1.0 mg pH 7.1 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, selective solid microbiological culture medium that contains peptones, lactose, bile salts, crystal violet, and a pH indicator (neutral red). The bile salts inhibit swarming in Proteus spp., and the crystal violet inhibits growth of some Gram-positive bacteria. Lactose fermentation lowers the pH, resulting in colonies that are red or pink in color, and causes the bile salts to precipitate. Non-lactose fermenters that can deaminate amino acids in the peptone release ammonia, which causes the pH to increase (and thus the colonies appear white).
From Fluka Analytical: 62628 LL Agar (Litmus Lactose Agar according to Drigalski, Drigalski Litmus Lactose Agar) Selective medium for the differentiation of several bacteria based on lactose fermentation, in the inspection of water, milk, meat and other foodstuffs. Composition: Ingredients Grams/Litre Meat peptone 7.0 Sodium chloride 5.0 Lactose 15.0 Litmus 1.2 Agar 13.0 Final pH 7.4+/-0.2 at 37°C Store prepared media below 8°C, protected from direct light. Store dehydrated powder, in a dry place, in tightly-sealed containers at 2-25°C. Directions: Dissolve 41 g in 1 litre distilled water. Autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. Principle and Interpretation: LL Agar was formulated by Drigalski for the differentiation of Iactose fermenting and Iactose nonfermenting bacteria. It is importante for the detection of enteric pathogens in the inspection of water, milk, meat and other foodstuffs. Meat peptone provide nitrogenous nutrients to the organisms. Lactose is fermented by lactose fermenting bacteria with acid production. Litmus is the pH indicator which turns red at acidic pH. Colonies of the Iactose fermenting bacteria are surrounded by a red zone which distinguishes them from colonies of other organisms that either do not change the surrounding medium or make it blue due to production of ammonia. Inoculate culture from primary fermentation tubes (e.g. with Lactose Broth; Fluka 70142) showing gas production either by surface inoculation (using inoculation loop) or by pour plate method of serially diluted culture. Cultural characteristics after 24-72 hours at 35ºC .
Vandamme P1, Segers P, Ryll M, Hommez J, Vancanneyt M, Coopman R, De Baere R, Van de Peer Y, Kersters K, De Wachter R, Hinz KH. 1998. Pelistega europaea gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium associated with respiratory disease in pigeons: taxonomic structure and phylogenetic allocation. IJSB 48(2):431-440.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains meat peptone, lactose and litmus (a pH indicator). Lactose fermenting bacteria will turn the pH indicator red as the pH decreases; colonies will be surrounded by a red zone. Colonies that turn blue are the result of the deamination of amino acids, resulting when the pH increases.
Lecithovitellin Solution (Methods in Microbiology, v. 6, pt. 1, Chapter 1, Routine Biochemical Tests, pg 18): ...."which is made by adding 1 egg yolk to 225 mL of saline buffered with 0.1 M borate buffer at pH 7.2-7.4 with 0.005 M CaCl2; 10 g of a filtration aid such as Hyflo Supercel (Johns Manville Co., London) is added and the mixture shaken for 1 h before filtering twice through Whatman No. 1 papers and finally Seitz-filtering with negative pressure."
Recipe (from Cowan and Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medial Bacteria, 1993, ed. Barrow & Feltham, 3rd ed, pg. 205): Lecithovitellin Agar: Lecithovitellin solution (or egg yolk emulsion) 100 mL Nutrient agar 900 mL Melt the nutrient agar and cool to about 55˚C. Add the lecithovitellin solution aseptically, mix and pour plates.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium based on nutrient agar, where lecithovitellin (a substance derived from the chemical treatment of chicken egg yolks) is added.
From: Suzuki M, Nakagawa Y, Harayama S, & Yamamoto S. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic study of marine Cytophaga-like bacteria: proposal for Tenacibaculum gen. nov. with Tenacibaculum maritimum comb. nov. and Tenacibaculum ovolyticum comb. nov., and description of Tenacibaculum mesophilum sp. nov. and Tenacibaculum amylolyticum sp. nov.. IJSEM 51:1639-1652. 2.0 g tryptone and 1.0 g yeast extract in 1000 mL Jamarin S synthetic sea water (Jamarin Laboratory) at pH 7.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing tryptone, yeast extract, in a base of synthetic sea water. Used to cultivate Tenacibaculum sp.
From: LB Broth, Miller (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use LB Agar, Miller and LB Broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani) are used for maintaining and propagating Escherichia coli in molecular microbiology procedures. Principles of the Procedure Peptone provides nitrogen and carbon. Vitamins (including B vitamins) and certain trace elements are provided by yeast extract. Sodium ions for transport and osmotic balance are provided by sodium chloride. Agar is the solidifying agent in LB Agar, Miller. Formulae Difco™ LB Agar, Miller Approximate Formula* Per Liter Tryptone.................................................................... 10.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 5.0 g Sodium Chloride........................................................ 10.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g Difco™ LB Broth, Miller Consists of the same ingredients without the agar. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing tryptone, yeast extract, and sodium chloride. Used to cultivate Escherichia coli.
From: LB Agar, Miller (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use LB Agar, Miller and LB Broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani) are used for maintaining and propagating Escherichia coli in molecular microbiology procedures. Principles of the Procedure Peptone provides nitrogen and carbon. Vitamins (including B vitamins) and certain trace elements are provided by yeast extract. Sodium ions for transport and osmotic balance are provided by sodium chloride. Agar is the solidifying agent in LB Agar, Miller. Formulae Difco™ LB Agar, Miller Approximate Formula* Per Liter Tryptone.................................................................... 10.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 5.0 g Sodium Chloride........................................................ 10.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g Difco™ LB Broth, Miller Consists of the same ingredients without the agar. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing tryptone, yeast extract, and sodium chloride. Used to cultivate Escherichia coli.
From: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/laked+blood laked blood [lākt] Etymology: Fr, laque, a deep red color blood that is clear, red, and homogenous because of hemolysis of the red blood cells, as may occur in poisoning and severe extensive burns.
A solid microbiological culture medium (a blood agar), made with laked blood (where the red blood cells have been treated so that they have undergone haemolysis).
From: Shirling, E. B. & Gottlieb, D. (1966). Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species. Int J Syst Bacteriol 16, 313–340. Medium 2: Yeast-extract - malt extract agar (Pridham et al., 1956-57) Bacto-Yeast Extract (Difco) 4.0g Bact-Malt Extract (Difco) 10.0 g Bacto-Dextrose (Difco) 4.0 g Distilled water 1.0 liter Adjust to pH 7.3, then add -- Bacto agar 20.0 g Liquefy agar by steaming at 100˚C for 15-20 minutes. Dispense appropriate amount for a slanting into at least 6 tubes for each culture. Sterilize by autoclaving; cool tubes as slants. Use the agar slants for preparation of stock cultures. Also sterilize medium 2 in flasks for pouring the sterilized medium into Petri dishes.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium, containing yeast extract, malt extract, and dextrose. Used to culture Streptomyces sp.
From: Brain Heart Infusion Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar is a general-purpose medium suitable for the cultivation of a wide variety of organism types, including bacteria, yeasts and molds. With the addition of 5% or 10% sheep blood, it is used for the isolation and cultivation of a wide variety of fungal species, including systemic fungi(1) from clinical and nonclinical sources. Principles of the Procedure BHI Agar derives its nutrients from the brain heart infusion, peptone and dextrose components. The peptones and infusion are sources of organic nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, vitamins and trace substances. Dextrose is a carbohydrate source that microorganisms utilize by fermentative action. The medium is buffered through the use of disodium phosphate. When defibrinated sheep blood is added to the basal medium, it provides essential growth factors for the more fastidious fungal organisms. Formulae Difco™ Brain Heart Infusion Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Calf Brains, Infusion from 200 g................................... 7.7 g Beef Heart, Infusion from 250 g................................... 9.8 g Proteose Peptone....................................................... 10.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 2.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Disodium Phosphate.................................................... 2.5 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g pH 7.4 ± 0.2 BBL™ Brain Heart Infusion Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Brain Heart, Infusion from (solids)................................. 8.0 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue...................................... 5.0 g Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 16.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 2.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Disodium Phosphate.................................................... 2.5 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.5 g pH 7.4 ± 0.2 BBL™ Brain Heart Infusion Agar, Modified Approximate Formula* Per Liter Brain Heart, Infusion from (solids)................................. 3.5 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue.................................... 15.0 g Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 10.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 2.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Disodium Phosphate.................................................... 2.5 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.4 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing water infusions of calf brains and beef hearts, proteose peptone, and dextrose (i.e. D-glucose).
From: Heart Infusion Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Heart Infusion Agar is a general-purpose medium used in the cultivation of a wide range of microorganisms from a variety of clinical and nonclinical specimens. Principles of the Procedure Heart Infusion Agar derives its nutrients from heart muscle infusion and peptone, which supply nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds, sulfur, vitamins and trace ingredients. Sodium chloride maintains osmotic equilibrium. Agar is the solidifying agent. The addition of 5% sheep blood provides additional growth factors and is used to determine hemolytic reactions. Formula Difco™ Heart Infusion Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Heart, Infusion from 500 g................................. 10.0 g Tryptose..................................................................... 10.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.4 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains (beef) heart infusion and tryptose. Used to grow a wide range of heterotrophic microorganisms.
From: Heart Infusion Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Bacto™ Heart Infusion Broth is used for cultivating fastidious microorganisms. Principles of the Procedure Heart Infusion Agar derives its nutrients from heart muscle infusion and peptone, which supply nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds, sulfur, vitamins and trace ingredients. Sodium chloride maintains osmotic equilibrium. Agar is the solidifying agent. The addition of 5% sheep blood provides additional growth factors and is used to determine hemolytic reactions. Formula Bacto™ Heart Infusion Broth Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Heart, Infusion from 500 g................................. 10.0 g Tryptose..................................................................... 10.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.4 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium that contains (beef) heart infusion and tryptose. Used to grow a wide range of heterotrophic microorganisms.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing water infusions of calf brains and beef hearts, proteose peptone, and dextrose (i.e. D-glucose).
From: Czapek-Dox Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Czapek-Dox Broth and Czapek Solution Agar are used for cultivating fungi and bacteria capable of using inorganic nitrogen. Principles of the Procedure Saccharose is the sole carbon source, and sodium nitrate is the sole nitrogen source in Czapek-Dox Broth and Czapek Solution Agar. Dipotassium phosphate is the buffering agent, and potassium chloride contains essential ions. Magnesium sulfate and ferrous sulfate are sources of cations. Agar is the solidifying agent in Czapek Solution Agar. Formulae Difco™ Czapek-Dox Broth Approximate Formula* Per Liter Saccharose................................................................. 30.0 g Sodium Nitrate............................................................. 3.0 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 1.0 g Magnesium Sulfate...................................................... 0.5 g Potassium Chloride...................................................... 0.5 g Ferrous Sulfate............................................................. 0.01 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium used for the cultivation of fungi and bacteria that can use saccharose (i.e. sucrose) as a sole carbon source and nitrate as a sole nitrogen source.
Inorganic compounds or mixtures of inorganic compounds added to culture media to support growth or metabolism of a microorganism.
From: Czapek-Dox Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Czapek-Dox Broth and Czapek Solution Agar are used for cultivating fungi and bacteria capable of using inorganic nitrogen. Principles of the Procedure Saccharose is the sole carbon source, and sodium nitrate is the sole nitrogen source in Czapek-Dox Broth and Czapek Solution Agar. Dipotassium phosphate is the buffering agent, and potassium chloride contains essential ions. Magnesium sulfate and ferrous sulfate are sources of cations. Agar is the solidifying agent in Czapek Solution Agar. Formulae Difco™ Czapek Solution Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Saccharose................................................................. 30.0 g Sodium Nitrate............................................................. 2.0 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 1.0 g Magnesium Sulfate...................................................... 0.5 g Potassium Chloride...................................................... 0.5 g Ferrous Sulfate............................................................. 0.01 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.3 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium used for the cultivation of fungi and bacteria that can use saccharose (i.e. sucrose) as a sole carbon source and nitrate as a sole nitrogen source.
From: Item AS-823, http://www.anaerobesystems.com/Home/pras-tubed-media/chopped-meat-carbohydrate-broth Formula Lean Ground Beef, 500.0 g Sodium Hydroxide (1N), 25.0 ml Pancreatic Digest of Casein, 30.0 g Yeast Extract, 5.0 g Potassium Phosphate, Dibasic, 5.0 g L-Cysteine, 0.5 g Hemin (0.1% Soln), 5.0 ml Vitamin K1 (1% Soln), 0.1 ml Dextrose, 4.0 g Maltose, 1.0 g Cellobiose, 1.0 g Starch, 1.0 g Distilled Water, 1000.0 ml Final pH 7.1 +/- 0.4 at 25 degrees C. Final volume 7.0 mL +/- 0.7.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of casein, yeast extract, phosphate buffer, glucose, maltose, cellobiose, starch, hemin and Vitamin K1. Used for the growth of anaerobes such as Clostridia.
From: Tryptose Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Tryptose Broth is used for cultivating Brucella and other fastidious microorganisms. Principles of the Procedure Tryptose peptone is a source of nitrogen and carbon. Dextrose is a source of carbohydrate. Sodium chloride maintains osmotic balance. Agar is the solidifying agent in Tryptose Agar. Formulae Difco™ Tryptose Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Tryptose..................................................................... 20.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g Difco™ Tryptose Broth Consists of the same ingredients without the agar. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.2 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing typtose, dextrose (D-glucose), and sodium chloride. Used for the cultivation of Brucella.
From: Tryptose Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Tryptose Agar is used for cultivating a wide variety of fastidious microorganisms, particularly for isolating Brucella according to Huddleson and Castañeda. Principles of the Procedure Tryptose peptone is a source of nitrogen and carbon. Dextrose is a source of carbohydrate. Sodium chloride maintains osmotic balance. Agar is the solidifying agent in Tryptose Agar. Formulae Difco™ Tryptose Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Tryptose..................................................................... 20.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.2 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing typtose, dextrose (D-glucose), sodium chloride and agar. Used for the cultivation of Brucella.
From Huddleson IF. 1961. Emergence during growth of Brucella strains on dye-agar media of cells that show changes in sulfur metabolism. Bull Wld Hlth Org 24:91-102. "Initial differences in the growth of strains on agar containing thionin and basic fuchsin were determined by lightly inoculating the surface of tryptose agar in Petri plates containing separately 1 mg thionin/100 mL (basic aqueous solution 100 mg/100 mL) and 1 mg basic fuchsin/100 mL (basic ethanol solution 100 mg/100 mL). " pg. 94.
From Morgan WJB. 1961. The use of the thionin blue sensitivity test in the examination of Brucella. J Gen Microbiol 25:135-139. "Serum glucose agar was used for the proposation of cultures and as basal medium for the addition of dyes. The composition of this medium has been described (Morgan, 1960). Basic fuchsin (supplied by Pharmaceutical Laboratories National Aniline Division, Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation, New York) was added to the melted and cooled medium just before pouring plate to give a concentration of 1/25,000. Thionin (Allied Chemical and Dye Corp.) was used at a concentration of 1/50,000. Initially, three concentrations of thionin blue (British Drug Houses Ltd., London) were used, namely, 1/500,000, 1/1,000,000, 1/2,000,000. Later however only the 1/500,000 concentration was used for routine use. Stock solutions of the dyes were made and steam sterilized. All new batches were checked for activity against known strains. All plates were incubated overnight at 37˚ before use and no plate was used which had been stored for longer than one week in the refrigerator."
A tyrosine agar (or liver infusion agar, or glucose agar) supplemented with the pH indicator Basic Fuchsin (aka rosanilin, Basic Fuchsine, Rosaniline Hydrochloride, Magenta). If acid is produced, the basic fuchsin will turn deep red/pink.
From: Huddleson IF. 1961. Emergence during growth of Brucella strains on dye-agar media of cells that show changes in sulfur metabolism. Bull Wld Hlth Org 24:91-102. "Initial differences in the growth of strains on agar containing thionin and basic fuchsin were determined by lightly inoculating the surface of tryptose agar in Petri plates containing separately 1 mg thionin/100 mL (basic aqueous solution 100 mg/100 mL) and 1 mg basic fuchsin/100 mL (basic ethanol solution 100 mg/100 mL). " pg. 8.
Tyrosine agar (or liver infusion agar, or glucose agar) with thionin blue stain (akas Thionin, Thionine, Thionine acetate, or Lauth's Violet) added.
From http://www.jcm.riken.jp/cgi-bin/jcm/jcm_grmd?GRMD=631 Hunter's basal salts: Nitrilotriacetic acid 10.0 g MgSO4·7H2O 14.45 g CaCl2·2H2O 4.42 g (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 9.25 mg FeSO4·7H2O 99.0 mg Nicotinic acid 50.0 mg Thiamine·HCl 25.0 mg Biotin 0.5 mg Metals ''44'' (see Medium No. 149) 50.0 ml Distilled water 950.0 ml Dissolve and neutralized nitrilotriacetic acid in 500.0 ml distilled water with the addition of KOH. Add the remaining chemicals in order listed. Adjust pH to 6.8 and bring volume to 1.0 L with distilled water. From http://www.jcm.riken.jp/cgi-bin/jcm/jcm_grmd?GRMD=149 Metals ''44'': EDTA·2Na 250.0 mg ZnSO4·7H2O 1095.0 mg FeSO4·7H2O 500.0 mg MnSO4·xH2O 154.0 mg CuSO4·5H2O 39.2 mg Co(NO3)2·6H2O 24.8 mg Na2B4O7·10H2O 17.7 mg Distilled water 1.0 L
From: Zaichikova MV, Berestovskaya YY, Kuznetsov BB, & Vasileva LV. 2013. Spirosoma xylofaga sp. nov., an oligotrophic pleomorphic bacterium from a myco-bacterial community of freshwater ecosystems. Microbiology 82(4):459-465. Pure culture was maintained in liquid HCY medium containing Hutner's basal salt solution (20 mL/L), a vitamin mixture [5], xylose (0.5 g/L) as a substrate, and yeast extract (0.01 g/L). [Ref 5]: Zaichikova, M.V., Berestovskaya, Akimov, V.N., Kizilova, A.K., and Vasileva, L.V., Xantobacter xylophilus sp. nov., a member of the xylotrophic myco-bacterial community of low mineral oligotrophic waters, Microbiology, 2010, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 83-88.
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing magnesium sulfate and nitrilotriacetic acid. Used to support the growth of Spirosoma and Xanthobacter.
From: Zaichikova MV, Berestovskaya YY, Kuznetsov BB, & Vasileva LV. 2013. Spirosoma xylofaga sp. nov., an oligotrophic pleomorphic bacterium from a myco-bacterial community of freshwater ecosystems. Microbiology 82(4):459-465. Pure culture was maintained in liquid HCY medium containing Hutners basal salt solution (20 mL/L), a vitamin mixture (5), xylose (0.5 g/L) as a substrate, and yeast extract (0.01 g/L). Ref 5: Zaichikova, M.V., Berestovskaya, Akimov, V.N., Kizilova, A.K., and Vasileva, L.V., Xantobacter xylophilus sp. nov., a member of the xylotrophic myco-bacterial community of low mineral oligotrophic waters, Microbiology, 2010, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 83-88.
A mineral-salts, solid microbiological culture medium containing magnesium sulfate and nitrilotriacetic acid. Used to support the growth of Spirosoma and Xanthobacter.
An organic-rich, mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptones and yeast extract in a base of artificial sea water. Diluted by half with water. Used for the cultivation of heterotrophic marine or brackish microorganisms.
From: Dextrose Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Dextrose Agar is used for cultivating a wide variety of microorganisms with or without added blood. Dextrose Broth is used for cultivating fastidious microorganisms and for detecting gas from enteric bacilli. Principles of the Procedure Beef extract and peptones provide nitrogen, amino acids and vitamins. Dextrose is a carbon source, and the increased concentration is a distinguishing characteristic of this medium from other formulations used as blood agar bases. Agar is the solidifying agent. Supplementation with 5% blood provides additional growth factors for fastidious microorganisms. Formulae Difco™ Dextrose Broth Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 5.0 g Proteose Peptone No. 3................................................ 2.0 g Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin......................................... 3.0 g Beef Extract.................................................................. 3.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 5.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.2 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptones and glucose. Used to culture a variety of microorganisms.
From: Dextrose Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Dextrose Agar is used for cultivating a wide variety of microorganisms with or without added blood. Dextrose Broth is used for cultivating fastidious microorganisms and for detecting gas from enteric bacilli. Principles of the Procedure Beef extract and peptones provide nitrogen, amino acids and vitamins. Dextrose is a carbon source, and the increased concentration is a distinguishing characteristic of this medium from other formulations used as blood agar bases. Agar is the solidifying agent. Supplementation with 5% blood provides additional growth factors for fastidious microorganisms. Formulae Difco™ Dextrose Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 5.0 g Proteose Peptone No. 3................................................ 2.0 g Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin......................................... 3.0 g Beef Extract.................................................................. 3.0 g Dextrose.................................................................... 10.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptones and glucose. Used to culture a variety of microorganisms.
From Table 2 in: Pazos F, Santos Y, Macias AR, Nunez S, & Toranzo AE. 1996. Evaluation of media for the successful culture of Flexibacter maritimus. Journal of Fish Diseases 19:196-197. Components (g/L) Peptone 5.0 Yeast extract 0.5 Sodium acetate 0.01 Agar 15 In sea water as the diluent pH 7.2-7.4
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptone, yeast extract, and acetate in a seawater base. Used to culture Flexibacter maritimus.
From: McClung-Toabe Agar (Atlas, The Handbook of Microbiological Media for the Examination of Food, 2nd ed., pgs 221-222) Composition per liter: Proteose peptone 40.0g Agar 25.0g Na2HPO4 5.0 g Glucose 2.0 g NaCl 2.0 g KH2PO4 1.0 g MgSO4x7H2O 0.1 g Egg yolk emulsion, 50% 100.0 mL pH 7.3 +/- 0.2 at 25˚C Source: This medium is available as a pre-mixed powder from BD Diagnostic Systems. Egg Yolk Emulsion, 50%: Composition per 100.0 mL: Chicken egg yolks 11 Whole chicken egg 1 NaCl (0.9% solution) 50.0 mL Preparation of Egg Yolk Emulsion, 50%: Soak eggs with 1:100 dilution of saturated mercuric chloride solution for 1 min. Crack eggs and separate yolks from whites. Mix egg yolks with 1 chicken egg. Measure 50.0 mL of egg yolk emulsion and add to 50.0 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution. Mix thoroughly. Filter sterilize. Warm to 45-50˚C. Preparation of Medium: Add components, except egg yolk emulsion, 50%, to distilled/deionized water and bring volume to 900.0 mL. Mix thoroughly. Gently heat while stirring and bring to boiling. Autoclave for 15 min at 15 psi pressure -121˚C. Cool to 50-55˚C. Aseptically add 100.0 mL of sterile egg yolk emulsion, 50%. Mix thoroughly. Pour into sterile Petri dishes in 15.0 mL volumes. Use: For the isolation and cultivation of Clostridium perfringens in foods.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium contining peptone, mineral-salts, glucose, and egg yolk emulsion. Used for the isolation and growth of Clostridium perfringens.
From: Eggerth AH & Gagnon BH. 1932. The bacteroides of human feces. J Bacteriol 35(4):389-413. "Our basic medium was beef infusion agar, containing 1.5 per cent of agar, 1 per cent of Parke Davis peptone, and 0.4 per cent of di-sodium phosphate. The pH was 7.6 to 7.8. Before pouring the plates, about 5 per cent of sterile blood and 0.15 per cent of sterile glucose (in the form of a 10 per cent solution) were added."
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptones, phosphate buffer, blood, and glucose. Used for the growth of Bacteroides sp.
From: DNase Test Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use DNase Test Agar, DNase Test Agar with Methyl Green and DNase Test Agar with Toluidine Blue are differential media used for the detection of deoxyribonuclease activity to aid in the identification of bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Summary and Explanation The DNase test is used to detect the degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The test is useful for differentiating Serratia from Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus from coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Moraxella catarrhalis from Neisseria species. Principles of the Procedure Peptones provide amino acids and other complex nitrogenous substances to support bacterial growth. Sodium chloride maintains osmotic equilibrium. DNA is the substrate for DNase activity. DNase is an extracellular enzyme that breaks the DNA down into subunits composed of nucleotides. The depolymerization of the DNA may be detected by flooding the surface of the medium with 1 N HCl and observing for clear zones in the medium surrounding growth. In the absence of DNase activity, the reagent reacts with the intact nucleic acid, resulting in the formation of a cloudy precipitate. The HCl reagent is not needed to detect DNase activity on DNase Agar with Methyl Green. Methyl green forms a complex with intact (polymerized) DNA to form the green color of the medium. DNase activity depolymerizes the DNA, breaking down the methyl green-DNA complex, which results in the formation of colorless zones around colonies of the test organism. A negative test is indicated by the absence of a colorless zone around the colonies. The HCl reagent is not needed to detect DNase activity on DNase Agar with Toluidine Blue. Toluidine blue forms a complex with intact (polymerized) DNA. In the intact DNA complex, the toluidine blue has the normal blue color. DNase activity depolymerizes the DNA, breaking down the dye-DNA complex. In the presence of nucleotides produced from the DNase depolymerization, the dye takes on its metachromatic color, forming pink to red zones around bacterial growth. A negative test is indicated when the medium remains blue. Formulae Difco™ DNase Test Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Tryptose..................................................................... 20.0 g Deoxyribonucleic Acid.................................................. 2.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2 BBL™ DNase Test Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 15.0 g Papaic Digest of Soybean Meal..................................... 5.0 g Deoxyribonucleic Acid.................................................. 2.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing tryptose and DNA. Used to test for the ability of a microorganism to degrade DNA.
From: Deoxycholate Lactose Agar (M066, HiMedia) Deoxycholate Lactose Agar is a differential and slightly selective medium used for the isolation and enumeration of coliforms in water, wastewater, milk and dairy products. Composition** Ingredients Gms / Litre Peptone, special 10.000 Lactose 10.000 Sodium chloride 5.000 Sodium citrate 2.000 Sodium deoxycholate 0.500 Neutral red 0.030 Agar 15.000 Final pH ( at 25°C) 7.1±0.2 **Formula adjusted, standardized to suit performance parameters Directions Suspend 42.53 grams in 1000 ml distilled water. Mix well and heat to boiling to dissolve the medium completely. The medium requires no autoclaving if it is to be used at once. If the medium is to be stored, it should be sterilized at 15 lbs pressure (121°C) for 15 minutes. AVOID OVERHEATING.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptone, lactose, citrate, deoxycholate, and neutral red. Used for the isolation of microorganisms that grow in milk (or other dairy products). Deoxycholate (a weak anionic detergent and bile acid) is used to lyse cells and solublize some cell membrane components. Inhibits growth of Gram positive bacteria, and therefore selects for Gram negative bacteria such as Salmonella.
From: http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Mediumxxxx.pdf
From: Sawabe T, Makino H, Tatsumi M, Nakano K, Tajima K, Iqbal MM, Yumoto I, Ezura Y & Christen R. 1998. Pseudoalteromonas bacteriolytica sp. nov., a marine bacterium that is the causative agent of red spot disease of Laminaria japonica. IJSB 48:769-774. "These isolated of Pseudoalteromonas bacteriolytica were maintained on CSY-3 agar medium containing casitone (Difco) 1.0 g, Difco bacto-soytone 1.0 g, Difco yeast extract 1.0 g, ferric ammonium citrate 0.1 g, and 1000 ml natural seawater, pH 7.5 (19). The stock cultures were maintained in CSY-3 broth containing 20 % glycerol (v/v)."
An organic-carbon enriched, marine, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptones (casitone, soytone, yeast extract) and ferric ammonium citrate in a seawater base. Used for the cultivation of Pseudoalteromonas.
A microbiological culture medium containing carboxymethyl cellulose. Used to screen a culture for cellulolytic activity (the ability to hydrolyze cellulose, particularly those with endoglucanases).
medium containing cellulose or cellulose derivatives
Wikipedia:Chocolate_agar Chocolate agar (CHOC) or chocolate blood agar (CBA) - is a non-selective, enriched growth medium. [1] [2] It is a variant of the blood agar plate, containing red blood cells that have been lysed by slowly heating to 80 °C. Chocolate agar is used for growing fastidious respiratory bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis.[3] In addition, some of these bacteria, most notably H. influenza, need growth factors such NAD (factor V) and hemin (factor X), which are inside red blood cells; thus, a prerequisite to growth for these bacteria is lysis of the red blood cells. The heat also inactivates enzymes which could otherwise degrade NAD. The agar is named for the color and contains no actual chocolate.
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Chocolate+Agar Blood agar that has been heated to open the pyrrole ring, forming hemin, a required growth factor for bacteria lacking hemolysins. Chocolate agars are usually incubated in a microaerophilic—3–10% CO2—environment, providing ideal growth conditions for H influenzae, Neisseria spp, and fastidious anaerobes
A solid microbiological culture medium where blood has been been treated by heating in order to lyse the blood cells.
From: Cetrimide Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Cetrimide (Pseudosel) Agar is used for the selective isolation and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Principles of the Procedure Gelatin peptone supplies the nutrients necessary to support growth. The production of pyocyanin is stimulated by the magnesium chloride and potassium sulfate in the medium. Cetrimide is a quaternary ammonium, cationic detergent compound, which is inhibitory to a wide variety of bacterial species including Pseudomonas species other than P. aeruginosa. Agar is a solidifying agent. Cetrimide Agar Base is supplemented with 1% glycerol as a source of carbon. Formula Difco™ Cetrimide Agar Base Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin....................................... 20.0 g Magnesium Chloride.................................................... 1.4 g Potassium Sulfate....................................................... 10.0 g Cetrimide (Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Bromide)...... 0.3 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.6 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.2 ± 0.2 Directions for Preparation from Dehydrated Product 1. Suspend 45.3 g of the powder in 1 L of purified water containing 10 mL of glycerol. Mix thoroughly. 2. Heat with frequent agitation and boil for 1 minute to completely dissolve the powder. 3. Autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. 4. Test samples of the finished product for performance using stable, typical control cultures.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains pancreatic digest of gelatin, potassium sulfate, and cetrimide (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). A medium selective for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
From: http://www.atcc.org/~/media/DF06C418BB3A44189AD1A3CEB59B8D6E.ashx ATCC Medium: 1776 Tyrosine Agar (ISP Medium 7) Trace Elements Solution Ho-Le: H3BO3 2.85 g MnCl2x4H2O 1.8g FeSO4 1.36 g Sodium tartrate 1.77 g CuCl2x2H2O 26.9 mg ZnCl2 20.8 mg CoCl2x6H2O 40.4 mg Na2MoO4x2H2O 25.2 mg Distilled water 1.0 L
A trace elements solution containing boric acid, manganese chloride, ferrous sulfate, sodium tartrate, copper chloride, zinc chloride, cobalt chloride, and sodium molybdate.
From: Brucella Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Brucella Agar is a culture medium for the cultivation of Brucella organisms. With the addition of 5% horse blood, the medium is used in qualitative procedures for the isolation and cultivation of nonfastidious and fastidious microorganisms from a variety of clinical and nonclinical specimens. Brucella Broth is used for the cultivation of Brucella species and for the isolation and cultivation of a wide variety of fastidious and nonfastidious microorganisms. Principles of the Procedure Brucella Agar and Brucella Broth support the growth of fastidious microorganisms due to their content of peptones, dextrose and yeast extract. The peptones supply organic nitrogen. The yeast extract is a potent source of the B-complex vitamins. Dextrose is utilized as an energy source. Sodium bisulfite is a reducing agent, and sodium chloride maintains the osmotic equilibrium. Agar is the solidifying agent in Brucella Agar. Formulae BBL™ Brucella Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 10.0 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue.................................... 10.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 2.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Sodium Bisulfite........................................................... 0.1 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g BBL™ Brucella Broth Consists of the same ingredients without the agar. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium, containing pancreatic digest of casein (casitone), peptic digest of animal tissue (proteose peptone), dextrose (D-glucose), yeast extract, sodium chloride, and sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogensulfite) as a reducing agent. Used for the growth of Brucella.
From: Brucella Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Brucella Agar is a culture medium for the cultivation of Brucella organisms. With the addition of 5% horse blood, the medium is used in qualitative procedures for the isolation and cultivation of nonfastidious and fastidious microorganisms from a variety of clinical and nonclinical specimens. Brucella Broth is used for the cultivation of Brucella species and for the isolation and cultivation of a wide variety of fastidious and nonfastidious microorganisms. Principles of the Procedure Brucella Agar and Brucella Broth support the growth of fastidious microorganisms due to their content of peptones, dextrose and yeast extract. The peptones supply organic nitrogen. The yeast extract is a potent source of the B-complex vitamins. Dextrose is utilized as an energy source. Sodium bisulfite is a reducing agent, and sodium chloride maintains the osmotic equilibrium. Agar is the solidifying agent in Brucella Agar. Formulae BBL™ Brucella Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 10.0 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue.................................... 10.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 2.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Sodium Bisulfite........................................................... 0.1 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g BBL™ Brucella Broth Consists of the same ingredients without the agar. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.0 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium, containing pancreatic digest of casein (casitone), peptic digest of animal tissue (proteose peptone), dextrose (D-glucose), yeast extract, sodium chloride, sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogensulfite) as a reducing agent, and agar. Used for the growth of Brucella.
From: Ayers, SH. 1911. CASEIN MEDIA ADAPTED TO THE BACTERIAL EXAMINATION OF MILK. in U.S. Department of Agriculture. 28th annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. PREPARATION OF CASEIN-AGAR The method of preparation of casein-agar is as follows: PREPARATION OF ONE LITER. Casein solution 300 c.c. distilled water, 10 grams casein (Eimer & Amend C.P. casein prepared according to Hammarstan), 7 c.c. normal sodium hydroxid. After dissolving casein make up to 500 cubic centimeters. Agar solution. 500 c.c. distilled water, 10 grams agar. To 300 c.c. of water (distilled) add 10 grams casein (Eimer & Amend C.P. casein prepared according to Hammarsten) and 7 c.c. normal sodium hydroxid. Dissolve casein by heating to boiling. It is desirable to let this stand for several hours to get a perfect solution. This is not necessary, however. Make up volume to 500 c.c., and bring the reaction of the solution to between +0.1 and +0.2, Fuller's scale. Do not allow solution to become alkaline to phenolphthalein or over +0.2. If the casein is weighed accurately and the normal solution is accurate the reaction will be about +0.2. The agar solution is prepared by dissolving 10 grams of agar in 500 c.c. of water. Both casein and agar solutions should be filtered, then mixed. Tube and sterilize in autoclave under pressure for 20 minutes; then cool the tubes quickly in cold water or ice water. The final reaction of the medium will be about +0.1, Fuller's scale. IF the medium is alkaline the bacterial growth will be restricted. If the medium is more than +0.1 some of the casein may be precipitated during sterilization. The casein-agar should be clear and almost colorless when poured into a Petri dish. Sometimes the casein will be slightly precipitated during sterilization or the cooling, but this is of no consequence, since on pouring into plates the precipitate on account of its finely divided condition, becomes invisible.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing casein and agar. Used to study microorganisms capable of growth in milk.
ATCC medium 1750: Anacker and Ordal medium Tryptone (BD 211705).........0.5 g Yeast extract................0.5 g Sodium acetate...............0.2 g Beef extract.................0.2 g Agar........................10.0 g Distilled water..............1.0 L Adjust medium for final pH 7.3 +/- 0.1. Autoclave at 121C for 15 minutes. (For the broth the agar would be omitted).
A dilute, organic-carbon-containing liquid microbiological culture medium containing acetate, tryptone, and extracts of yeast and beef. Used for the cultivation and maintenance of Flexibacter psychrophilus.
A dilute, organic-carbon-containing solid microbiological culture medium containing acetate, tryptone, and extracts of yeast and beef. Used for the cultivation and maintenance of Flexibacter psychrophilus.
From Handbook of Microbiological Media, 3rd edition: Composition per liter: Agar, 15.0 g MgSO4*7H2O, 1.0 g K2HPO4, 0.7 g KH2PO4, 0.54 g NH4Cl, 0.5 g CaCl2*2H2O, 0.2 g FeSO4*7H2O,4.0 mg H3BO4, 0.3 mg CoCl2*6H2O, 0.2 mg ZnSO4*7H2O, 0.1 mg Na2MoO4*4H2O, 0.06 mg MnCl2*4H2O, 0.03 mg NiCl2*6H2O, 0.02 mg CuCl2*2H2O, 0.01 mg pH 6.8 +/- 0.2 at 25˚C Preparation of Medium: Add components to distilled/deinionezed water and bring volume to 1.0 L. Mix thoroughly. Gently heat and bring to boiling. Autoclave for 15 min at 15 psi pressure-121˚C. Add sterile methanol to a concentration of 0.5% aseptically to cooled basal medium. Use: for the cultivation and mantenance of bacteria that can utilize methanol as a carbon source, such as Methylobacterium species, Methylomonas species, and Methylophilus species.
A mineral-salts, solid microbiological culture medium for the growth of freshwater and weakly brackish microorganisms that utilize methanol as a source of carbon.
From: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/washed+red+cells Washed Red Cells Transfusion medicine RBCs that have been washed in sterile saline to remove WBCs, lytic mediators, non-self antigens; WRCs are most useful in IgA-deficient Pts who have circulating anti-IgA antibodies, used to ↓ febrile, urticarial and anaphylactic reactions. See Blood filters.
A solid microbiological culture medium containing blood, where the red blood cells have been washed with a sterile saline solution.
Agar plates made up with washed red cells
From: Mudd S. 1923. The penetration of bacteria through capillary spaces. I. Motility and Size as Influencing Filterability through Berkefeld Candles. J Bacteriol 8(5):459-481. Table 4 (pg. 471) FILTER CALCULATED DIAMETER AVERAGE DIAMETER FOR FILTER TYPE micron micron V (10) 0.414 V (11) 0.380 V (16) 0.373 0.38 V (17) 0.376 V (18) 0.371 N (X) 0.461 N (XI) 0.437 0.45 W (1) 0.524 W (2) 0.47A W (X) 0.369 0.43 W (XI) 0.343
Wikipedia:Berkefeld_filter A Berkefeld filter[1] is a oil filter made of diatomaceous earth or Kieselguhr. It was invented in Germany in 1891, and by 1922 was being marketed in the United Kingdom by the Berkefeld Filter Co.[2] Berkefeld was the name of owner of the mine in Hanover, Germany, where the ceramic material was obtained. The Berkefeld is a good bacterial water filter used in microbiological laboratories, in homes and out in the field.[3][4] Types The filters are classified according to the diameter of the pores in the ceramic material: V (Viel) - Coarsest pores N (Normal) - Intermediate sized pores W (Wenig) - Finest pores Usefulness The Berkefeld is a cheap, portable and efficient bacterial filter in general, though it does not remove viruses like Hepatitis A and some bacteria such as mycoplasma.[6] Some companies claim that they filter out from between 100% of particles above 0.9 micrometre to 98% of particles above 0.5 micrometre in diameter.[5] These are very durable filters and the filter elements may be cleaned over 100 times before requiring replacement. Some of the first Berkefeld filters were used during the 1892 cholera epidemic in Hamburg.[7]
A prokaryotic cell which has a filterable cell size that is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with a defined pore size (e.g. V, N, or W), the largest of which is 0.45 microns.
A Berkefeld filterable cell that is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with a smaller pore size V (for Viel). Pore sizes average 0.38 microns in diameter. This is the most common filter size used to study the filterability of microorganisms.
A Berkefeld filterable cell that is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with an intermediate pore size N (for Normal). Pore sizes average 0.43 microns in diameter.
A Berkefeld filterable cell that is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with a wider pore size W (for Wenig). Pore sizes average 0.45 microns in diameter.
From: Bile Esculin Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Bile Esculin Agar is used to differentiate enterococci and the Streptococcus bovis group from other streptococci. Principles of the Procedure Enterococci and certain streptococci hydrolyze the glycoside esculin to esculetin and dextrose. Esculetin reacts with an iron salt to form a dark brown or black complex.6 Ferric citrate is incorporated into the medium as an indicator of esculin hydrolysis and resulting esculetin formation. Oxgall is used to inhibit gram-positive bacteria other than enterococci. Formula BBL™ Bile Esculin Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin......................................... 5.0 g Beef Extract.................................................................. 3.0 g Oxgall........................................................................ 20.0 g Ferric Citrate............................................................... 0.5 g Esculin......................................................................... 1.0 g Agar ......................................................................... 14.0 g pH 6.8 ± 0.2
From: Wikipedia:Bile_esculin_agar Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) is a selective differential agar used to isolate and identify members of the genus Enterococcus, also known as "group D streptococci". Composition and process Bile salts are the selective ingredient, while esculin is the differential component. Enterococcus hydrolyze esculin to products that react with ferric citrate in the medium to produce insoluble iron salts, resulting in the blackening of the medium. Test results must be interpreted in conjunction with gram stain morphology. Uses Bile Esculin Agar is used primarily to differentiate Enterococcus from Streptococcus. Members of the genus Enterococcus are capable of growing in the presence of 4% bile (oxgall) and hydrolyzing esculin to glucose and esculetin. Esculetin combines with ferric ions to produce a black complex. For some purposes, certain bacteria are able to hydrolyze aesculin. A plate containing aesculin will fluoresce a pale blue under UV radiation. Some bacteria can hydrolise this, leading to UV dark colonies, as opposed to UV light ones. When new techniques are produced to identify enterococci, they are often compared to the use of bile esculin agar.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of gelatin, beef extract, oxgall, esculin, and ferric iron. Used for the differentiation of enterococci, Streptococcus bovis, and other streptococci,
From Bacto™ Casitone (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Bacto™ Casitone is a pancreatic digest of casein. The manufacturing process for an enzymatic digest of casein is not as destructive as an acid hydrolysis. Thus, the casein is not broken down as completely into its constituent components. In many cases this makes for a more nutritious hydrolysate, especially for those organisms that prefer peptides to amino acids. Ash content is 6.4% NaCl content is 0.0%
A pancreatic digest of casein (milk protein from cow's milk, Bos taurus), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
From: http://himedialabs.com/TD/M883.pdf Meat Infusion Agar (Standard Infusion Agar) M883 (HiMedia Laboratories) Meat Infusion Agar is a nutritive medium used for mass cultivation of organisms for vaccine or toxin production. Composition** Ingredients Gms/Litre Peptic digest of animal tissue 10.000 Beef, infusion from 500.000 Sodium chloride 5.000 Agar 25.000 Final pH (at 25˚C) 7.5 +/- 0.2 ** Formula adjusted, standardized to suit performance parameters.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptic digest of animal tissue, beef infusion, and sodium chloride.
From Wikipedia:Ox_gall: Ox gall is gall, usually obtained from cows, that is mixed with alcohol and used as the wetting agent in paper marbling, engraving, lithography, and watercolor painting. It is a greenish-brown liquid mixture containing cholesterol, lecithin, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid.
Gall (bile stored in the gall bladder) derived from an ox (a castrated adult male bovine; Bos taurus), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
Bile salts derived from the bile of an ox (a castrated adult male bovine; Bos taurus). Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
Bile derived from an ox (a castrated adult bovine; Bos taurus). Used for the culturing of microorganisms.
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds derived from the chopped meat (muscle and fat) of mammals, used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
Oil extracted from the germ (the plant embryo) of corn (Zea mays), used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
Microbiological medium ingredient, derived from chicken egg, where the yolks of chicken eggs have been homogenized (mixed).
Wikipedia:Loeffler's_medium Löffler's medium is a special substance used to grow diphtheria bacilli to confirm the diagnosis. History In 1887, Friedrich Loeffler devised a culture medium containing horse serum, meat infusion, and dextrose for use in the cultivation of corynebacteria and for differentiating them from other organisms.[1] Perry and Petran suggested modification of the original formulation.[2] Buck, in 1949, described a modified Loeffler's medium for cultivating Corynebacterium diphtheriae.[3] Uses This medium has a variety of uses in microbiological investigations. The current formulation incorporated these later modifications: The primary value of Loeffler medium is in the growth and morphological characterization of members of the genus Corynebacterium. This formulation enhances the formation of metachromatic granules within the cells of the organisms. Due to its serum content, Loeffler medium can be used for the determination of proteolytic activities of microorganisms. The gray-white surface of the medium provides an excellent background for the detection and observation of colonial pigmentation. If all extraneous moisture is removed aseptically from the slants and the upper part of the slant is heated until the slant ruptures, this medium can be used for the detection of ascospores. Principles of the procedure Heart muscle and animal tissue peptone provide the amino acids and other complex nitrogenous substances necessary to support growth of corynebacteria. Sodium chloride supplies essential ions. Dextrose is a source of fermentable carbohydrate. The eggs and beef serum cause the medium to coagulate during the sterilization process and are sources of protein which are used for metabolism of the corynebacteria and other organisms. Approximate formula Per liter purified water Beef serum 70.0 g Heart muscle, infusion from (solids) 0.72 g Peptic digest of animal tissue 0.71 g Sodium chloride 0.36 g Dextrose 0.71 g Egg (whole, dried) 7.5 g
https://www.bd.com/ds/technicalCenter/inserts/L007463(07)(0107).pdf pH is 7.6 +/- 0.2.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium that contains beef serum, heart infusion, whole egg, and dextrose. Used for the cultivation of Corynebacteria.
The process of anaerobic respiration, where thiosulfate is both oxidized to sulfate and reduced to hydrogen sulfide.
anaerobic respiration, by disproportionation of thiosulfate
A gram stain quality where microorganisms stain purple with crystal violet used in the Gram stain.
A gram stain quality where microorganisms do not stain purple with Crystal Violet used in the Gram stain, but stain red due to uptake of the counter stain (Safranin or Fuchsin). Fuchsin is also called Magenta.
Microorganisms that are not definitively stained Gram positive or Gram negative; may stain variably as either Gram positive or Gram negative.
Movement (taxis) of a microorganism along the Earth's magnetic field lines.
Wikipedia: IMViC The methyl red test detects production of acids formed during metabolism using mixed acid fermentation pathway using pyruvate as a substrate. The pH indicator Methyl Red is added to one tube and a red color appears at pH's lower than 4.2, indicating a positive test (mixed acid fermentation is used). The solution remaining yellow (pH = 6.2 or above) indicates a negative test, meaning the butanediol fermentation is used.
Wikipedia: Mixed acid fermentation Mixed acid fermentation is the biological process by which a six-carbon sugar e.g. glucose is converted into a complex and variable mixture of acids. It is an anaerobic fermentation reaction that is common in bacteria. It is characteristic for members of the Enterobacteriaceae, a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes E. coli.[3] The mixture of end products produced by mixed acid fermentation includes lactate, acetate, succinate, formate, ethanol and the gases H2 and CO2. The formation of these end products depends on the presence of certain key enzymes in the bacterium. The proportion in which they are formed varies between different bacterial species.[4] The mixed acid fermentation pathway differs from other fermentation pathways, which produce fewer end products in fixed amounts. The end products of mixed acid fermentation can have many useful applications in biotechnology and industry. For instance, ethanol is widely used as a biofuel.[5] Therefore, multiple bacterial strains have been metabolically engineered in the laboratory to increase the individual yields of certain end products.[2] This research has been carried out primarily in E. coli and is ongoing.
Assays for the production of acids (e.g. pyruvate, lactate, acetate, formate) during the fermentation of glucose. The dye methyl red is red below pH 4.4 and yellow above pH 6.2. Acidic fermentation products result in a positive MR test giving a red result. A negative result is yellow.
An assay to determine if methylene blue can act as an artificial donor of electrons to cytochrome oxidase. When methylene blue is reduced it turns from oxidized blue form to the reduced colorless form. Methylene blue inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria, therefore inclusion in agar media is used to select for gram-negative bacteria.
From: http://www.microbelibrary.org/library/laboratory-test/3653-phenylethyl-alcohol-agar-protocol Phenylethyl alcohol (bezylcarbinol) inhibits most gram-negative bacteria and fungi.
From: Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA) Agar is a selective medium for the isolation of gram-positive organisms, particularly gram-positive cocci, from specimens of mixed gram-positive and gram-negative flora.1 The medium, when supplemented with 5% sheep blood, should not be used for determination of hemolytic reactions since atypical reactions may be observed. Principles of the Procedure Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar and Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar with 5% Sheep Blood support the growth of gram-positive bacterial species, due to the content of peptones, which supply nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and trace nutrients. Sodium chloride maintains osmotic equilibrium. Sheep blood is a source of growth factors. Phenylethyl alcohol is bacteriostatic for gramnegative bacteria since it selectively and reversibly inhibits DNA synthesis.3 Formula BBL™ Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 15.0 g Papaic Digest of Soybean Meal..................................... 5.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g β-Phenylethyl Alcohol................................................... 2.5 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.3 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptones, sodium chloride, and phenylethyl alcohol. Is a selective media that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria, and thus is selective for Gram-positive bacteria.
From: Mannitol Salt Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Mannitol Salt Agar is used for the selective isolation and enumeration of staphylococci from clinical and nonclinical materials. Principles of the Procedure Mannitol Salt Agar is a nutritive medium due to its content of peptones and beef extract, which supply essential growth factors, such as nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and trace nutrients. The 7.5% concentration of sodium chloride results in the partial or complete inhibition of bacterial organisms other than staphylococci. Mannitol fermentation, as indicated by a change in the phenol red indicator, aids in the differentiation of staphylococcal species. Agar is a solidifying agent. Formula BBL™ Mannitol Salt Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 5.0 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue...................................... 5.0 g Beef Extract.................................................................. 1.0 g Sodium Chloride........................................................ 75.0 g D-Mannitol................................................................ 10.0 g Phenol Red................................................................ 25.0 mg Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.4 ± 0.2
A hypersaline, organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains peptones, 7.5% sodium chloride, D-mannitol, and a pH indicator (phenol red). Mannitol fermentation lowers the pH, causing the red pH indicator to turn yellow. Used to distinguish between strains of Staphylococcus.
Methylene blue acts as an artificial donor of electrons to cytochrome oxidase. When reduced it turns from oxidized blue form to the reduced colorless form.
Methylene blue inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria, therefore inclusion in agar media is used to select for gram-negative bacteria.
From: Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, Levine (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, Levine is a slightly selective and differential plating medium for the isolation of gram-negative enteric bacteria. EMB Agar, Levine, without Lactose is provided for convenience in genetic studies of enteric bacilli. Principles of the Procedure The eosin Y and methylene blue dyes in Levine EMB Agar render the medium slightly selective in that they inhibit gram-positive bacteria to a limited degree. These dyes also play a role in differentiating between lactose fermenters and lactose nonfermenters due to the presence or absence of dye uptake in the bacterial colonies. Coliforms, as lactose-fermenting organisms, are visualized as blue-black colonies, whereas colonies of Salmonella and Shigella, as lactose nonfermenters, appear colorless, transparent or amber. Some gram-positive bacteria, such as fecal streptococci, staphylococci and yeasts, will grow on this medium and usually form pinpoint colonies. A number of nonpathogenic, lactose-nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria will grow on this medium and must be distinguished from the pathogenic strains by additional biochemical tests. Formulae BBL™ Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, Levine Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin....................................... 10.0 g Lactose...................................................................... 10.0 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 2.0 g Eosin Y........................................................................ 0.4 g Methylene Blue.......................................................... 65.0 mg Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g BBL™ EMB Agar, Levine, without Lactose Consists of the same ingredients without the lactose. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.1 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of gelatin, lactose, and dyes (Eosin Y and Methylene Blue) as selective agents. The dyes slightly inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. They are also used to differentiate lactose fermenters from those that do not ferment lactose based on the uptake of dye (lactose fermenters take up dye and appear blue-black).
A group of diagnostic metabolic tests used to differentiate coliform microorganisms. Includes indole test, methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and citrate test.
An assay used to test for the production of acetoin by a microorganism as a product of glucose metabolism. Voges-Proskauer broth (containing alpha-naphthol and KOH) is inoculated with the test strain. A red color indicates a positive result for acetoin; absence of acetoin yields a yellow-brown color and indicates a negative result.
Uses Simmons' citrate agar containing citrate. Microorganisms able to metabolize citrate change the pH of the medium through the production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonia, resulting in an alkaline pH (resulting in a change in the pH indicator, bromthymol blue). A positive reaction (alkaline pH) results in a blue (or blue-green) color; a negative reaction (neutral pH) results in a green (or pale green/yellow) color.
From: MR-VP Medium (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use MR-VP Medium and MR-VP Broth (Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer Medium/Broth, also known as Buffered Peptone- Glucose Broth) are used for the differentiation of bacteria by means of the methyl red and Voges-Proskauer reactions. Principles of the Procedure Methyl red-positive organisms produce high levels of acid during fermentation of dextrose, overcome the phosphate buffer system and produce a red color upon the addition of the methyl red pH indicator. In the Voges-Proskauer test, the red color produced by the addition of potassium hydroxide to cultures of certain microbial species is due to the ability of the organisms to produce a neutral end product, acetoin (acetylmethylcarbinol), from the fermentation of dextrose.3 The acetoin is oxidized in the presence of oxygen and alkali to produce a red color.3 This is a positive Voges-Proskauer reaction. Formulae Difco™ MR-VP Medium Approximate Formula* Per Liter Buffered Peptone......................................................... 7.0 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 5.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 5.0 g pH 6.9 ± 0.2 BBL™ MR-VP Broth Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 3.5 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue...................................... 3.5 g Potassium Phosphate................................................... 5.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 5.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 6.9 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid medium that contains peptones, glucose, and a phosphate pH buffer. After growth, the Methyl Red test is performed by adding methyl red and looking for a color change. If glucose is fermented to acid sufficient to overcome the pH buffer, a red color will result. After growth, the Voges-Proskauer test is performed by adding KOH and alpha-naphthol to the culture. If acetoin was produced from glucose fermentation, a red color will result.
From: Simmons Citrate Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Simmons Citrate Agar is used for the differentiation of gramnegative bacteria on the basis of citrate utilization. Principles of the Procedure Organisms able to utilize ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium citrate as the sole sources of nitrogen and carbon, respectively, will grow on this medium and produce an alkaline reaction as evidenced by a change in the color of the bromthymol blue indicator from green (neutral) to blue (alkaline). Formula BBL™ Simmons Citrate Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate.............................. 1.0 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 1.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Sodium Citrate............................................................. 2.0 g Magnesium Sulfate...................................................... 0.2 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g Bromthymol Blue......................................................... 0.08 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 6.9 ± 0.2
A mineral-salts, solid microbiological culture medium containing phosphate buffer, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, magnesium sulfate, and a pH indicator (bromthymol blue). Used to test for the metabolism of citrate.
A microbiological culture medium that has a salinity of less than 0.05 % salts.
freshwater microbiological culture medium
From: SIM Medium (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use SIM Medium is used to differentiate enteric bacilli on the basis of sulfide production, indole formation and motility. Principles of the Procedure The ingredients in SIM Medium enable the determination of three activities by which enteric bacteria can be differentiated. Sodium thiosulfate and ferrous ammonium sulfate are indicators of hydrogen sulfide production. The ferrous ammonium sulfate reacts with H2S gas to produce ferrous sulfide, a black precipitate.1 The casein peptone is rich in tryptophan, which is attacked by certain microorganisms resulting in the production of indole. The indole is detected by the addition of chemical reagents following the incubation period. Motility detection is possible due to the semisolid nature of the medium. Growth radiating out from the central stab line indicates that the test organism is motile. Formula BBL™ SIM Medium Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 20.0 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue...................................... 6.1 g Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate.......................................... 0.2 g Sodium Thiosulfate...................................................... 0.2 g Agar............................................................................ 3.5 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.3 ± 0.2
From: http://www.microbelibrary.org/library/2-associated-figure-resource/3645-sim-medium Sulfide Indole Motility Medium Sulfide indole motility (SIM) medium is a semisolid agar used to determine hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, indole formation, and motility. SIM medium is used to differentiate members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Haziness that spreads from the stab line indicates a positive test for motility. Tubes must be compared to an uninoculated tube to discriminate between faint haziness and motility. A red color development after addition of Kovács reagent indicates indole production. A black precipitate indicates H2S production. Test tubes: (A) uninoculated tube, (B) contains the nonmotile and indole-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae, (C) contains the motile and indole-positive bacterium Escherichia coli, and (D) contains the motile, indole-negative, and H2S-producing bacterium Proteus mirabilis. (Renee Wilkins, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS)
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptones, ferrous iron, and thiosulfate. Used to test for the production of sulfide and indole, and motility in a microorganism.
An assay to determine hydrogen sulfide production, indole production, and motility of a microorganism. For the assay, an inoculum is made into sulfide indole motility (SIM) medium, an agar medium allowing three simultaneous assays to be performed: 1) hydrogen sulfide production due to cyteine desulfurase (indicated by a black precipitate) - the hydrogen sulfide test 2) indole production due to tryptophanase (indicated by red color development due to Kovacs reagent in the indole test) - the indole test 3) motility (spread of microbial cells away from the inoculum)
Filament branch quality defining the shape of the filament branch.
Filament branch length defining the filament branch thickness relative to that of the main filament.
branch diameter thickness relative to main filament
Filament branch size where the diameter of cylindrical cells in the filament branches are thinner than the diameter of cylindrical cells in the main trichome.
Filament branch physical object quality relating to the spatial pattern (symmetry and position) of branches in relation with each other and with the long axis of the main filament, imparting some symmetry or asymmetry to the filament.
Filament branch spatial pattern defining the angle between a filament (i.e., the main trichome) and a filament branch.
Filament branch angle, where the angle between the cylindrical cells of the branching filament and the cylindrical cells of the main trichome is subperpendicular (forming an obtuse angle).
Filament branch angle, where the angle between the cylindrical cells of the branching filament and the cylindrical cells of the main trichome is subparallel (forming an acute angle).
From: Urea Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Urea Agar and Urease Test Broth are used for the differentiation of organisms, especially the Enterobacteriaceae, on the basis of urease production. Principles of the Procedure The urea medium of Rustigian and Stuart3 is particularly suited for the differentiation of Proteus species from other gramnegative enteric bacilli capable of utilizing urea;1 the latter are unable to do so in Urease Test Broth because of limited nutrients and the high buffering capacity of the medium. To provide a medium with greater utility, Urea Agar was devised by Christensen1 with peptone and dextrose included and reduced buffer content to promote more rapid growth of many of the Enterobacteriaceae and permit a reduction in incubation time. The complete Urea Agar contains 15.0 g/L of agar in addition to the ingredients in the base medium. When organisms utilize urea, ammonia is formed during incubation which makes the reaction of these media alkaline, producing a red-pink color. Consequently, urease production may be detected by the change in the phenol red indicator. Formulae Difco™ Urea Broth Approximate Formula* Per Liter Yeast Extract................................................................ 0.1 g Monopotassium Phosphate.......................................... 9.1 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 9.5 g Urea........................................................................... 20.0 g Phenol Red.................................................................. 0.01 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 6.8 ± 0.1
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of gelatin, dextrose (D-glucose), sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, and a pH indicator (phenol red).
From: Urea Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Urea Agar and Urease Test Broth are used for the differentiation of organisms, especially the Enterobacteriaceae, on the basis of urease production. Principles of the Procedure The urea medium of Rustigian and Stuart3 is particularly suited for the differentiation of Proteus species from other gramnegative enteric bacilli capable of utilizing urea;1 the latter are unable to do so in Urease Test Broth because of limited nutrients and the high buffering capacity of the medium. To provide a medium with greater utility, Urea Agar was devised by Christensen1 with peptone and dextrose included and reduced buffer content to promote more rapid growth of many of the Enterobacteriaceae and permit a reduction in incubation time. The complete Urea Agar contains 15.0 g/L of agar in addition to the ingredients in the base medium. When organisms utilize urea, ammonia is formed during incubation which makes the reaction of these media alkaline, producing a red-pink color. Consequently, urease production may be detected by the change in the phenol red indicator. Formulae BBL™ Urea Agar Base Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin......................................... 1.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Potassium Phosphate................................................... 2.0 g Urea........................................................................... 20.0 g Phenol Red................................................................ 12.0 mg pH 6.8 ± 0.1
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of gelatin, dextrose (D-glucose), sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, a pH indicator (phenol red) and agar.
Assay for the presence of cytochrome oxidase (aka indophenol oxidase) in a microbiological culture. Uses a colorometric dye (tetra-methyl-p-phenylenediamine) as an electron donor for cytochrome c. When reduced the dye is colorless, when oxidized by cytochrome oxidase it becomes dark blue/purple. There are many variations of the test. It can be done on treated filter paper, on plates, or in a test tube using a fresh culture grown in broth.
Test for the presence of nitrate reductase in a microbial culture. Nitrite reacts with sulfanilic acid under acidic conditions (5N acetic acid) to produce (colorless) diazotized sulfanilic acid. This sulfanilic acid is then reacted to (colorless) alpha-naphthylamine (or N,N-dimethyl-alpha-naphthylamine) producing a red water soluble azo dye (p-sulfobenzene-azo alpha-naphthylamine). Presence of nitrite then results in a pink/red color (a positive test result). Zinc dust can be used to chemically (abiotically) reduce any nitrate remaining in the test to nitrite (to test for the presence of unreduced nitrate in the medium). If nitrate has been completely reduced to nitrogen or ammonia, zinc dust will result in no color development. This is a postive test result. However, if nitrate was not reduced and remains in the media, zinc will reduce it to nitrite resulting in a red color. This is a negative test result.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of catalase in a microorganism. The catalase reaction converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen: 2H2O2 -> 2 H2O + O2 For the catalase test a drop of 3% or 15% hydrogen peroxide is in contact with cells and the appearance of oxygen bubbles indicates a positive test result. No bubbles indicates a negative test result. There are several variants of the test: on a slide (where cells are smeared onto the glass), in a test tube where cells are placed into a hydrogen peroxide solution), an agar slant, or a colony on a plate.
Assays for the ability of an organism to break down the protein casein. Usually tested by incorporating casein into agar. A positive test will result in clearing of the agar due to degradation of the opaque casein. Commonly uses Milk Agar or Casein Agar.
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability to grow in the presence of digitonin, a glycoside compound that solubilizes lipids and cell membranes.
An assay for the presence of gelatinase in a microorganism. Gelatinase is a proteolytic enzyme that breaks down gelatin (a partially hydrolyzed form of collagen derived from animal tissue that is comprised of peptides and proteins) via a hydrolysis reaction. Gelatin hydrolysis (a positive reaction) is found when the liquefaction of a gelatin-containing substrate is observed.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of phosphatases in a microorganism, using various chromogenic substrates.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to reduce resazurin. Resazurin is a dye in which under oxidizing conditions it is blue, however when reduced becomes pink (it is also strongly fluorescent). It functions as a redox indicator, and in viability tests.
In the tellurite reduction test, tellurite is reduced to metallic tellurium, which is dark grey. Some microorganisms are resistant to tellurite, and thus tellurite reduction in those organisms is an assay of redox (respiratory) metabolism. The extent of tellurite reduction is also a measure of the extent of respiratory metabolism. Tellurite added to plates, when reduced, generates colonies that are dark grey in color. Tellurite is toxic, and so may be inhibitory at concentrations ranging from 40-120 mg/L. Nagai S. 1965. Differential reduction of tellurite by growing colonies of normal yeast and respiration-deficient mutans. J Bact 90(1):220-222.
API® 32 Staph; Identification system for staphylococci ; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
A set of assays that are sold as diagnostic/identification kits that are purchased that can identify commonly isolated microorganisms.
suite of microbiological diagnostic tests
API = analytical profile index, a system for the identification of microorganisms. API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Test kits old by bioMerieux, Inc. (www.biomerieux.com/en)
API ZYM® – Semiquantification of enzymatic activities; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; System for the research of enzymatic activity API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Humble MW, King A, Phillips I. 1977. API ZYM: a simple rapid system for the detection of bacterial enzymes. J. Clin. Path. 30:275-277.
API® 20E – 18-24 hour identification of Enterobacteriacae and other non-fastidious gram negative bacteria; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com API, and API 20E, are a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
API® 50 CH – Performance of carbohydrate metabolism tests; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
API® Rapid ID 32 A – 4-hour identification of anaerobes; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; Identification system for anaerobes API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
API 20A® – 24-hour identification of anaerobes; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; System for the identification of anaerobes API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
API® ID 32 GN; Automatic identification system for Gram-negative rods; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
API 20NE® – 24 to 48-hour identification of Gram negative non-Enterobacteriaceae; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
An assay for the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 1-naphthyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide at pH 5.4. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity (catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues from oligosaccharides) will cleave the substrate, producing 1-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (an azo dye) that is brown in color.
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase assay with naphthol
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of beta-mannosidase in a microorganism using the substrate 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-beta-D-mannopyranoside at pH 5.4. beta-Mannosidase activity (catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides) will cleave the substrate, producing 6-bromo-2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (a bromo substituted azo dye) that is purple in color.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside at pH 5.4. beta-Glucosidase activity will cleave the substrate, producing 6-bromo-2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (a bromo subsituted azo dye) that is purple in color.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside at pH 5.4. beta-Glucosidase activity will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (an azo dye) that is purple in color.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucuronidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-naphthol AS bis-beta-D-glucuronide (naphthol AS-BI beta-D-glucuronide, O-beta-D-glucuronosyl-naphtol AS-BI, naphthol ASBI-glucuronic acid) at pH 5.4. beta-Glucuronidase will cleave the substrate, producing 6-bromo-2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (a bromo subsituted azo dye) that is blue in color. A positive test yields a blue color; a negative test is colorless, pale gray, or pale beige.
beta-glucuronidase assay with naphthol AS-BI
An assay for the activity of beta-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-naphthyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside at pH 5.4. beta-Galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (an azo dye) that is purple in color.
An assay for the activity of beta-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside at pH 5.4. beta-Galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 6-bromo-2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (a bromo subsituted azo dye) that is purple in color.
beta-galactosidase assay with BrNaphthol
Uses the substrate naphthol AS BI-phosphate (aka naphthol AS bis-phosphodiamide, or 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic-o-anisidide phosphate) at pH 5.4. Naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase will cleave the substrate, producing 7-bromo-2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (a bromo subsituted azo dye) that is blue in color. A phosphoamidase enzyme is a hydrolase enzyme that acts on phosphorus-nitrogen bonds, releasing phosphate. For example: N-phosphocreatine + H2O <=> creatine + phosphate
Uses the substrate 2-naphthyl phosphate at pH 5.4. Acid phosphatase will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is purple in color.
An assay for the presence of chymotrypsin in a microorganism. When the chemical substrate of chymotrypsin is cleaved by the enzyme, a colored produce is released which is then measured using spectrophotometry.
An assay for the presence of trypsin in a microorganism. When the chemical substrate of trypsin is cleaved by the enzyme, a colored produce is released which is then measured using spectrophotometry.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-cystine-di-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Cystine arylamidase activity (which could be from cystine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. The presence of thiols converts this compound to L-cysteine-2-naphthylamide. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
zzzz di-napthylamide is not napthylamide
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-valyl-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Valine arylamidase activity (which could be from valine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide (L-leucine-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Leucine arylamidase activity (which could be from leucine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
Uses the substrate 2-naphthyl myristate at pH 7.1. Esterases that can hydrolyze C14 compounds will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is purple in color.
Uses the substrate 2-naphthyl caprylate at pH 7.1. Esterases that can hydrolyze C8 compounds will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is purple in color.
Alkaline phosphatase assay that uses the substrate 2-naphthyl phosphate at pH 8.5. Alkaline phosphatase will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is purple in color.
alkaline phosphatase assay with naphthol
Test for C4 esterase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-naphthyl butyrate at pH 7.1. Esterases that can hydrolyze C4 compounds will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is purple in color.
An assay for the activity of beta-L-fucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-naphthyl-beta-L-fucoside at pH 5.4. beta-Fusosidase activity (catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-L-fucose residues in beta-fucosides) will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (an azo dye) that is purple in color.
An assay for alanyl phenylalanyl proline arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-proline-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Alanyl phenylalanyl proline arylamidase activity (which could be from alanyl phenylalanyl proline aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
alanyl phenylalanyl proline aminopeptidase
alanyl phenylalanyl proline arylamidase assay
An assay for the activity of beta-galactosidase in a microorganism. This assay measures beta-galactosidase activity using the colorless substrate ONPG (ortho-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside, 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside). beta-Galactosidase cleaves the substrate producing galactose and ortho-nitrophenol (yellow). A positive test yields a yellow color; a negative test is colorless. This test requires an additional inducer of transcription of the lac operon (such as IPTG; isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside).
The purpose of this assay is to determine if a microbial isolate is capable of metabolizing arginine under anaerobic conditions. When arginine is metabolized, the pH of the medium increases due to the accumulation of ammonia and organic amines (e.g. putrescine). This turns color of the pH indicator (e.g. bromcresol purple, cresol red) to red/orange. A positive test yields a red/orange color; a negative test is yellow. Arginine dihydrolase (arginine deiminase) catalyzes the reaction: L-arginine + H2O <=> L-citrulline + NH3
decarboxylation of the amino acid arginine by arginine dihydrolase
"Lysine dihydrolase" test results found in a small number of prokaryotic taxonomic descriptions is likely an error - it is more likely to be "lysine decarboxylase" test results.
As assay to determine if a microbial isolate is capable of metabolizing lysine under anaerobic conditions. When lysine is metabolized, the pH of the medium increases due to the accumulation of ammonia and organic amines (e.g. cadaverine). This turns color of the pH indicator (e.g. bromcresol purple, cresol red) to red/orange. A positive test yields a red/orange color; a negative test is yellow. Lysine decarboxylase catalyzes the following reaction: L-lysine <=> cadaverine + CO2
decarboxylation of the amino acid lysine by lysine decarboxylase (sic)
The purpose of this test is to determine if a microbial isolate is capable of metabolizing ornithine under anaerobic conditions. When ornithine is metabolized, the pH of the medium increases due to the accumulation of ammonia and organic amines (e.g. putrescine). This turns color of the pH indicator (e.g. bromcresol purple, cresol red) to red/orange. A positive test yields a red/orange color; a negative test is yellow. Ornithine decarboxylase catalyzes the reaction: L-ornithine <=> putrescine + CO2
decarboxylations of the amino acid ornithine by ornithine decarboxylase (sic)
The purpose of this assay is to determine if a microbial isolate is capable of metabolizing tryptophan under anaerobic conditions, via the enzyme L-tryptophan aminotransferase (L-tryptophan transaminase). Tryptophan is deamined to form indolepyruvic acid (indole-3-pyruvate, an alpha keto acid) and ammonia. When FeCl3 (ferric chloride) is added, it reacts with the indolepyruvic acid with the presence of hydrazine compounds in the culture media to produce a brown/red precipitate. A positive test yields a brown/red color; a negative test is yellow. L-tryptophan aminotransferase catalyzes the following reaction: L-tryptophan + 2-oxoglutarate <-> indole-3-pyruvate + L-glutamate
API commercial test for the presence of gelatinase in a microorganism. Charcoal is added to gelatin beads. If gelatinase is present, the gelatin will be liquified and the charcoal released in to the solution. A positive result shows diffusion of black pigment (charcoal); a negative result shows no diffusion of charcoal, with intact gelatin beads.
Organic carbon metabolism assay where an organic molecular entity is tested to determine if it can be fermented or oxidized by a microorganism. The bottom of the reaction chamber becomes anaerobic where fermentation can occur, whereas the top of the chamber is in contact with oxygen and therefore is aerobic. Fermentation of a neutral carbohydrate substrate results in acidic condition, or a yellow color. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is blue or blue-green. --------------------------------------- Metabolism of an organic acid results in a transition from acidic to neutral pH. A positive result is green to blue; a negative result is yellow.
organic molecular entity fermentation/oxidation assay
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, or Magnesium ions are required to be present in order for growth of a particular microorganism to occur.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment or oxidize D-glucose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment or oxidize D-mannitol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment or oxidize inositol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment or oxidize D-sorbitol (D-glucitol).
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment or oxidize L-rhamnose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment or oxidize sucrose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment or oxidize D-melibiose (beta-melibiose).
beta-melibiose fermentation/oxidation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment or oxidize amygdalin.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment or oxidize L-arabinose.
L-arabinose fermentation/oxidation assay
A test using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride, tetrazolium chloride, TTC) is a redox indicator used to quantify respiration. Actively respiring cells will reduce TTC (clear/white) to insoluble TPF (1,3,5-triphenylformazan) which is a red color. A positive test result is pink red (or results in a deposit in the base of the cupule); a negative test result is colorless to pale pink.
Assays the ability of a microorganism to reduce triphenyl tetrazolium chloride under aerobic conditions (using aerobic respiration). The color change (production of the red reduced product will occur near the top of the cupule where oxygen is present. A positive test result is pink red (or results in a deposit in the base of the cupule); a negative test result is colorless to pale pink.
aerobic triphenyl tetrazolium reduction assay
Assays the ability of a microorganism to reduce triphenyl tetrazolium chloride under anaerobic conditions (using anaerobic respiration). The color change (production of the red reduced product will occur near the bottom of the cupule where oxygen is absent. A positive test result is pink red (or results in a deposit in the base of the cupule); a negative test result is colorless to pale pink.
anaerobic triphenyl tetrazolium reduction
anaerobic triphenyl tetrazolium reduction assay
A hydrolase assay for the presence of lipase activity in a microorganism. Lipase enzymes split longer-chained esters into an acid and an alcohol via a hydrolysis reaction.
An assay for the production of hydrogen sulfide in a microorganism from sodium thiosulfate under anaerobic conditions. After incubation, FeCl3 (ferric chloride) is added. If H2S is formed, it will react with the ferric chloride to form a black/brown ferrous sulfide precipitate. A positive test results in a black deposit (or thin line); a negative test results in a colorless or greyish color. Can also be performed using a strip of filter paper soaked in saturated lead acetate and dried. When suspended above the medium in the presence of hydrogen sulfide the paper will turn black.
Organic carbon metabolism assay where an organic molecular entity is tested to determine if it can be fermented by a microorganism. For fermentation of substrates in the presence of BROMCRESOL PURPLE (bromocresol purple), acidification of the medium results in a color change of the indicator to yellow or yellow-green. Absence of fermentation results in a neutral pH, or purple color. A positive reaction is purple; a negative reaction is yellow or yellow-green. ---------------------------------- For fermentation of substrates in the presence of PHENOL RED acidification of the medium results in a color change of the indicator to yellow. Absence of fermentation results in a neutral pH, or red color. A positive reaction is yellow; a negative reaction is red. ----------------------------------- For fermentation of substrates in the presence of BROMOTHYMOL BLUE, acidification of the medium results in a color change of the indicator to yellow or green. Absence of fermentation results in a neutral pH, or blue color. A positive reaction is green to yellow; a negative reaction is blue. ----------------------------------
decolorizes the sulphonphthalein dyes brom cresol purple and phenol red
organic molecular entity fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-glucose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-mannitol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-lactose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment sucrose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-maltose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment salicin.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-xylose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-arabinose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycerol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-cellobiose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-mannose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment melezitose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-raffinose (raffinose).
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-glucitol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-rhamnose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha,alpha-trehalose.
alpha,alpha-trehalose fermentation assay
An assay for the hydrolysis of esculin in a microorganism. Esculin is a coumarin glycoside. Many species of microorganisms can hydrolyze esculin into glucose and aesculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumerin). In the presence of ferric iron, aesculetin reacts to form a dark brown to black phenolic iron compound. A positive result generates a dark brown/black precipitate; a negative result generates no precipitate (yellow color). Because esculin is fluorescent, under uv illumination, a positive result generates no fluorescence; a negative result generates fluorescence. Ferric iron may be reduced to hydrogen sulfide (resulting in a dark brown to black precipitate), resulting in a false positive reaction. Sulfide will be produced only under anaerobic conditions, so the precipitate will only be seen at the bottom of the cupule, away from oxygen. Confirmation of the test results should therefore be made using uv illumination.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment erythritol.
An assay for the activity of beta-galactosidase in a microorganism. An assay for beta-galactosidase activity using para-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside; 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside; PNPG). Beta-galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless. PNPG has been found in some strains to have a higher hydrolysis rate than ONPG, and beta-galactosidase has a higher substrate preference for PNPG. Lee E-G, Kim S, Oh D-B, Lee SY & Kwon O. 2012. Distinct roles of beta-galactosidase paralogues of the rumen bacterium Mannheimia succiniciproducens. J Bacterol 194(2):426-436.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-arabinose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-mannose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-mannitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine assimilation
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-maltose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-gluconate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate decanoate (decanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate adipate (adipic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate (S)-malate(2-) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate citrate (citric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate phenylacetate (phenylacetic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Organic carbon metabolism assay where an organic molecular entity is tested to determine if it can be assimilated or oxidized by a microorganism, using it both as a carbon source and as a source of energy. Assimilation of the substrate in the presence of a single organic carbon compound results in turbidity due to growth, under oxic conditions. Oxidation means that the compound is oxidized (which could be followed by the oxidation of a terminal electron acceptor dye, such as resazurin or tetrazolium-derivative). Note: this definition does not include fermentation. A positive result is the presence of turbidity (opaque); a negative result is transparent. Or a positive result is the presence of a change in color of a redox dye; a negative result is no change in color.
organic molecular entity assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-arabinose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-ribose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-xylose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-ribitol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside.
methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside acidification
methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside fermentation
methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-galactose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-fructose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-sorbose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment galactitol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment inositol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl-alpha-D-mannoside.
methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside acidification
methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside fermentation
methyl alpha-D-mannoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.
methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside acidification
methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside fermentation
methyl-a-D-glucopyranoside acidification
methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine.
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine acidification
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine fermentation
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-amygdalin.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment esculin.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-melibiose (beta-melibiose).
BMC Plant Biol. 2009; 9: 14. Published online Jan 28, 2009. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-14 PMCID: PMC2660907 Construction of 12 EST libraries and characterization of a 12,226 EST dataset for chicory (Cichorium intybus) root, leaves and nodules in the context of carbohydrate metabolism investigation Nicolas Dauchot, Dominique Mingeot, Bénédicte Purnelle, Céline Muys, Bernard Watillon, Marc Boutry, and Pierre Van Cutsem.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment inulose (inulobiose). Inulin is a fructooligosaccharide polymer, found in some plants, which often has a terminal glucose. Glucose-free inulin is inulose. Think it is more likely that it is a mistaken representation for inulobiose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment starch.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycogen.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment xylitol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment gentiobiose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-turanose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-lyxose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-tagatose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-fucose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-fucose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-arabinitol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-arabinitol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment gluconate (gluconic acid).
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-ketogluconate (2-dehydro-D-gluconate; 2-dehydro-D-gluconic acid).
2-dehydro-D-gluconic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 5-dehydro-D-gluconate (5-dehydro-D-gluconic acid).
5-dehydro-D-gluconic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-dehydro-D-gluconate (2-dehydro-D-gluconic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-dehydro-D-gluconic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-hydroxybutyric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3-hydroxybutyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 5-dehydro-D-gluconate (5-dehydro-D-gluconic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
5-dehydro-D-gluconic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate acetate (acetic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-alanine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-fucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycogen as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-histidine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate inositol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate itaconate (itaconic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate (S)-lactate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-melibiose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate malonate (malonic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3-hydroxybenzoate (3-hydroxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3-hydroxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-hydroxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-proline as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate propionate (propionic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-rhamnose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-ribose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate sucrose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate salicin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-serine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-glucitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate suberate (suberic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate valerate (valeric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
An assay for the presence of an enzyme or enzymatic capability of a microorganism.
An assay for the activity of alpha-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. Alpha-galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An assay for the activity of 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside-6-phosphate. 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase (beta-galactosidase 6-phosphate) will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
6-phospho-beta-galactosidase assay with pNP
An assay for the activity of alpha-glucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Alpha-glucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Beta-glucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
Morphologically differentiated filament part, where the sheath has distinctive features.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucuronidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide. Beta-glucuronidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An assay for the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase assay with pNP
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to utilize sugars in the presence of novobiocin.
The purpose of this test is to determine if a microbial isolate is capable of metabolizing glutamic acid under anaerobic conditions. When glutamic acid is metabolized, the pH of the medium decreases due to the accumulation of H+ and organic acids (e.g. glutamate, succinate). This turns color of the pH indicator (e.g. 4-nitrophenol) to yellow. A positive test yields a yellow color; a negative test is colorless. Glutamate decarboxylase carries out the following reaction: L-glutamate <=> 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate) + CO2
An assay for the activity of alpha-fucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-fucopyranoside. Alpha-fucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An L-arginine arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-arginine-2-naphthylamide (L-arginine-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Arginine arylamidase activity (which could be from arginine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
Uses the substrate L-proline-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Proline arylamidase activity (which could be from proline aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for leucyl glycine arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate L-leucyl-L-glycine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Leucyl glycine arylamidase activity (which could be from leucyl glycine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Phenylalanine arylamidase activity (which could be from phenoylalanine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
L-phenylalanine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate pyroglutamic acid-2-naphthylamide (pyroglutamic acid-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Pyroglutamic acid arylamidase activity (which could be from pyroglutamic acid aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
L-Pyroglutamic acid 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-tyrosine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Tyrosine arylamidase activity (which could be from tyrosine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate glycine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Glycine arylamidase activity (which could be from glycine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-histidine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Histidine arylamidase activity (which could be from histidine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for Glutamyl glutamic arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Glutamyl glutamic arylamidase activity (which could be from glutamyl glutamic aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid-2-naphthylamide
glutamyl glutamic acid arylamidase assay
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-serine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Serine arylamidase activity (which could be from serine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An assay for alanyl alanine arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate L-alanyl-L-alanine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Alanyl alanine arylamidase activity (which could be from alanyl alanine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of beta-galactosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates. Beta-glucosidase hydrolyses oligosaccharides (such as cellobiose) into monosaccharides.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of beta-glucuronidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
API® 20 Strep; Identification system for Streptococcaceae and related organisms; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
An assay for the hydrolysis of hippuric acid (benzoylaminoethanoic acid; N-benzoylglycine) in a microorganism. The test uses ninhydrin as a color indicator. Hippuric acid hydrolysis releases glycine, which reacts with ninhydrin (colorless) to form a purple color. A positive test result is dark blue/violet; a negative test result is colorless/pale blue/blueish-grey.
API® NH; System for the identification of Neisseria and Haemophilus; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Kiernan JA. 2007. Indigogenic substrates for detection and localization of enzymes. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 82(2):73-103.
Uses the substrate 5-bromo-3-indoxyl-caprate (5-bromo-3-indolyl decanoate; blue-caprate). Lipases that can hydrolyze C10 compounds will cleave the substrate, producing 5-bromo-3-hydroxyindole. The latter will spontaneously dimerize and oxidize to 5,5'-dibromo-indigo, an intensely blue insoluble product. A postive reaction is blue with a precipitate; a negative reaction is colorless to pale grey.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the activity/presence of penicillinase using potassium benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) and starch iodide. Penicillin hydrolysis results in the decolorization of starch iodide due to the reduction of iodine. A positive reaction (penicillinase presence) is yellow, yellow-green, or yellow-blue. A negative reaction is blue. Perret CJ. 1954. Iodometric assay of penicillinase. Nature 174:1012-1013.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that measures the activity of gamma glutamyl transferase using gamma-glutamyl-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide. Gamma glutamyl transferase activity reacts with the substrate releasing beta-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive test is orange/dark orange; a negative test is colorless, yellow to pale orange (may be yellow orange if the organism is positive for alkaline phosphatase).
gamma glutamyl transferase assay using methoxy-NA
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to utilize malonate.
API® Rapid ID 20 E – System for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae in 4 hours; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Measures the presence of para-phenylalanine deaminase activity using the substrate 4-nitrophenylalanine. Para-phenylalanine deaminase activity cleaves the compound releasing ammonia and 3-(4-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid (yellow to brown). A positive reaction is yellow to brown; a negative reaction is colorless.
API® Coryne; Identification system for coryneform bacteria ; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Revathi G & Talwar V. 1995. A biochemical test based on pyrazinamidase activity for rapid differentiation of Corynebacteria. Indian J Clin Biochem 10(1):39-41.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of pyrazinamidase activity using the substrate pyrazinecarboxamide. Pyrazinamidase hydrolyzes the substrate pyrazinamide (pyrazinecarboxamide) to form pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid). In the presence of ferrous ammonium sulfate a complex forms witht he product to form a "rusty pink color complex". A positive test is brown orange; a negative test is colorless/very pale brown/very pale orange. Pyrazinamidase catalyzes the following reaction: Pyrazinamide + H2O <=> pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) + NH3.
An assay for the activity of alpha-glucosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates. Alpha glucosidase acts on 1,4-alpha bonds in polymers of glucose.
An assay for the activity of alpha-glucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-naphthyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Alpha-glucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (an azo dye) that is purple in color. A positive result is purple; a negative result is colorless, beige-pale purple, pale green.
API® Campy; Identification system for Campylobacter; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com; API is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Test for C2 esterase activity in a microorganism using the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-acetate. Esterase that can hydrolyze C2 compounds will cleave the substrate, producing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindole. The later will spontaneously dimerize and oxidize to 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-indigo, an intensely blue insoluble product. A postive reaction is blue/turquiose with a precipitate; a negative reaction is colorless to pale blue. Kiernan JA. 2007. Indigogenic substrates for detection and localization of enzymes. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 82(2):73-103.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-aspartate-2-naphthylamide (L-aspartic acid-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Aspartate arylamidase activity (which could be from aspartate aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate succinate (succinic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow or utilize sugars in the presence of an antibiotic (an antimicrobial compound).
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of nalidixic acid.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of (sodium) cefazolin.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of erythromycin.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of alpha-galactosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
An assay for the activity of alpha-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. Alpha-galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (an azo dye) that is purple in color. A positive result is purple; a negative result is colorless.
alpha-galactosidase assay with BrNaphthol
An assay for the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (o-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide). N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase will cleave the substrate, producing 2-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase assay with oNP
An enzymatic assay which tests for the ability of a microorganism to metabolize (for example, by hydrolysis or decarboxylation) or amino acid-containing substrates.
Amino acid metabolism assay which tests for the ability of a microorganism to hydrolyze amino acid substrates coordinated with a beta-naphthylamide (2-naphthylamide) moiety. Arylamidases are classes of enzymes with the ability to hydrolyze amino acid-beta-naphtylamide substrates. Sheahan JP, Eitenmiller RR, & Carpenter JA. 1975. Arylamidase activity of Salmonella species. Appl Microbiol 29(6):726-728.
Amino acid metabolism assay which tests for the ability of a microorganism to grow/metabolize using an amino acid as a source of energy.
Wikipedia: Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is a form of radiant energy released by certain electromagnetic processes. Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation, other familiar forms are invisible electromagnetic radiations such as X-rays and radio waves.
Radiant energy released by some electromagnetic processes, including visible light.
Amino acid metabolism assay which tests for the ability of a microorganim to gain energy by the deamination of an amino acid.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the ability of a microorganism to hydrolyze carbohydrates or carbohydrate derivatives.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the ability of a microorganism to hydrolyze proteins or oligopeptides.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to oxidize or reduce specific chemical compounds.
From: Milk Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Milk Agar is recommended by the British Standards Institute1 for the enumeration of microorganisms in liquid milk, ice cream, dried milk and whey. Principles of Procedure Peptone and yeast extract provide essential nutrients while skim milk powder is a source of casein. Dextrose is the carbon energy source. Agar is the solidifying agent. Proteolytic bacteria will be surrounded by a clear zone from the conversion of casein into soluble nitrogenous compounds.1 Formula Difco™ Milk Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Tryptone...................................................................... 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 2.5 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Skim Milk Powder (antibiotic free)................................ 1.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 12.5 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 6.9 ± 0.1
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains tryptone, yeast extract, skim milk powder, and glucose. Used for the cultivation of microorganisms in dairy products.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate alanine-2-naphthylamide (L-alanine-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Alanine arylamidase activity (which could be from alanine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless. Test is also performed using L-alanine-p-nitroanilide. Alanine arylamidase activity cleaves the substrate, releasing p-nitroaniline which is bright yellow in color. A positive test is yellow; a negative test is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-asparagine-2-naphthylamide (L-asparaginyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Asparagine arylamidase activity (which could be from asparagine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
Uses the substrate L-alpha-glutamate-2-naphthylamide (L-alpha-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Alpha-glutamate arylamidase activity (which could be from alpha-glutamate aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
Uses the substrate gamma-glutamate-2-naphthylamide (gamma-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Gamma-glutamate arylamidase activity (which could be from gamma-glutamate aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
gamma-glutamyl arylamidase assay using NA
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-hydroxyproline-2-naphthylamide (L-hydroxyprolyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Hydroxyproline arylamidase activity (which could be from hydroxyproline aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-lysine-2-naphthylamide (L-lysyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Lysine arylamidase activity (which could be from lysine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
Uses the substrate L-methionine-2-naphthylamide (L-methionyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Methionine arylamidase activity (which could be from methionine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
Uses the substrate L-leucine-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (4-methoxy-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-leucine 4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Methoxy leucine arylamidase activity (which could be from methoxy leucine aminopeptidase, aminopeptidase M, or leucine aminopeptidase, as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-ornithine-2-naphthylamide (L-ornithyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Ornithine arylamidase activity (which could be from ornithine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-threonine-2-naphthylamide (L-threonyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Threonine arylamidase activity (which could be from threonine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-tryptophan-2-naphthylamide (L-tryptophyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Tryptophan arylamidase activity (which could be from tryptophan aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-glutamine-2-naphthylamide (L-glutaminyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Glutamine arylamidase activity (which could be from glutamine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-isoleucyl-2-naphthylamide (L-isoleucine-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Isoleucine arylamidase activity (which could be from isoleucine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for seryl tyrosine arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate L-seryl-L-tyrosine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Seryl tyrosine arylamidase activity (which could be from seryl tyrosine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for glycyl proline arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate glycyl-L-proline-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Glycyl proline arylamidase activity (which could be from glycyl proline aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for glycyl phenylalanine arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate glycyl-L-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Glycyl phenylalanine arylamidase activity (which could be from glycyl phenylalanine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate DL-methionine-2-naphthylamide (DL-methionyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. DL-Methionine arylamidase activity (which could be from methionine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for glutaryl phenylalanine arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate glutaryl-L-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Glutaryl phenylalanine arylamidase activity (which could be from glutaryl phenylalanine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
glutaryl phenylalanine arylamidase assay
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for the presence of N-carbobenzoyl-glycyl-glycyl-arginine-beta-naphthylamide peptidase in a microorganism. Uses N-carbobenzoyl-glycyl-glycyl-arginine-beta-naphthylamide as a substrate. Hydrolysis of the substrate releases 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
N-carbobenzoyl-glycyl-glycyl-L-arginine peptidase assay
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for the presence of N-benzoyl-L-valyl-glycyl-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide peptidase in a microorganism. Uses N-benzoyl-L-valyl-glycyl-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide as a substrate. Hydrolysis of the substrate releases 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
N-benzoyl-L-valyl-glycyl-L-arginine-4-methoxy peptidase assay
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to hydrolyze proteins.
An assay for the activity of alpha-fucosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates which carries out the following reaction: alpha-L-fucoside + H2O <=> L-fucose + an alcohol
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for the presence of N-benzoyl-L-leucine-beta-naphthylamide peptidase in a microorganism. Uses N-benzoyl-L-leucine-beta-naphthylamide as a substrate. Hydrolysis of the substrate releases 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An assay for the activity of alpha-fucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-naphthyl-alpha-L-fucopyranoside. Alpha-fucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 2-napthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (an azo dye) that is purple in color. A positive result is purple; a negative result is colorless.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase assay
An assay for the activity of N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide (p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide). N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase assay with pNP
An assay for the activity of N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide (o-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminide). N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminidase will cleave the substrate, producing 2-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase assay with oNP
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of beta-xylosidase in a microorganism using the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside. Beta-xylosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of alpha-xylosidase in a microorganism using the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-xylopyranoside. Alpha-xylosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An assay for the activity of beta-L-fucosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
An assay for the activity of beta-L-fucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-beta-L-fucopyranoside. Beta-L-fucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
Acid phosphatase catalyzes the following reaction (under acidic pH conditions): A phosphate monoester + H2O <=> an alcohol + phosphate
An assay for the activity of beta-fucosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
An assay for the activity of beta-D-fucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside. Beta-D-fucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
Uses the substrate bis-para-nitrophenyl-phosphate (para-nitrophenylphosphate, 4-nitrophenyl phosphate). Under acidic conditions, acid phosphatase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An alkaline phosphatase catalyzes the following reaction (under alkaline pH conditions): A phosphate monoester + H2O <=> an alcohol + phosphate
Alkaline phosphatase assay that uses the substrate bis-para-nitrophenyl-phosphate (para-nitrophenylphosphate, 4-nitrophenyl phosphate). Under alkaline conditions, alkaline phosphatase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of phosphodiesterase - an enzyme that hydrolyzes a phosphodiester bonds (two ester bonds between a phosphate group and two carbohydrates, i.e. sugar-phosphate-sugar).
Phosphonate hydrolase is an esterase that hydrolyzes a phosphonate compound (an organophosphorus compound with multiple alklyl or aryl groups). p-nitrophenyl phenyl phosphonate is a substrate (NPPP) for phosphonate hydrolase enzymes. Hydrolysis of this compound releases 4-nitrophenol (p-nitrophenol), which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-lactopyranoside (lactopyranoside is a disaccharide comprised of lactose, or gal-glu). Beta-glucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
beta-glucosidase assay with pNP-lactoside
As assay for the activity of phospholipase C (phosphorylcholine hydrolase); an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glycerophosphate bond of phospholipids. Uses the substrate bis-p-nitrophenyl-phosphoryl-choline. Phospholipase C will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
Test for the presence of arylsulfatase (sulfatase) in a microorganism using the chromogenic substrate 4-nitrocatechol sulfate (pNCS, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl sulfate). The substrate is cleaved (via hydrolysis reaction) to form p-nitrocatechol + sulfate. p-nitrocatechol (4-nitrocatechol), under alkaline conditions, is red. A positive test is red; a negative test is yellow.
Test for the presence of arylsulfatase (sulfatase) in a microorganism using a chromogenic substrate that contains an aryl group.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of sulfatase in a microorganism using a chromogenic substrate. Sulfatases (EC 3.1.6) are esterases that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of alpha-glucosidase or beta-glucosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of alpha-mannosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
An assay for the activity of amylase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of DNase activity.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (aldolase) using various chromogenic substrates. Catalyzes the reaction: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate <=> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase assay
An assay for the assimilation, fermentation, oxidation, or hydrolysis of an organic molecular entity by a microorganism.
organic molecular entity metabolic assay
An enzymatic assay which tests for the preence of uridine phosphorylase activity in a microorganism. Uridine phosphorylase catalyzes the reaction: uridine + phosphate <=> uracil + alpha-D-ribose-1-phosphate
A hydrolase assay for the presence of esterase activity (carboyxlic ester hydrolase activity) in a microorganism. Esterase enzymes split short-chained esters into an acid and an alcohol via a hydrolysis reaction.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the presence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC: 1.1.1.43) in a microorganism. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway and catalyzes the reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NAD(P) <=> 6-phospho-2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NAD(P)H + H+
Assays for the presence of maltase in a microorganism. Maltase is an alpha-glucosidase that hydrolyzes the alpha,1-4 bond in maltose (a disaccharide comprised of glucose monomers).
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the presence of agarase activity in a microorganism. Agarase (4-glycanohydrolase) hydrolizes alpha or beta linkages in agarose, produing oligosaccharides. Agar is a purified form of the polysaccharide agarose (a polymer of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose, linked by alpha 1->3 and beta 1-> 4 bonds).
An amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate beta-alanine-2-naphthylamide (beta-alanine beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Beta-alanine arylamidase activity (which could be from beta-alanine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless. Test is also performed using beta-alanine-p-nitroanilide. Beta-alanine arylamidase activity cleaves the substrate, releasing p-nitroaniline which is bright yellow in color. A positive test is yellow; a negative test is colorless.
zzzz note: nitroanilide is not naphthylamide
VITEK® 2 is a fully automated system that performs bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com VITEK® is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Gram negative bacterial identification; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com VITEK® is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Gram positive bacterial identification; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com VITEK® is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Yeast identification; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com VITEK® is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Neisseria, Haemophilus and other fastidious Gram negative bacteria identification; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com VITEK® is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Anaerobic bacteria and coryneform bacteria identification; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com VITEK® is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate erythritol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycerol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate amygdalin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-galactose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate gentiobiose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-lactose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside assimilation
methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-cellobiose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate raffinose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate melezitose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-sorbose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cis-aconitate (cis-aconitic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate xylitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate turanose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha,alpha-trehalose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha,alpha-trehalose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 1-phenylethylamine.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-galacturonate (D-galacturonic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-D-galacturonic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-glutamate (L-glutamic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-xylose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-glucuronate (D-glucuronic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
The purpose of this assay is to determine if a microbial isolate is capable of metabolizing arginine under anaerobic conditions. When arginine is metabolized, the pH of the medium increases due to the accumulation of CO2 and organic amines (e.g. agmatine, putrescine). This turns color of the pH indicator (e.g. bromcresol purple, cresol red) to red/orange. A positive test yields a red/orange color; a negative test is yellow. Arginine decarboxylase catalyzes the following reaction: L-arginine <=> agmatine + CO2
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for glutamyl glycyl arginine arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate L-glutamyl-glycyl-L-arginine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Glutamyl glycyl arginine arylamidase activity (which could be from glutamyl glycyl arginine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
glutamyl glycyl arginine arylamidase assay
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-glutamate-2-naphthylamide (L-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Glutamate arylamidase activity (which could be from glutamate aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless. Test is also performed using L-glutamate-p-nitroanilide. Glutamate arylamidase activity cleaves the substrate, releasing p-nitroaniline which is bright yellow in color. A positive test is yellow; a negative test is colorless.
A multicellular prokaryotic morphological quality where cells so that their long axes are stacked parallel to one another (like in a fence).
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of beta-lactamase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates. Beta-lactams have at the core of their structure cyclic amides comprised of four-membered ring where one of the atoms is N and the neighboring carbon atom is attached to oxygen via a carbonyl group. Beta lactamase hydrolyzes the beta-lactam ring, resulting in the resistance of the microorganism to beta-lactam antibiotics.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of xylanase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates. Xylanase catalyzes the hydrolysis of beta(1->4) bonds in beta-1,4-xylan polysaccharides (such as hemicellulose), producing xylose (a 5 carbon sugar).
An assay for the activity of N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide (p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide). N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase assay with pNP
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate galactitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate myo-inositol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
commercial suite of microbiological diagnostic tests
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pyruvate (pyruvic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment (R)-malate or (R)-malic acid.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment maltotriose.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate maltotriose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-glutamine as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the ability of a microorganism to break down lecithin (a generic class fo fatty substances in animal and plant tissues, including phosphrylcholine, fatty acids, glycolipids, triglycerides and phospholipids). Measured by observing a precipitate (an opaque halo) around a microbial colony on egg yolk agar.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment xylan.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-glucoside. beta-Glucosidase activity will cleave the substrate, producing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucuronidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-glucuronide. Beta-glucuronidase will cleave the substrate, producing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindole, which is oxidized into 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-indigo, which is intensely blue. A positive result is intensely blue; a negative result is colorless.
An assay for the activity of beta-galactosidase in a microorganism. An assay for beta-galactosidase activity using X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside). Beta-galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindole, which is oxidized into 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-indigo, which is intensely blue. A positive result is intensely blue; a negative result is colorless.
An assay for the activity of alpha-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-alpha-galactoside. Alpha-galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindole, which is oxidized into 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-indigo, which is intensely blue. A positive result is intensely blue; a negative result is colorless.
An assay for the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase will cleave the substrate, producing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindole, which is oxidized into 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-indigo, which is intensely blue. A positive result is intensely blue; a negative result is colorless.
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase assay with indoxyl
An assay for the activity of alpha-mannosidase in a microorganism. An assay for alpha-mannosidase activity using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-alpha-mannoside. Alpha-mannosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindole, which is oxidized into 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-indigo, which is intensely blue. A positive result is intensely blue; a negative result is colorless.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lactate (lactic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, DL-lactate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-fructose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment inulin.
A test or series of tests for enzymes in the denitrification pathway. Nitrate (NO3-) may be reduced to nitrite (NO2-) and then to nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen (N2), or ammonia.
Test for the presence of nitrite reductase in a microbial culture. Nitrite reacts with sulfanilic acid under acidic conditions (5N acetic acid) to produce (colorless) diazotized sulfanilic acid. This sulfanilic acid is then reacted to (colorless) alpha-naphthylamine (or N,N-dimethyl-alpha-naphthylamine) producing a red water soluble azo dye (p-sulfobenzene-azo alpha-naphthylamine). Presence of nitrite then results in a pink/red color (a negative test result).
Test for the presence of nitrite reductase in a microbial culture. Complete nitrate reduction to dinitrogen gas will result in the production of gas bubbles.
An assay for measuring the presence of low molecular weight thiols (such as glutatione) in liquid solutions, blood, or microbiological cultures. Uses Ellman's reagent (5-5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid); DTNB) - a chromogenic agent containing a disulfide bond. The substrate reacts with small molecule thiols (e.g. glutathione) and reduce the disulfide bonds, releasing 3-thio-6-nitrobenzoate. At neutral or alkaline pH the product spontaneously ionizes, resulting in a yellow color. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An L-arabinofuranosidase assay for the activity of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates which carries out the hydrolysis of terminal alpha-L-arabinoside residues in alpha-L-arabinosides.
Dotson,S.B., Smith,C.E., Ling,C.S., Barry,G.F. and Kishore,G.M. (1996) Identification, characterization, and cloning of a phosphonate monoester hydrolase from Burkholderia caryophilli PG2982. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (42), 25754-25761.
Phosphonate hydrolase is an esterase that hydrolyzes a phosphonate compound (an organophosphorus compound with multiple alklyl or aryl groups). Assays for the presence of this enzyme using various chromogenic substrates.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cyclodextrin (a family of cyclic oligosaccharides) that are intermediates in the breakdown of starch.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate putrescine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pyruvate (pyruvic acid).
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of kanamycin.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of oleandomycin.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of polymixin B.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of O/129 (vibriostatic agent, 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine).
An assay for the ability of an organism to ferment coumarate (coumaric acid).
As assay for the activity of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C; an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the phosphatidylinositol into inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol. Assay is made using various chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates.
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C assay
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of bacitracin.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of optochin (ethylhydrocupreine).
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
methyl-b-D-glucopyranoside acidification
methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside acidification
methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside fermentation
methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pullulan (a polysaccharide polymer of maltotriose subunits).
Amino acid metabolism assay which tests for the presence of arginase (arginine amidinase; canavanase; L-arginase; arginine transamidinase; arginine argiamidase) in a microorganism. When arginine is metabolized, urea is produced. Urea reacts with the colorometric substrates (o-phthalaldehyde and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine) resulting in a colored pigment whose adsorption is measured at 430 nm. A positive test yields a red/orange color; a negative test is yellow. Arginase catalyzes the reaction: L-arginine + H2O <=> L-ornithine + urea Zawada RJX, Kwan P, Olszewski KL, Llinas M & Huang S-G. 2009. Quantitative determination of urea concentrations in cell culture medium. Biochem Cell Biol 87(3):541-544.
Bacillus identification; http://www.biomerieux-usa.com VITEK® is a registered trademark belonging to bioMerieux SA or one of its subsidiaries.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow (i.e. undergo cell division) in microbiological culture medium that has various concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl).
An assay for the ability to grow in the presence of 6.5% sodium chloride (NaCl).
Organic carbon metabolism assay where the ability of a microorganism to increase the pH of the medium as the result of the utlization/metabolism of organic acids (carboxylic acid anions) is assayed.
Wikipedia: Coagulase Coagulase is a protein enzyme produced by several microorganisms that enables the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. In the laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of Staphylococcus isolates. Importantly, S. aureus is generally coagulase-positive, meaning that coagulase negativity usually excludes S. aureus. However it is now known that not all S. aureus are coagulase-positive.[1] [2] It is also produced by Yersinia pestis.[3] Coagulase reacts with prothrombin in the blood. The resulting complex is called staphylothrombin, which enables the enzyme protease to convert fibrinogen, a plasma protein produced by the liver, to fibrin. This results in clotting of the blood. Coagulase is tightly bound to the surface of the bacterium S. aureus and can coat its surface with fibrin upon contact with blood. The fibrin clot may protect the bacterium from phagocytosis and isolate it from other defenses of the host.[4] It has been proposed that fibrin-coated staphylococci resist phagocytosis, making the bacteria more virulent. Bound coagulase is part of the larger family of MSCRAMM.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, where the polypeptide chain is prothrombin.
Macy JM, Ljungdahl LG, Gottschalk G. 1978. Pathway of succinate and propionate formation in Bacteroides fragilis. J Bact 134(1):84-91.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate succinate (succinic acid) as a sole source of carbon. Assimilation of succinate results in an increase in pH (alkalinization) as a result of decarboxylation of succinate into propionate and CO2 via succinate decarboxylase. Involves the following enzymes: Succinate-CoA ligase (succinate + CoA + NTP = NDP+ Pi + succinyl-CoA) Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (succinyl-CoA = methylmalonyl-CoA) Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (methylmalonyl-CoA + Pi + ADP = CO2 + ATP + propanoyl-CoA)
An assay for the presence of iron-phorphyrin compounds in a microorganism or cell culture. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide and iron-porphyrins, benzidine (4,4'-diaminobiphenyl) forms quinoidic rings (6 membered rings with double bonds) that impart a blue color. Benzidine and other aromatic amine dyes are no longer used because they are carcinogenic. Deibel RH & Evans JB. 1960. Modified benzidine test for the detection of cytochrome-containing respiratory systems in microorganisms. J Bacteroil 79(3):356-360.
A phenomenon in Gram staining where the ends of some rods or bacilli stain very little in the center, staining preferentially at the ends of the cells. Bipolar staining is common in enteric Gram-negative bacilli, and can make rods falsely appear to be diplococci.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of chondroitin sulfatase (N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase) in a microorganism. Catalyzes the (hydrolysis) reaction of removing 6-sulfate groups from N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate subunits of the polymer chondroitin sulfate. Also catalyzes the reaction of removing sulfate from D-galactose 6-sulfate groups from keratan sulfate. [chondroitin]-6-O-sulfo-N-acetylgalactosamine + H2O = [chondroitin]-N-acetyl-galactosamine + SO42- + H+
A milk reactivity assay using to distinguish species of bacteria based on the increase or decrease of pH, protein degradation or denaturation, or lactose fermentation. Contains skim milk powder (which contains lactose and casein) and a pH indictor (litmus). Reactions: Blue color - indicates an alkaline pH (decreased acidity) Red color - indicates acidic pH due to fermentation of lactose (increased acidity) Clearing - indicates peptonization (dissolution of protein due to production of proteases; protein catabolic process) White precipitate (curd formation, clot formation) at the bottom of the tube - indicates milk coagulation (casein denaturation) Gas formation - indicates fermentation resulting in gas production This test yields a complex variation of results, and therefore is not very reliable. Best used as a confirmatory test, not as a diagnostic test.
Filament differentiation quality of heteropolar trichomes with respect to the shape of the trichome.
Sommer HH, Hart EB. 1919. The heat coagulation of milk. J Biol Chem 40:137-151. From Summary and Conclusions: The main factor in the heat coagulation of fresh milk is the composition of the milk salts. Apparently casein requires a definite optimum calcium content for its maximum stability. the calcium content of casein is largley controlled by the magnesium, citrates, and phosphates present. Acid fermentation in milk lowers the coaguating point by changing the reaction and by lowering the citric acid content.
A milk reactivity assay which is used to determine if microorganisms produce acid when grown on milk. Milk (containing whey and casein) does not normally coagulate upon heating or boiling, however if acid (as a result of microbial fermentation) is present the casein will denature and curdle (i.e. coagulate).
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to make collagenase. Collagenase ia a protease enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in collagen (a protein in connective tissues of animals). Are secreted enzymes by some pathogens.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-cysteine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Cysteine arylamidase activity (which could be from cysteine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
Is an assay for the presence of phenylalanine deaminase activity in a microorganism. Uses phenylalanine agar which contains DL-phenylalanine and ferric chloride. If phenylpyruvic acid is produced, the ferric chloride will turn green. A posivite test is dark green; a negative test is straw in color. L-phenylalanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity catalyzes the following: L-phenylalanine + 2-oxoglutarate = phenylpyruvate (phenylpyruvic acid) + L-glutamate
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the ability of an organism to utilize/breakdown cellulose. Typically involves synergistic activity of many different types of endo- and exo-cellulases.
An assay for the ability of an organism to break down cellulose, or other beta-D-glucans. Cellulase (endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanose, beta-1,4-glucanse, beta-1,4-endoglucan hydrolase, celludextrinase, endoglucanase D) is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of beta 1,4 linkages in cellulose, licenin, and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Test for the presence of exocellulase. Exocellulase is a hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves two or four units from the ends of exposed chains of beta-D-glucan (such as cellulose). Uses 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate. Results in the formation of tetra-, or di-saccharides and 4-methylumbelliferone.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of alpha-fucosidase or beta-fucosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
Wikipedia: Fibrinolysis Fibrinolysis is a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic.[1] This process has two types: primary fibrinolysis and secondary fibrinolysis. The primary type is a normal body process, whereas secondary fibrinolysis is the breakdown of clots due to a medicine, a medical disorder, or some other cause.[1] In fibrinolysis, a fibrin clot, the product of coagulation, is broken down.[2] Its main enzyme plasmin cuts the fibrin mesh at various places, leading to the production of circulating fragments that are cleared by other proteases or by the kidney and liver.
An assay for the presence of an enzyme in a microorganism that can degrade fibrin ( a protein found in blood clots).
Wikipedia: Fibrinogenolysis Primary fibrinogenolysis is a medical condition that appears with abnormal production of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP), degradation of coagulation factors V, VIII, IX, XI and/or degradation of the fibrin present in any pre-existing localized thrombi and hemostatic clots.[1][2]
An assay for the presence of an enzyme in a microorganism that can degrade fibrinogen (a protein which is required for blood clot formation).
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for glutamyl glycine arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate L-glutamyl-glycine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Glutamyl glycine arylamidase activity (which could be from glutamyl glycine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for glycyl tryptophan arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate glycyl-L-tryptophan-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Glycyl tryptophan arylamidase activity (which could be from glycyl tryptophan aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for glycyl glycine arylamidase activity. Uses the substrate glycyl-glycine-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Glycyl glycine arylamidase activity (which could be from glycyl glycine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
Assay to determine how a microorganism metabolizes glucose, and uses Hugh and Leifson's OF basal medium. Allows for the distinguishing of microorganisms that can ferment glucose anaerobically versus those that metabolize it aerobically (i.e. oxidatively). Organisms that can't metabolize the glucose are consitered to be nonsaccharolytic. The medium contains glucose, agar, with smaller amounts of potassium phosphate, peptone and sodium chloride. It also contains a pH indicator (such as bromthymol blue, which is yellow below pH 6.0 and blue above pH 7.6). The medium is inoculated by stabbing a culture with an inoculating needle half way to the bottom of two test tubes. In one tube, mineral oil is layered onto the agar to prevent oxygen from diffusing down into the culture medium. The culture is incubated. Fermentation of the carbohydrate in the anaerobic tube (and perhaps the aerobic tube) results in a yellow color due to the production of acid. Non-fermenting bacteria can metabolize the glucose aerobically. This is seen as the production of acid in the aerobic tube, but not in the anaerobic tube. Acid production in the aerobic tube should be near the top of the tube. Non-saccharolytic bacteria will result in a negative test - there will be no color change in either tube. In some cases a blue color may be seen in the top layer of the aerobic tube due to an increase in pH caused by the deamination of peptides in the peptone. Instead of glucose, other carbohydrates can be used.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the ability of a microorganism to produce hyaluronidase, and can therefore degrade (hydrolyze) hyaluronic acid (an anionic glycosaminoglycan, found in animal tissues). Assay is performed by adding an acidic albumin solution (pH 3.75 or 4.2). Undegraded hyaluronic acid will become turbid under these conditions, and the turbidity can be measured at 540 or 600 nm using an standard curve of hyaluronic acid that has been dissolved by boiling.
A microbiological diagnostic assay for the presence of flexirubin-type pigments. Upon flooding a colony with 20% KOH, a bathochromic shift (a shift in the absorbance of a compound) occurs resulting in the yellow (or orange) flexirubin pigment turning red/brown/purple. When flooded with an acidic solution, the color will revert back to the original color. Reichenbach, H. 1989. Order I: Cytophagales Leadbetter 1974. In: J. T. Staley, M. P. Bryant, N. Pfennig, and J. G. Holt (Eds.) Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore, MD. 3:2011–2013.
From: Lysine Iron Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Lysine Iron Agar is used for the differentiation of enteric organisms based on their ability to decarboxylate or deaminate lysine and to form hydrogen sulfide. Principles of the Procedure Dextrose serves as a source of fermentable carbohydrate. The pH indicator, bromcresol purple, is changed to a yellow color at or below pH 5.2 and is purple at or above pH 6.8.8 Ferric ammonium citrate and sodium thiosulfate are indicators of hydrogen sulfide formation. Lysine is the substrate for use in detecting the enzymes, lysine decarboxylase and lysine deaminase. Cultures of enteric bacilli that produce hydrogen sulfide cause blackening of the medium due to the production of ferrous sulfides. Those that produce lysine decarboxylase produce an alkaline reaction (purple color) or neutral reaction in the butt of the medium. Organisms that deaminate the lysine cause the development of a red slant over an acid butt. Gas may be formed but its formation is often irregular or suppressed. Formulae Difco™ Lysine Iron Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Peptone....................................................................... 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 3.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g L-Lysine HCl............................................................... 10.0 g Ferric Ammonium Citrate............................................. 0.5 g Sodium Thiosulfate...................................................... 0.04 g Bromcresol Purple........................................................ 0.02 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g pH 6.7 ± 0.2 BBL™ Lysine Iron Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Gelatin......................................... 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 3.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g L-Lysine...................................................................... 10.0 g Ferric Ammonium Citrate............................................. 0.5 g Sodium Thiosulfate...................................................... 0.04 g Bromcresol Purple........................................................ 0.02 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.5 g pH 6.7 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptones, yeast extract, glucose, L-lysine, ferric iron, thiosulfate, and a pH indicator (bromcresol purple). Lysine decarboxylation (an anaerobic process) that occurrs in the butt of the culture tube. Decarboxylation causes the color indicator (bromcresol purple) to turn purple due to the production of amines at the bottom of the tube. Posivite lysine decarboxylation: purple tube butt; negative reaction: yellow tube butt. Lysine deamination (an aerobic process) results in the production of ammonia throughout the slant, which will result in an overall red color (due to the reaction of ammonia with ferric ammonium citrate). Positive lysine deamination: red throughout the slant; negative reaction: purple slant. Hydrogen sulfide formation (from thiosulfate reduction) results in the presence of a black precipitate. Positive hydrogen sulfide: black precipitate; negative rection: no precipitate.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of pectinase in a microorganism. Pectinase is a hydrolase enzyme that degrades pectin, a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants. Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide comprised mostly of galacturonic acid.
It is not clear which enzyme is being referred to as "lysine deaminase"; here is no such enzyme in GenBank. A putative enzyme in MetaCyc include D-lysine oxidase (studied in Pseudomonas), however the homologs in other Enterobacteriaceae have not been defined. In addition, the distribution of putative orthologs of D-lysine oxidase appear to have a different taxonomic distribution than reported lysine deaminase activity. Another putative enzyme is Lysine dehydrogenase, however homologs in the Enterobacteriaceae are only found in the genomes of Photorhabdus and Yersinia. Another putative enzymatic pathway includes the degradation of lysine to 5-amiopentanamide and 5-aminopentanoate via the enzymes L-lysine monooxygenase and delta-aminovaleramidase. However these enzymes appear to be widely spread in the Enterobacteriaceae, including those that are negative for lysine deaminase activity.
Test for the ability of a microorganism to deaminate lysine. Lysine deamination is an aerobic process.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of malate dehydrogenase in a microorganism.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl alpha-D-mannoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside assimilation
methyl alpha-D-mannoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside assimilation
methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to hydrolyze alpha-amino acid substrates coordinated with a beta-naphthylamide (2-naphthylamide) moiety. Arylamidases are classes of enzymes with the ability to hydrolyze amino acid-beta-naphtylamide substrates. Sheahan JP, Eitenmiller RR, & Carpenter JA. 1975. Arylamidase activity of Salmonella species. Appl Microbiol 29(6):726-728.
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in a microorganism. Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (phosphogluconate 2-dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase, gluconate 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase) catalyzes the following reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NAD(P) <=> 6-phospho-2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NAD(P)H + H+
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase in a microorganism. N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase catalyzes the following reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O <=> D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate
N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase
N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase assay
An enzymatic assay which tests for the presence of pyruvate decarboxylase in a microorganism. Pyruvate decarboxylase (also known as alpha-carboxylase, pyruvic decarboxylase, alpha-ketoacid carboxylase, 2-oxo-acid carboxy-lyase) catalyzes the following reactions: a 2-oxo acid <=> an aldehyde + CO2 Pyruvate <=> acetaldehyde + CO2 Pyruvate + thiamine diphosphate <=> 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate + CO2 Acetaldehde + thiamine diphosphate <=> 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate
An assay for the presence of tetrathionate reductase in a microorganism. Tetrathionate reductase carries out the following set of reactions: tetrathionate + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 2 thiosulfate + an oxidized electron acceptor Tetrationate reduction generates acid, and therefore the pH drops. Some tests look for acid production in the presence of tetrathionate.
Filament septation, where septa separating the individual cells that make up the filament are lacking or are incomplete.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-cyclodextrin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate dextrin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate polysorbate 40 as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate polysorbate 80 as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine assimilation
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ribitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-arabinitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lactulose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside assimilation
methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-psicose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium9.pdf 9. VY/2 AGAR Baker's yeast 5.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.36 g Vitamin B12 0.50 mg Agar (Difco) 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Sterilize vitamin B12 separately by filtration. Prepare and store yeast cells as autoclaved stock suspension (5 g baker's yeast/100 ml distilled water, adjust pH to 6.5 and autoclave). Adjust pH of medium to 7.2 with KOH before, and after autoclaving and cooling to 50˚C (use pH-indicator paper). For suspension of freeze-dried cells from ampoules add about 0.5 - 1.0 ml medium MD1 (per liter: casiton 3.0 g; calciumchloride dihydrate 0.7 g; magnesiumsulphate heptahydrate 2.0 g) to the vial with freeze dried material. For DSM 11116 reduce amount of vitamin B12 to 0.05 mg/l. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 11116 is Hymenobacter gelipurpurascens
Similar to DSMZ Medium 9, except the concentration of cobalamin is decreased.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate monomethyl succinate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
succinic acid mono-methyl ester assimilation
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate formate (formic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-galactono-1,4-lactone or D-galactono-1,5-lactone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-galactonic acid gamma-lactone assimilation
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconate (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-hydroxybutyrate (2-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-hydroxybutyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-hydroxybutyrate (4-hydroxybutyric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-hydroxybutyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-oxobutanoate (2-oxobutanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-oxoglutaric acid (2-oxoglutarate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-oxopentanoate (2-oxopentanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate quinate (quinic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-glucarate (D-glucaric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate sebacate (sebacic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate bromosuccinate (bromosuccinic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate succinamic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glucuronamide (beta-D-glucuronamide) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-alaninamide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-alanine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-alanyl-glycine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-asparagine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-aspartate (L-aspartic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycyl-L-aspartate (glycyl-L-aspartic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycyl-L-glutamate (glycyl-L-glutamic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hydroxyproline as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-leucine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-ornithine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-phenylalanine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 5-oxoprolinate (5-oxoproline) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-serine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-threonine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D,L-carnitine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate gamma-aminobutyrate (gamma-aminobutyric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
gamma-aminobutyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate urocanate (urocanic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate inosine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate uridine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate thymidine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 1-phenylethylamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ethanolamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2,3-butanediol (butane-2,3-diol) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycerol phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate assimilation
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-glucose 6-phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-glucose 6-phosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-cyclodextrin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Biolog, Inc. is a company that designs cell-based phenotypic testing technologies and assays for microorganisms.
Biolog SF-N2 MicroPlate™ is designed for the metabolic testing of Sporulating and Filamentous (SF) microorganisms such as actinomycetes and fungi. Cells are resuspended in a gel (of gellan gum or carraghenan) to prevent clumping and uneven cell distributions. Cells also do not contain tetrazoleum violet. A positive reading is determined by growth of the organism on a single carbon source as determined by the appearance of turbidity. The tests performed are the same as those on the GN2 plate.
Biolog GN2 MicroPlate™ is designed to identify a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria. Tests for the ability of a microorganism to utilize or oxidize compounds from a preselected panel of different carbon sources. Tetrazolium voilet is used as a redox dye to colorimetrically indicate utilization of the carbon sources. The tests performed are the same as those on the Biolog SF-GN2 plate.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate inulin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate mannan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetyl-D-mannosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetyl-D-mannosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl alpha-D-galactoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl a-D-galactopyranoside assimilation
methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside assimilation
methyl alpha-D-galactoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl beta-D-galactoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl b-D-galactopyranoside assimilation
methyl beta-D-galactopyranoside assimilation
methyl beta-D-galactoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3-O-methyl-D-glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate sedoheptulosan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate stachyose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-tagatose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lactamide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl (R)-lactate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate (R)-malate(2-) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetyl-L-glutamate (N-acetylglutamic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate adenosine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2'-deoxyadenosine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate adenosine 5'-monophosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
adenosine 5'-monophosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate thymidine 5'-monophosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
thymidine 5'-monophosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate UMP as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-fructose 6-phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-fructose 6-phosphate assimilation assay
Biolog SF-P2 MicroPlate™ is designed for the metabolic testing of Sporulating and Filamentous (SF) microorganisms such as actinomycetes and fungi. Cells are resuspended in a gel (of gellan gum or carraghenan) to prevent clumping and uneven cell distributions. Cells also do not contain tetrazoleum violet. A positive reading is determined by growth of the organism on a single carbon source as determined by the appearance of turbidity. The tests performed are the same as those on the GP2 plate.
Biolog SF-P2 MicroPlate™ is designed to identify a broad range of gram positive bacteria Tests for the ability of a microorganism to utilize or oxidize compounds from a preselected panel of different carbon sources. Tetrazolium voilet is used as a redox dye to colorimetrically indicate utilization of the carbon sources. The tests performed are the same as those on the SF-P2 plate.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in a microbiological culture medium at distinct pH values.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow at pH 6.0.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow at pH 5.0.
An assay for the ability to grow in the presence of 1.0% sodium chloride (NaCl).
An assay for the ability to grow in the presence of 4.0% sodium chloride (NaCl).
An assay for the ability to grow in the presence of 8.0% sodium chloride (NaCl).
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetylneuraminic (N-acetylneuraminate) acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetylneuraminic acid assimilation assay
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of fusidic acid.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-aspartate (D-aspartic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of troleandomycin.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of rifamycin SV.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of minocycline.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate gelatin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycyl-L-proline as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-arginine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of a chemical (microbiocides, surfactants, inorganic substance, organic substance, or antibiotics).
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of lincomycin.
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of guanidine (guanidinium), a protein denaturant.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow or utilize sugars in the presence of a potentially growth inhibiting chemical (an antimicrobial compound).
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of Niaproof 4 (Tergitol® 4; sodium tetradecyl sulfate), a anionic detergent.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pectin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-galactono-1,4-lactone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-galactono-1,4-lactone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate galactaric acid (galactarate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of vancomycin.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to reduce tetrazolium violet, a redox indicator of microbial growth. Tetrazolium violet is a yellow-green color, however, when reduced it forms a purple color.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to reduce tetrazolium blue, a redox indicator of microbial growth. Tetrazolium blue is colorless, however, when reduced it forms a blue tetrazoleium diformazan.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl pyruvate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of (potassium) tellurite.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate acetoacetate (acetoacetic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of lithium chloride.
An antibiotic resistance assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of aztreonam.
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of sodium butyrate (butyric acid).
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow int he presence of (sodium) bromate.
Biolog Gen III MicroPlate™ is designed to identify a broad range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Tests for the ability of a microorganism to utilize or oxidize compounds from a preselected panel of different carbon sources. Tetrazolium voilet is used as a redox dye to colorimetrically indicate utilization of the carbon sources.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-fucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of 1% sodium lactate.
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of D-serine.
Biolog AN MicroPlate™ is designed to identify a very wide range of anaerobic bacteria. Tests for the ability of a microorganism to utilize or oxidize compounds from a preselected panel of different carbon sources. Tetrazolium voilet is used as a redox dye to colorimetrically indicate utilization of the carbon sources.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate fumaric acid (fumarate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glyoxylic acid (glyoxylate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate meso-tartrate (meso-tartaric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-alanyl-L-glutamate (L-alanyl-L-glutamic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-alanyl-L-glutamic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-alanyl-L-histidine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-alanyl-L-threonine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycyl-L-methionine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-methionine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-valine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-valine plus L-aspartate (L-valine plus L-aspartic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-valine plus L-aspartic acid assimilation
L-valine plus L-aspartate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycyl-L-glutamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
RapID™ microbiogy test kits. Manufactured and sold variously by Innovative Diagnostics Systems Inc., Remel Inc., and now ThermoScientific.
RapID™ ANA II System, designed to identify over 90 medically imporant anaerobes.
RapID™ NH System, designed to identify over 30 taxa including Neisseria, Moraxella, Haemophilus, and related microorganisms.
The optical quality of a liquid culture of clonal prokaryotic organisms, where the culture medium has a distinctive color that is a result of the prokaryotic production of a pigment compound.
RapID™ CB Plus System, designed to identify Corynebacteria.
Schmid M, Berg M, Hilbi H, Dimroth P. 1996. Malonate decarboxylase of Klebsiella pneumoniae catalyses the turnover of acetyl and malonyl thioester residues on a coenzyme-A-like prosthetic group. Eur J Biochem 237(1):221-228.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate malonate (malonic acid) as a sole source of carbon. Assimilation of malonate results in an increase in pH (alkalinization) as a result of decarboxylation of malonate into acetate and CO2 via malonate decarboxylase. Involves two enzymes: Malonyl-CoA synthetase (malonate + ATP + CoA = malonyl-CoA + AMP + PPi) Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (malonyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + CO2)
RapID™ ONE System, designed for the identification of over 70 medically important Enterobacteriaceae.
RapID™ STR System, designed for the identification of Streptococci and related genera.
An assay for the presence of thiosulfate disproportionation, followed by reduction, in a microorganism. Thiosulfate reduction (for example; there are several pathways in microorganisms) can involve the following sets of reactions: thiosulfate -> sulfate + H2S + H+ Sulfate, in turn, may be reduced to sulfide, generating more H+ ions. Thiosulfate reduction generates acid, and therefore the pH drops. Some assays look for acid production in the presence of thiosulfate.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that uses the substrate N-benzyl-arginine-2-naphthylamide (N-benzyl-arginine-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Benzyl-arginine arylamidase activity (which could be from benzyl-arginine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
RapID™ NF Plus System, designed for the identification of over 70 medically imporant, oxidase-positive, gram-negative bacilli, including Neisseria, Haemophilus, and Vibrio spp.
RapID™ Staph Plus System, designed for the identification of over 40 staphylococci and related genera.
From: Snell JJS, Lapage SP. 1971. Comparison of four methods for demonstrating glucose breakdone in bacteria. J Gen Microbiol 68:221-225. "Ammonium salt sugar (ASS) (Smith, Gordon & Clark, 1952). (NH4),HP04, 1 g.; KCl, 0.2 g. ; MgSO4*7H,O, 0.2 g. ; Yeastrel, 0.2 g. ; agar, 12 g. ; bromocresol purple, 4 ml. of a 1 % (w/v) aqueous solution; glucose, 20 ml. of a 50 % (w/v) Seitz filtered solution; distilled water, 1 1. The solids were dissolved in the water by heating, the pH was adjusted to 7.0 and the indicator added. The medium was sterilized at 115˚ for 15 min. and after cooling to 50˚the sterile glucose solution was added." Note: Yeastrel was a brand of yeast extract (no longer manufactured).
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium for the discrimination of sugar utilization (fermentation) in bacilli. Bacilli may not produce enough acids in conventional peptone-containing medium due to the production of ammonium from the deamination of peptides. Thus, ammonium salt sugar medium contains yeast extract. A positive assay for carbohydrate fermentation is yellow due to a low pH; a negative assay is purple.
A microbiological diagnostic assay for the requirement of growth factors (hemin, coenzyme I) to support growth by a microorganism. These growth factors are used for the differentiation of Haemophilus and Bordetella species. The growth factors can be added to the culture medium directly, or they can be added using growth factors impregnated into paper discs.
Paper disc impregnated with the growth factor haemin (hemin).
Paper disc impregnated with the growth factor NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
Paper disc impregnated with the growth factors haemin (hemin) and NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
A beta-hemolysis assay used to identify Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) and to differentiate it from Streptococcus pyrogenes (Group A) and other (Group C to Group H) streptococci. Group B streptococci are CAMP positive; Group A and Nongroup B streptococci are CAMP negative. The assay is performed on Trypticase Soy Agar plates with sheep blood. The test/unknown Streptococcus organism is streaked onto TSA plates at right angles to the beta-lysin positive Staphycoccus aureus. In a positive test (CAMP +) outcome, enhanced zones of clearing will be seen around the test organism when it is near the Staph. aureus. This means that there is a synergistic respones between the test organism and the beta-lysin secreted by the Staph. aureus. In a negative test (CAMP - ) outcome, no enhanced zone of clearing will be seen.
From: Indole Nitrate Medium/Trypticase Nitrate Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Indole Nitrite Medium is used for the identification of microorganisms by means of the nitrate reduction and indole tests. Principles of the Procedure The casein peptone contains tryptophan, which is attacked by certain microorganisms, resulting in the production of indole, detectable by the addition of chemical reagents to 18- to 48-hour cultures. Potassium nitrate serves as the substrate for determining the ability of microorganisms to reduce nitrates to nitrites. Formula BBL™ Indole Nitrite Medium (Trypticase™ Nitrate Broth) Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 20.0 g Disodium Phosphate.................................................... 2.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Agar............................................................................ 1.0 g Potassium Nitrate......................................................... 1.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.2 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of casein, a phosphate buffer, glucose, and nitrate. Used to test for nitrate reduction and production of indole.
From: Spirit Blue Agar / Lipase Reagent (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Spirit Blue Agar is for use with Lipase Reagent or other lipid source for detecting and enumerating lipolytic microorganisms. Principles of the Procedure Spirit Blue Agar contains peptone as a source of carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and minerals. Yeast extract supplies B-complex vitamins which stimulate bacterial growth. Spirit blue is the indicator of lipolysis. Agar is the solidifying agent. Lipase Reagent contains tributyrin, a true fat and the simplest triglyceride occurring in natural fats and oils. It is a good substrate when testing for lipolytic microorganisms because some microorganisms that hydrolyze tributyrin will not hydrolyze other triglycerides or fats containing longer chain fatty acids.2 Formulae Difco™ Spirit Blue Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 10.0 g Yeast Extract ............................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 20.0 g Spirit Blue.................................................................... 0.15 g Difco™ Lipase Reagent A ready-to-use lipid suspension, containing a mixture of tributyrin and polysorbate 80. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 6.8 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing pancreatic digest of casein, yeast extract, the dye Spirit Blue (a dye indicator of lipolysis), and Spirit Blue Lipase Reagent (contains tributyrin, a triglyceride, and polysorbate 80, an emulsifying agent). Microorganisms with lipolytic activity form colonies with halos.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to hydrolyze starch, using Starch Agar, a medium designed to test for the ability to produce alpha-amylase and oligo-1,6-glucosidase. The agar is flooded with iodine after colonies have developed on the plate, turning starch a dark color. Clearing around colonies indicates starch hydrolysis.
An assay to determine whether a microorganism is motile. Organisms are inoculated into a semi-solid medium. Organisms that are motile will migrate away from the initial inoculum. Medium often includes a redox indicator (such as triphenyltetrazolium chloride) which is reduced producing a red dye which helps show the extend of microbial growth.
From: Starch Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Starch Agar is used for cultivating microorganisms being tested for starch hydrolysis. Principles of the Procedure Beef extract provides the nitrogen, vitamins, carbon and amino acids in Starch Agar. Starch reacts with Gram Iodine to give a blue color. Organisms hydrolyzing starch through amylase production will produce a clearing around the isolate while the remaining medium is blue. Agar is the solidifying agent. Formula Difco™ Starch Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Beef Extract.................................................................. 3.0 g Soluble Starch............................................................ 10.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 12.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. Directions for Preparation from Dehydrated Product 1. Suspend 25 g of the powder in 1 L of purified water. Mix thoroughly. 2. Heat with frequent agitation and boil for 1 minute to completely dissolve the powder. 3. Autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. 4. Test samples of the finished product. pH 7.5 ± 0.2 Procedure Starch Hydrolysis Test Flood the surface of a 48-hour culture on Starch Agar with Gram Iodine. Expected Results Starch hydrolysis (+) is indicated by a colorless zone surrounding colonies. A blue or purple zone indicates that starch has not been hydrolyzed (-).
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing beef extract and starch. Used to cultivate heterotrophic microorganisms and test for the ability to hydrolyze starch.
A microbiological assay of the promotion of blood clotting which assays for the ability of a microorganism to secrete the enzyme coagulase which converts fibrinogen to fibrin and causes clotting of blood plasma.
Coagulase assay performed on a glass slide, is used to identify the presence of coagulase that is bound to the cell wall of the test microorganism. Cells are emulsified into two drops of saline on a slide. A drop of plasma is added to one of the drops and mixed into the cell suspension. Coagulase reacts with fibrinogen in blood plasma, causing the cells to agglutinate or clump together after 10 seconds. The drop with no plasma acts as a negative control. A positive test shows cells clumping; a negative test shows no clumping. Clumping in the negative control is an indication of autoagglutination.
Coagulase assay performed in a test tube, is used to identify the presence of coagulase that is bound to the cell wall of the test microorganism or is free of the cell. A microbial colony is suspended in EDTA-treated plasma and incubated for 1-2 hours to permit microbial growth in the plasma. Some species of microbes are able to secrete coagulase into the plasma, forming a clot. Clot formation can take up to 24 hours. A negative control tube is performed in the absence of cells. A positive test shows clot formation; a negative test shows no clot formation.
From: Kligler Iron Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Kligler Iron Agar is used for the differentiation of members of the Enterobacteriaceae on the basis of their ability to ferment dextrose and lactose and to liberate sulfides. Principles of the Procedure Kligler Iron Agar, in addition to casein and meat peptones, contains lactose and dextrose which enable the differentiation of species of enteric bacilli due to color changes of the phenol red pH indicator in response to the acid produced during the fermentation of these sugars. The dextrose concentration is only 10% of the lactose concentration. The combination of ferric ammonium citrate and sodium thiosulfate enables the detection of hydrogen sulfide production. Lactose nonfermenters (e.g., Salmonella and Shigella) initially produce a yellow slant due to acid produced by the fermentation of the small amount of dextrose. When the dextrose supply is exhausted in the aerobic environment of the slant, the reaction reverts to alkaline (red slant) due to oxidation of the acids. The reversion does not occur in the anaerobic environment in the butt, which remains acid (yellow butt). Lactose fermenters produce yellow slants and butts because enough acid is produced in the slant to maintain an acid pH under aerobic conditions. Organisms incapable of fermenting either carbohydrate produce red slants and butts. Hydrogen sulfide production is evidenced by a black color either throughout the butt, or in a ring formation near the top of the butt. Gas production (aerogenic reaction) is detected as individual bubbles or by splitting or displacement of the agar. Formula BBL™ Kligler Iron Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 10.0 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue.................................... 10.0 g Lactose...................................................................... 10.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Ferric Ammonium Citrate............................................. 0.5 g Sodium Thiosulfate...................................................... 0.5 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g Phenol Red................................................................ 25.0 mg *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.4 ± 0.2 Procedure To inoculate, carefully touch the center of an isolated colony on an enteric plated medium with a cool, sterile needle, stab into the medium in the butt of the tube, and then streak back and forth along the surface of the slant. Several colonies from each primary plate should be studied separately, since mixed infections may occur. Incubate tubes with loosened caps for 18-24 hours at 35 ± 2°C in an aerobic atmosphere.To enhance the alkaline condition in the slant, free exchange of air must be permitted through the use of a loose closure. If the tube is tightly closed, an acid reaction (caused solely by dextrose fermentation) will also involve the slant. Expected Results After incubation, record the reaction in the slant and butt, noting gas formation and hydrogen sulfide production.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains peptones, two sugars (glucose and lactose), ferric iron, thiosulfate, and phenol red (a pH indicator). If the sugars are fermented, the pH indicator will turn red indicating a lowered pH. If hydrogen sulfide is produced, the ferric iron will be reduced to ferrous sulfide, producing a black color.
An assay for the activity of alpha-arabinosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-arabinofuropyranoside. Alpha-arabinosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase assay with pNP
An assay for the activity of alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-arabinofuropyranoside. Alpha-L-arabinofurosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-methylumbelliferone which is highly fluorescent. A positive result is highly fluorescent; a negative result is non-fluorescent.
alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase assay with 4-MU
A microbiological diagnostic assay for the ability of a microbial colony to develop an irridescent film when grown on egg yolk agar. The irridescence is due to the presence of lipase, which causes the breakdown of fats (triglycerides into free fatty acids) in the egg yolk.
An assay for the ability of a microbial colony to develop crystalline spots, or a fine crystalline deposit, when grown on egg yolk agar. The spots are due to precipitation of calcium and magnesium "soaps" that are usually associated with a positive film reaction (i.e. the relase of fatty acid anions by lipolytic activity that combine with free calcium and magnesium in the medium).
A chemcial sensitivity assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of bile (bile salts).
growth is inhibited on medium containing 20% bile
growth not inhibited in the presence of 20% bile
An assay where cells from a culture or a colony are stained with a dye which will differentially stain (i.e. bind to and be retained in) various chemical components of the cell.
Cell staining assay where a test for how the stain Congo Red stains microbial cells or microbial cell components. Congo Red is adsorbed by cellulose and unusual lipopolysaccharide structures. Can be used to stain cells or colonies.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment citrate (citric acid).
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment malonate (malonic acid).
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment amygdalin.
From: Decarboxylase Differential Media (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Decarboxylase media are used in the biochemical differentiation of gram-negative enteric bacilli based on the production of arginine dihydrolase and lysine and ornithine decarboxylase. Decarboxylase Medium Base, with added arginine, lysine or ornithine is used for the same purpose. Lysine Decarboxylase Broth is used for differentiating microorganisms based on lysine decarboxylation. Procedure Inoculate the broth media by transferring one or two colonies from the surface of a fresh culture with an inoculating loop or needle and mix to distribute the culture throughout the medium. Overlay the medium in each tube with 1 mL sterile mineral oil. Incubate the tubes with caps tightened at 35 ± 2°C. Examine for growth and decarboxylase reactions after 18-24, 48, 72 and 96 hours before reporting as negative. The medium will become yellow initially, if the dextrose is fermented, and then will gradually turn purple if the decarboxylase or dihydrolase reaction occurs and elevates the pH. Expected Results Compare the color of tubes of media containing the specific amino acids with the color of control tubes of basal media (without amino acid) that have been inoculated with the same isolate. If inoculated control tubes show an alkaline reaction, the test is invalid; i.e., either improperly performed or the test organisms can degrade the peptone sufficiently to produce an alkaline reaction in the absence of a specific amino acid. The medium becomes purple to violet if the reaction is positive (alkaline). A yellow color indicates a negative test; i.e., the organism does not produce the appropriate enzyme. Formulae Difco™ Decarboxylase Base Moeller Approximate Formula* Per Liter Peptone....................................................................... 5.0 g Beef Extract.................................................................. 5.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 0.5 g Bromcresol Purple........................................................ 0.01 g Cresol Red................................................................... 5.0 mg Pyridoxal...................................................................... 5.0 mg pH 6.0 ± 0.2 BBL™ Moeller Decarboxylase Broth Base Approximate Formula* Per Liter Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue...................................... 5.0 g Beef Extract.................................................................. 5.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 0.5 g Bromcresol Purple........................................................ 0.01 g Cresol Red................................................................... 5.0 mg Pyridoxal...................................................................... 5.0 mg Difco™ Decarboxylase Medium Base Approximate Formula* Per Liter Peptone....................................................................... 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 3.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g Bromcresol Purple........................................................ 0.02 g pH 6.8 ± 0.2 Difco™ Lysine Decarboxylase Broth Approximate Formula* Per Liter Peptone....................................................................... 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 3.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 1.0 g L-Lysine........................................................................ 5.0 g Bromcresol Purple........................................................ 0.02 g * Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 6.8 ± 0.2
An organic-rich liquid medium intended to test for the ability of a microorganism to decarboxylate amino acids, through use of pH indicator compounds. Pyridoxal is added because it is an enzymatic co-factor for amino acid decarboxylases. Peptones and beef/yeast extract and dextrose (D-glucose) are added to promote growth. Lysine, ornithine, or arginine are added to test for decarboxylation.
Decarboxylase differential medium containing lysine. Designed to determine whether a microorganism has the ability to decarboxylate lysine.
Decarboxylase differential medium containing ornithine. Designed to determine whether a microorganism has the ability to decarboxylate ornithine.
Moeller decarboxylase broth with ornithine
Decarboxylase differential medium containing arginine. Designed to determine whether a microorganism has the ability to decarboxylate arginine.
Moeller decarboxylase broth with arginine
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-leucine-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (4-methoxy-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-leucine 4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide).
The process of anaerobic respiration, where nitrate is reduced to nitrite, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, or dinitrogen.
anaerobic respiration, using nitrate as electron acceptor
The process of anaerobic respiration, where nitrite is reduced to nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, or dinitrogen.
anaerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron acceptor
A substance derived from the treatment of chicken egg yolks with a salt solution, followed by filtration.
An aqueous (water) extract of whole chicken egg, used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
Undefined mixture of complex organic compounds comprising a microbiological culture medium ingredient derived from the blood or blood plasma from a mammal. Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need blood to grow.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from animal blood
Blood medium ingredient comprised of blood from a rabbit (Orychtolagus cuniculus), which has been laked (treated so that the red blood cells have undergone haemolysis). Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need rabbit laked blood to grow.
Whole blood from a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need rabbit blood to grow.
Whole blood from a sheep (Ovis aries). Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need sheep's blood to grow.
Blood medium ingredient comprised of red blood cells from a mammal that have been washed. Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need washed red blood cells to grow.
Blood medium ingredient comprised of the blood of a mammal that have been lysed (undergone the process of cytolysis). Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need lysed red blood cells to grow.
A microbiological culture medium ingredient derived from the blood from a mammal. Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need blood to grow.
Whole blood of a horse (Equus caballus). Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need horse blood to grow.
Serum medium ingredient comprised of blood serum from a horse (Equus caballus). Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need horse blood serum to grow.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Serum is the clear yellowish fluid obtained when whole blood is separated into its liquid and solid components. Blood is allowed to clot so that the serum separates from the blood cells. The liquid portion released from the clot is called serum and does not contain fibrinogen as the fibrinogen was utilized to form the fibrin threads of the blood clot. Serum usually is inactivated by heating to 56 degrees C. for 30 minutes to eliminate lipases that would cause degradation of lipids and inactivation of complement.
A microbiological culture medium ingredient derived from the blood serum from a mammal. Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need blood serum to grow.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Laked Blood is defibrinated blood that has been processed with freeze/thaw cycles to hemolyze the red blood cells. It is clear, red, and homogenous and provides many nutrients. It is useful for growing fastidious organisms due to its highly available nutrient contents.
Blood medium ingredient comprised of the blood from a mammal that has been laked (treated so that the red blood cells have undergone haemolysis). Used to support the growth of a microorganisms which needs laked blood to grow. Is an ingredient for blood agar.
Serum medium ingredient comprised of blood serum from a pig (Sus scrofa). Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need porcine serum to grow.
A microbiological culture medium that contains bile (fluid produced by the liver) or bile salts (such as deoxycholate). Used for the culture of microorganisms that require bile.
microbiological culture medium containing bile
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds derived from the whole milk of a mammal. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
Microbiological medium ingredient, derived from milk. Comprised of skimmed milk which has been dried to a powder.
Microbiological medium ingredient, derived from milk. Comprised of a heterogeneous mixture of milk proteins (casein) of a mammal. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds derived from the milk of a mammal. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from milk
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves alpha-amino acid substrates coordinated with a beta-naphthylamide (2-naphthylamide) moiety.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate DL-methionine-2-naphthylamide (DL-methionyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-glycine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate alanine-2-naphthylamide (L-alanine-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-arginine-2-naphthylamide (L-arginine-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-asparagine-2-naphthylamide (L-asparaginyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-aspartate-2-naphthylamide (L-aspartic acid-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-cysteine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-cystine-di-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-alpha-glutamate-2-naphthylamide (L-alpha-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-glutamate-2-naphthylamide (L-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-glutamine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-histidine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-hydroxyproline-2-naphthylamide (L-hydroxyprolyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-isoleucyl-2-naphthylamide (L-isoleucine-beta-naphthylamide) .
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide (L-leucine-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-lysine-2-naphthylamide (L-lysyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-methionine-2-naphthylamide (L-methionyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-ornithine-2-naphthylamide (L-ornithyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-proline-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate pyroglutamic acid-2-naphthylamide (pyroglutamic acid-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-serine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-threonine-2-naphthylamide (L-threonyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-tryptophan-2-naphthylamide (L-tryptophyl-beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-tyrosine-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-valyl-2-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate beta-alanine-2-naphthylamide (beta-alanine beta-naphthylamide).
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate gamma-glutamyl-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide.
An aminopeptidase activity which cleaves the chromogenic substrate L-gamma-glutamate-2-naphthylamide (L-gamma-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide.
A set of microbial enzymatic reactions that result in the deamination of lysine.
From: Phenylalanine Agar; Ferric Chloride Reagent (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Phenylalanine Agar is used for the differentiation of enteric bacilli on the basis of their ability to produce phenylpyruvic acid by oxidative deamination. Ferric Chloride Reagent is used to visualize the phenylalanine deamination reaction. Principles of the Procedure The phenylalanine serves as the substrate for enzymes which are able to deaminate it to form phenylpyruvic acid. The addition of 3-5 drops of a 10% aqueous ferric chloride solution (or a 12% aqueous ferric chloride solution acidified with 2.5 mL of concentrated HCl per 100 mL of reagent) to the cultures following incubation results in the appearance of a light to deep green color (positive reaction) or no color change (negative reaction). In a positive reaction, any phenylpyruvic acid present will react with the ferric salt in the reagent to give a green color. Formulae Difco™ Phenylalanine Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter DL-Phenylalanine.......................................................... 2.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 3.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 1.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 12.0 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2 BBL™ Phenylalanine Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter DL-Phenylalanine.......................................................... 2.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 3.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Sodium Phosphate....................................................... 1.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 12.0 g pH 7.3 ± 0.2 Difco™/BBL™ Ferric Chloride Reagent Droppers Contain 0.5 mL of 10% ferric chloride in aqueous solution.
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing DL-phenylalanine, yeast extract and sodium chloride. Used to test for the formation of phenylpyruvic acid.
Prokaryotic cell wall lysis susceptibility that defines how susceptible the cell wall is to lysis when the cell is placed in the presence of an environment with an altered chemical composition (plain water).
Wikipedia: Tonicity Hypotonicity Hypotonic refers to a lesser concentration. In biology, a hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell. In an attempt to balance the concentrations of solutes inside and outside the cell, water will rush into the cell, and can cause it to burst.[2]
A chemical solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the concentration inside a cell.
A solution of an inorganic salt dissolved in water.
Filament differentiation quality, relating to the morphology and differentiation of the sub-apical cell in the filament.
Trichome cell, which is in the medial region of the trichome, which has not undergone differentiation.
Trichome part defined by a single individual cell, which may or may not have undergone differentiation, within the trichome.
Temperature optimum quality, growth rates at moderate temperatures (20-40˚C) are higher than growth rates at other temperatures, but will tolerate higher temperatures.
Thermophilic, can only grow at elevated temperatures (40-85˚C).
Culture medium quality with respect to the concentration of salt ions (salinity).
Culture medium salinity quality where the salinity is less than 0.05 % salts.
Culture medium salinity quality where the salinity is greater than 0.05 % salts and less than 3 % salts.
Culture medium salinity quality where the salinity is greater than 3 % salts and less than 5 % salts.
Culture medium salinity quality where the salinity is greater than 5 % salts.
Temperature optimum quality, where growth rates at highly elevated temperatures (>85˚C) are higher than growth rates at lower temperatures.
A cell division pattern where the plane of cell division is always parallel to the previous plane of cell division.
A cell division pattern where the plane of cell division can occur in two planes, both at right angles to one another.
A cell division pattern where the plane of cell division can occur in three planes, all three being orthogonal (at right angles) to each other.
A cell division pattern where the plane of cell division can occur in random planes.
Michelle A. Allen,Falicia Goh,Stefan Leuko,Akinobu Echigo,Toru Mizuki,Ron Usami,Masahiro Kamekura, Brett A. Neilan and Brendan P. Burns. 2008. Haloferax elongans sp. nov. and Haloferax mucosum sp. nov., isolated from microbial mats from Hamelin Pool, Shark Bay, Australia. IJSEM 28:798-802. A halophilic archaeal medium [containing (g/L): Casamino acids, 7.5; yeast extract, 10.0; trisodium citrate, 3.00; NaCl, 150; KCl, 2.00; MgSO4 . 7H2O, 20.0; MgCl2 . 6H2O, 7.23; CaCl2 . 2H2O, 2.70; FeSO4 . 7H2O, 0.05; MnSO4.H2O, 0.0002; adjusted to pH 7.4; Goh et al., 2006] solidified with agar
A hypersaline, organic-rich, liquid culture medium containing mineral-salts, magnesium sulfate, citrate, casamino acids and yeast extract. Used for the cultivation of Haloferax.
From: Heng-Lin Cui, Xia Gao, Xin Yang and Xue-Wei Xu. 2011. Halolamina pelagica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Halobacteriaceae. IJSEM 61:1617-1621. 1.0 g yeast extract 0.25 g fish peptone 0.25 g sodium pyruvate, 0.25 g sodium formate 0.25 g sodium acetate 0.25 g sodium lactate 5.4 g KCl, 0.3 g K2HPO4, 0.25 g CaCl2, 0.25 g NH4Cl, 26.8 g MgSO4 . 7H2O, 23.0 g MgCl2 . 6H2O and 184.0 g NaCl (adjusted to pH 7.0–7.2 with 1 M NaOH)
A hypersaline, liquid microbiological culture medium containing mineral-salts, pyruvate, lactate, formate, acetate, peptone, and yeast extract. Used for the cultivation of Halolamina pelagica and Halopelagius longus.
From: Scott HW, Dehority BA. 1965. Vitamin requirements of several cellulolytic rumen bacteria. J Bacteriol 89(5):1169-1175. Vitamins listed From Table 1 (mg per 100 mL) Pyridoxine hydrochloride 0.2 Riboflavine 0.2 Thiamine hydrochloride 0.2 Nicotinamide 0.2 Ca-D-pantothenate 0.2 p-Aminobenzoic acid 0.01 Folic acid 0.005 Biotin 0.005 B12 0.0005
Microbiological vitamin solution, used to support the growth of cellulolytic rumen bacteria. Contains pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, thiamine, nicotinamide, pathothenate, PABA (i.e. 4-aminobenzoic acid), biotin, and vitamin B12 (i.e. cobalalmin).
cellulolytic rumen bacteria vitamin solution
Hyperthermophilic, can only grow at highly elevated temperatures (>85˚C).
Temperature optimum quality, where growth rates at depressed temperatures (<20˚C) are higher than growth rates at ambient temperatures.
Psychrophilic, can only grow at depressed temperatures (<20˚C).
Allen, M. B. (1959). Studies with Cyanidium caldarium, an anomalously pigmented chlorophyte. Arch Mikrobiol 32, 270– 277. Table 2. Culture medium for Cyanidium caldarium Macroelements (NH4)2SO4, 0.01 M KH2PO4, 0.002 M MgSO4, 0.001 M CaCl2, 0.0005 M H2SO4, 0.001 M Microelements Fe, 4 mg/L Mn 0.5 mg/L B mg/L Zn mg/L Cu mg/L Mo mg/L V mg/L pH brought to 2 with sulfuric acid.
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing sulfuric acid. For the autotrophic growth of Cyanidium.
From: Li-Jun Liu,3 Xiao-Yan You,3 Xu Guo, Shuang-Jiang Liu and Cheng-Ying Jiang. 2011. Metallosphaera cuprina sp. nov., an acidothermophilic, metal-mobilizing archaeon. IJSEM 61:2395-2400. Allen medium modified by the addition of (l-1): 5 g elemental sulfur, 5 mmol K2S4O6, 10mmol Na2S2O3, 13.9 g FeSO4 . 7H2O, 5 g pyrite or 5 g chalcopyrite. K2S4O6, Na2S2O3 or FeSO4 were added as filter sterilized solutions to the sterilized basal Allen medium (121 ˚C for 20 min).
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing sulfuric acid, ferrous sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, tetrathionate, and a metal sulfide (pyrite or chalcopyrite). For the autotrophic growth of Cyanidium.
Temperature optimum quality, growth rates at moderate temperatures (20-40˚C) are higher than growth rates at other temperatures, but will tolerate lower temperatures.
A prokaryotic physiological quality relating the optimal temperature of a particular strain of prokaryotes. When these preferred conditions are met, the organism will exhibit cell division.
A prokaryotic quality relating the optimal salinity of a particular strain of prokaryotes. When these preferred conditions are met, the organism will exhibit cell division.
From: Jan P. Amend, D’Arcy R. Meyer-Dombard, Seema N. Sheth, Natalya Zolotova, Andrea C. Amend. Palaeococcus helgesonii sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a geothermal well on Vulcano Island, Italy. Arch Microbiol (2003) 179 : 394–401. contains (per l of water): 28.22 g NaCl, 11.53 g MgCl2·6H2O, 1.56 g MgSO4·7H2O, 0.70 g KCl, 0.20 g NaHCO3. 3 g yeast extract, 3 g peptone, 10 ml concentrated N/P solution (containing per l of water: 127.51 g NH4Cl, 60.50 g NaNO3, 4.61 g K2HPO4), 0.5 ml of a 2% resazurin solution as an oxygen indicator, 5 g of PIPES (piperazine-N,N′-bis[2-ethanesulfonic acid]) as pH buffer. The pH was adjusted to 6.5 with 1.0 N NaOH, and the medium was then autoclaved at 121 °C for 20 min. Subsequently, the following filtersterilized (0.2 μm) solutions were added: 10 ml trace element solution/l (containing per l of water: 11.424 g KBr, 1.024 g AlK(SO4)2·12H2O, 0.423 g MnSO4·H2O, 12.0 mg BaCl2·2H2O, 0.5 mg CoCl2·6H2O, 42.4 mg CuSO4·5H2O, 0.5 mg H2WO4, 0.4 mg Na2MoO4·2H2O, 15.8 mg NiCl2·6H2O, 8.5 mg VOSO4·3.5H2O, 36.5 mg ZnSO4·7H2O, 0.4 mg CdSO4·8/3H2O, 1.8 mg PbCrO4, 66.0 mg RbCl, 5.0 mg SrCl2·6H2O), 5 ml/l CaCl2 solution (containing per l of water: 13.25 g CaCl2·2H2O), and 2ml/l Fe-EDTA solution (containing per l of water: 1.54 g FeSO4·7H2O and 2.06 g Na2EDTA). The YPS-V medium was then heated to boiling and degassed under a steady stream of N2. Ten ml of anoxic medium were transferred to acid-washed Balch tubes (25 ml) containing ~0.3 g S˚ (sterilized by heating to 98 °C in an oven for at least 3 days with occasional stirring) under N2. Tubes were capped with butyl-rubber stoppers and Al crimp seals and pressurized with N2 to 3 bar. Prior to inoculation, growth tubes were reduced with 0.15 ml of a 2.5% Na2S solution.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing yeast extract and peptone in a PIPES buffered artificial seawater base. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen. Used for the cultivation of Palaeococcus helgesonii.
Salinity optimum quality, where growth rates at elevated salt concentrations are higher than growth rates at lower salt concentrations.
Halophilic, where growth occurs only at elevated salt concentrations.
Salinity optimum quality, where some growth occurs at elevated salinity, but growth is fastest at lower salinity.
A prokaryotic physiological quality relating the optimal pressure of a particular strain of prokaryotes. When these preferred conditions are met, the organism will exhibit cell division.
From: Brock TD, Brock KM, Belly RT, Weiss RL. 1972. Sulfolobus: A new genus of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria living at low pH and high temperature. Arch Mikrobiol 84:54-68. Culture Media. For most studies a basal salts medium modified from Allen (1959) was used. This medium contains (NH4)2SO4, 1.3g KH2PO4, 0.28 g MgSO4x7H2O, 0.25g CaCl2x2H2O, 0.07 g FeCl3x6H2O, 0.02g MnCl2x4H2O, 1.8 mg Na2B4O7x10H2O, 0.03 mg VOSO4x2H2O, 0.03 mg CoSO4, 0.01 mg The pH was adjusted with 10 N H2SO4 to pH 1 or 2. Organic supplements were added to the basal medim either as dry powder before autoclaving or from 100-fold concentrated sterile stock solutions (for sugars) after autoclaving. Elemental sulfur was sterilized by steaming in the dry state for 3 h on each of 3 successive days and added at a concentration of about 1 g/100 ml to sterile media.
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur, and cobalt sulfate. For the growth of Sulfolobus spp.
Psychrophilic, can only grow at moderate temperatures (20-45˚C).
A prokaryotic size assay which uses a Berkefeld water filter with a particular pore size to determine the size of a prokaryotic cell.
A microbiological diagnostic assay which uses a water filter with a particular pore size to determine the size of a prokaryotic cell.
A Berkefeld filter assay that tests whether a prokaryotic cell is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with an intermediate pore size N (for Normal). Pore sizes average 0.45 microns in diameter.
A Berkefeld filter assay that tests whether a prokaryotic cell is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with a narrow pore size V (for Viel). Pore sizes average 0.38 microns in diameter. This is the most common filter size used to study the filterability of microorganisms.
From: Ren-Long Jan, Jeffrey Wu, Shu-Miaw Chaw, Chien-Wei Tsai and Suh-Der Tsen. 1999. A novel species of thermoacidophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus yangmingensis sp. nov. IJSB 49:1809-1816. .....modified Allen's medium supplemented with glucose and yeast extract under aerobic conditions at low pH....
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing sulfuric acid, glucose, and yeast extract. For the growth of Sulfolobus yangmingensis.
Allen's medium supplemented with glucose and yeast extract
A hypersaline, solid microbiological culture medium containing mineral-salts, magnesium sulfate, pyruvate, glucose, glutamate, citrate, and peptones. Used for the cultivation of Halogranum rubrum.
From: M. C. Gutierrez, A. M. Castillo, P. Corral, M. Kamekura and A. Ventosa. 2011. Halorubrum aquaticum sp. nov., an archaeon isolated from hypersaline lakes. IJSEM 61:1144-1148. Water samples were plated on agar plates of halophilic medium (MH), containing (per litre distilled water) 195 g NaCl, 32.5 g MgCl2 . 6H2O, 50.8 g MgSO4 . 7H2O, 0.8 g CaCl2, 5 g KCl, 0.16 g NaHCO3, 0.6 g NaBr, 5 g yeast extract 20 g agar (pH 7.5)
A hypersaline, organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing mineral-salts, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate, sodium bromide, and yeast extract. Used for the cultivation of Halorubrum aquaticum.
From: SUSUMU ASAKAWA, HIROYUKI MORII, MASAYO AKAGAWA-MATSUSHITA, YOSUKE KOGA, AND KOICHI HAYANO. 1993. Characterization of Methanobrevibacter arboriphilicus SA Isolated from a Paddy Field Soil and DNA-DNA Hybridization among M. arboriphilicus strains. IJSB 43(4):683-686. The basal medium used for enrichment and isolation of strain SA was a modification of LPBM (22), which contained (per liter of deionized water) 0.75 g of KH2P04, 0.75 g of K2HP04, 1.0 g of NH4Cl, 0.36 g of MgCl2.6H20, 9 ml of a trace mineral solution (13), 10 ml of a vitamin mixture solution (2), 0.5 ml of a 0.2% resazurin solution, 0.5 g of L-cysteine hydrochloride H2O, 0.5 g of Na2S.9H20, and 4.8 g of NaHCO3. For cultivation of Methanobrevibacter arboriphilicus strains, the basal medium was supplemented with 0.1% yeast extract (Difco). For roll tubes, we added 0.1% yeast extract (Difco), 0.1% Polypeptone (Daigo Eiyo Co., Osaka, Japan), and 1.7% agar to the basal medium. The gas phase was H2-C02 (4:l) pressurized to 203 kPa, and the pH was 7.0. ******* From: Hiroyuki Morii, Masateru Nishihara and Yosuke Koga. 1983. Isolation, characterization and physiology of a new formate-assimilable methanogenic strain (A2) of Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus. Agric. Biol. Chem. 47(12):2781-2789. The trace mineral solution was as described by Zeikus(4) except that 0.03 g/liter NiCl2 was included.
An organic-rich, liquid, anaerobic microbiological culture medium containing L-cysteine, mineral-salts, yeast extract, resazurin, sulfide, sodium bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and H2 gas as a substrate for methanogenesis. Used for the cultivation of Methanobrevibacter arboriphilicus. Modified by the addition of nickel (in the trace element solution).
From: Zeikus JG. 1977. The biology of methanogenic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 41:514. Table 4 Trace mineral solution Contains, in grams per liter of distilled water (pH to 7.0 with KOH): nitrilotriacetic acid, 4.5; FeCl2 *4H20, 0.4; MnCl2 * 4H20, 0.1; CoCl2 * 6H2O, 0.17; ZnCl2, 0.1; CaC12, 0.02; H3BO3, 0.019; and sodium molybdate, 0.01.
A trace elements solution containing potassium hydroxide, nitrilotriacetic acid, ferrous chloride, manganese chloride, cobalt chloride, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, boric acid, and sodium molybdate.
A Berkefeld filter assay that tests whether a prokaryotic cell is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with a wider pore size W (for Wenig). Pore sizes average 0.43 microns in diameter.
From: Zeikus JG. 1977. The biology of methanogenic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 41:514. Table 4 Composition of basal medium (LPBM) used for selective enrichment and growth of some methanogenic species Component Amount KH2PO4 ........... ........... 0.75 g K2HPO4-3H2O ...................... 1.45 g NH4Cl ...................... 0.9 g MgCl2 H20 ................ ...... 0.2 g Na2S.9H2Ob ...................... 0.5 g Trace mineral solutionc ................. 9 ml Vitamin solutiond ................... 5 ml Resazurin solution (0.2%)e .............. 1 ml Distilled H20 ............ ....... 1,000 ml a Prepared anaerobically under a 95% N2-5% CO2 gas atmosphere. Medium adjusted to pH 7.4 prior to autoclaving. Basal medium requires the addition of an electron donor (H2, formate, or methanol) for enrichment or growth of methanogens. b Sulfide solution added after sterilization. e Contains, in grams per liter of distilled water (pH to 7.0 with KOH): nitrilotriacetic acid, 4.5; FeCl2 *4H20, 0.4; MnCl2 * 4H20, 0.1; CoCl2 * 6H2O, 0.17; ZnCl2, 0.1; CaC12, 0.02; H3BO3, 0.019; and sodium molybdate, 0.01. d Optional, some methanogens require a vitamin mixture (11, 113). e Optional, an oxidation-reduction indicator. ref 113: Wolin EA, Wolin MJ, Wolfe RS. 1963. Formation of methane by bacterial extracts. J Biol Chem 238(8):2882-2886.
An organic-rich, liquid, anaerobic microbiological culture medium containing mineral-salts, resazurin, sulfide, carbon dioxide, and either formate, methanol or H2 gas as a substrate for methanogenesis. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide. Used for the cultivation of Methanobrevibacter arboriphilicus.
A hypersaline, organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing mineral-salts, magnesium sulfate, yeast extract and casamino acids, and sodium glutamate. Used to culture Halobacter spp.
From ATCC Medium: 2170 Halobacter Medium Yeast Extract……………………………….5.0 g Casamino acids…………………………...5.0 g Sodium Glutamate………………………..1.0 g KCl………………………………………….2.0 g Sodium citrate (tri-Na)…………………….3.0 g MgSO4 x 7H2O…………………………...20.0 g NaCl………………………………………..200.0 g FeCl2 x 4H2O…………………………….36.0 mg MnCl2 x 4H2O……………………………0.36 mg Agar……………………………………….20.0 g DI Water…………………………………..1000 ml Adjust pH to 7.0-7.2. Autoclave at 121ºC. Caution: Due to high salt concentration, agar may not gel firmly. If this happens, agar and salt may have to be sterilized separately and combined.
Zeikus trace mineral solution with nickel chloride added.
Zeikus trace mineral solution with nickel
From: S. H. Zinder, T. Anguish, and A. L. Lobo. 1987. Isolation and characterization of a thermophilic acetotrophic strain of Methanothrix. Arch Microbiol 146:315-322. Unless stated otherwise, the culture medium contained (g/l): NH4C1, 0.5; K2HPO4, 0.4; MgCI2x 6H2O, 0.1; resazurin, 0.001 ; trace metal solution (Zeikus 1977 except that 0.02 g/1 NiCI2x6H2O was added), 10 ml/1. The medium was either boiled under N2 (scrubbed of O2 by hot copper coils) or bubbled 20 min with N2 to make it anoxic, and was transferred into an anaerobic glove box (Coy Laboratory Products, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) where it was dispensed into 120 ml serum vials which were sealed with aluminum-crimp butyl rubber stoppers (Balch et al. 1979) purchased from Bellco Glass, Inc., Vineland, N J, USA. The vials were autoclaved at 121˚C for 20 minutes. The vial headspaces were flushed with sterile O2-scrubbed 70% N2/30% CO2 (Matheson Gas Products, Peoria, IL, USA) after which N2-flushed syringes were used to add the following sterile anoxic solutions to the following final concentrations: Na2S-9H20, 0.25 g/1 (ca. 1 mM); 2-mercaptoethane sulfonic acid, sodium salt (Sigma Chemical Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA), 1 mM; NaHCO3, 12 mM; CaCl2x2H2O, 0.1 g/l; sodium acetate, 40 mM; vitamin solution (Balch et al. 1979), 0.5ml/50ml. Cultures were routinely incubated at 60˚C, and the pH of the medium at 60˚C was 6.5.
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium containing resazurin and acetate as a carbon source. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and dinitrogen. For the growth of Methanosaeta (formerly Methanothrix).
http://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/media/table/bb.html NaNO3 (5.0 g/200 ml) 10.0 ml (~ 0.25 g) MgSO4·7H2O (1.5 g/200 ml) 10.0 ml (~ 0.75 g) NaCl (0.5 g/200 ml) 10.0 ml (~ 0.025 g) K2HPO4 (1.5 g/200 ml) 10.0 ml (~ 0.075 g) KH2PO4 (3.5 g/200 ml) 10.0 ml (~ 0.175 g) CaCl2·2H2O (0.5 g/200 ml) 10.0 ml (~ 0.025g) H3BO3 (1.14 g/100 ml) 1.0 ml (~ 0.114g) Trace elements solution 1.0 ml EDTA stock 1.0 ml Fe solution 1.0 ml Distilled water to 1.0 L For agar, add 15.0 g/L Bacteriological Agar* (Oxoid L11). Autoclave at 15 psi for 15 minutes. *Supplier: Unipath Ltd, Wade Road, Basingstoke, Hants RG24 0PW, UK Trace elements solution: ZnSO4·7H2O 8.82 g MnCl2·4H2O 1.44 g MoO3 0.71 g CuSO4·5H2O 1.57 g Co(NO3)2·6H2O 0.49 g Distilled water to 1.0 L May need autoclaving to dissolve. EDTA stock: EDTANa2 5.0 g KOH 3.1 g Distilled water to 100 ml Fe solution: FeSO4·7H2O 4.98 g conc H2SO4 1.0 ml Distilled water to 1.0 L
pH of the medium is 6.6 according to Algal Culturing Techniques, p. 437, copyright 2005.
A mineral-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium. Used to support the autotrophic growth of Cyanobacteria.
http://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/media/table/Z8.html MgSO4·7H2O 0.25 g NaNO3 0.467 g Ca(NO3)2·4H2O 59 mg NH4Cl 31 mg Na2CO3 0.02 g FeEDTA solution 10 ml Gaffron micronutrients 1.0 ml Deionized water to 1.0 L FeEDTA solution: Made in two solutions: Solution A - 2.8 g FeCl3 in 100 ml 0.1 N HCl Solution B - 3.9 g EDTANa2 in 100 ml 0.1 N NaOH Add 10 ml solution A and 9.5 ml solution B plus water to 1 L. Gaffron micronutrients: H3BO3 3.1 g MnSO4·4H2O 2.23 g ZnSO4·7H2O 0.22 g (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 0.088 g Co(NO3)2·6H2O 0.146 g VOSO4·6H2O 0.054 g Al2(SO4)3K2SO4·2H2O 0.474 g NiSO4(NH4)2SO4·6H2O 0.198 g Cd(NO3)2·4H2O 0.154 g Cr(NO3)3·7H2O 0.037 g Na2WO4·2H2O 0.033 g KBr 0.119 g KI 0.083 g Deionized water to 1 L
According to SCCAP the medium should have a final pH of 6-7. http://www.sccap.dk/media/freshwater/7.asp
A dilute, mineral-salts, liquid microbiological medium comprised of magnesium sulfate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate, ammonium chloride, sodium carbonate, ferric chloride, disodium EDTA, and micronutrients. Used for the cultivation of autotrophic Cyanobacteria.
http://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/media/table/Z8.html Gaffron micronutrients: H3BO3 3.1 g MnSO4·4H2O 2.23 g ZnSO4·7H2O 0.22 g (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 0.088 g Co(NO3)2·6H2O 0.146 g VOSO4·6H2O 0.054 g Al2(SO4)3K2SO4·2H2O 0.474 g NiSO4(NH4)2SO4·6H2O 0.198 g Cd(NO3)2·4H2O 0.154 g Cr(NO3)3·7H2O 0.037 g Na2WO4·2H2O 0.033 g KBr 0.119 g KI 0.083 g Deionized water to 1 L
A trace elements solution containing boric acid, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, ammonium molybdate, cobalt nitrate, vanadyl sulfate, nickel ammonium sulfate, cadmium nitrate, chromium nitrate, sodium tungstate, potassium bromide, and potassium iodide.
Single-organism metabolic process, where the prokaryotic microorganism uses enzymes to synthesize a storage molecule (usually a polymer) inside the cell that is used to store phosphorus.
Prokaryotic physiologically differentiated cell, where the cell is specialized with resect to its optimal growth pressure.
prokaryote specialized with respect to pressure
Prokaryotic physiologically differentiated cell, where the cell is specialized with resect to its optimal growth salinity.
prokaryote specialized with respect to salinity
Prokaryotic physiologically differentiated cell, where the cell is specialized with resect to its optimal growth temperature.
prokaryote specialized with respect to temperature
Tryptic soy broth diluted 100 times with water, solidified with agar added.
http://www.nccs.res.in/mcc/Medium_64a.html TSBA100 TSB (Medium No. 64) 1.0 ml Distilled water 100 ml Agar 1.50 g
http://www.nccs.res.in/mcc/Medium_64a.html TSB100 TSB (Medium No. 64) 1.0 ml Distilled water 100 ml
Tryptic soy both diluted 100 times with water.
http://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/media/table/BG11.html NaNO3 1.5 g K2HPO4 0.04 g MgSO4·7H2O 0.075 g CaCl2·2H2O 0.036 g Citric acid 0.006 g Ferric ammonium citrate 0.006 g EDTA (disodium salt) 0.001 g Na2CO3 0.02 g Trace metal mix A5 1.0 ml Agar (if needed) 10.0 g Distilled water 1.0 L The pH should be 7.1 after sterilization Trace metal mix A5: H3BO3 2.86 g MnCl2·4H2O 1.81 g ZnSO4·7H2O 0.222 g NaMoO4·2H2O 0.39 g CuSO4·5H2O 0.079 g Co(NO3)2·6H2O 49.4 mg Distilled water 1.0 L
A liquid, mineral-salts microbiological culture medium. Used to support the autotrophic growth of cyanobacteria.
http://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/media/table/BG11.html Trace metal mix A5: H3BO3 2.86 g MnCl2·4H2O 1.81 g ZnSO4·7H2O 0.222 g NaMoO4·2H2O 0.39 g CuSO4·5H2O 0.079 g Co(NO3)2·6H2O 49.4 mg Distilled water 1.0 L
A trace elements solution containing boric acid, manganese chloride, zinc sulfate, sodium molybdate, copper sulfate, and cobalt nitrate.
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Datasheet/3/c7595dat.pdf Product Description Christensen Citrate Agar is used for the differentiation of enteric pathogens and coliforms on the basis of citrate utilization. Organisms that metabolize citrate as a sole source of carbon cleave citrate to oxaloacetate and acetate via the citritase enzyme. Another enzyme, oxaloacetate decarboxylase, then converts oxaloacetate to pyruvate and CO2 . The CO2 combines with sodium and water to form sodium carbonate, an alkaline compound. As a result, the pH of the medium rises and the phenol red indicator changes from orange red to cerise. The yeast extract provides the necessary vitamins for the growth of the microorganisms. L- cysteine hydrochloride functions as a reducing agent. Dextrose is the fermentable carbohydrate. Sodium citrate is the energy source for the citrate utilizing organisms. Care should be taken while inoculating, as a too heavy inoculum may give a false positive result (4). Components Item g/L Yeast Extract 0.50 L-Cysteine Hydrochloride 0.10 Sodium Citrate 3.00 Dextrose 0.20 Monopotassium Phosphate 1.00 Sodium Chloride 5.00 Phenol Red 0.012 Agar 15.00 Final pH (at 25°C) 6.9 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing L-cysteine, D-glucose, citrate, yeast extract, a pH buffer and a pH indicator.
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Fluka/Datasheet/11012dat.pdf 11012 Cetrimide Nalidixic acid Agar For the isolation and enumeration (MPN method) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from food products. Recommended by the "Schweizerisches Lebensmittelbuch" 2001., chapter 56A. Composition: Gelatine peptone, pancreatic 16.0 Casein hydrolysate 10.0 Potassium sulfate 10.0 Magnesium chloride 1.4 Cetrimide 0.2 Agar 15.0 Final pH 7.3+/- 0.2 at 37 °C Directions: Dissolve 52.6 g in 950 ml distilled water, add 10 ml glycerol (Fluka 49769) and sterilize by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes. After cooling to 45-50°C add the rehydrate content of 1 vial Cetrimide Nalidixic acid Agar Supplement (Fluka 50225). Mix well. The prepared agar may contain slight precipitates. Principle and Interpretation: Gelatine peptone and Casein hydrolysate provides amino acids and other complex nitrogenous substances. Cetrimide (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; Fluka 52370) is incorporated in the medium to inhibit bacteria other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa. lt acts as a quaternary ammonium compound and cationic detergent which causes nitrogen and phosphorus to be released from bacterial cells other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nalidixic acid present in the supplement improve the inhibition of the accompanying microbial flora (3, 4). For the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, plates of Cetrimide Agar should be inoculated from non-selective medium such as Brain Heart Infusion Broth (Fluka 70138) or Tryptone Soya Broth (Fluka 22092). If the count is high the test sample can be directly inoculated onto this medium. According the Schweizerisches Lebensmittelbuch (2) it is recommended to to put membrane filter, with different dilutions, directly on the agar plates. Glycerol is the carbon source. Magnesium chloride and potassium sulfate enhance the production pycocyanin and fluorescein. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies appear pigmented blue, bluegreen, red or nonpigmented but are fluorescent under UV light (360nm).
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium that contains cetrimide and nalidixic acid.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CEEQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bd.com%2Feurope%2Fregulatory%2FAssets%2FIFU%2FHB%2FCE%2FBA%2FBA-257165.pdf&ei=L0_ZVJ6KCs-ryATu2YL4DQ&usg=AFQjCNH2fsKGxD4irxeJNurPKjLHCctpjA&sig2=T-2Ahw_G8MVq6GlpMrCnwQ&bvm=bv.85464276,d.aWw INTENDED USE BD Dorset Egg Medium, Modified is a prepared tubed, slanted, coagulated egg medium used for cultivation, maintenance and transport of pure cultures of mycobacteria and other fastidious and nonfastidious organisms. PRINCIPLES AND EXPLANATION OF THE PROCEDURE Microbiological method. BD Dorset Egg Medium, Modified is a modification of the whole egg medium described by Dorset.1 It is a nonselective medium well suited for the growth and maintenance of pure cultures of mycobacteria.2 More recently, it has also been used for the maintenance and transport of other bacterial species, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and enterotoxigenic E. coli at ambient temperature.3-5 Beef extract and peptone provide nutrients such as amino acids and organic phosphates. Whole egg mass contains complex nutrients necessary for bacterial and mycobacterial growth and, additionally, neutralizes toxic compounds. The inspissation process during the preparation of the medium provides the necessary solidity of the medium and inactivates bactericidal compounds contained in eggs such as lysozyme. REAGENTS BD Dorset Egg Medium, Modified Formula* Per Liter Purified Water Beef Extract 3.0 Peptone 5.0 Egg Mass (from whole fresh eggs) 750 ml pH 7.2 +/- 0.3
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptone, beef extract, and coagulated egg. Used to grow Mycobacteria.
The homogenized whole egg of a chicken that has been coagulated by the process of inspissation (drying), used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murashige_and_Skoog_medium Murashige and Skoog medium or (MSO or MS0 (MS-zero)) is a plant growth medium used in the laboratories for cultivation of plant cell culture. MSO was invented by plant scientists Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog in 1962 during Murashige's search for a new plant growth regulator. A number behind the letters MS is used to indicate the sucrose concentration of the medium. For example MS0 contains no sucrose and MS20 contains 20 g/l sucrose. Along with its modifications, it is the most commonly used medium in plant tissue culture experiments in laboratorium.[1] Ingredients Major salts (macronutrients) Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 1,650 mg/l Calcium chloride (CaCl2 · 2H2O) 440 mg/l Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 · 7H2O) 370 mg/l Potassium phosphate (KH2PO4) 170 mg/l Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 1,900 mg/l Minor salts (micronutrients) Boric acid (H3BO3) 6.2 mg/l Cobalt chloride (CoCl2 · 6H2O) 0.025 mg/l Cupric sulphate (CuSO4 · 5H2O) 0.025 mg/l Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 · 7H2O) 27.8 mg/l Manganese sulphate (MnSO4 · 4H2O) 22.3 mg/l Potassium iodide (KI) 0.83 mg/l Sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4 · 2H2O) 0.25 mg/l Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4·7H2O) 8.6 mg/l Na2EDTA · 2H2O 37.2 mg/l Vitamins and organics i-Inositol 100 mg/l Niacin 0.5 mg/l Pyridoxine · HCl 0.5 mg/l Thiamine · HCl 0.1 mg/l IAA 1–30 mg/l Kinetin 0.04–10 mg/l Glycine (recrystallized) 2.0 mg/l Edamin (lactalbumin hydrolysate) 1.0 g/l Agar 10 g/l An optimum pH of 5.8 should be maintained.
A minerals-salts, solid culture medium containing ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, and potassium nitrate as major salts. Used for the cultivation of plant cells (for plant cell culture).
http://www.himedialabs.com/TD/M1801.pdf Ingredients Gms / Litre Peptic digest of animal tissue 10.000 Papaic digest of soyabean meal 3.000 Proteose peptone 10.000 Digested serum 13.500 Yeast extract 5.000 Beef extract 2.200 Liver extract 1.200 Dextrose 3.000 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2.500 Sodium chloride 3.000 Starch, Soluble 5.000 L-Cysteine hydrochloride 0.300 Sodium thioglycollate 0.300 Final pH ( at 25°C) 7.3±0.1 Principle And Interpretation Gifu Anaerobic Medium (GAM Broth) is a liquid medium for anaerobic bacteria. As this medium contains the digested serum which has hemin, it is successfully used for cultivation of anaerobic organisms such as streptococci, pneumonococci and meningococci. This medium is also suitable for blood culture (1). Anaerobic organisms require reducing condition and an absence of dissolved oxygen in the medium. Strict anaerobes obtain its energy and intermediates through oxidation utilizing hydrogen acceptors other than oxygen. Pre-reducing the medium by boiling to drive off the oxygen can expel this (2). Sodium thioglycollate and L-Cysteine are the reducing agents added in this medium to provide adequate anaerobiosis. Anaerobic bacteria vary in their sensitivy to oxygen and nutritional requirements (3). Peptic digest of animal tissue and yeast extract provide nitrogen, carbon and vitamin source. Starch absorbs the toxic metabolites produced (4). Hemin serves as essential growth factor and Sodium chloride maintains osmotic equilibrium (5).
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing L-cysteine, D-glucose, starch, the extracts of liver, beef and yeast, peptones, digested serum, and sodium thioglycollate. Thioglycollate and L-cysteine are reducing agents to provide anaerobiosis.
From: Moeller KCN Broth Base (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Moeller KCN Broth Base, when supplemented with a solution of potassium cyanide, is used in the differentiation of enteric bacilli on the basis of their ability to grow promptly in the presence of cyanide. Principles of the Procedure The addition of 0.15 mL of a 0.5% solution of potassium cyanide to each of the prepared tubes of the nutritive base enables differentiation of members of various genera within the Enterobacteriaceae family. Moeller KCN Broth Base Approximate Formula* Per Liter Purified Water Pancreatic Digest of Casein ........................................1.5 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue ..................................1.5 g Sodium Chloride ..........................................................5.0 g Monopotassium Phosphate ........................................0.225 g Disodium Phosphate ....................................................5.64 g pH 7.6
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1071.pdf 1071. PY-BROTH Polypepton 2.000 g Bacto yeast extract (Difco) 0.500 g NaCl 30.000 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 5.000 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.005 g Na2MoO4 x 7 H2O 0.005 g CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.004 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.006 g Agar 15.000 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml pH 8.0 © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of polypeptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium molybdate, copper chloride, and ferric chloride.
From: Eugon Agar (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Eugon Agar is a general-purpose medium used for cultivating a wide variety of microorganisms. Principles of the Procedure Peptones provide the nitrogen, vitamins and amino acids in Eugon Agar. The high concentration of dextrose is the energy source for rapid growth of bacteria. L-Cystine and sodium sulfite are added to stimulate growth. Sodium chloride maintains the osmotic balance of the media. The high carbohydrate content along with high sulfur (cystine) content improves growth with chromogenicity.2 Agar is the solidifying agent in Eugon Agar. Formula Difco™ Eugon Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Proteose Peptone No. 3................................................ 7.5 g Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 7.5 g Soy Peptone................................................................. 5.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 5.5 g L-Cystine...................................................................... 0.7 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 4.0 g Sodium Sulfite.............................................................. 0.2 g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 g pH 7.0
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing L-cystine, D-glucose, peptones, and sodium sulfite.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to pressure, which grows optimally at elevated pressures.
From: Eugon Broth (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Eugon Broth (Eugonbroth™) is a general-purpose medium used for the cultivation of fastidious and nonfastidious bacteria from a variety of clinical and nonclinical specimens. Principles of the Procedure Peptones supply amino acids and other nitrogenous substances to support bacterial growth. L-cystine is an essential amino acid that improves growth. Dextrose is incorporated as a source of energy and sodium chloride provides osmotic equilibrium. Sodium sulfite along with the cystine content improves growth with chromogenicity. Formula Bacto™ Eugon Broth Approximate Formula* Per Liter Proteose Peptone No. 3................................................ 7.5 g Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 7.5 g Soy Peptone................................................................. 5.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 5.5 g L-Cystine...................................................................... 0.7 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 4.0 g Sodium Sulfite.............................................................. 0.2 g pH 7.0
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing L-cystine, D-glucose, peptones, and sodium sulfite.
A barophile, which grows only at elevated pressures.
Microbiological medium ingredient, derived from the acid hydrolysis of proteins in (blood) serum.
http://www.jcm.riken.jp/cgi-bin/jcm/jcm_grmd?GRMD=13 To prepare liver extract, put 10 g liver powder in 170 ml water, keep at 50 to 60C for 1 hr, boil for 5 min, adjust pH to 7.2 and filter.
An aqueous (water) extract of the dried liver of a mammal (typically a cow), used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to pressure, which grows at elevated pressures and at atmospheric pressure.
An enzymatic hydrolysate of lactalbumin (a milk protein from cow's milk, Bos taurus) made using hydrolytic enzymes, used for the culturing of microorganisms.
http://www.neogen.com/Acumedia/pdf/ProdInfo/7465_PI.pdf Intended Use Lactalbumin Hydrolysate is an enzymatic digest of lactalbumin for use in preparing microbiological culture media. Principles of the Procedure Lactalbumin Hydrolysate provides nitrogen, amino acids, vitamins, and carbon in microbiological culture media.
Microbiological medium ingredient, derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of milk protein. An enzymatic hydrolysate of casein (a milk protein from cow's milk, Bos taurus), used for the culturing of microorganisms.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to salinity, which grows optimally at salinities of > 1.7%.
From: Hai-Qin Tan, Tian-Tian Li, Chu Zhu, Xin-Qi Zhang, Min Wu and Xu-Fen Zhu. 2012. Parabacteroides chartae sp. nov., an obligately anaerobic species from wastewater of a paper mill. IJSEM 62:2613-2617. The initial enrichment used medium Gs [containing l-1 distilled water: 10 g NaCl, 1.0 g MgCl2 . 6H2O, 0.5 g K2HPO4, 0.7 g KH2PO4, 0.025 g FeSO4 . 7H2O, 0.2 g CaCl2 . 2H2O, 1.0 g urea, 5 g yeast extract (Difco), 5 g tryptone, 1 ml trace element solution SL-10 (Widdel et al., 1983), 0.4 g L-cysteine and 0.001 g resazurin
based on phosphate buffer pH table, the pH of this medium should be around 6.7. http://www.uslims.uthscsa.edu/po4buffers.php
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing urea, L-cysteine, resazurin, tryptone, and yeast extract. Used for the cultivation of Parabacteroides chartae.
From: ATCC Medium 2734 Trace element solution SL10 The components of the trace element solutions SL10 (Widdel et al. 1983) are added and dissolved in the order listed. 25% HCl……………………………………………….10 ml FeCl2x4H2O………………………………………….1.5 g CoCl2x6H2O………………………………………….190 mg MnCl2x4H2O………………………………………….100 mg ZnCl2…………………………………………………..70 mg H3BO3………………………………………………….6 mg Na2MoO4x2H2O……………………………………..36 mg NiCl2x6H2O…………………………………………..24 mg CuCl2x2H2O………………………………………….2 mg DI Water……………………………………………….1000 ml The trace element solution is autoclaved under air, in 25 ml aliquots in 50 ml screw-capped bottles. Large stocks do not need to be sterilized for storage.
A trace elements solution containing hydrochloric acid, ferrous chloride, cobalt chloride, manganese chloride, zinc chloride, boric acid, sodium molybdate, nickel chloride, and copper chloride.
Undefined mixture of complex organic compounds derived from animal, fish, plant materials or soil, produced by the process of aqueous extraction (extraction using water, such as hot water). Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from aqueous extracts
Halophilies, which only growt at salinities of > 1.7%.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to salinity, which can grow at salinities of > 1.7% or at lower salinities.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to temperature, which grows optimally at moderate temperatures (20-45˚C), but can tolerate higher temperatures.
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of polypeptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium molybdate, copper chloride, ferric chloride and agar.
A microbiological culture medium containing mild reducing agents (sodium thioglycollate or L-cysteine) which maintain a moderately low redox and hence promote the growth of facultative anaerobes.
mildly reducing microbiological culture medium
A microbiological culture medium containing strong reducing agents (such as sodium sulfide) which maintain a very low redox and hence promote the growth of anaerobes and strict anaerobes.
strongly reducing microbiological culture medium
Culture medium quality with respect to the concentration of hydrogen ions, on a logarithmic scale.
Culture medium where the pH value is below 4.0.
Culture medium where the pH value is below 6.5.
Culture medium where the pH value is between 6.5 and 7.5.
Culture medium where the pH value is above 7.5.
Culture medium where the pH value is above 10.0.
Strongly reducing conditions dominated by the presence of cysteine, glutathione, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, sodium sulfide (hydrogen sulfide), dithionite, or titanium citrate.
Weakly reducing conditions dominated by the presence of organosulfides or thiosulfate as the reducing agent, but not sodium sulfide or hydrogen sulfide. zzzz
Oxidizing conditions due to the presence of oxygen.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to pH, which grows optimally at extremely acidic pH values (pH <4).
Prokaryote specialized with respect to pH, which grows optimally at moderately acidic pH values (pH 4-6).
Prokaryote specialized with respect to pH, which grows optimally at extremely alkaline pH values (pH >10).
Prokaryote specialized with respect to pH, which grows optimally at moderately alkaline pH values (pH 8-10).
Prokaryotic physiologically differentiated cell, where the cell is specialized with resect to its optimal growth pH.
prokaryote specialized with respect to pH
A microbiological culture medium lacking reducing agents (such as thioglycollate, L-cysteine, or sodium sulfide) while also having oxygen present. Promotes the growth of facultative anaerobes and aerobes.
oxidizing microbiological culture medium
Culture medium quality with respect to the oxidation-reduction potential of the medium.
Hyperalcidophile, only grows below pH 4.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to pH, which grows optimally at circumneutral pH values (pH 6-8).
Alkaliphile, only grows between pH 8-10.
Hyperalkaliphile, only grows above pH 10.
Culture medium where the pH value is between 8.5 and 10.
Culture medium where the pH value is between 7.5 and 8.5.
Culture medium where the pH value is between 5.5 and 6.5.
Culture medium where the pH value between 5.5 and 4.0.
Microbiological culture medium with a pH value below 4.0.
strongly acidic microbiological culture medium
Microbiological culture medium that has a pH value between 5.5 and 4.0.
moderately acidic microbiological culture medium
Microbiological culture medium with a pH value between 5.5 and 6.5.
slightly acidic microbiological culture medium
Microbiological culture medium that has a pH value between 6.5 and 7.5.
near neutral pH microbiological culture medium
Microbiological culture medium with a pH value between 7.5 and 8.5.
slightly alkaline microbiological culture medium
Microbiological culture medium with a pH value between 8.5 and 10.
moderately alkaline microbiological culture medium
Microbiological culture medium with a pH value above 10.0.
strongly alkaline microbiological culture medium
Microbiological culture medium that has a pH value less than 6.5.
Microbiological culture medium that has a pH value above 8.5.
A prokaryote which is capable of growth in the absence of oxygen. Can grow or live in the presence of oxygen.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to temperature, which grows optimally at moderate temperatures (20-45˚C), but can tolerate lower temperatures.
Microbiological reactivity to lymphatic materials assay, where the assay is for the cytolysis (lysis) of blood cells.
microbiological assay of lysis of blood cells
A microbiological diagnostic assay that tests for the inhibition of blood clotting using blood plasma.
microbiological assay of inhibition of blood clotting
A microbiological ractivity to lymphatic materials assay, which assays for the promotion of blood clotting.
microbiological assay of promotion of blood clotting
A microbiological reactivity to blood assay, to determine whether a microorganism causes blood cells to clump or a microorganism can adhere to blood cells.
microbiological assay of binding to blood cells
Wikipedia:hemolysis_(microbiology) An assay for the capability of a microorganism to lyse red blood cells (hemolysis, haemolysis). Hemolysis is induced by the secretion of various hemolysins by particular pathogenic strains of bacteria. Hemolysins can be proteins or lipids which act by disrupting the membranes of red blood cells.
A process of cytolysis, where a microorganism secretes a protein(s) which results in the formation of a pore in the membranes of erythrocytes (red blood cells) or leucocytes (white blood cells) and thus causing the cells to lyse.
A process of hemolysis, where a protein secreted by a microorganism results in the formation of a pore in the membranes of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and thus causing the cells to lyse.
A process of hemolysis, where a protein (beta-hemolysin) secreted by a microorganism results in the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in erythrocytes (red blood cells) and thus causing the cells to lyse.
A process of hemolysis, where a protein (gamma-hemolysin) secreted by a microorganism results in the formation of a pore in the membranes of leukocytes (white blood cells) and thus causing the cells to lyse.
From: Dalla Serra M, Coraiola M, Viero G, Comai M, Potrich C, Ferreras M, Baba-Moussa L, Colin DA, Menestrina G, Bhakdi S, Prévost G. 2005. Staphylococcus aureus bicomponent gamma-hemolysins, HlgA, HlgB, and HlgC, can form mixed pores containing all components. J Chem Inf Model 45(6):1539-45. Staphylococcal gamma-hemolysins are bicomponent toxins forming a protein family with leucocidins and alpha-toxin. Two active toxins (AB and CB) can be formed combining one of the class-S components, HlgA or HlgC, with the class-F component HlgB. These two gamma-hemolysins form pores with marked similarities to alpha-toxin in terms of conductance, nonlinearity of the current-voltage curve, and channel stability in the open state. AB and CB pores, however, are cation-selective, whereas alpha-toxin is anion-selective. gamma-Hemolysins' pores are hetero-oligomers formed by three or four copies of each component (indicated as 3A3B and 3C3B or 4A4B and 4C4B). Point mutants located on a beta-strand of the class-S component that forms part of the protomer-protomer contact region can prevent oligomer assembly. Interestingly, these mutants inhibit growth of pores formed not only by their natural components but also by nonstandard components. This lead to the hypothesis that mixed ABC pores could also be formed. By studying the conductance of pores, assembled in the presence of all three components (in different ratios), it was observed that the magnitudes expected for mixed pores were, indeed, present. We conclude that the gamma-hemolysin/leucocidin bicomponent toxin family may form a larger than expected number of active toxins by cross-combining various S and F components.
Wikipedia: hemolysin γ-Hemolysin Unlike beta-hemolysin, it has a higher affinity for phosphocholines with short saturated acyl chains, especially if they have a conical form, whereas cylindrical lipids (e.g., sphingomyelin) hinder its activity. The lytic process, most commonly seen in leucocytes, is caused by pore formation induced by an oligomerized octamer that organizes in a ring structure. Once the prepore is formed, a more stable one ensues, named β-barrel. In this final part, the octamer binds with phosphatidylcholine.[8]
A hemolysin protein secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Form pores in target blood cells.
A hemolysin protein secreted by Group A Streptococci (Streptolysin O and Streptolysin S) which causes complete lysis of red blood cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes), and lymphocytes. Also, a beta-hemolysin protein is secreted by Staphylococcus aureus which involves the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, which causes cell death.
Wikipedia: Hemolysin β-hemolysin Upon investigating sheep erythrocytes, its toxic mechanism was discovered to be the hydrolysis of a specific membrane lipid, sphingomyelin, which accounts for 50% of the cell’s membrane. This degradation was followed by a noticeable rise of phosphoryl-choline due to the release of organic phosphorus from sphingomyelin and ultimately caused cell lysis.[7]
Wikipedia:Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin Alpha-toxin, also known as alpha-hemolysin (Hla), is the major cytotoxic agent released by bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the first identified member of the pore forming beta-barrel toxin family.[1] This toxin consists mostly of beta-sheets (68%) with only about 10% alpha-helices. The hla gene on the S. aureus chromosome encodes the 293 residue protein monomer, which forms heptameric units on the cellular membrane to form a complete beta-barrel pore. This structure allows the toxin to perform its major function, development of pores in the cellular membrane, eventually causing cell death.
A hemolysin protein secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, which forms a pore in the membranes of human immune cells, in particular T-cells, monocytes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Pore formation results in apoptosis of the immune cell, resulting in cell lysis and death.
Wikipedia: Hemolysin Hemolysins (UK spelling: haemolysins) are lipids and proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells by destroying their cell membrane. Although the lytic activity of some microbe-derived hemolysins on red blood cells may be of great importance for nutrient acquisition, many hemolysins produced by pathogens do not cause significant destruction of red blood cells during infection. Although hemolysins are capable of doing this for red blood cells in vitro. As mentioned above, most hemolysins are protein compounds, but others are lipids biosurfactants.[1]
Lipids or proteins that cause the lysis (cytolysis) of blood cells or immune cells.
An organic-rich, solid medium containing animal and plant peptones and sodium chloride. Supplemented with sheep blood.
A beta protein found in Streptococcus, acts with Streptolysin S to form cell pores which cause hemolysis.
A beta protein found in Streptococcus, acts with Streptolysin O to form cell pores which cause hemolysis.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to temperature, which grows optimally at moderate temperatures (20-45˚C).
A gamma-hemolysin protein found in Staphylococcus aureus, acts with HlgB and HlgC to form cell pores which cause hemolysis.
A gamma-hemolysin protein found in Staphylococcus aureus, acts with HlgA and HlgC to form cell pores which cause hemolysis.
A gamma-hemolysin protein found in Staphylococcus aureus, acts with HlgA and HlgB to form cell pores which cause hemolysis.
Wikipedia: Light Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight.[1] Visible light is usually defined as having a wavelength in the range of 400 nanometres (nm), or 400×10−9 m, to 700 nanometres – between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths).[2][3] Often, infrared and ultraviolet are also called light. The main source of light on Earth is the Sun. Sunlight provides the energy that green plants use to create sugars mostly in the form of starches, which release energy into the living things that digest them. This process of photosynthesis provides virtually all the energy used by living things. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been fire, from ancient campfires to modern kerosene lamps. With the invention of electricity, electric lighting has all but replaced firelight. Some species of animals generate their own light, called bioluminescence. For example, fireflies use light to locate mates, and vampire squids use it to hide themselves from prey.
Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun that reaches the surface of the Earth.
From: Worden AZ, Follows MJ, Giovannoni SJ, Wilken S, Zimmerman AE, Keeling PJ. 2015. Rethinking the marine carbon cycle: Factoring in the multifarious lifestyles of microbes. Science 347, DOI: 10.1126/science.1257594. (ii) Osmotrophy: Cells take up organic material from the external environment as small molecules or macromolecules.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the carbon or energy sources are organic compounds.
From: Worden AZ, Follows MJ, Giovannoni SJ, Wilken S, Zimmerman AE, Keeling PJ. 2015. Rethinking the marine carbon cycle: Factoring in the multifarious lifestyles of microbes. Science 347, DOI: 10.1126/science.1257594. (i) Primary producer: Generates organic carbon by photosynthesis and CO2 fixation (the role traditionally played by phytoplankton).
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where carbon dioxide is the source of carbon.
A prokaryotic differentiated cell that carries out a specific metabolic role, and is therefore metabolically differentiated.
prokaryotic metabolically differentiated cell
A prokaryotic cell, where the width of the cell is between 2 and 20 microns (um).
Wikipedia: Autotroph An autotroph[α] ("self-feeding", from the Greek autos "self" and trophe "nourishing") or "producer", is an organism that produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) from simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis). They are the producers in a food chain, such as plants on land or algae in water, in contrast to heterotrophs as consumers of autotrophs. They do not need a living energy or organic carbon source. Autotrophs can reduce carbon dioxide to make organic compounds for biosynthesis and also create a store of chemical energy. Most autotrophs use water as the reducing agent, but some can use other hydrogen compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. Phototrophs (green plants and algae), a type of autotroph, convert physical energy from sunlight into chemical energy in the form of reduced carbon.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of autotrophy, where carbon dioxide is the source of carbon.
A prokaryotic cell, where the width of the cell is between 0.2 and 2 microns (um).
A mesophile which can only grow at moderate temperatures (20-40˚C).
Prokaryote specialized with respect to temperature, which grows optimally at depressed temperatures (< 20˚C).
From: Worden AZ, Follows MJ, Giovannoni SJ, Wilken S, Zimmerman AE, Keeling PJ. 2015. Rethinking the marine carbon cycle: Factoring in the multifarious lifestyles of microbes. Science 347, DOI: 10.1126/science.1257594. (viii) Symbioses: Defined here as mutualistic relationships where one species lives on or within another species (Fig. 3 inset shows a diatom with N2-fixing cyanobacteria on its spines).
Wikipedia: Heterotroph A heterotroph (/ˈhɛtərɵtroʊf/; ἕτερος heteros = "another", "different" and τροφή trophe = "nutrition") is an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth.[1][2] Heterotrophs can be further divided based on how they obtain energy; if the heterotroph uses light for energy, then it is considered a photoheterotroph, while if the heterotroph uses chemical energy, it is considered a chemoheterotroph.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of heterotrophy where the carbon or energy sources are organic compounds.
Wikipedia: Plankton Plankton (singular plankter) are a diverse group of organisms that live in the water column and cannot swim against a current.[1] They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales. These organisms include drifting animals, protists, archaea, algae, or bacteria that inhabit the pelagic zone of oceans, seas, or bodies of fresh water; that is, plankton are defined by their ecological niche rather than phylogenetic or taxonomic classification. Though many planktonic species are microscopic in size, plankton includes organisms covering a wide range of sizes, including large organisms such as jellyfish.[2] The adjective planktonic is widely used in both the scientific and popular literature, and is a generally accepted term. However, from the standpoint of formal grammar the less commonly used planktic is more strictly the correct adjective. When deriving English words from their Greek or Latin roots the gender specific ending (in this case "-on," which indicates the word is neuter) is normally dropped, using only the root of the word in the derivation.[7]
An environmental system occupied by a microorganism that floats in a column of water, where the organisms cannot actively swim against the current.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of phototrophy, where light is the energy source.
Wikipedia: Lithotroph Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration.[1] Known chemolithotrophs are exclusively microbes; no known macrofauna possesses the ability to utilize inorganic compounds as energy sources. Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called "prokaryotic symbionts". An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in giant tube worms or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms. Lithotrophs belong to either the domain Bacteria or the domain Archaea. The term "lithotroph" was created from the Greek terms 'lithos' (rock) and 'troph' (consumer), meaning "eaters of rock". Many lithoautotrophs are extremophiles, but this is not universally so. Different from a lithotroph is an organotroph, an organism which obtains its reducing agents from the catabolism of organic compounds.
A prokaryotic respiratory metabolic process where the oxidation and reduction of inorganic chemical compounds is the energy source.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of mixotrophy, where phototrophy and heterotrophy co-occur at the same instance in time.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of respiration, which involves the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds and involves an electron transport chain.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where carbon dioxide is the source of carbon.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where light is the energy source, and the electron donor is an inorganic compound.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the oxidation and reduction of inorganic chemical compounds is the energy source.
Crystalline cellulose comprised of microcrystalline or nanocrystalline cellulose fibers, commercially purified and prepared as filter paper.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium167.pdf 167. SPOROCYTOPHAGA MEDIUM NaNO3 2.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 g KCl 0.50 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 6.00 mg KH2PO4 0.14 g K2HPO4 1.20 g Yeast extract 0.02 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. Place a strip of sterile filter paper into a culture tube containing 5 ml of medium, thereby leaving 1 - 2 cm of the strip outside of the medium. For DSM 11118 it is recommended to use the following modified medium for the reactivation of freeze-dried samples: Prepare agar plates of medium 167 by supplementing medium with 1.5% (w/v) agar. Place 4 pieces of sterile filter paper on each agar plate. Suspend freeze-dried content of the inner vial of one ampoule with 0.5 ml of liquid medium 167 and inoculate each piece of the filter paper with 1 large drop of the cell suspension. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A liquid minerals salt medium containing sodium nitrate, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, dipotassium phosphate, potassium dibasic phosphate, yeast extract, and filter paper (a source of pure microcrystalline cellulose). Used for the cultivation of Sporocytophaga.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the carbon and energy sources are organic compounds.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where phototrophy and heterotrophy co-occur at the same instance in time.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, and the electron donor is an inorganic compound.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is carbon dioxide.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, and the electron donor is an organic compound.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is carbon dioxide.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is carbon dioxide
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where light is the energy source, and the electron donor is an organic compound.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is an carbon dioxide.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
The metabolic quality of a prokaryotic microorganism.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality which involves the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds and involves an electron transport chain.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality where the carbon and energy sources are organic compounds. Is an anaerobic process which does not require an electron transport system.
A prokaryotic metabolic process that involves fermentation in the dark. Is carried out by photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality that involves fermentation in the dark. Is carried out by photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms.
A prokaryotic metabolic quality that involves fermentation in the light. Is carried out by photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of chemotrophy, where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of lithotrophy, where the oxidation and reduction of inorganic chemical compounds is the energy source.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of fermentation, where the carbon and energy sources are organic compounds. Is an anaerobic process which does not require an electron transport system.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of fermentation in the dark. Is carried out by photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of fermentation in the light. Is carried out by photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of chemolithotrophy, where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, and the electron donor is an inorganic compound.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of chemolithoautotrophy, where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is carbon dioxide.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of chemolithoheterotrophy, where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of chemoorganotrophy, where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, and the electron donor is an organic compound.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of chemoorganoautotrophy, where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is carbon dioxide.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of chemoorganoheterotrophy, where the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of photolithotrophy, where light is the energy source, and the electron donor is an inorganic compound.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of photolithoautotrophy, where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is carbon dioxide
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of photolithoorganotrophy, where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an inorganic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of photoorganotrophy, where light is the energy source, and the electron donor is an organic compound.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of photoorganoautotrophy, where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is an carbon dioxide.
A prokaryote capable of carrying out the role of photoorganoheterotrophy, where light is the energy source, the electron donor is an organic compound, and the carbon source is an organic compound.
A prokaryote which is either an aerobe, anaerobe, or facultative anaerobe.
A prokaryote which is capable of growth in the presence of oxygen.
A prokaryote which is capable of growth in the presence of oxygen, where the oxygen concentration is less than atmospheric levels.
A prokaryote which is capable of growth in the presence of oxygen. Is incapable of anaerobic growth (growth in the absence of oxygen).
A prokaryote which is capable of growth in the absence of oxygen.
A colony having distinct morphology that manifests in the appearance of the relative position of the parts of the colony.
A prokaryote which is capable of growth in the absence of oxygen. Cannot grow or live in the presence of oxygen.
A prokaryote which is capable of growth in the presence of oxygen or in the absence of oxygen.
A prokaryotic colony that has a distinct process quality characteristics.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where a microorganism grows (undergoes cell division) in the presence or absence of oxygen.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the organism is capable of aerobic growth if oxygen is present and is capable of anaerobic growth if oxygen is absent.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the organism grows in the absence of oxygen.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where an anaerobic microorganism can grow in the presence of oxygen, but cannot use oxygen as an energy source.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the organism grows in the absence of oxygen. Cannot grow or live in the presence of oxygen.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the organism grows in the presence of oxygen.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the organism grows in the presence of oxygen. Is incapable of anaerobic growth (growth in the absence of oxygen). Uses only oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.
A prokaryotic metabolic process where the organism grows in the presence of oxygen, where the oxygen concentration is less than atmospheric levels. Can use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor through the process of aerobic respiration. Can also have anaerobic metabolic capabilities.
Quality of a microbiological culture medium.
zzzz *-7 and above labels have not been submitted to ChEBI as new terms yet. The numbers at the end of the temporary class labels help map entities in logical axioms, once the classes have been entered into ChEBI.
A psychrophile which can only grow at depressed temperatures (<20˚C).
Prokaryote specialized with respect to temperature, which grows optimally at elevated temperatures (45-85˚C).
Prokaryote specialized with respect to temperature, which grows optimally at elevated temperatures (>85˚C).
A thermophile which can only grow at elevated temperatures (45-85˚C).
A hyperthermophile which can only grow at elevated temperatures (>85˚C).
Prokaryotic differentiated cell, where the cell is specialized to a particular physical condition with respect to temperature, salinity, or pressure.
prokaryotic physiologically differentiated cell
The optimal growth temperature of a prokaryotic microorganism, which is the temperature at which it undergoes the most rapid pace of growth and cell division.
Cyanobacterial filament where the position of akinetes is differentiated with respect to the physical position of heterocytes.
differentiated akinete position relative to heterocytes
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of a potentially growth inhibiting inorganic chemical.
A prokaryotic physiological quality relating the optimal pH of a particular strain of prokaryotes. When these preferred conditions are met, the organism will exhibit cell division.
pH optimum quality, where growth rates at circumneutral pH values (pH 6-8) are higher than growth rates at other pH values.
pH optimum quality, where growth rates at moderately alkaline pH values (pH 8-10) are higher than growth rates at other pH values.
pH optimum quality, where growth rates at highly acidic pH values (pH < 4) are higher than growth rates at other temperatures.
pH optimum quality, where growth rates at moderately acidic pH values (pH 4-6) are higher than growth rates at other pH values.
pH optimum quality, where growth rates at highly alkaline pH values (pH >10) are higher than growth rates at other temperatures.
pH optimum quality, where growth rates at circumneutral pH values (pH 6-8) are higher than growth rates at other temperatures, but will tolerate lower pH values.
pH optimum quality, where growth rates at circumneutral pH values (pH 6-8) are higher than growth rates at other temperatures, but will tolerate higher pH values.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to pH, which grows optimally at circumneutral pH values (pH 6-8), but can tolerate lower pH values.
Prokaryote specialized with respect to pH, which grows optimally at circumneutral pH values (pH 6-8), but can tolerate higher pH values.
Neutrophilic, can only grow between pH 6-8.
From: Robert C, Bernalier-Donadille A. 2003. The cellulolytic microflora of the human colon: evidence of microcrystalline cellulose-degrading bacteria in methane-excreting subjects. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 46:81-89. Cellulolytic bacteria were enumerated in the basal cellulolytic (BC) medium containing, per litre: 200 ml clarified rumen fluid, 75 ml mineral solution I, 75 ml mineral solution II, 10 ml trace element solution [17], 10 ml vitamin solution [18], 10 ml volatile fatty acid solution [18], 0.5 g yeast extract, 1.0 g tryptone, 1 ml resazurin (0.1%), 1 ml hemin (0.1%), 20 ml cysteine sulfide-reducing agent, 2.5 g NaHCO3. Mineral solution I was composed of 6.0 g l31 K2HPO4 and mineral solution II contained, per litre, 6.0 g KH2PO4, 12 g (NH4)2SO4, 12.0 g NaCl, 1.2 g MgSO4, 1.2 g CaCl2. The cysteine sulfide-reducing agent contained 1.25% (w/v) each cysteine-HCl*H2O and Na2S*9H2O. A piece of Whatman No. 1 filter paper cellulose (50 mg) was added to each tube before the addition of the prereduced BC medium (10 ml per tube). After incubation at 37˚C for 21 days, cellulose utilisation in the culture tubes of each dilution inoculated (10^3-10^9) was detected visually by noting degradation of the filter paper. [17] Balch, W.E., Fox, G.E., Magrum, L.J., Woese, C.R. and Wolfe, R.S. (1979) Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group. Microbiol. Rev. 43, 260-296. [18] Scott, H.W. and Dehority, B.A. (1965) Vitamin requirements of several cellulolytic bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 89, 1169-1175.
From: Scott HW, Dehority BA. 1965. Vitamin requirements of several cellulolytic rumen bacteria. J Bacteriol 89(5):1169-1175. Volatile Fatty Acids, from Table 1 (mg per 100 mL): Acetic acid 133.0 Isobutyric acid 6.6 Isovaleric acid 8.0 Valeric acid 8.0
A liquid, mineral-salts microbiological culture medium. Used to support the autotrophic growth of cellulolytic bacteria that also require rumen fluid. Contains rumen fluid, minerals salts, Balch trace element solution, vitamins, volatile fatty acids, yeast extract, tryptone, resazurin, hemin, cystine hydrochloride, sodium sulfide, sodium bicarbonate and filter paper (as a cource of cellulose).
From: Balch WE et al, 1979. Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group. Microbiol Rev 43(2):260. 10 mL trace minerals (pH to 7.0 with KOH; per liter: nitrilotriacetic acid, 1.5 g; MgSO4x7H2O, 3.0 g; MnSO4x2H2O, 0.5 g; NaCl, 1.0 g; FeSO4x7H2O, 0.1g; CoSO4 or CoCl2, 0.1 g; CaCl2x2H2O, 0.1 g; ZnSO4, 0.1 g; CuSO4x5H2O, 0.01 g; AlK(SO4)2, 0.01 g; H3BO3, 0.01 g; Na2MoO4x2H2O, 0.01g); dissolve nitrilotriacetic acid with KOH to pH 6.5 then proceed to add minerals)
A trace elements solution containing KOH, nitrilotriacetic acid, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, manganese sulfate dihydrate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, cobalt sulfate (or cobalt chloride), calcium dichloride dihydrate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate pentahydrate, aluminum potassium sulfate, boric acid, and disodium molybdate dihydrate.
ATCC medium: 1257 ETSA medium Trypticase Soy Agar (BD 211043)...40.0 g Yeast extract......................1.0 g Agar...............................4.0 g KNO3 ...............................0.5 g Sodium lactate, 60% syrup..........1.3 ml Sodium succinate...................0.5 g Sodium formate.....................0.5 g Hemin Solution (see below).........1.0 ml Distilled water..................924.0 ml Autoclave the above solution at 121C for 15 minutes. Cool to 55C. Aseptically add the following, freshly prepared, filter-sterilized solutions in the order listed: Menadione Solution (see below).....2.0 ml 4% L-Cysteine . HCl...............10.0 ml 0.5% Dithiothreitol (DTT).........10.0 ml 10% Glucose.......................10.0 ml 1% Sodium fumarate.................2.0 ml 4% Na2CO3 .........................10.0 ml Defibrinated sheep blood..........30.0 ml This medium solidifies very quickly and should be maintained at 50-55C while dispensing. Aseptically tube the sterile completed medium under an anaerobic atmosphere of 80% N2, 10% CO2, 10% H2. Plug the tubes with butyl rubber stoppers. A note of caution: Hydrogen gas can be explosive in the concentration used in preparing this medium. Gas tanks should be equipped with spark arrestors. Hemin Solution: KOH................................1.12 g 95% Ethanol......................100.0 ml Hemin............................200.0 mg Distilled water..................100.0 ml Dissolve KOH in water. Add ethanol and hemin. Menadione Solution: Menadione (Vitamin K3)............50.0 mg 95% Ethanol.......................50.0 ml Distilled water...................50.0 ml Dissolve menadione in ethanol; then add water. Filter-sterilize solution.
A solid, organic rich culture medium based on trytic soy agar. Also contains additional yeast extract, potassium nitrate, sodium lactate, sodium succinate, sodium formate, hemin, menadione (vitamin K3), L-cysteine, dithiothreitol, glucose, sodium fumarate, sodium carbonate, and defibrinated sheep's blood. Prepared under an atmosphere of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
The optimal growth salinity (osmolarity) of a prokaryotic microorganism, which is the salinity (osmolarity) at which it undergoes the most rapid pace of growth and cell division.
The optimal growth pH of a prokaryotic microorganism, which is the pH at which it undergoes the most rapid pace of growth and cell division.
Acialkaliphilic, can only grow between pH 8-10.
Acidophilic, can only grow between pH 4-6.
Hyperacialkaliphilic, can only grow above pH 10.
Hyperacidophilic, can only grow below pH 4.
From: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/defibrinated+blood defibrinated blood - whole blood from which fibrin has been separated during the clotting process.
From:https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Sheep Blood, Defibrinated is sheep blood that has been treated to denature fibrinogen without causing cell lysis. It has been shown to be the most accurate blood preparation for the determination of hemolytic activity of streptococci.(3) Sheep blood also contains enzymes that hydrolyze V-factor, thereby inhibiting growth of V-factor dependent Haemophilus haemolyticus which potentially could be misidentified as hemolytic streptococci.(3) Defibrinated sheep blood is free of anticoagulant or preservative. Because washed cell suspensions could result in fragile, hemolyzed blood cells, defibrinated sheep blood is not recommended as a source of washed cells.
Blood medium ingredient comprised of sheep's (Ovis aries) blood that has been definbrinated (where fibrin has been removed from the blood). Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From: http://www.oxoid.com/UK/blue/prod_detail/prod_detail.asp?pr=CM0972 Typical Formula* gm/litre Peptone 16.0 Yeast extract 7.0 Sodium chloride 5.0 Starch 1.0 Dextrose 1.0 Sodium pyruvate 1.0 Arginine 1.0 Sodium succinate 0.5 L-cysteine HCl 0.25 Sodium bicarbonate 0.4 Ferric pyrophosphate 0.5 Haemin 0.005 Vitamin K 0.0005 Dithiothreitol 0.25 Agar 12.0 pH 6.8 ± 0.2
A solid, organic rich microbiological medium for the growth of anaerobes. Contains peptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride, starch, dextrose (D-glucose), sodium pyruvate, arginine, sodium succinate, L-cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bicarbonate, ferric pyrophosphate, hemin, vitamin K, dithiothreitol, and agar.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Horse Blood, Defibrinated is horse blood that has been treated to denature fibrinogen without causing cell lysis. It is used to supplement blood agar bases. It does not release V-factor hydrolyzing enzymes, and supports the growth of the hemolytic Haemophilus species. Defibrinated horse blood is free of anticoagulant or preservative. Because defibrinated horse blood may result in "incorrect" hemolytic reactions as compared to reactions on sheep blood media, definitive tests are recommended for the differentiation of group D streptococci from group A.(3)
Blood medium ingredient comprised of horse's (Equus caballus) blood that has been definbrinated (where fibrin has been removed from the blood). Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From: http://www.hopebiol.com/medium/p13HB0398.htm Formula:(g/L) peptone 20.0g glucose 5.0g Baptist yeast powder 10.0g NaCl 0.08g Cysteine hydrochloride 0.5g Calcium chloride 0.008g MgSO4 0.008g K2HPO4 0.04g KH2PO4 0.04g sodium bicarbonate 0.4g PH 7.1-7.3
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptone, glucose, and yeast powder. Also contains minerals salts.
Wikipedia: Nutritional yeast Nutritional yeast is a deactivated yeast, often a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is sold commercially as a food product. It is sold in the form of flakes or as a yellow powder and can be found in the bulk aisle of most natural food stores. It is popular with vegans and vegetarians and may be used as an ingredient in recipes or as a condiment.[1] Nutritional yeast is different from yeast extract, which has a very strong flavour and comes in the form of a dark brown paste.
An undefined organic chemical mixture, derived from deactivated, dehydrated yeast (cells or Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-aminobutyrate (alpha-aminobutyric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-aminobutyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate poly(ethylene) glycol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
poly(ethylene glycol) assimilation assay
An assay for the activity of beta-glucuronidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide. Beta-glucuronidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-MU (4-methylumbelliferone), which is fluorescent. A positive result is fluorescent; a negative result is not fluorescent.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aconitic acid (aconitate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate trans-aconitate (trans-aconitic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
An assay for the activity of beta-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Beta-galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-MU (4-methylumbelliferone), which is fluorescent. A positive result is fluorescent; a negative result is not fluorescent.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase in a microorganism which carries out the following reaction: 6-phospho-beta-D-galactoside + H2O <=> 6-phospho-D-galactoside + an alcohol
6-phospho-beta-D-galactoside 6-phosphogalactohydrolase
An assay for the activity of 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 2-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside-6-phosphate. 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase (beta-galactosidase 6-phosphate) will cleave the substrate, producing 2-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
6-phospho-beta-galactosidase assay with oNP
An assay for the activity of alpha-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. Alpha-galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-MU (4-methylumbelliferone), which is fluorescent. A positive result is fluorescent; a negative result is not fluorescent.
An assay for the activity of beta-glucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucoside. Beta-glucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-MU (4-methylumbelliferone), which is fluorescent. A positive result is fluorescent; a negative result is not fluorescent.
Test for butyrate esterase activity in a microorganism using the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-butyrate. Esterase that can hydrolyze butyrate will cleave the substrate, producing 4-MU (4-methylumbelliferone), which is fluorescent. A positive result is fluorescent; a negative result is not fluorescent.
A carboxylic ester hydrolase activity, acting on buytrate derivatives.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay, specifically analyzing for the presence of hydrolases (such as lipases or esterases) in a microorganism.
A DNse assay with uses 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-thymidine-3-phosphate as a substrate. DNase cleaves the substrate, producing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxyindole, which is oxidized into 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-indigo, which is intensely blue. A positive result is intensely blue; a negative result is colorless.
An assay for the activity of DNase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 4-nitrophenol-thymidine-5-monophosphate. DNase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
A cultured clonal cell population comprised of prokaryotic cells. Could be manifested as a colony or a liquid culture derived from a single individual (a homogenous population founded by a single individual, or clone).
prokaryotic cultured clonal cell population
An assay for bacterial hydrolytic assays which use indoxyl acetate as a substrate. In the presence of oxygen, released indoxyl will turn an indigo color indicating a positive reaction. Assays for the following reaction: Indoxyl acetate + H2O <=> Indoxyl + acetic acid
A test tube used to culture a microorganism.
A device used to culture microorganisms on solid microbiological culture medium.
A prokaryotic cultured clonal cell population housed in a test tube which uses a culture tube with liquid culture medium as a substrate to support growth.
RapID™ ANA II System, a set of specialized identification kits that contain 32 reagents designed to identify particular types of microorganisms.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Fildes Enrichment is a peptic digest of sheep or horse blood that serves as a rich source of growth factors including hemin (X-factor) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (V-factor).
Blood medium ingredient comprised of a peptic digest of sheep (Ovis aries) or horse (Equus caballus) blood, serves as a source of hemin and NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Hemin Solution is a mixture of hemin and NaOH.
A defined organic solution comprised of a solution of hemin (derived from blood) and sodium hydroxide. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Hemoglobin, Dried Bovine is used to provide hemin required by many fastidious microorganisms.
A blood medium ingredient comprised of bovine (Bos taurus) hemoglobin that has been dried (i.e. has a decreased water content), providing a source of hemin. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Hemoglobin Solution, 2% provides hemin required by many fastidious microorganisms.
A defined organic solution comprised of hemoglobin, providing a source of hemin. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Horse Blood, Oxalated is horse blood that has been treated with potassium oxalate as an anticoagulant.
Blood medium ingredient comprised of horse (Equus caballus) blood, where potassium oxalate has been added to prevent coagulation. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Horse Blood, with Heparin is whole horse blood treated with the anticoagulant heparin. Heparin-binding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been suggested to increase the organism's virulence in primary infection and in extrapulmonary dissemination(5).
Blood medium ingredient comprised of horse (Equus caballus) blood where heparin has been added to prevent coagulation. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1.pdf 1. NUTRIENT AGAR Peptone 5.0 g Meat extract 3.0 g Agar, if necessary 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. For Bacillus strains the addition of 10.0 mg MnSO4 x H2O is recommended for sporulation. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 29601 Achromobacter animicus
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium comprised of peptone, meat extract, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium10.pdf 10. ZYMOMONAS MEDIUM Bacto peptone 10.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g Glucose 20.0 g Agar if required 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing Bacto peptone, yeast extract and glucose. Used for the cultivation of Zymomonas.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium101.pdf 101. NUTRIENT AGAR or BROTH WITH NaCl Peptone 5.0 g Meat extract 3.0 g NaCl 30.0 g Agar, if necessary 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing beef extract, peptone and sodium chloride (30g/L). Used for the cultivation of general heterotrophic microorganisms.
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing beef extract, peptone and sodium chloride (30g/L). Used for the cultivation of general heterotrophic microorganisms.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium102.pdf 102. FLAVOBACTERIUM AQUATILE MEDIUM Na-caseinate 2.0 g Yeast extract 0.5 g Proteose peptone 1.0 g K2HPO4 0.5 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.4. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing sodium caseinate, yeast extract, proteose peptone, potassium phosphate, and agar. Used for the cultivation of Flavobacterium aquatile.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1000.pdf 1000. MJANHOX-NO3 MEDIUM WITH SUPPLEMENT NaCl 3.000 g K2HPO4 0.014 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.014 g NH4Cl 0.040 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.340 g MgCl2 x 6 H20 0.418 g KCl 0.033 g Fe2(SO4)3 x X H2O 0.005 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.005 mg Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.005 mg Na2SiO3 x 9 H20 0.500 g Trace mineral solution (see below) 1.000 ml Distilled water 1000.000 ml Before autoclaving, the pH of the Medium is adjusted with NaOH to 7.5-8.0. After autoclaving, the filter-sterilized vitamin solution (0.1% volume), and each of the separately autoclaved, concentrated solutions are added to the medium at a final concentration described below. Then a mix gas (80% H2, 20% CO2) is purged for 5 min. Finally, the mix gas is compressed into gas phase (> 80% volume of the tube or bottle) at 3 atm. Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 10 mM NaHCO3 0.20 % NaNO3 0.05 % Trace mineral solution: nitrilotriacetic acid 1.500 g MnSO4 x 2 H2O 0.500 g CoSO4 x 7 H2O 0.500 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.180 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.010 g KAl(SO4)2 x 12 H2O 0.020 g H3BO3 0.010 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.010 g © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, ferric sulfate, nickel chloride, sotium selenate, sodium silicate, and trace minerals. Prepared under at atmosphere of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
A trace elements solution containing nitrilotriacetic acid, manganese sulfate, cobalt sulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, boric acid, and sodium molybdate.
trace mineral solution for DSMZ Medium 1000
Undefined mixtures of complex organic compounds derived from the milk proteins (casein) of a mammal, where the casein has been complexed with sodium. Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1001.pdf 1001. BASAL MEDIUM NaHCO3 2.500 g NH4Cl 0.250 g NaH2PO4 x H2O 0.600 g KCl 0.100 g Vitamin Mix (see below) 10.000 ml Mineral Mix (see below) 10.000 ml Distilled water 980.000 ml This medium should not be exposed to direct sunlight! Add all basal medium ingredients. Bring the final volume of the medium to 1.0 liter. Dispense to appropriate culture containers. Bubble the medium with 80:20 N2:CO2 (final pH sould be 6.8 to 7.0) - approximately 10 ml of media (anaerobic culture tube) should be gassed for 5 min in the aqueous phase (bubbled) and the headspace gassed for one minute prior to sealing the container. Sterilize per usual procedure. Add electron donor (Acetate-final conc. of 10 mM-recipe below) and electron acceptor (Fe(III)NTA-final conc. of 10 mM-recipe below) from sterile, anaerobic stock solutions using a sterile syringe and needle flushed with anaerobic gas. Store out of direct light. 1.0 M Acetate Stock Solution: Add 13.6 g sodium acetate to ca. 80 ml distilled water. Bring to final volume of 100 ml. Bubble with anaerobic gas (nitrogen) for 45 min. Seal and sterilize. 500 mM Fe(III)NTA Stock solution: Add 8.2 g NaHCO3 to ca. 70 ml distilled water. Add 12.8 g of Na3Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to ca. 70 ml distilled water. Add 13.5 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O to ca 70 ml distilled water. Adjust pH to 6.5 using 10N NaOH. Bring solution to final volume of 100 ml. Ingredients will go into solution after stirring for ca. 15 min. Bubble with anaerobic gas (N2) for 45 min and then filter sterilize (0.2 μm filter) into a sterile, anaerobic, serum bottle. Vitamin mixture: Biotin 2.000 mg Folic acid 2.000 mg Pyridoxine HCl 10.000 mg Riboflavin 5.000 mg Thiamine 5.000 mg Nicotinic acid 5.000 mg Pantothenic acid 5.000 mg Vitamin B12 0.100 mg p-aminobenzoic acid 5.000 mg Thioctic acid 5.000 mg Distilled water 1000.000 ml Mineral mixture: NTA 1.500 g MgSO4 3.000 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.500 g NaCl 1.000 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.100 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.100 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.100 g ZnCl2 0.130 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.010 g AlK(SO4)2 x 12 H2O 0.010 g H3BO3 0.010 g Na2MoO4 0.025 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.024 g Na2WO4 x 2 H2O 0.025 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, vitamin mix, and mineral mix. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide. Sodium acetate and iron-NTA are then added.
A trace elements solution containing nitrilotriacetic acid, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, calcium chloride, cobalt chloride, zinc chloride, copper sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, boric acid, sodium molybdate, nickel chloride, and sodium tungstate.
A microbiological vitamin solution containing biotin, folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, thiamine, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), and thioctic acid (lipoic acid).
From: http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium220.pdf 220. CASO AGAR (Merck 105458) Peptone from casein 15.0 g Peptone from soymeal 5.0 g NaCl 5.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. Medium is identical with Tryptone Soya Agar (Oxoid Cm131). For strain DSM 21449 und DSM 21450 NaCl 10.0 g/L MnSO4 10.0 mg/L For strain DSM 5746 Methanol © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1002.pdf 1002. ECTOTHIORHODOSYNUS MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.5 g NH4Cl 0.5 g NaCl 20.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.2 g CaCl2 0.1 g Na2CO3 5.0 g NaHCO3 5.0 g Sodium acetate 1.0 g Yeast extract 0.1 g Na2S2O3 x 5H2O 0.5 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.1 g Trace elements SL6 (see medium 27) 1.0 ml Vitamin B12 20.0 μg Distilled water 1000.0 ml Prepare the NH4Cl, CaCl2, carbonate, bicarbonate and sulfide as a single sterile stock solution and add to the sterile medium after autoclaving. The pH should be adjust to 9-9.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid microbiological culture medium comprised of sodium acetate, yeast extract, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium sulfide. Used for the cultivation of Ectothiorhodosynus.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium27.pdf 27. RHODOSPIRILLACEAE MEDIUM (modified) Yeast extract 0.30 g Na2-succinate 1.00 g (NH4)-acetate 0.50 g Fe(III) citrate solution (0.1% in H2O) 5.00 ml KH2PO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.40 g NaCl 0.40 g NH4Cl 0.40 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g Vitamin B12 solution (10 mg in 100 ml H2O) 0.40 ml Trace element solution SL-6 (see below) 1.00 ml L-Cysteiniumchloride 0.30 g Resazurin(0,1%) 0.50 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.8. Boil the medium for a few minute. Bubble the medium with nitrogen gas and fill 10 ml in 15 ml tubes with a rubber septum under a stream of nitrogen gas. Autoclave at 121˚C for 15 min. Sterile syringes are used to inoculate and remove samples. Incubate in the light using a tungsten lamp. Trace element solution SL-6: ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.03 g H3BO3 0.30 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.01 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.02 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium27.pdf 27. RHODOSPIRILLACEAE MEDIUM (modified) Yeast extract 0.30 g Na2-succinate 1.00 g (NH4)-acetate 0.50 g Fe(III) citrate solution (0.1% in H2O) 5.00 ml KH2PO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.40 g NaCl 0.40 g NH4Cl 0.40 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g Vitamin B12 solution (10 mg in 100 ml H2O) 0.40 ml Trace element solution SL-6 (see below) 1.00 ml L-Cysteinium chloride 0.30 g Resazurin(0,1%) 0.50 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.8. Boil the medium for a few minute. Bubble the medium with nitrogen gas and fill 10 ml in 15 ml tubes with a rubber septum under a stream of nitrogen gas. Autoclave at 121˚C for 15 min. Sterile syringes are used to inoculate and remove samples. Incubate in the light using a tungsten lamp. Trace element solution SL-6: ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.03 g H3BO3 0.30 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.01 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.02 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, mildly reducing liquid microbiological culture medium used for the cultivation of Rhodospirillaceae. Contains yeast extract, sodium succinate, ammonium acetate, iron citrate and cysteinium chloride as a reducing agent. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1003.pdf 1003. HYDROGEN-OXYDIZING MEDIUM Place 1000 ml of anaerobic water (CO2 water) in a flask. Add the following compounds: MgSO4 x 7 H2O 7.00 g NaS2O3 2.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.48 g MgCl2 0.78 g MES 1.95 g Add solutions A, B, and D (see recipes below): Solution A 2.00 ml Solution B 1.50 ml Solution D (Trace minerals) 10.00 ml pH the media to 6.0 and gas the flask containing the media with CO2 for 20 min at least. Gas first culture tube in rack and place 5 ml of media in previous tube. Place stopper on loaded culture tube, crimp tube cap onto stopper. Autoclave the medium for 20 min., 121˚C. Add 1 ml of O2 to each tube before inoculation. After the inoculation the tubes are pressurized with H2 (138 KP). Solution A (100x solution): NH4Cl 100.00 g MgCl2 x H2O 100.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 40.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust the pH to 4 with HCl. Solution B (500x solution): K2HPO4 x 3 H2O 200.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Trace mineral solution (100x): see next page Trace mineral solution (100x): Na-EDTA x 2 H2O 500.00 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 150.00 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 100.00 mg FeSO4 x 7 H2O 100.00 mg ZnCl2 100.00 mg AlCl3 x 6 H2O 40.00 mg Na-tungstate x 2 H2O 30.00 mg CuCl 20.00 mg Ni2SO4 x 6 H2O 20.00 mg Se-acid 10.00 mg HBO3 10.00 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 10.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust the pH of the solution to 3.0 with HCl. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containing magnesium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, MES, hydrogen and oxygen. Used to support the growth of slighly acidophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria.
A trace elements solution containing sodium EDTA, cobalt chloride, manganese chloride, ferrous sulfate zinc chloride, aluminum trichloride, sodium tungstate, copper chloride, nickel sulfate, selenic acid (se-acid), boric acid, and sodium molybdate.
trace mineral solution for DSMZ Medium 1003
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1004.pdf 1004. ANAEROLINEA MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.14 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g NH4Cl 0.54 g Trace element solution SL-11 (see medium 784) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 2.30 g Resazurin 1.00 mg NaHCO3 2.50 g Vitamins solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml D-Glucose 2.20 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.25 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, glucose and reducing agents), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add solid bicarbonate and adjust pH to 7.0. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Add glucose, vitamins (sterilized by filtration), sulfide and cysteine from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. The final pH should be 7.0. For DSM 16554, DSM 16555 and DSM 17877 replace glucose with 7.20 g/l sucrose and reduce amount of yeast extract to 0.10 g/l. For DSM 16556 omit glucose and reduce amount of yeast extract to 0.10 g/l. For DSM 22659 increase amount of glucose to 5.00 g/l. For DSM 23815 replace glucose with 2.00 g/l cellobiose added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 16554 Anaerolinea thermolimosa 14523 Anaerolinea thermophila UNI-1 17877 Bellilinea caldifistulae 14535 Caldilinea aerophila DSM 14535 = NBRC 104270 22659 Caldilinea tarbellica 16556 Leptolinea tardivitalis 16555 Levilinea saccharolytica 23815 Ornatilinea apprima
A minerals-salts liquid medium containing potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, trace elements, selenite-tungstate solution, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamin solution, D-glucose, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide. Used to support the growth of Anaerolinea.
DSM 16554 is Anaerolinea thermolimosa DSM 16555 is Levilinea saccharolytica DSM 17877 is Bellilinea caldifistulae
DSMZ Medium 1004.1 -< for DSM 16554, DSM 16555, and DSM 17877
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 1004, except that glucose is omitted, sucrose is added, and the amount of yeast extract is reduced.
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 1004, except that glucose is omitted and the amount of yeast extract is reduced.
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 1004, except that the amount of glucose is increased.
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 1004, except that glucose is omitted and cellobiose added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium784.pdf 784. NATRONIELLA MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.2 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.1 g NH4Cl 1.0 g KCl 0.2 g NaCl 16.0 g Trace element solution SL-11 (see below) 1.0 ml Yeast extract 0.2 g Resazurin 0.5 mg Na2CO3 68.0 g NaHCO3 38.0 g Ethanol 5.0 ml Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.0 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 1.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Trace element solution SL-11: Na2-EDTA 5.2 g FeCl2 x 4 H2O 1.5 g ZnCl2 70.0 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 100.0 mg H3BO3 6.0 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 190.0 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 2.0 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 24.0 mg Na2Mo4 x 2 H2O 36.0 mg Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH of solution to 6.0. Dissolve ingredients except carbonates, ethanol, vitamins and sulfide. Bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature while flushing with 100% N2 gas. Add and dissolve carbonates and sulfide while gassing the head space only. Dispense and autoclave under N2 gas atmosphere. Before use add ethanol and vitamins from sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. Vitamins are sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of the completed medium to 9.5 – 10.0. For DSM 24923 omit ethanol and add to the autoclaved medium 2.0 g/l Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O from a sterile anoxic stock solution. © 2013 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 24912 Natranaerobaculum magadiense 9952 Natroniella acetigena
A minerals-salts liquid medium containing potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, trace elements, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, ethanol, vitamin solution, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Used to support the growth of Natroniella.
DSM 24923 = Natranaerobaculum magadiense Z1001
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 784, except that ethanol is omitted and sodium thiosulfate is added.
A trace elements solution containing disodium EDTA, ferrous chloride, zinc chloride, manganese chloride, boric acid, cobalt chloride, copper chloride, nickel chloride, and sodium molybdate.
From: https://catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/AnimalBloodProd.htm Washed, Sheep Cell Suspensions are stabilized preparations of concentrated erythrocytes. A working solution is prepared by diluting the concentrated suspension. It is not recommended that the suspension be washed.
Blood medium ingredient comprised of red blood cells from a sheep (Ovis aries) that have been washed. Used to support the growth of microorganisms which need washed red blood cells to grow.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium385.pdf 385. DESULFOBACTERIUM CATECHOLICUM MEDIUM Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 7.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 1.30 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 870.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 2.50 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution D: Selenite-tungstate solution (see below) 1.00 ml Solution E: Na-benzoate 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution F: Pyrocatechol 0.06 g 1 N HCl 0.06 ml Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution G: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution H: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B, D and H are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solutions E, F and G are prepared under N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. The pyrocatechol stock solution has to be prepared always freshly prior to use. Solution B to H are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 6.9 - 7.1. Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For transfers use 10 - 20% inoculum. Selenite-tungstate solution: NaOH 0.5 g Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 3.0 mg Na2WO4 x 2 H2O 4.0 mg Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containing sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, resazurin, trace element solution, sodium bicarbonate, selenite-tungstate solution, sodium benzoate, pyrocatechol (i.e. catechol), hydrochloric acid, vitamin solution, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Used to support the growth of Desulfobacterium catecholicum.
A trace element solution containing sodium hydroxide, sodium selenite, and sodium tungstate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium141.pdf 141. METHANOGENIUM MEDIUM (H2/CO2) KCl 0.34 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.45 g NH4Cl 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g K2HPO4 0.14 g NaCl 18.00 g Trace elements (see below) 10.00 ml Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Na-acetate 1.00 g Yeast extract (Oxoid) 2.00 g Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) 2.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Vitamin solution (see below) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add and dissolve bicarbonate and adjust pH to 7.0, then autoclave under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. After sterilization add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. Vitamins are prepared under N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.8 – 7.0. For incubation use 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture at two atmospheres of pressure. If the medium is being used without gas mixture overpressure then adjust pH with a small amount of sterile anoxic 1 N HCl, if necessary. Trace element solution: Nitrilotriacetic acid 1.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.00 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.50 g NaCl 1.00 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g CoSO4 x 7 H2O 0.18 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.10 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.18 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.01 g KAl(SO4)2 x 12 H2O 0.02 g H3BO3 0.01 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.01 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.03 g Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.30 mg Na2WO4 x 2 H2O 0.40 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml First dissolve nitrilotriacetic acid and adjust pH to 6.5 with KOH, then add minerals. Final pH 7.0 (with KOH). Vitamin solution: Biotin 2.00 mg Folic acid 2.00 mg Pyridoxine-HCl 10.00 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 5.00 mg Riboflavin 5.00 mg Nicotinic acid 5.00 mg D-Ca-pantothenate 5.00 mg Vitamin B12 0.10 mg p-Aminobenzoic acid 5.00 mg Lipoic acid 5.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml For DSM 1498, DSM 15558, and DSM 22353 adjust pH to 6.5. For DSM 2373 increase the amount of trypticase to 6.00 g/l. For DSM 4254 add a filter-sterilized, anoxic solution of L-histidine to a final concentration of 0.08 g/l. For DSM 7268, DSM 7466, and DSM 15558 use only one atmosphere overpressure of 80% H2 and 20% CO2. For DSM 15219, DSM 16458, DSM 18860, and DSM 21220 adjust pH to 7.5. For DSM 15558 and DSM 16458 supplement medium after autoclaving with 0.50 g/l coenzyme M (mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) added from a filter-sterilized anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. Use only one atmosphere overpressure of 80% H2 and 20% CO2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containind potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, trace elements, ferrous ammonium sulfate, sodium acetate, yeast extract, trypicase peptone, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamin solution, L-cysteine, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Used to support the growth of Methanogenium.
A trace elements solution contining nitrilotriacetic acid, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, cobalt sulfate, calcium chloride, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, boric acid, sodium molybdate, nickel chloride, sodium selenite, and sodium tungstate.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 141
DSM 1498 is Methanoculleus marisnigri DSM 15558 is Methanogenium marinum DSM 22353 is Methanobacterium petrolearium
DSMZ Medium 141.1 -< for DSM 1498, DSM 15558, and DSM 22353
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 141, except that the pH has been lowered to 6.5.
DSM 2373 is Methanoculleus thermophilus DSM 2373
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 141, except that the concentration of trypicase peptone is increased.
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 141, except that L-histidine has been added.
DSM 7268 is Methanothermobacter thermoflexus DSM 7466 is Methanothermobacter defluvii DSM 15558 is Methanogenium marinum
DSMZ Medium 141.4 -< for DSM 7268, DSM 7466, and DSM 15558
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 141, except that a decreased pressure of H2 and CO2 is used.
DSM 15219 is Methanobacterium aarhusense DSM 16458 is Methanogenium frigidum DSM 18860 is Methanoculleus receptaculi DSM 21220 is not in www.dsmz. de, TaxBrowser, or StrainInfo.
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 141, except that the pH has been increased to 7.5.
DSM 15558 is Methanogenium marinum DSM 16458 is Methanogenium frigidum Ace-2
DSMZ Medium 141.6 -< for DSM 15558 and DSM 16458
A minerals-salts liquid medium similar to DSMZ Medium 141, except that coenzyme M is added and a decreased pressure of H2 and CO2 is used.
A vitamin solution containing biotin, folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), and lipoic acid.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1005.pdf 1005. THERMODESULFOBIUM MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.78 g KH2PO4 0.75 g Na3EDTA 0.04 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.03 g NaCl 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.50 g Na2SO4 2.80 g Na-acetate 0.15 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Trace element solution SL-9 (see medium 318) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except cysteine), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and adjust pH to 5.5 with 10N H2SO4. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in suitable culture vessels (e.g. 20 ml of the medium in 50 ml serum bottles) and autoclave. Prior to inoculation add cysteine from a sterile, anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. Adjust pH to 5.5-6.0, if necessary. After inoculation pressurize vials to 0.5 bar overpressure with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containing potassium phosphate, trisodium EDTA, ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium acetate, vitamin solution, trace elements, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Used to support the growth of Thermodesulfobium.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium318.pdf 318. METHANOSARCINA (BCYT) MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.30 g NaCl 0.60 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.08 g Trace element solution (see below) 10.00 ml NH4Cl 1.00 g Yeast extract 0.50 g Trypticase (BBL) 0.50 g Resazurin 0.50 mg KHCO3 2.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Methanol 5.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, vitamins, methanol, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium in anoxic tubes under the same gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add vitamins (sterilized by filtration), methanol, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2 and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 6.8. Trace elements: Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) 12.800 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 1.350 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.100 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.024 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.100 g ZnCl2 0.100 g CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.025 g H3BO3 0.010 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.024 g NaCl 1.000 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.120 g Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.026 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml First dissolve NTA in 200 ml of distilled water and adjust pH to 6.5 with KOH, then dissolve mineral salts. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, ammonium chloride, yeast extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone), resazurin, potassium bicarbonate, vitamin solution, methanol, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Used to support the growth of Methanosarcina.
A trace elements solution containing nitrilotriacetic acid, ferric trichloride, manganese chloride, cobalt chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, copper chloride, boric acid, sodium molybdate, sodium chloride, nickel chloride, and sodium selenite.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1027.pdf 1027. YEAST STARCH AGAR (A) yeast extract 2.0 g soluble starch 10.0 g agar 15.0 g distilled water 1.0 l adjust pH to 7.3 © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic rich, solid medium containing yeast extract, soluble starch, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1026.pdf 1026. XED-AGAR Xylan 7.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g Agar 18.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml pH 7.0 © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid medium containing xylan, yeast extract, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1025.pdf 1025. MARICAULIS MEDIUM Sigma Sea salts 30.0 g NH4Cl 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Autoclave and cool the medium. Add from sterile stock solutions, 20 ml 50xPYE and 5 ml 0.2 mg/ml riboflavin (filter sterilised), and 2 ml 50% glucose per liter of medium. 50xPYE: Peptone 100.0 g Yeast extract 50.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium containing sea salts, ammonium chloride, peptone, yeast extract, riboflavin, and glucose. Used for the cultivation of Maricaulis.
An undefined inorganic chemical mixture comprised of a mixture of salts derived from the evaporation of seawater.
Inorganic compounds or mixtures of inorganic compounds added to culture media to support growth or metabolism of a microorganism. Because the exact composition of the mixture is unknown, it is referred to as "undefined".
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1024.pdf 1024. NITRATIRUPTOR AND NITRATIFRACTOR MEDIUM NaNO3 1.000 g NaHCO3 1.000 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H20 1.000 g Sulfur,powdered 3.000 g Trace vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.000 ml DMJ synthetic seawater (see medium 997) 1000.000 ml Prepare the medium under an atmosphere of H2/CO2 (80:20) without adding the vitamins and NaHCO3 in serum bottles and seal the serum tubes with butyl rubber stoppers. Steam medium for 3 hours on each of 3 successive days. To the sterile medium add, from filter sterilised stock solutions, the NaHCO3 and vitamin solution. Increase the 80% H2 + 20% CO2 gas phase pressure to 300 kPa. The final pH is 7.0. © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid medium comprised of sodium nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, vitamin solution, and synthetic seawater. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Defined organic chemical mixture which is a solution of organic chemicals in water.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium997.pdf 997. HNW MEDIUM NaNO3 1.000 g NaHCO3 1.000 g Na2WO4 x 2 H2O 0.100 mg Na2S 0.500 g Trace vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.000 ml DMJ synthetic seawater (see below) 1000.000 ml To prepare the medium, all compounds of DMJ seawater were dissolved in 1 liter of distilled deionized water, and the pH was adjusted to around 7.0 with NaOH at room temperature prior to autoclaving. After autoclaving, filter-sterilized NaNO3 solution (100 g/l), NaHCO3 solution (100 g/l), Na2S solution (100 g/l); pH 7.5) and trace vitamin solution were added. Then the tubes were tightly sealed with butyl rubber stoppers under a gas phase of 80% H2 + 20% CO2 (300 kPa). Synthetic seawater: NaCl 30.000 g K2HPO4 0.140 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.140 g NH4Cl 0.250 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.400 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.180 g KCl 0.330 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.500 mg Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.500 mg Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 0.010 g Trace mineral solution (see below) 10.000 ml Trace mineral solution: C6H9NO6 1.500 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.000 g MnSO4 x 2 H2O 0.500 g NaCl 1.000 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.100 g CoSO4 x 7 H2O 0.180 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.100 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.180 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.010 g KAl(SO4)2 x 12 H2O 0.020 g H3BO3 0.010 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.010 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.025 g Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.300 mg © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A trace elements solution containing C6H9NO6 (nitrilotriacetic acid), magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, cobalt sulfate, calcium chloride, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, boric acid, sodium molybdate, nickel chloride, and sodium selenite.
trace mineral solution for DSMZ Medium 997
An inorganic salts solution comprising a synthetic seawater. Comprised of sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, nickel chloride, sodium selenite, ferrous ammonium sulfate, and trace minerals.
DMJ synthetic seawater solution for DSMZ Medium 997
DSM strains: 15103 Persephonella hydrogeniphila 16510 Hydrogenivirga caldilitoris
A minerals-salts, liuid medium containing sodium nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium tungstate, sodium sulfide, vitamin solution, and synthetic seawater. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
A solution of inorganic (mostly non-metal) salts. Used to support the growth of microorganisms.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1023.pdf 1023. MANNING MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 6.00 g KCl 0.20 g K2HPO4 0.20 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 g Ca(NO3)2 0.02 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Solution A: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 33.40 g/l Solution B: Yeast extract 0.20 g/l Solution A is separately autoclaved and added to the medium. The medium is supplemented with Solution B (yeast extract). Medium pH adjusted by 0.1 N H2SO4 to pH 2.5 - 2.7. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts liquid medium that contains ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, calcium nitrate, ferrous sulfate, and yeast extract.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1021.pdf 1021. SODALIS GLOSSINIDIUS MEDIUM Solution A: Yeast extract 6.20 g Lactalbumin hydrolysate or Casein hydrolysate 8.10 g D-Glucose 5.00 g KCl 0.25 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.12 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g NaCl 8.70 g NaHCO3 0.15 g Agar 17.00 g Distilled water 900.00 ml Adjust pH to 8.0. Solution B: NaH2PO4 x 2 H2O 0.28 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Sterilize solution A and B separately at 121˚C for 20 min. Cool to 50˚C, then combine. To 4 parts of the above, add 1 part sterile foetal or new borne calf serum. Liquid medium should be filter sterilized instead of autoclaved. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid medium containing yeast extract, lactalbumin hydrolysate or casein hydrolysate, D-glucose, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, agar, sodium phosphate, and fetal calf serum or calf serum. Used for the cultivation of Sodalis glossinidius.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium503.pdf 503. FWM MEDIUM Solution A: KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.25 g NaCl 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 940.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: Vitamins solution (see below) 1.00 ml Solution D: Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Solution E: NaHCO3, 5% w/v solution 50.00 ml Solution F: Substrate solution (see below) 10.00 ml Solution G: Na2S x 9 H2O, 3% w/v solution 10.00 ml Prepare solution A anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Anoxic stock solutions B, C, D, F and G are prepared separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution E is prepared und 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Filter sterilize the vitamins solution. Solutions B to G are added to the sterile solution A in the sequence as indicated. Adjust final pH of medium to 7.2 - 7.4, if necessary. Seven vitamins solution: Vitamin B12 100.00 mg p-Aminobenzoic acid 80.00 mg D(+)-Biotin 20.00 mg Nicotinic acid 200.00 mg Calcium pantothenate 100.00 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride 300.00 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 200.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml For DSM 5847: Use 1.50 g/l of Na-(D/L)-3-hydroxybutyrate or 2.00 g/l D-fructose as substrate. For DSM 5849: Use 2.50 g/l of Na2-succinate as substrate. For DSM 5885: Use 1.60 g/l Na2-maleate as substrate. Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.7 - 6.8. For DSM 6779: Use 2.00 g/l of xylan or xylose as substrate. For DSM 10092: Add 0.70 g/l Na2SO4 to solution A and use 1.50 g/l Na-propionate as substrate. Reduce the amount of sulfide to 0.10 g/l and use 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) for reduction of the medium prior to inoculation. For DSM 11046: Add 1.70 g/l NaNO3 to solution A and use 1.25 g/l taurine as substrate. For DSM 11261: Add 1.00 g/l yeast extract to solution A and use 2.00 g/l Na-glycolate as substrate. For DSM 11262: Add 1.00 g/l yeast extract to solution A and use 2.50 g/l Na-(D/L)-3-hydroxybutyrate as substrate. For DSM 11263 and DSM 11489: Use 0.82 g/l Na-acetate and 3.20 g/l Na2-fumarate as substrates. For DSM 11270: Use 2.50 g/l taurine as substrate. For DSM 11480: Use 1.80 g/l D-glucose as substrate added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 12018: Use 0.20 g/l yeast extract and 2.66 g/l L-aspartic acid as substrates. For DSM 13305: Add 1.00 g/l yeast extract to solution A. Use 5.00 g/l D-fructose as substrate. For DSM 14424 and DSM 28450: Use 5.00 g/l glucose and 2.00 g/l yeast extract as substrates. For DSM 15206: Use 2.00 g/l yeast extract and 2.00 g/l Trypticase peptone as substrates. For DSM 15978 and DSM 27305: Use 2.00 g/l trimethylamine hydrochloride and 0.60 g/l methanol as substrates and adjust pH of the medium to 6.5 - 7.0. After inoculation add 10 ml/l of a sterile, anoxic stock solution of FeSO4 x 7 H2O (0.2% w/v). For DSM 16082: Add 1.40 g/l Na2SO4 to solution A. Distribute aliquots of 50 ml solution A in 120 ml serum bottles, autoclave and complete medium with solutions B to G. Use as substrate 1.00 ml of a 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (Aldrich) solution containing 1.5% m-xylene. Prior to inoculation add to the completed medium 0.53 ml of a sterile, anoxic stock solution of FeSO4 x 7 H2O (8% w/v) in 0.25 N H2SO4. Adjust pH of the completed medium to 7.2, if necessary. For DSM 21662: Replace solution B and D with the trace elements solution of medium 141, solution C with the vitamins solution of medium 141 and omit solution G. Use 1.36 g/l Na-acetate as substrate. Prior to inoculation 1.22 g/l Na-perchlorate is added from a sterile anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 24856: Add 0.85 g/l NaNO3 to solution A. Use 0.10 g/l yeast extract and 1.10 g/l Na-pyruvate as substrates. Na-pyruvate is added to the autoclaved medium from a sterile anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 24984: Use 0.80 g/l Na-acetate and 3.10 g/l Na2HAsO4 x 7 H2O as substrates. Na2-arsenate is added to the autoclaved medium from a sterile anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 25964 Aminivibrio pyruvatiphilus 19636 Ammonifex thiophilus 11045 Bilophila wadsworthia 11046 Castellaniella denitrificans 5847 Clostridium homopropionicum DSM 5847 11261 Lachnospiraceae bacterium 19gly4 15206 Clostridium tunisiense TJ 6779 Cytophaga xylanolytica 5651 Desulfococcus biacutus 16082 Desulfotomaculum sp. Ox39 11493 Desulfovibrio 11489 Geobacter 11263 Geovibrio thiophilus 21662 Magnetospirillum bellicus 15978 Methanomethylovorans hollandica DSM 15978 27305 Methanomethylovorans uponensis 14424 Opitutus sp. VeGlc2 15970 Parasporobacterium paucivorans DSM 15970 12018 Propionivibrio pelophilus DSM 12018 5849 Propionivibrio 24984 Seleniivibrio woodruffii 24856 Thermoanaerobaculum aquaticum 11262 Peptostreptococcaceae bacterium 19gly3
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containing potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, resazurin, trace elements, vitamin solution, selenite-tungstate solution, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
A vitamin solution comprised of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), biotin, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, and thiamine hydrochloride.
seven vitamins solution for DSMZ medium 503
DSM 5847 is Clostridium homopropionicum DSM 5847
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except adds 3-hydroxybutyrate or D-fructose as a substrate.
Wikipedia: Fetal bovine serum Fetal bovine serum (FBS) or fetal calf serum is the blood fraction remaining after the natural coagulation of blood, followed by centrifugation to remove any remaining red blood cells.[1] Fetal bovine serum comes from the blood drawn from a bovine fetus via a closed system of collection at the slaughterhouse. Fetal bovine serum is the most widely used serum-supplement for the in vitro cell culture of eukaryotic cells. This is due to it having a very low level of antibodies and containing more growth factors, allowing for versatility in many different cell culture applications. The globular protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), is a major component of fetal bovine serum. The rich variety of proteins in fetal bovine serum maintains cultured cells in a medium in which they can survive, grow, and divide.
A serum medium ingredient, derived from the serum (coagulated blood) from a fetal calf of a slaughtered cow (Bos taurus).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1016.pdf 1016. IDIOMARINA MEDIUM Glucose 10.0 g Proteose peptone 5.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g Malt extract 3.0 g NaCl 30.0-60.0 g Agar (if required) 18.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml DSM 16139 and DSM 16140 have been grown in medium containing 45 g/l NaCl. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 16139 is Idiomarina fontislapidosi DSM 16140 is Idiomarina ramblicola
DSMZ Medium 1016.1 -< for DSM 16139 and DSM 16140
An organic-rich, solid medium containing glucose, proteose peptone, yeast extract, malt extract, sodium chloride (45 grams per liter), and agar.
An organic-rich, solid medium containing glucose, proteose peptone, yeast extract, malt extract, sodium chloride (variable amounts, from 30 to 60 grams per liter), and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1017.pdf 1017. YPG MEDIUM Yeast extract 10.0 g/l Peptone (Difco) 10.0 g/l Glucose 70.0 g/l Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust the pH to 6.0 with dilute HCl. Solid media may be prepared by adding 15g/l agar. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid medium containing yeast extract, peptone, and glucose.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1018.pdf 1018. HALOFERAX SULFURIFONTIS MEDIUM Yeast extract 5.0 g/l NaCl 150.0 g/l MgCl2 20.0 g/l K2SO4 0.5 g/l CaCl2 0.1 g/l Distilled water 1000.0 ml pH 7.0 The medium may be solidified by adding 20 g/l agar. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic rich, liquid medium containing yeast extract, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium sulfate, and calcium chloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1019.pdf 1019. ROUF'S MEDIUM Yeast extract 5.00 g Peptone 5.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 6 H2O 0.05 g Fe(NH3)citrate 0.015 g MnSO4 x 4 H2O 0.05 g FeCl3 x 4 H2O 0.01 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Trace elements solution (see below) 1.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml pH 7.1 (adjusted with NaOH if needed) The medium may be solifidied with 17 g/l agar. Trace elements solution: Nitrilotriacetic acid 12.80 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.17 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.10 g FeSO4 x 7 H20 0.10 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.10 g NaCl 0.10 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.10 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml First dissolve the nitrilotriacetic acid and adjust the pH to 6.5 with KOH, then add the minerals. The final pH is 7.0, adjusted with KOH. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A trace elements solution containing nitrilotriacetic acid, cobalt chloride, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, manganese chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium molybdate.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 1019
An organic-rich, liquid medium containing yeast extract, peptone, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric ammonium citrate, manganese sulfate, iron trichloride, vitamin solution, and trace elements.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1020.pdf 1020. MBM MEDIUM (modified) NaNO3 0.2 g KH2PO4 0.2 g NH4Cl 0.2 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.4 g KCl 0.2 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 2.5 g SL-4 trace element solution (see medium 14) 2.0 ml Resazurin 1.0 mg Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients, except SL-4 trace element solution and sodium thiosulfate, then flush solution with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to make it anoxic. Distribute medium under same gas atmosphere into culture vessels (e.g. 20 ml in 120 ml serum bottles) and autoclave. Filter-sterilize under anoxic conditions the SL-4 trace element solution and a stock solution of sodium thiosulfate. Prior to inoculation, add the trace element solution and sodium thiosulfate to the medium, and adjust pH to 7.0 if necessary. After inoculation, pressurize culture vessels to 0.5 bar overpressure with 100% H2 gas. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containing sodium nitrate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, mangesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium thiosulfate, trace elements, and resazurin. Prepared under an atmosphere of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
http://www.oxoid.com/uk/blue/prod_detail/prod_detail.asp?pr=LP0027&c=uk&lang=EN LIVER DIGEST NEUTRALISED Code: LP0027 A biologically standardised papaic digest of liver for use as a source of nutrients in microbiological culture media. The digest is water soluble and compatible with other culture media ingredients and may be sterilised by filtration or autoclaving; thus it is suitable for use as an integral part of many culture media or as a valuable supplement. Being derived from liver this product contains relatively high levels of iron. The profile shows the characteristic even spread of peptides obtained from papaic digests.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except adds sodium succinate as a substrate.
DSM 5885 is Propionivibrio dicarboxylicus DSM 5885
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except adds sodium maleate as a substrate and adjusts the pH down to 6.7-6.8.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except that xylan or xylose is added as a substate.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except that sodium sulfate is added and sodium propionate is added as a substrate. The amount of sodium sulfide is reduced and sodium dithionite is added.
DSM 11046 is Castellaniella denitrificans
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except sodium nitrate is added and taurine is added as a substrate.
DSM 11261 is Lachnospiraceae bacterium 19gly4
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except yeast extract and sodium glycolate are added as substrates.
DSM 11262 is Peptostreptococcaceae bacterium 19gly3
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except yeast extract and 3-hydroxybutyrate are added as substrates.
DSM 11263 is Geovibrio thiophilus DSM 11489 is Geobacter sp.
DSMZ Medium 503.9 -< for DSM 11263 and DSM 11489
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except sodium acetate and sodium fumarate are added as substrates.
DSM 11270 is Desulfonispora thiosulfatigenes DSM 11270
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except traurine is added as a substrate.
DSM 11480 is "unclassified bacterium". No sequences associated with this strain. Not in Tax Browser.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except D-glucose is added as a substrate.
DSM 12018 is Propionivibrio pelophilus DSM 12018
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except yeast extract and L-aspartic acid are added as substrates.
DSM 13305 is Propionispora vibrioides DSM 13305
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except yeast extract and D-fructose are added as substrates.
DSM 14424 is Opitutus sp. VeGlc2 DSM 28450 is Fusibacter sp. KhalAKB1
DSMZ Medium 503.14 -< for DSM 14424 and DSM 28450
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except glucose and yeast extract are added as substrates.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except yeast extract and trypticase peptone are added as substrates.
DSM 15978 is Methanomethylovorans hollandica DSM 15978 DSM 27305 is Methanomethylovorans uponensis
DSMZ Medium 503.16 -< for DSM 15978 and DSM 27305
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except trimethylamine hydrochloride, methanol, and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate are added as substrates, and the pH is lowered to 6.5-7.0.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except sodium sulfate, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, m-xylene, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, and sulfuric acid are added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except trace elements solution SL-10 and selenite-tungstate solution are replaced with the trace elements of medium 141, solution C with the vitamins solution of medium 141, and sodium sulfide is omitted. Added is sodium acetate and sodium perchlorate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium330.pdf 330. RUMEN BACTERIA MEDIUM Mineral solution (see below) 38.00 ml K2HPO4 0.30 g Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) 2.00 g Yeast extract 0.50 g Volatile fatty acid mixture (see below) 3.10 ml Haemin 1.00 mg Glycerol 0.50 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Na2CO3 4.00 g D-Glucose 0.50 g Maltose 0.50 g Cellobiose 0.50 g Starch, soluble 0.50 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.25 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 960.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except carbonate, carbohydrates, cysteine, and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature while gassing with 100% CO2 gas. Add the carbonate and equilibrate the medium with the CO2 gas to pH 6.8. Distribute under CO2 gas atmosphere in rubber stoppered tubes (i.e. Hungate-type tubes) and autoclave. Thereafter, add carbohydrates, cysteine and sulfide from sterile stock solutions (prepared anoxically under 100% N2 gas and autoclaved). Adjust pH of final medium to 6.7 - 6.8, if necessary. Mineral solution: KH2PO4 6.00 g NaCl 12.00 g (NH4)2SO4 6.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.60 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Volatile fatty acid mixture: Acetic acid 4.25 ml Propionic acid 1.50 ml Butyric acid 1.00 ml n-Valeric acid 0.25 ml iso-Butyric acid 0.25 ml DL-2-Methyl butyric acid 0.25 ml iso-Valeric acid 0.25 ml © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An inorganic salts solution containing potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, calcium chloride, and magnesium sulfate.
An organic rich, liquid medium containing mineral solution, potassium phosphate, trypticase peptone, yeast extract, volatile fatty acids, hemin, glycerol, resazurin, sodium carbonate, D-glucose, maltose, cellobiose, soluble starch, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Used for the cultivation of rumen bacteria.
DSMZ Medium 330: 330. RUMEN BACTERIA MEDIUM Mineral solution (see below) 38.00 ml K2HPO4 0.30 g Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) 2.00 g Yeast extract 0.50 g Volatile fatty acid mixture (see below) 3.10 ml Haemin 1.00 mg Glycerol 0.50 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Na2CO3 4.00 g D-Glucose 0.50 g Maltose 0.50 g Cellobiose 0.50 g Starch, soluble 0.50 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.25 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 960.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except carbonate, carbohydrates, cysteine, and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature while gassing with 100% CO2 gas. Add the carbonate and equilibrate the medium with the CO2 gas to pH 6.8. Distribute under CO2 gas atmosphere in rubber stoppered tubes (i.e. Hungate-type tubes) and autoclave. Thereafter, add carbohydrates, cysteine and sulfide from sterile stock solutions (prepared anoxically under 100% N2 gas and autoclaved). Adjust pH of final medium to 6.7 - 6.8, if necessary. Mineral solution: KH2PO4 6.00 g NaCl 12.00 g (NH4)2SO4 6.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.60 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Volatile fatty acid mixture: Acetic acid 4.25 ml Propionic acid 1.50 ml Butyric acid 1.00 ml n-Valeric acid 0.25 ml iso-Butyric acid 0.25 ml DL-2-Methyl butyric acid 0.25 ml iso-Valeric acid 0.25 ml © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A defined organic solution containing a mixture the following volatile fatty acids: acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isobutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, and isovaleric acid.
volatile fatty acid mixture for DSMZ Medium 330
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1006.pdf 1006. ALLISONELLA MEDIUM K2HPO4 292.0 mg KH2PO4 292.0 mg (NH4)2SO4 480.0 mg NaCl 480.0 mg MgSO4 x 7 H2O 100.0 mg CaCl2 x 2 H2O 64.0 mg Trypticase 1.0 g Yeast extract 4.0 g DL-Histidine 7.8 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Na2CO3 4.0 g Volatile fatty acid mixture (see medium 330) 3.1 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except carbonate, fatty acid mixture and cysteine), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% CO2 gas atmosphere. Add solid carbonate, fatty acid mixture and cysteine and adjust pH to 6.0. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid medium containing potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, trypticase (trypticase peptone), yeast extract, histidine, resazurin, sodium carbonate, volatile fatty acid mixture, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1007.pdf 1007. MINERAL MEDIUM KNO3 250.0 mg KH2PO4 100.0 mg MgSO4 x 7 H2O 50.0 mg CaCl2 x 2 H2O 10.0 mg Trace elements 1.0 ml Distilled water 1000.0 ml Trace elements: EDTA 5.00 g CuCl2 x 5 H2O 0.10 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.02 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g Na2MoO4 0.03 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.03 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Final pH 5.5-6.0. DSM 15672 may be grown on either 0.5-1.0% methanol or under a gas phase of 20% methane in air. DSM 15673 supplied from the DSMZ has been grown on methanol. DSM 16984 has been grown on 20% methane in air. DSM 24478, 24479, 24480, 24481, 24492, 24493 and 24527 have been grown on 50% methane in air. Strains should be grown with shaking when grown on methane. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 24478 is not in www.dsmz.de, TaxBrowser, or StrainInfo. DSM 24479 is not in www.dsmz.de, TaxBrowser, or StrainInfo. DSM 24480 is not in www.dsmz.de, TaxBrowser, or StrainInfo. DSM 24481 is not in www.dsmz.de, TaxBrowser, or StrainInfo. DSM 24492 is not in www.dsmz.de, TaxBrowser, or StrainInfo. DSM 24493 is not in www.dsmz.de, TaxBrowser, or StrainInfo. DSM 24527 is not in www.dsmz.de, TaxBrowser, or StrainInfo.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1007, except that methane (in higher amounts) is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1007, except that methane is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1007, except that methanol is added.
DSM 15672 is Alteromonas stellipolaris LMG 21856
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1007, except that methanol, methane, and air (oxygen) is added.
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containing potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, and trace elements.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1008.pdf 1008. MARINE SPIROCHETE MEDIUM Trypticase Peptone (BD 211921) 2.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Na-Thioglycolate 1.0 g Resazurin 0.5 mg Charcoal-filtered, natural seawater 800.0 ml Distilled water 200.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except thioglycolate), boil medium for 3 min., then cool to room temperature under N2 gas atmosphere. Add thioglycolate and adjust pH of medium to 7.5 with 10 N KOH. Dispense under N2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave at 121 ˚C for 15 min. Bottled water from Biomaris GmbH can be used instead of filtered seawater. Prepare 10% cellobiose solution (10.0 g in 100 ml distilled water) under nitrogen atmosphere, filter-sterilize and add 0.2 ml to 10 ml autoclaved medium. © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid medium containing trypticase peptone, yeast extract, sodium thioglycolate, resazurin, charcoal-filtered seawater and cellobiose. Prepared under at atmosphere of dinitrogen. Used for the cultivation of marine spirochaetes.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1009.pdf 1009. TCG MEDIUM Tryptone 3.0 g Casitone 5.0 g Glucose 4.0 g Seawater (see below) 1000.0 ml Artifical seawater (ASW, eg., Instant Ocean) = 32 g seasalt disolved in 1000 ml distilled water. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid medium comprised of tryptone, casitone, glucose, and artificial seawater.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1010.pdf 1010. ARTIFICAL SEAWATER MEDIUM NaCl 26.40 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 5.70 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 6.80 g KCl 0.66 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.47 g KBr 0.09 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.25 g NaHCO3 2.50 g Na-lactate 2.30 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except dihydrogenphosphate, ammonium chloride, bicarbonate, lactate, vitamins and sulfide), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Add dihydrogenphosphate, ammonium chloride, bicarbonate, lactate, vitamins and sulfide form sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas or 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture (bicarbonate). The vitamin solutions should be sterilized by filtration. Adjust the final pH of the medium to 7.2 - 7.5. For DSM 15769 replace lactate as substrate with 0.45 g/l 3-phenylpropionate, which is added to the medium after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 100% N2.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1010, except that lactate is omitted and 3-phenylpropionate is added.
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containing sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium bromide, selenite-tungstate solution, trace elements, resazurin, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate, vitamin solution, seven vitamins solution, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1011.pdf 1011. MJ MEDIUM NaCl 30.00 g K2HPO4 0.14 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.40 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.18 g KCl 0.33 g NH4Cl 0.25 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 0.01 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml NaHCO3 1.50 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 1.50 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, thiosulfate and vitamins), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels (up to a volume of 20%) and autoclave. Add bicarbonate, thiosulfate and vitamins to the autoclaved medium from sterile anoxic stock solutions. Solutions of vitamins and thiosulfate are sterilized by filtration and stored under N2, whereas the solution of bicarbonate is prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture and autoclaved. Adjust the final pH of the medium to 6.7. After inoculation pressurize vessels to 0.5 bar overpressure with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture and add sterile air in an amount that is equivalent to a volume of 20% of the headspace. For DSM 23290 supplement medium with 2.00 g/l NaNO3. After inoculation pressurize vessels to 1 bar overpressure with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Do not add sterile air! For DSM 24660 omit thiosulfate and supplement medium with 4.00 g/l yeast extract and 4.00 g/l Trypton peptone. After autoclaving the medium is reduced with 0.30 g/l Na2S x 9 H2O added from a sterile anoxic stock solution (3% w/v) prepared under 100% N2 gas and the pH adjusted to 6.5. After inoculation pressurize vessels to 1 bar overpressure with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Do not add sterile air! For DSM 28671 omit pressurizing vials with 0.5 bar overpressure of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 28671 is described as Thiomicrospira crunogena strain SP-41 (strain is not in Tax Browser yet). Thiomicrospira crunogena
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1011, except that dinitrogen and carbon dioxide are omitted
DSM 24660 is Thermotomaculum hydrothermale
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1011, except that sodium thiosulfate and air (oxygen) are omitted. Yeast extract, tryptone, and sodium sulfide is added. Finally, the pH is made slightly more acidic (6.5).
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1011, except that sodium nitrate is added and air (oxygen) is omitted.
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containing sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, ferrous ammonium sulfate, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, and vitamins. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, carbon dioxide, and air (oxygen).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1011a.pdf 1011a. MJ MEDIUM FOR THIOBACTER SUBTERRANEUS NaCl 3.00 g K2HPO4 0.14 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.34 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.42 g KCl 0.33 g NH4Cl 0.25 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 0.01 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml NaHCO3 1.50 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 1.50 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, thiosulfate and vitamins), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels (up to a volume of 20%) and autoclave. Add bicarbonate, thiosulfate and vitamins to the autoclaved medium from sterile anoxic stock solutions. Solutions of vitamins and thiosulfate are sterilized by filtration and stored under 100% N2 gas, whereas the solution of bicarbonate is prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture and autoclaved. Adjust the final pH of the medium to 6.7. After inoculation add sterile air in an amount that is equivalent to a volume of 50% of the headspace. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1011, except that reduced amounts of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and magnesium chloride are added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1012.pdf 1012. DN BROTH Bacto Nutrient Broth (Difco 0003) 0.8 g Casamino acids 0.5 g Yeast extract 0.1 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.3 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.6 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients except calcium and magnesium chloride and adjust pH of the medium to 7.2 with NaOH. After autoclaving add calcium and magnesium from sterile stock solutions. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid medium containing nutrient broth medium, casamino acids, yeast extract, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1014.pdf 1014. THIOALKALIVIBRIO HALOPHILUS MEDIUM NaCl 175.00 g K2HPO4 1.50 g NH4Cl 0.50 g Trace element solution SL-4 (see medium 14) 1.00 ml MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g Na2S2O3 5.00 g NaHCO3 4.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, thiosulfate and bicarbonat. Fill solution in screw capped Erlenmeyer flasks (1/10 volume) and autoclave at 110˚C for 30 min. Add remaining compounds from sterile stock solutions and adjust pH of the medium to 8.0 - 8.5. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid medium containing sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, trace elements, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium bicarbonate. Used for the cultivation of Thioalkalkalivibrio halophilus.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1015.pdf 1015. YPGA Yeast extract 7.0 g Bactopeptone 7.0 g Glucose 7.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic rich, solid medium containing yeast extract, peptone, glucose, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium14.pdf 14. CLOSTRIDIUM FORMICOACETICUM MEDIUM D-Fructose 5.00 g Yeast extract 5.00 g K2HPO4 10.00 g NaHCO3 10.00 g Trace element solution SL-4 (see below) 10.00 ml Pyridoxine-HCl 1.00 mg Resazurin 1.00 mg Na-thioglycolate 0.75 g Agar, if necessary 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except frucose and bicarbonate) and sparge medium with 100% N2 gas to make it anoxic. Add fructose from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Adjust final pH to 8.0. Trace element solution SL-4: EDTA 0.50 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g Trace element solution SL-6 (see medium 27) 100.00 ml Distilled water 900.00 ml First dissolve EDTA in distilled water by adjusting the pH to 7.0 - 8.0 using a 2 M solution of NaOH; then add ferrous sulfate and the trace element solution SL–6. © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A trace elements solution containing EDTA, ferrous sulfate, and trace elements solution SL-6.
An organic rich, solid medium containing D-fructose, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, trace elements, pyridoxine hydrochloride, resazurin, sodium thioglycollate, and agar. Prepared under an atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Used for the cultivation of Clostridium formicoaceticum.
https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cell-culture/mammalian-cell-culture/fbs/other-sera/bovine-serum.html Gibco® bovine (aka calf serum) serum is collected from prime cattle with an age range of 12-36 months, but typically less than 24 months. All lots are processed and manufactured in New Zealand. Each lot of bovine serum is tested for its ability to support the growth of VERO cells over three subcultures. At each passage, the cells subcultured to the original cell-inoculation density. Results are compared to parallel results obtained using control growth medium containing a previously characterized reference serum. Bovine serum is available in a heat inactivated and non-heat inactivated format. In addition, we offer a donor bovine serum and a donor bovine serum with iron. HI serum is heated for 30 minutes at 56°C while mixing to inactivate the complement Donor bovine serum with iron contains a Ferric citrate complex at 6.0 mg/dl
A serum medium ingredient, derived from the serum (coagulated blood) from a young calf, less than 36 months old, of a slaughtered cow (Bos taurus).
DSM 24856 is Thermoanaerobaculum aquaticum
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except sodium nitrate, yeast extract, and sodium pyruvate are added as substrates.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 503, except sodium acetate and disodium hydrogen arsenate are added as substrates.
A trace elements solution containing EDTA, copper chloride, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, nickel chloride, cobalt chloride, sodium molybdate, and manganese chloride.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 1007
An undefined inorganic chemical mixture comprised of seawater that has been passed through a charcoal filter.
A water filter that uses charcoal to filter a liquid.
An inorganic salts solution that mimics sea water.
From: Instant Ocean Synthetic Sea Salt MSDS AQUARIUM SYSTEMS INC -- INSTANT OCEAN SYNTHETIC SEA SALT -- 6810-00N009578 ===================== Product Identification ===================== Product ID:INSTANT OCEAN SYNTHETIC SEA SALT MSDS Date:11/17/1986 FSC:6810 NIIN:00N009578 MSDS Number: BCSTP === Responsible Party === Company Name:AQUARIUM SYSTEMS INC Address:8141 TYLER BOULEVARD City:MENTOR State:OH ZIP:44060 Country:US Info Phone Num:216-255-1997 Emergency Phone Num:216-255-1997 CAGE:56932 === Contractor Identification === Company Name:AQUARIUM SYSTEMS INC Address:8141 TYLER BOULEVARD Box:City:MENTOR State:OH ZIP:44060 Phone:216-255-1997 CAGE:56932 ============= Composition/Information on Ingredients ============= Ingred Name:CALCIUM CHLORIDE CAS:10043-52-4 RTECS #:EV9800000 Fraction by Wt: Other REC Limits: OSHA PEL: ACGIH TLV: Ingred Name:POTASSIUM CHLORIDE CAS:7447-40-7 RTECS #:TS8050000 Fraction by Wt: Other REC Limits: OSHA PEL: ACGIH TLV: Ingred Name:SODIUM SULFATE CAS:7757-82-6 RTECS #:WE1650000 Fraction by Wt: Other REC Limits: OSHA PEL: ACGIH TLV: Ingred Name:NACL COMMON SALT CAS:7647-14-5 RTECS #:VZ4725000 Fraction by Wt: 70% Other REC Limits: OSHA PEL: ACGIH TLV: Ingred Name:MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE CAS:7786-30-3 RTECS #:OM2800000 Fraction by Wt: Other REC Limits: OSHA PEL: ACGIH TLV: ===================== Hazards Identification ===================== LD50 LC50 Mixture: Routes of Entry: Inhalation:YES Skin:NO Ingestion:NO Reports of Carcinogenicity:NTP:NO IARC:NO OSHA:NO Health Hazards Acute and Chronic:CHRONIC TOXICITY:MAY BE A MILD IRRITANT.ROUTE OF MOST DETRIMENTAL EXPOS:INHALATION,TARGET ORGANS:MUCUS MEMBRANES.SKIN,EYES. Explanation of Carcinogenicity:N/A Effects of Overexposure:NOT DETERMINED Medical Cond Aggravated by Exposure: ======================= First Aid Measures ======================= First Aid:EYE & SKIN CONTACT: RINSE WITH FRESH H*2O.INGESTION:DRINK WATER TO DILUTE.INHAL:CONTROL OF DUST TO COMFORT LEVELS IN WORK AREAS. ===================== Fire Fighting Measures ===================== Extinguishing Media:NON FLAMMABLE Fire Fighting Procedures: Unusual Fire/Explosion Hazard:NONE ================== Accidental Release Measures ================== Spill Release Procedures:SWEEP UP DRY & DISCARD.IF WET MOP UP & RINSE DOWN DRAIN. Neutralizing Agent: ====================== Handling and Storage ====================== Handling and Storage Precautions:STORE IN COOL,DRY AREA TO PREVENT MOISTURE PICK-UP. Other Precautions:NO SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS. ============= Exposure Controls/Personal Protection ============= Respiratory Protection:N/R Ventilation:N/R Protective Gloves:ADVISABLE.OVEREXPOS MAY CAUSE DRY SKIN Eye Protection:SAFETY GLASSES W/ SIDE SHIELDS Other Protective Equipment: Work Hygienic Practices:NORMAL GOOD HOUSEKEEPING PRACTICES Supplemental Safety and Health STATE:SOLID ================== Physical/Chemical Properties ================== HCC:N1 Boiling Pt:B.P. Text:NA Vapor Pres:NA Spec Gravity:1.2 pH:8.3-3% Solubility in Water:35GM/100ML Appearance and Odor:WHITE MIX,POWDER/CRYSTAL,ODORLESS Percent Volatiles by Volume: Corrosion Rate:NO ================= Stability and Reactivity Data ================= Stability Indicator/Materials to Avoid:YES Stability Condition to Avoid: Hazardous Decomposition Products:NONE Conditions to Avoid Polymerization: ==================== Disposal Considerations ==================== Waste Disposal Methods:DISPOSE OF IAW ALL FEDERAL,STATE & LOCAL REGULATIONS. Disclaimer (provided with this information by the compiling agencies): This information is formulated for use by elements of the Department of Defense. The United States of America in no manner whatsoever, expressly or implied, warrants this information to be accurate and disclaims all liability for its use. Any person utilizing this document should seek competent professional advice to verify and assume responsibility for the suitability of this information to their particular situation.
A defined inorganic chemical mixture made from a commercially available synthetic sea salt (Instant Ocean® sea salt).
An organic-rich, solid medium comprised of Baker's yeast, calcium chloride, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium2.pdf 2. BACILLUS PASTEURII MEDIUM To medium 1 add 20 g/l urea before autoclaving. Do not adjust pH; pH raises to about 8 due to heat degraded urea. For sporulation enhancement add 10 mg/l MnSO4 x H2O. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 276 Sporosarcina pasteurii 1 Sporosarcina pasteurii 317 Sporosarcina ureae L.E.1.1 320 Sporosarcina ureae L.E.P.4 2280 Sporosarcina ureae Gibson 229 40726 Sporosarcina ureae 2305 Sporosarcina ureae 2306 Sporosarcina ureae 2307 Sporosarcina ureae (none are sequenced)
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing meat extract, peptone, agar, and urea.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium3.pdf 3. AZOTOBACTER MEDIUM Glucose 5.00 g Mannitol 5.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.10 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 5.00 mg K2HPO4 0.90 g KH2PO4 0.10 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 g CaCO3 5.00 g Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 950.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. Sterilize glucose and mannitol separately (in 50 ml H2O) and add to the medium after autoclaving. Calcium carbonate in the medium serves as a buffer. The calcium carbonate will settle in agar plates before the agar has set, producing an opaque layer in the bottom. As the strain grows and acid is produced this will react with the calcium carbonate, causing it to dissolve and form zones of clearing immediately below the colonies. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 375 Azomonas agilis 89 Azomonas agilis 721 Azomonas macrocytogenes 722 Azomonas macrocytogenes 376 Azorhizophilus paspali 388 Azorhizophilus paspali 391 Azorhizophilus paspali 400 Azorhizophilus paspali 2283 Azorhizophilus paspali 88 Azorhizophilus paspali 2284 Azotobacter armeniacus 282 Azotobacter beijerinckii 373 Azotobacter beijerinckii 381 Azotobacter beijerinckii 1041 Azotobacter beijerinckii 281 Azotobacter chroococcum 328 Azotobacter chroococcum 368 Azotobacter chroococcum 369 Azotobacter chroococcum 374 Azotobacter chroococcum 397 Azotobacter chroococcum 393 Azotobacter chroococcum 398 Azotobacter chroococcum 2286 Azotobacter chroococcum 2288 Azotobacter nigricans subsp. nigricans 279 Azotobacter vinelandii 332 Azotobacter vinelandii 366 Azotobacter vinelandii 382 Azotobacter vinelandii 389 Azotobacter vinelandii 390 Azotobacter vinelandii 395 Azotobacter vinelandii 399 Azotobacter vinelandii 576 Azotobacter vinelandii 720 Azotobacter vinelandii 2289 Azotobacter vinelandii 2290 Azotobacter vinelandii 85 Azotobacter vinelandii 86 Azotobacter vinelandii 87 Azotobacter vinelandii 13529 Azotobacter vinelandii 44106 Saccharomonospora cyanea NA-134
An organic-rich, solid medium containing glucose, mannitol, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium molybdate, potassium phosphate, ferrous sulfate, calcium carbonate, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium6.pdf 6. ALLANTOIN MINERAL MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.8 g KH2PO4 0.2 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 g MnSO4 x H2O 1.0 mg Allantoin 20.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 277 Bacillus fastidiosus 278 Bacillus fastidiosus 280 Bacillus fastidiosus 283 Bacillus fastidiosus 324 Bacillus fastidiosus 325 Bacillus fastidiosus 326 Bacillus fastidiosus 1301 Bacillus fastidiosus 1305 Bacillus fastidiosus 72 Bacillus fastidiosus 73 Bacillus fastidiosus 76 Bacillus fastidiosus 77 Bacillus fastidiosus 78 Bacillus fastidiosus 82 Bacillus fastidiosus 83 Bacillus fastidiosus 91 Bacillus fastidiosus 1306 Bacillus sp. 1302 Bacillus sp. 1303 Bacillus sp. 1304 Bacillus sp. 43292 Mycobacterium vaccae 43113 Mycobacterium vaccae
A minerals-salts, solid culture medium comprised of potassium phospate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, allantoin, and agar. With the mix of potassium phosphates, the pH should be about 7.4.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium7.pdf 7. ANCYLOBACTER - SPIROSOMA MEDIUM Glucose 1.0 g Peptone 1.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 For DSM 27188 use washed agar and adjust to pH 5.0-5.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic rich, solid medium containing glucose, peptone, yeast extract, and agar.
DSM 27188 is not in StrainInfo, TaxBrowser, or www.dsmz.de.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 7, except washed agar is used instead of agar and the pH is reduced to 5.0-5.5.
Agar that has been purified/treated through the process of washing.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium8.pdf 8. BACILLUS "RACEMILACTICUS" MEDIUM Glucose 5.0 g Peptone 5.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g CaCO3 5.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 6.8. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid medium containing glucose, peptone, yeast extract, calcium carbonate, and agar.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 220, except methanol is added.
DSM 21449 is not in www.dsmz.de, TaxBrowser, or StainInfo. DSM 21450 is not in www.dsmz.de, TaxBrowser, or StainInfo
DSMZ Medium 220.1 -< for DSM 21449 and DSM 21450
Similar to DSMZ Medium 220, except sodium chloride is increased and manganese sulfate is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium11.pdf 11. MRS MEDIUM Casein peptone, tryptic digest 10.00g Meat extract 10.00g Yeast extract 5.00g Glucose 20.00 g Tween 80 1.00g K2HPO4 2.00g Na-acetate 5.00g (NH4)2 citrate 2.00g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.05g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.2 - 6.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic rich, liquid culture medium containing casein peptone (casitone), meat extract, yeast extract, glucose, Tween 80 (polysorbate 80), potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, ammonium citrate, magnesium sulfate, and manganese sulfate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium12.pdf 12. SOIL EXTRACT MEDIUM Sterilize 400.0 g of air-dried garden soil (with high content of organic matter) in 1000 ml tap water for one hour at 121˚C. Allow it to sediment for a few hours at room temperature. Centrifuge the supernatant. Add 15.0 g agar per 1000 ml to the clear supernatant solution thus obtained. Adjust pH to 6.8 - 7.0 and sterilize. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A liquid culture medium comprised of a soil extract and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium13.pdf 13. BACILLUS ACIDOCALDARIUS MEDIUM Solution A: Yeast extract 1.00g (NH4)2SO4 0.20g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25g KH2PO4 0.60g Distilled water 500.00 ml Adjust pH to 3.0 - 4.0. Solution B: Glucose 1.00g Agar 20.00 g Distilled water 500.00 ml Sterilize solution A and B separately at 121˚C for 15 min. Cool to 50˚C combine. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, glucose, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium21.pdf 21. SARCINA MEDIUM Glucose 30.0g Peptone 5.0g Yeast extract 5.0 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of glucose, peptone, and yeast extract.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium25.pdf 25. RHODOPSEUDOMONAS GLOBIFORMIS MEDIUM Yeast extract 0.25 g Mannitol 1.50 g Na-gluconate 0.50 g KH2PO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.40 g NH4Cl 0.40 g NaCl 0.40 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g Trace element solution SL-6 (see medium 27) 1.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 4.9, then add: Fe(III) citrate solution (0.1% in H2O) 5.00 ml Biotin solution (0.002% in H2O) 1.00 ml p-Aminobenzoic acid solution (0.01% in H2O) 1.00 ml Sterilize in screw-capped bottles. Cool to room temperature; to each 100 ml medium add 0.2 ml of a sterile 10% Na2S203 solution. Incubate in the light using a tungsten lamp. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, mannitol, sodium gluconate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, ferric citrate, biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), and sodium thiosulfate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium26.pdf 26. ACID RHODOSPIRILLACEAE MEDIUM Use medium 27 and reduce the yeast extract concentration to 0.2 g/l. Adjust pH to 5.7. Incubate in the light using a tungsten lamp. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 27, except the yeast extract concentration is reduced and the pH is reduced to 5.7.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium28.pdf 28. PFENNIG'S MEDIUM I Solution A: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g Yeast extrakt 0.25 g Distilled water 460.00 ml Fill 10x 46ml in 100 ml screw-cap bottles. Bubble with N2/CO2 and autoclave 121°C 15 min. (For marine or estuarine isolates add 100.0 g NaCl to this solution and increase the MgSO4 x 7 H2O to 15.0 g). Solution B: Na2S x 9 H2O 2.00 g Distilled water 135.00 ml Prepare in a screw-cap bottle, bubble with N2 to replace air, close tightly and autoclave. Solution C: NaHCO3 1.50 g H2O 50.00 ml Bubble with CO2 and filter sterilize into sterile, gas-tight, 100 ml screw-cap bottle. Solution D Resazurin (0,1%) 0.5 ml Distilled water 450.00 ml Autoclave in a cotton-stoppered Erlenmeyer flask with an outlet tube for medium, connected to a glass outlet at the bottom of the vessel and has, at the other end, a silicon rubber tube with a pinch cock and a bell for aseptic dispensing of the medium into bottles. Cool to room temperature under an atmosphere of N2/CO2 in an ice bath. Solution E: Ammonium chloride 0.35 g Ammonium acetate 0.25 g Pyruvic acid sodium salt 0.25 g Dextrose 0.25 g MgSO4x7H2O 0.50 g KCL 0.35 g KH2PO4 0.35 g Trace element solution SL-12 B 1.00 ml Distilled water 25 ml Filter sterilize into sterile, gas-tight, 100 ml screw-cap bottle. Solution F: Vitamin B12 0.01 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Filter sterilized Trace element solution SL-12 B: Distilled water 1000.00 ml Na2-EDTA 3.00 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.10 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 190.00 mg MnCl2 x 2 H2O 50.00 mg ZnCl2 42.00 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 24.00 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 18.00 mg H3BO3 300.00 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 2.00 mg Adjust pH to 6.0. Mix solution D, C and E. Bubble with CO2 in an ice bath under sterile conditions. Fill 50 ml in each bottle of solution A. Before using add 4 ml solution B and 0.1 ml solution F. Adjust the pH with filter-sterilised 1M Na2CO3 to 7.1-7.3. Fill in sterile, N2 gassed screw-cap tubes under N2 gas. During the first 24 h, the iron of the medium precipitates in the form of black flocks. No other sediment should arise in the otherwise clear medium. Feed periodically with neutralized 3% solution of sodium sulfide to replenish sulfide and with other supplement solutions (see Ref. 3365). Neutralized sulfide solution: Distilled water 100.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 3.00 g The sulfide solution is prepared in a 250 ml screw-capped bottle with a butyl rubber septum and a magnetic stirrer. The solution is bubbled with nitrogen gas, closed and autoclaved for 15 min. at 121˚C. After cooling to room temperature the pH is adjusted to about 7.0 by adding of sterile 2 M H2SO4 drop-wise with a syringe without opening the bottle. Appearance of a yellow colour indicates the drop of pH to about 8. The solution should be stirred continuously to avoid precipitation of elemental sulfur. The final solution should be clear and is yellow in colour. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of calcium chloride, yeast extract, sodium sulfide, sodium bicarbonate, resazurin, ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, pyruvic acid sodium salt (sodium pyruvate), dextrose (D-glucose), magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, trace elements, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), sodium carbonate, and sulfuric acid. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium28a.pdf 28a. THIORHODOCOCCUS MEDIUM supplement medium 28 with NaCl (2%), MgCl2 x 6 H2O (0.1%) and sodium thiosulfate (0.05%). Incubate at 500 to 1000 lux light intensity. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 28, except sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, and sodium thiosulfate are added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium28b.pdf 28b. THIORHODOCOCCUS MEDIUM II Supplement Medium 28 with NaCl 1.50 % Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 0.05 % MgCl x 6 H2O 0.25 % Adjust to pH 7.5, anaerobic incubation under nitrogen/carbon dioxide atmosphere; light (see medium 28). © 2008 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 28, except sodium chloride, sodium thiosulfate, and magnesium chloride are added. pH is increased to 7.5
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium29.pdf 29. PFENNIG'S MEDIUM II Solution A: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g Yeast extrakt 0.25 g Distilled water 460.00 ml Fill 10x 46ml in 100 ml screw-cap bottles. Bubble with N2/CO2 and autoclave 121°C 15 min. (For marine or estuarine isolates add 100.0 g NaCl to this solution and increase the MgSO4 x 7 H2O to 15.0 g). Solution B: Na2S x 9 H2O 2.00 g Distilled water 135.00 ml Prepare in a screw-cap bottle, bubble with N2 to replace air, close tightly and autoclave. Solution C: NaHCO3 1.50 g H2O 50.00 ml Bubble with CO2 and filter sterilize into sterile, gas-tight, 100 ml screw-cap bottle. Solution D Resazurin (0,1%) 0.5 ml Distilled water 450.00 ml Autoclave in a cotton-stoppered Erlenmeyer flask with an outlet tube for medium, connected to a glass outlet at the bottom of the vessel and has, at the other end, a silicon rubber tube with a pinch cock and a bell for aseptic dispensing of the medium into bottles. Cool to room temperature under an atmosphere of N2/CO2 in an ice bath. Solution E: Ammonium chloride 0.35 g Ammonium acetate 0.25 g Pyruvic acid sodium salt 0.25 g Dextrose 0.25 g MgSO4x7H2O 0.50 g KCL 0.35 g KH2PO4 0.35 g Trace element solution SL-10 B 1.00 ml Distilled water 25 ml Filter sterilize into sterile, gas-tight, 100 ml screw-cap bottle. Solution F: Vitamin B12 0.01 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Filter sterilized Trace element solution SL-10 B: Distilled water 1000.0 ml HCl (25%) 7.7 ml FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.5 g ZnCl2 70.0 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 100.0 mg H3BO3 300.0 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 190.0 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 2.0 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 24.0 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 36.0 mg Mix solution D, C and E. Bubble with CO2 in an ice bath under sterile conditions. Fill 50 ml in each bottle of solution A. Before using add 4 ml solution B and 0.1 ml solution F. Adjust the pH with filter-sterilised 1M Na2CO3 to 6.8 -7.1. Fill in sterile, N2 gassed screw-cap tubes under N2 gas. During the first 24 h, the iron of the medium precipitates in the form of black flocks. No other sediment should arise in the otherwise clear medium. Feed periodically with neutralized 3% solution of sodium sulfide to replenish sulfide and with other supplement solutions (see Ref. 3365). Neutralized sulfide solution: Distilled water 100.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 3.00 g The sulfide solution is prepared in a 250 ml screw-capped bottle with a butyl rubber septum and a magnetic stirrer. The solution is bubbled with nitrogen gas, closed and autoclaved for 15 min. at 121˚C. After cooling to room temperature the pH is adjusted to about 7.0 by adding of sterile 2 M H2SO4 drop-wise with a syringe without opening the bottle. Appearance of a yellow colour indicates the drop of pH to about 8. The solution should be stirred continuously to avoid precipitation of elemental sulfur. The final solution should be clear and is yellow in colour. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium29a.pdf 29a. MEDIUM FOR CHLOROBIUM FERROOXIDANS From medium 29, omit sulfide, add 10 mM bicarbonate, 10 mM FeSO4 and 2mM acetate. Adjust pH to 6.8. At 25˚C in light the incubation time is about 4 weeks. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 29, except sodium sulfide is omitted and sodium bicarbonate, ferrous sulfate, and sodium acetate are added, and the pH is decreased to 6.8.
A trace elements solution containing disodium EDTA, ferrous sulfate, cobalt chloride, manganese chloride, zinc chloride, nickel chloride, sodium molybdate, boric acid, and copper chloride.
A trace elements solution containing hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chloride), ferrous sulfate, zinc chloride, manganese chloride, boric acid, cobalt chloride, copper chloride, nickel chloride, and sodium molybdate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium39.pdf 39. PFENNIG'S MEDIUM I WITH YEAST EXTRACT To medium 28 add 0.05% yeast extract. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 28, except that additional yeast extract (twice the amount) is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium38.pdf 38. CLOSTRIDIUM STICKLANDII MEDIUM Tryptone 20.00 g Yeast extract 10.00 g K2HPO4 1.04 g KH2PO4 0.68 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.15 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except sulfide), adjust pH to 7.0, bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. After sterilization add sulfide from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium37.pdf 37. SPIRILLUM MEDIUM Peptone (BD) 10.000 g Succinic acid 1.000 g (NH4)2SO4 1.000 g MgSO4 x 7 H20 1.000 g FeCL3 x 6 H20 0.002 g MnSO4 x H20 0.002 ml Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 6.8 © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A liquid, organic rich culture medium comprised of peptone, succinic acid, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, ferric trichloride, and manganese sulfate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium36.pdf 36. THIOBACILLUS THIOPARUS MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 0.10 g K2HPO4 4.00 g KH2PO4 4.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g CaCl2 0.10 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.02 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.02 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 10.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve all the ingredients in distilled water and adjust the pH to 6.6. Sterilize by autoclaving at 115˚C for 20 min. For solid medium add 12.00 g/l purified agar after adjustment of pH. For DSM 18181: Adjust pH of medium to 7.5 and add 1.00 g/l yeast extract. For solid medium add 20.00 g/l purified agar. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric chloride, manganese sulfate, and sodium thiosulfate.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 36, except yeast extract is added and the pH is increased to 7.5.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium35a.pdf 35a. THIOMONAS INTERMEDIA MEDIUM NH4Cl 0.1 g KH2PO4 3.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.1 g CaCl2 0.1 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 5.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 5.5-6.0 and autoclave. Add sodium thiosulfate after autoclaving from a sterile stock solution sterilized by filtration. Best growth is observed in the syneresis water of slant agar tubes (20.0 g/l agar). For DSM 22701 change amount of yeast extract to 0.5 g/l and of Na-thiosulfate to 2.5 g/l. © 2011 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium containing ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium thiosulfate, and yeast extract.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 35a, except that the amounts of yeast extract and thiosulfate are reduced.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium35.pdf 35. ACIDITHIOBACILLUS THIOOXIDANS MEDIUM NH4Cl 0.10 g KH2PO4 3.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g Sulfur, powdered 10.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve all ingredients, except the sulfur, in distilled water and adjust the pH to 4.2, then autoclave. Place the sulfur in screw-capped tubes or bottles and sterilize by autoclaving at 112˚C for 15 min. Before use, aseptically layer the sulfur onto the surface of autoclaved liquid basal medium. For DSM 612 supplement medium with 0.10 g/l yeast extract (sterilized separately). © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium containing ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and powdered sulfur (elemental sulfur).
Similar to DSMZ Medium 35, except yeast extract is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium34.pdf 34. CARYOPHANON LATUM MEDIUM Yeast extract 2.00 g Trypticase (BBL) 2.00 g Soya peptone 2.00 g Na-acetate 1.00 g Na-glutamate 0.10 g Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 0.20 mg Biotin 0.05 mg K2HPO4 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.27 g Tris/HCl-buffer 10mM, pH 7.8 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.8. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium containing yeast extract, trypticase peptone, soy peptone, sodium acetate, sodium glutamate, thiamine hydrochloride, biotin, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, and tris buffer.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium31.pdf 31. ALKALINE NUTRIENT AGAR Same as medium 1. After sterilization add sterile 1 M Na-sesquicarbonate solution (1 ml in 10 ml) to achieve a pH of 9.7. Na-sesquicarbonate solution: NaHCO3 4.2 g Na2CO3 anhydrous 5.3 g Distilled water 100.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium containing peptone, meat extract, agar, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium carbonate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium48.pdf 48. TRYPTONE THIOGLYCOLATE MEDIUM K2HPO4 5.450 g KH2PO4 1.200 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.025 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.015 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.010 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 2.000 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 2.500 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 2.500 mg Glucose 20.000 g Peptone 2.000 g Tryptone 2.000 g Yeast extract 6.000 g Na-thioglycolate 0.500 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml Adjust pH to 7.5. Dissolve the glucose in 50 ml distilled water and sterilize it separately. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, manganese chloride, cobalt chloride, sodium molybdate, glucose, peptone, tryptone, yeast extract, and sodium thioglycolate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium49.pdf 49. C/10 MEDIUM Casitone 3.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.36 g Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2 before adding agar. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic rich, solid culture medium comprised of casitone, calcium chloride, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium40.pdf 40. PFENNIG'S MEDIUM II WITH SALT To medium 29 add 1% NaCl. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 29, except that sodium chloride is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium52.pdf 52. CLOSTRIDIUM KLUYVERI MEDIUM (MODIFIED) K-acetate 10.00 g K2HPO4 0.31 g KH2PO4 0.23 g NH4Cl 0.25 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 1.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Ethanol 20.00 ml NaHCO3 2.50 g Seven vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.25 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve all ingredients (except ethanol, bicarbonate, reducing agents and vitamins) in distilled water and boil for 1 min. After cooling to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere, add ethanol, dispense in Hungate tubes and autoclave. After autoclaving, add bicarbonate from a sterile stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and vitamins from an anoxic and filter-sterilized stock solution. Before inoculation, add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2. Adjust pH of medium to 6.8 – 7.0, if necessary. If reduction of medium is not complete after inoculation, add 10 – 20 mg/l sodium dithionite from a 5% w/v solution freshly prepared under N2 and filter sterilized. © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium containing potassium acetate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, selenite-tungstate solution, yeast extract, resazurin, ehtanol, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium51.pdf 51. SPHAEROTILUS MEDIUM Beef extract (Lab Lemco, Oxoid) 5.0 g Agar (if necessary) 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Prepare sterile agar slants by autoclaving. Cool the slants in a sloping position. Cover solid slants with 2 ml sterile tap water. Inoculate into the covering tap water and incubate at 20 to 25˚C for at least 48 h. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of beef extract and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium53.pdf 53. CORYNEBACTERIUM AGAR Casein peptone, tryptic digest 10.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g Glucose 5.0 g NaCl 5.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2 - 7.4. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of casein peptone tryptic digest (casitone), yeast extract, glucose, sodium chloride, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium54.pdf 54. GLUCOSE YEAST EXTRACT MEDIUM Glucose 20.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g CaCO3 (light precipitate) 20.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except carbonate, which remains solid) and sparge medium for 30 min. with 100% N2 gas. Dispense under stirring to keep carbonate suspended in anoxic vessels and autoclave. For solid medium add 17.0 g/l agar. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 30201 Agrobacterium 50012 Burkholderia glathei 50014 Burkholderia glathei 50401 Burkholderia 53 Clostridium beijerinckii 6422 Clostridium beijerinckii 6423 Clostridium beijerinckii 6566 Clostridium butyricum 525 Clostridium pasteurianum DSM 525 = ATCC 6013 526 Clostridium pasteurianum 9989 Clostridium pasteurianum 523 Clostridium 3873 Pantoea cypripedii 30182 Pantoea cypripedii 30183 Pantoea cypripedii 30184 Pectobacterium atrosepticum 30185 Pectobacterium atrosepticum 30186 Pectobacterium atrosepticum 50069 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5024 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 50259 Pseudomonas asplenii 50260 Pseudomonas cichorii 7231 Pseudomonas cichorii 50275 Pseudomonas fuscovaginae 50276 Pseudomonas marginalis 50282 Pseudomonas marginalis 50286 Pseudomonas savastanoi 80287 Pseudomonas savastanoi 50298 Pseudomonas savastanoi 50317 Pseudomonas 50291 Pseudomonas 1241 Pseudomonas syringae 1242 Pseudomonas syringae 1856 Pseudomonas syringae 10604 Pseudomonas syringae DSM 10604 50255 Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens str. DSM 50255 50256 Pseudomonas syringae 50261 Pseudomonas syringae 50277 Pseudomonas syringae 50281 Pseudomonas syringae 50292 Pseudomonas syringae 50293 Pseudomonas syringae 50302 Pseudomonas syringae 50303 Pseudomonas syringae 50312 Pseudomonas syringae 50315 Pseudomonas syringae 50335 Pseudomonas syringae 50336 Pseudomonas syringae 30200 Agrobacterium rhizogenes 1805 Sphingomonas echinoides ATCC 14820 14405 Stenotrophomonas rhizophila 50853 Xanthomonas arboricola 50854 Xanthomonas arboricola 50850 Xanthomonas axonopodis 1050 Xanthomonas campestris 1526 Xanthomonas campestris 2405 Xanthomonas campestris 2406 Xanthomonas campestris 2407 Xanthomonas campestris 3586 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. ATCC 33913 50852 Xanthomonas campestris 1220 Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum 50857 Xanthomonas hortorum 50858 Xanthomonas hortorum 50859 Xanthomonas hortorum 50855 Xanthomonas hyacinthi 1350 Xanthomonas sp. DSM 1350 3851 Xanthomonas
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of glucose, yeast extract, and calcium carbonate. The pKa of calcium carbonate is 9.0, therefore the pH of the solution will be about pH 9.0.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium58.pdf 58. BIFIDOBACTERIUM MEDIUM Casein peptone, tryptic digest 10.00 g Yeast extract 5.00 g Meat extract 5.00 g Bacto Soytone 5.00 g Glucose 10.00 g K2HPO4 2.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g MnSO4 x H20 0.05 g Tween 80 1.00 ml NaCl 5.00 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Salt solution (see below) 40.00 ml Resazurin (25 mg/100ml) 4.00 ml Distilled water 950.00 ml The cysteine are added after the medium has been boiled and cooled under CO2. Adjust pH to 6.8 using 8 N NaOH. Distribute under N2 and autoclave. Salt solution: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g K2HPO4 1.00 g KH2PO4 1.00 g NaHCO3 10.00 g NaCl 2.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2008 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An inorganic salts solution comprised of calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium55.pdf 55. FRUCTOSE MINERAL MEDIUM Solution A: Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 9.000 g KH2PO4 1.500 g NH4Cl 1.000 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.200 g Trace element solution 0.300 ml SL-6 (see medium 27) Distilled water 500.000 ml Solution B: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.010 g Ferric ammonium citrate 0.005 g Distilled water 300.000 ml Solution C: Fructose 5.000 g Distilled water 200.000 ml Autoclave solutions 1 and 2 separately, filter sterilize solution C. Add 1.5% agar if necessary. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 416 Cupriavidus necator 418 Cupriavidus necator 422 Cupriavidus necator
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, calcium chloride, ferric ammonium citrate, and fructose. The pH of this medium should be about 7.2, given the ratio of sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium56.pdf 56. TRYPTICASE STARCH AGAR Trypticase soy broth 30.0 g Yeast extract 2.0 g Soluble starch 1.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 g © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of trypticase soy broth (here, tryptic soy agar), yeast extract, and soluble starch.
DSM strains: 22365 Aeriscardovia aeriphila 17774 Alloscardovia criceti DSM 17774 17775 Alloscardovia criceti 17776 Alloscardovia criceti 21503 Alloscardovia omnicolens DSM 21503 17244 Anaerofustis stercorihominis DSM 17244 17241 Anaerotruncus colihominis DSM 17241 22766 Bifidobacterium actinocoloniiforme DSM 22766 20083 Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703 20086 Bifidobacterium adolescentis 20087 Bifidobacterium adolescentis DSM 20087 24849 Bifidobacterium adolescentis 26737 Bifidobacterium aesculapii 26738 Bifidobacterium aesculapii 20098 Bifidobacterium angulatum DSM 20098 = JCM 7096 20225 Bifidobacterium angulatum 20105 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis ATCC 27536 20104 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis ATCC 25527 10140 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis DSM 10140 20089 Bifidobacterium asteroides DSM 20089 20431 Bifidobacterium asteroides 23969 Bifidobacterium biavatii DSM 23969 20215 Bifidobacterium bifidum 20082 Bifidobacterium bifidum 20239 Bifidobacterium bifidum 20456 Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521 = JCM 1255 = DSM 20456 22767 Bifidobacterium bohemicum DSM 22767 19703 Bifidobacterium bombi DSM 19703 20432 Bifidobacterium boum DSM 20432 20213 Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20213 = JCM 1192 20091 Bifidobacterium breve 23973 Bifidobacterium callitrichos DSM 23973 16992 Bifidobacterium catenulatum DSM 16992 = JCM 1194 = LMG 11043 Bifidobacterium catenulatum 20224 Bifidobacterium choerinum 20434 Bifidobacterium choerinum DSM 20434 20216 Bifidobacterium coryneforme DSM 20216 20435 Bifidobacterium cuniculi DSM 20435 20084 Bifidobacterium dentium 20221 Bifidobacterium dentium 20436 Bifidobacterium dentium JCM 1195 = DSM 20436 20093 Bifidobacterium gallicum DSM 20093 = LMG 11596 20214 Bifidobacterium indicum LMG 11587 = DSM 20214 21854 Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense JCM 15439 = DSM 21854 28807 Bifidobacterium sp. LMC 13 20088 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 = JCM 1222 = DSM 20088 20090 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis 20090 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis 20218 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis 20097 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 20219 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 20211 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis DSM 20211 20220 Bifidobacterium magnum 20222 Bifidobacterium magnum DSM 20222 6492 Bifidobacterium merycicum DSM 6492 6493 Bifidobacterium merycicum 6494 Bifidobacterium merycicum 20102 Bifidobacterium minimum DSM 20102 21395 Bifidobacterium mongoliense DSM 21395 27321 Bifidobacterium moukalabense DSM 27321 20438 Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum DSM 20438 = JCM 1200 = LMG 10505 20439 Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum 20092 Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. globosum DSM 20092 20094 Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. pseudolongum 20095 Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. pseudolongum 20099 Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. pseudolongum DSM 20099 22366 Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum DSM 22366 20433 Bifidobacterium pullorum DSM 20433 23975 Bifidobacterium reuteri DSM 23975 6489 Bifidobacterium ruminantium DSM 6489 6490 Bifidobacterium ruminantium 6491 Bifidobacterium ruminantium 6531 Bifidobacterium saeculare DSM 6531 = LMG 14934 6532 Bifidobacterium saeculare 6533 Bifidobacterium saeculare 23967 Bifidobacterium saguini DSM 23967 13734 Bifidobacterium scardovii JCM 12489 = DSM 13734 23968 Bifidobacterium stellenboschense 20096 Bifidobacterium subtile DSM 20096 17755 Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum subsp. porcinum DSM 17755 15837 Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum subsp. thermacidophilum DSM 15837 Bifidobacterium thermophilum 20209 Bifidobacterium thermophilum 20210 Bifidobacterium thermophilum DSM 20210 20212 Bifidobacterium thermophilum DSM 20212 17777 Bifidobacterium tsurumiense DSM 17777 17778 Bifidobacterium tsurumiense 17779 Bifidobacterium tsurumiense 20653 Lactobacillus aviarius subsp. araffinosus DSM 20653 20656 Lactobacillus aviarius subsp. araffinosus 20654 Lactobacillus aviarius subsp. aviarius 20655 Lactobacillus aviarius subsp. aviarius DSM 20655 20584 Lactobacillus crispatus DSM 20584 = JCM 1185 20461 Megasphaera cerevisiae 20462 Megasphaera cerevisiae DSM 20462 16981 Megasphaera paucivorans 17042 Megasphaera sueciensis 21655 Mobiluncus curtisii subsp. holmesii ATCC 35242 10105 Parascardovia denticolens DSM 10105 = JCM 12538 10106 Parascardovia denticolens 24661 Pectinatus brassicae 20466 Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus 20467 Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus 20762 Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus 20465 Pectinatus frisingensis 16980 Pectinatus haikarae 20764 Pectinatus sp. DSM 20764 24742 Pseudoscardovia radai 24744 Pseudoscardovia suis 16840 Roseburia faecis M72/1 16839 Roseburia hominis A2-183 10107 Scardovia inopinata 10108 Scardovia inopinata 20757 Selenomonas lacticifex 18934 Sharpea azabuensis DSM 18934 17536 Streptococcus castoreus DSM 17536 7200 Zymophilus paucivorans 7201 Zymophilus paucivorans 20756 Zymophilus paucivorans 7198 Propionispira raffinosivorans 7199 Propionispira raffinosivorans 20765 Propionispira raffinosivorans DSM 20765
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of casein peptone, tryptic digest (casitone), yeast extract, meat extract, Bacto soytone (soy peptone), glucose, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, tween 80 (polysorbate 80), sodium chloride, cysteine hydrochloride, salt solution and resazurin. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium57.pdf 57. AAM MEDIUM Tryptone 5.0 g Meat extract 5.0 g Yeast extract 7.0 g Tween 80 1.0 ml Na-acetate 2.5 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 200.0 mg MnSO4 x H2O 50.0 mg Casamino acids 7.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 5.4. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 20253 Lactobacillus rennini DSM 20253 20254 Lactobacillus rennini
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium containing tryptone, meat extract, yeast extract, tween 80 (polysorbate 80), sodium acetate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and casamino acids.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium59.pdf 59. LEUCONOSTOC OENOS MEDIUM Casein peptone, tryptic digest 10.00 g Yeast extract 5.00 g Glucose 10.00 g Fructose 5.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.05 g (NH4) citrate 3.50 g Tween 80 1.00 ml Tomato juice, filtered 100.00 ml Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 900.00 ml Adjust pH to 4.8. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 20252 Oenococcus oeni DSM 20252 = AWRIB129 20255 Oenococcus oeni 20257 Oenococcus oeni
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of casein peptone tryptic digest (casitone), yeast extract, glucose, fructose, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, ammonium citrate, tween 80 (polysorbate 80), filtered tomato juice, and cysteine hydrochloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium60.pdf 60. CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOACETICUM MEDIUM Solution A: MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g (NH4)2SO4 0.50 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 0.04 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 2.40 mg Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.15 mg Tryptone 5.00 g Yeast extract 5.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 800.00 ml Solution B: K2HPO4 7.00 g KH2PO4 4.50 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution C: Glucose 18.00 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution D: NaHCO3 10.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution E: L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Prepare solution A under 100% CO2 gas atmosphere. Distribute and autoclave under same gas atmosphere. Autoclave separately solutions B, C, E and F under 100% N2, and solution D under 100% CO2 gas atmosphere. After sterilization combine all solutions aseptically. Adjust pH of the complete medium to 6.9 if necessary. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 521 Moorella thermoacetica 11768 Moorella thermoacetica
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of magnesium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, ferrous ammonium sulfate, sodium molybdate, sodium selenite, tryptone, yeast extract, resazurin, potassium phosphate, glucose, sodium bicarbonate, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium61.pdf 61. CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOHYDROSULFURICUM MEDIUM Tryptone 10.00 g Sucrose 10.00 g Yeast extract 2.00 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g Na2SO3 0.20 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 0.08 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except thiosulfate), adjust pH to 6.8 - 7.5 and sparge medium with 100% N2 gas to make it anoxic (30 – 45 min). Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. After sterilization add thiosulfate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. For DSM 8686 and DSM 8690 replace sucrose with D-xylose as substrate and adjust pH of medium to 5.2. For DSM 15493 replace sucrose with 3.0 g/l D-maltose. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 2246 Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus JW 200 12299 Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus SR4 15493 Thermoanaerobacter sp. 518-21 567 Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus 568 Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus 569 Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus 570 Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus 2247 Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus 7021 Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus 7022 Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus 26960 Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus WC1 14765 Thermoanaerobacterium bryantii 8686 Thermoanaerobacterium 8690 Thermoanaerobacterium 571 Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum DSM 571 572 Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum 573 Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum 869 Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, sucrose, yeast extract, ferrous sulfate, sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, and resazurin. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum medium
DSM 8686 is Thermoanaerobacterium sp. DSM 8690 is Thermoanaerobacterium sp. Neither strains are in TaxBrowser
DSMZ Medium 61.1 -< for DSM 8686 and DSM 8690
Similar to DSMZ Medium 61, except that sucrose is omitted, D-xylose is added, and the pH is reduced to 5.2.
DSMZ 15493 is Thermoanaerobacter sp. 518-21
Similar to DSMZ Medium 61, except that sucrose is omitted and D-maltose (beta-maltose) is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium63.pdf 63. DESULFOVIBRIO MEDIUM (FRESHWATER) Solution A: K2HPO4 0.5 g NH4Cl 1.0 g Na2SO4 1.0 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.0 g Na-DL-lactate 2.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Distilled water 980.0 ml Solution B: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Solution C: Na-thioglycolate 0.1 g Ascorbic acid 0.1 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Bring solution A to the boil, then cool to room temperature while gassing with oxygen-free N2 gas. Add solutions B and C, adjust pH to 7.8 with NaOH, and distribute under N2 gas in anoxic Hungate-type tubes. During distribution continuously swirl the medium to keep the grey precipitate suspended. Autoclave 15 min at 121˚C. For DSM 12838 supplement medium with 3.0 g/l meat extract. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 12838 is Desulfomicrobium orale DSM 12838
Similar to DSMZ Medium 63, except that meat extract is added.
DSM strains: 24233 Desulfobaculum xiamenense 5918 Desulfomicrobium apsheronum 1742 Desulfomicrobium baculatum 1743 Desulfomicrobium baculatum 2555 Desulfomicrobium baculatum 4028 Desulfomicrobium baculatum DSM 4028 10707 Desulfomicrobium escambiense DSM 10707 4194 Desulfomicrobium macestii 12838 Desulfomicrobium orale DSM 12838 12927 Desulfomicrobium 15374 Desulfomicrobium 12929 Desulforhopalus 13351 Desulfosporosinus auripigmenti 765 Desulfosporosinus orientis DSM 765 7439 Desulfosporosinus orientis 11792 Desulfotomaculum australicum DSM 11792 4024 [Desulfotomaculum] guttoideum DSM 4024 6115 Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii DSM 6115 12396 Desulfotomaculum luciae 574 Desulfotomaculum nigrificans DSM 574 575 Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 7434 Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 7435 Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 7436 Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 7437 Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 7438 Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 7453 Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 12395 Desulfotomaculum putei DSM 12395 2154 Desulfotomaculum ruminis DSM 2154 7452 Desulfotomaculum ruminis 6711 Desulfotomaculum 7440 Desulfotomaculum 7441 Desulfotomaculum 7442 Desulfotomaculum 7443 Desulfotomaculum 14812 Desulfotomaculum 15631 Desulfotomaculum 5813 Desulfotomaculum thermoacetoxidans 6193 Desulfotomaculum thermobenzoicum subsp. thermobenzoicum 2603 Desulfovibrio africanus subsp. africanus DSM 2603 23860 Desulfovibrio africanus subsp. uniflagellum 6133 Desulfovibrio alcoholivorans 12254 Desulfovibrio aminophilus DSM 12254 21064 Desulfovibrio arcticus 6830 Desulfovibrio burkinensis 11391 Desulfovibrio cuneatus DSM 11391 11392 Desulfovibrio cuneatus 642 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans DSM 642 1924 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans 4369 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans 6946 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans 9104 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans 12129 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans 3604 Desulfovibrio fructosivorans JJ 15450 Desulfovibrio idahonensis DSM 15450 15451 Desulfovibrio idahonensis 15121 Desulfovibrio indonesiensis 11275 Desulfovibrio intestinalis DSM 11275 11393 Desulfovibrio litoralis DSM 11393 6739 Desulfovibrio longus DSM 6739 1925 Desulfovibrio oxamicus 16681 Desulfovibrio paquesii DSM 16681 4141 Desulfovibrio simplex 496 Desulfovibrio 6605 Desulfovibrio 8712 Desulfovibrio 9266 Desulfovibrio 12803 Desulfovibrio 15744 Desulfovibrio 5308 Desulfovibrio termitidis HI1 11274 Desulfovibrio termitidis 15375 Desulfovibrio vulgaris 644 Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. Hildenborough 2119 Desulfovibrio vulgaris 6617 Desulfovibrio vulgaris 6618 Desulfovibrio vulgaris 6619 Desulfovibrio vulgaris 6621 Desulfovibrio vulgaris 6622 Desulfovibrio vulgaris 6623 Desulfovibrio vulgaris
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium lactate, yeast extract, resazurin, ferrous sulfate, sodium thioglycolate, and ascorbic acid. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium63a.pdf 63a. DESULFOTOMACULUM SP. MEDIUM I Solution A: K2HPO4 0.5 g NH4Cl 1.0 g Na2SO4 1.0 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.0 g Na-acetate 2.0 g Na-pyruvate 5.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Distilled water 980.0 ml Solution B: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Solution C: Na-thioglycolate 0.1 g Ascorbic acid 0.1 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Bring solution A to the boil, then cool to room temperature while gassing with oxygen-free N2 gas. Add solutions B and C, adjust pH to 6.8 with NaOH, and distribute under N2 gas in anoxic Hungate-type tubes. During distribution continuously swirl the medium to keep the grey precipitate suspended. Autoclave 15 min at 121˚C. Check medium pH after autoclaving and adjust to 6.5 - 7.0, if necessary. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium acetate, sodium pyruvate, yeast extract, resazurin, ferrous sulfate, sodium thioglycolate, and ascorbic acid. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium63b.pdf 63b. DESULFOVIBRIO MEDIUM (SEAWATER) Solution A: K2HPO4 0.5 g NH4Cl 1.0 g Na2SO4 1.0 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.0 g Na-DL-lactate 2.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Filtered aged sea water 980.0 ml Alternatively to filtered aged sea water bottled water from Biomaris GmbH supplemented with 15.0 g/l NaCl can be used. Solution B: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Solution C: Na-thioglycolate 0.1 g Ascorbic acid 0.1 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Bring solution A to the boil, then cool to room temperature while gassing with oxygen-free N2 gas. Add solutions B and C, adjust pH to 7.8 with NaOH, and distribute under N2 gas in anoxic Hungate-type tubes. During distribution continuously swirl the medium to keep the grey precipitate suspended. Autoclave 15 min at 121˚C. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 63, except that the medium is made up in filtered aged seawater.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium54a.pdf 54a. REACTIVATION WITH LIQUID MEDIUM 545 Rehydrate and grow lyophilized cells from the ampoule in liquid medium 54 or 545. Subsequent subculturing may be carried out in liquid medium or on agar plates medium 54. 54. GLUCOSE YEAST EXTRACT AGAR Glucose 20.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g CaCO3 (light precipitate) 20.0 g Agar, if required 17.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml 545. TRYPTONE SOYA BROTH (TSB) Peptone from casein 17.0 g Peptone from soymeal 3.0 g D(+)-Glucose 2.5 g NaCl 5.0 g K2HPO4 2.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. The same as Caso Bouillon (Merck or Oxoid, Germany). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of glucose, yeast extract, calcium carbonate, and agar.
Undefined inorganic chemical mixture, derived from the filtering of natural seawater.
A blood medium ingredient comprised of whole blood, which has not been treated or altered.
Microbiological medium ingredient, derived from chicken egg, where whole chicken eggs have been dried.
An artificial seawater made using water and Instant Ocean® sea salt.
An undefined organic chemical mixture, derived from the eggs of chickens (Gallus gallus). Used for the cultivation of microorganisms.
microbiological medium ingredient, derived from chicken egg
An undefined organic chemical mixture comprised of dried yeast cells Saccharomyces cerevisiae), used to support the growth of microorganisms.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium76.pdf 76. CLOSTRIDIUM ACIDIURICI MEDIUM KOH 0.67 g K2HPO4 0.91 g Uric acid 2.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 15.00 mg FeSO4 x 7 H2O 6.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 1.00 g Na-thioglycolate 0.50 g NaHCO3 5.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml First dissolve KOH and K2HPO4 in water, then add uric acid and boil until the acid is dissolved. Cool medium to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and add all other substances, except thioglycolate and bicarbonate. Dispense under same gas atmosphere into culture vessels and autoclave for 15 min at 121˚C. Then add thioglycolate (stock solution, autoclaved separately) and sodium bicarbonate (filter-sterilized stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere) and adjust pH of complete medium to 7.0 - 7.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 604 [Clostridium] acidurici 9a 10158 Gottschalkia acidurici 10159 Gottschalkia acidurici 10160 Gottschalkia acidurici 10161 Gottschalkia acidurici 605 Clostridium cylindrosporum DSM 605 10157 Clostridium cylindrosporum 10162 Clostridium cylindrosporum 10163 Clostridium cylindrosporum 10164 Clostridium cylindrosporum 1384 Clostridium purinilyticum 10156 Clostridium purinilyticum 1989 Eubacterium angustum 3244 Gallicola barnesae
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium hydroxide, potassium phosphate, uric acid, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, selenite-tungstate solution, yeast extract, sodium thioglycolate, sodium bicarbonate, and resazuring. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
Filtered seawater that has been aged (kept in the dark for 2-4 weeks).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium77.pdf 77. LIVER BROTH (Oxoid CM 77) Prepare the medium according to directions on the bottle under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
http://www.oxoid.com/UK/blue/prod_detail/prod_detail.asp?pr=CM0077&org=3&c=UK&lang=EN LIVER BROTH Code: CM0077 a liquid medium, containing liver particles, for the examination of foods for saccharolytic or putrefactive mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobes Typical Formula* gm/litre Infusion from fresh liver 23.0 Peptone 10.0 Potassium phosphate 1.0 Extracted liver tissue 30.0 pH 6.8 ± 0.2
DSM strains: 601 Clostridium baratii 602 Clostridium baratii 46280 Clostridium paraputrificum 599 Clostridium sardiniense 600 Clostridium sardiniense 46282 Clostridium 46278 Clostridium sporogenes 46279 Clostridium sporogenes
An organic rich, liquid culture medium comprised of infusion from fresh liver (liver extract), peptone, potassium phosphate, and extracted liver tissue (dissected liver tissue).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium74.pdf 74. THERMUS THERMOPHILUS MEDIUM Yeast extract (BD Difco) 4.0 g Proteose peptone Nr. 3 (BD Difco) 8.0 g NaCl 2.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. The original medium description specifies polypeptone, which appears to be no longer available. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 22914 Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis DSM 22914 16200 Thermus kawarayensis JCM 12314 579 Thermus thermophilus HB8
An organic rich, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, proteose peptone, and sodium chloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium75.pdf 75. TRYPTICASE PHYTONE MEDIUM Trypticase peptone 17.0 g Phytone peptone 3.0 g NaCl 5.0 g K2HPO4 2.5 g Glucose 2.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 587 Acinetobacter 588 Acinetobacter
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium containing trypticase peptone, phytone peptone, sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, and glucose.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium73.pdf 73. MEDIUM FOR HALOPHILIC BACILLI Casamino acids 10.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g NaCl 100.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic rich, liquid culture medium comprised of casamino acids, yeast extract, and sodium chloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium70.pdf 70. ACIDITHIOBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS MEDIUM (FERROUS SULFATE) KH2PO4 0.4 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.4 g (NH4)2SO4 0.4 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 33.3 g 0.1 N H2SO4 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 1.4 with sulfuric acid. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 583 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid.
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans medium (ferrous sulfate)
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans medium with ferrous sulfate
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium71.pdf 71. ACIDITHIOBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS MEDIUM (THIOSULFATE) KH2PO4 3.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g (NH4)2SO4 3.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 5.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Prepare the medium without thiosulfate, adjust pH to 4.4 - 4.7 and autoclave at 121˚C for 15 min. Sterilize thiosulfate separately by filtration and add after autoclaving. For DSM 585 replace thiosulfate with 5.00 g/l tetrathionate (K2S4O6) added from a stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 14366: Add 10.0 mg/l FeSO4 x 7 H2O. The final pH of the medium should be 4.4. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 14366 Acidithiobacillus albertensis 584 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 622 Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans 14887 Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans ATCC 19377
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, calcium chloride, and sodium thiosulfate.
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans medium (thiosulfate)
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans medium with thiosulfate
DSM 585 is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Straininfo.net claims that no sequences found for this strain. Strain not in TaxBrowser.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 71, except that thiosulfate is omitted and potassium tetrathionate added.
DSM 14366 is Acidithiobacillus albertensis
Similar to DSMZ Medium 71, except that ferrous sulfate is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium69.pdf 69. THIOBACILLUS NOVELLUS MEDIUM Solution A: Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 10.60 g KH2PO4 1.50 g NH4Cl 0.30 g Yeast extract 0.30 g Phenol red 2.00 mg Distilled water 900.00 ml Solution B: MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution C: Trace element solution (see below) 5.00 ml Solution D: Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 5.00 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solutions A, B, C, D are sterilized separately by autoclaving and mixed when cold. For agar medium add 1.5% agar (Difco Bacto) to solution A. Adjust pH to 8.5 with sterile 0.5 N NaOH. Trace element solution (Vishniac and Santer, 1957): Na2-EDTA 50.00 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 22.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 5.54 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 5.06 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 5.00 g (NH4)6Mo7O24 x 4 H2O 1.10 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 1.57 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 1.61 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.0 with KOH. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 582 Paracoccus versutus 506 Starkeya novella DSM 506
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium containing sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, yeast extract, phenol red, mangensium sulfate, trace elements, and sodium thiosulfate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium68.pdf 68. THIOBACILLUS NEAPOLITANUS MEDIUM KH2PO4 4.0 g K2HPO4 4.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.8 g NH4Cl 0.4 g Trace element solution (see medium 69) 5.0 ml Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 10.0 g Bromocresol purple (saturated aqueous solution) 0.5 ml Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 6.6 - 7.0. Sterilize Na2S2O3 separately in 100 ml of distilled water. For agar medium use 1.5% Difco Bacto Agar. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 581 Halothiobacillus neapolitanus 15147 Halothiobacillus neapolitanus 16832 Halothiobacillus neapolitanus
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, trace elements, sodium thiosulfate, and bromcresol purple.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium67.pdf 67. CY-AGAR Casitone 3.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.36 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 3685 Chitinophaga arvensicola 2588 Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588 2589 Chitinophaga pinensis 784 Chondromyces crocatus 14714 Corallococcus coralloides 14687 Corallococcus coralloides 14688 Corallococcus exiguus 14696 Cystobacter badius 14738 Cystobacter gracilis 14753 Cystobacter gracilis 14754 Cystobacter gracilis 14755 Cystobacter gracilis 14771 Cystobacter gracilis 14756 Cystobacter miniatus 14751 Cystobacter minus 14752 Cystobacter minus 14772 Cystobacter minus 14758 Cystobacter violaceus Cb vi76 14759 Cystobacter violaceus 3656 Cytophaga 3657 Cytophaga 2063 Flavobacterium hydatis 2064 Flavobacterium johnsoniae UW101 6368 Flavobacterium pectinovorum 3660 Flavobacterium psychrophilum DSM 3660 1811 Flavobacterium saccharophilum 425 Flavobacterium sp. DSM 425 4001 Flavobacterium succinicans 4002 Flavobacterium succinicans 4003 Flavobacterium succinicans 21789 Flavobacterium swingsii DSM 21789 3661 Flavobacterium xanthum 6792 Flavobacterium johnsoniae 6793 Flexibacter flexilis DSM 6793 3098 Flexibacter 785 Herpetosiphon aurantiacus DSM 785 6205 Herpetosiphon aurantiacus 6206 Herpetosiphon aurantiacus 7119 Herpetosiphon geysericola 589 Herpetosiphon 6207 Herpetosiphon 11115 Hymenobacter chitinivorans 11117 Hymenobacter ocellatus 2044 Lysobacter antibioticus 2045 Lysobacter antibioticus 2043 Lysobacter enzymogenes 6980 Lysobacter gummosus 3655 Lysobacter 14740 Melittangium lichenicola 14675 Myxococcus stipitatus DSM 14675 14676 Myxococcus stipitatus 14700 Myxococcus stipitatus 4946 Myxococcus virescens 6796 Myxococcus xanthus 6797 Myxococcus xanthus 53668 Sandaracinus amylolyticus 2582 Sphingobacterium spiritivorum ATCC 33300 14737 Stigmatella hybrida 7029
An organic-rich, solid culture medium containing casitone, calcium chloride, yeast extract, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium65.pdf 65. GYM STREPTOMYCES MEDIUM Glucose 4.0 g Yeast extract 4.0 g Malt extract 10.0 g CaCO3 2.0 g Agar 12.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2 before adding agar. Delete CaCO3 if liquid medium is used. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of glucose, yeast extract, malt extract, calcium carbonate, and agar.
An undefined organic chemical mixture, derived from dissected (physically extracted) liver tissue of an animal (Mammalia).
A trace elements solution comprised of disodium EDTA, zinc sulfate, calcium chloride, manganese chloride, ferrous sulfate, ammonium molybdate, copper sulfate, and cobalt chloride.
trace elements solution - Vishniac and Santer 1957
From BD Bionutrients Technical Manual (3rd edition revised): "Many of these media utilize peptones of known derivation, such as Trypticase™ Peptone, a pancreatic digest of casein, and Phytone™ Peptone, a papaic digest of soybean meal."
A papaic digest of soybean (Hordeum vulgare) meal, used for the culturing of microorganisms. Phytone™ Peptone is a trademark of BBL/Difco Labs.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium78.pdf 78. CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM Ground beef (fat free) 500.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml NaOH 1 N 25.0 ml Use lean beef or horse meat. Remove fat and connective tissue before grinding. Mix meat, water and NaOH, then boil for 15 min with stirring. Cool to room temperature, skim fat off surface, and filter, retaining both meat particles and filtrate. To the filtrate add water to a final volume of 1000 ml, and then add: Casitone 30.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g K2HPO4 5.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Boil, cool under nitrogen atmosphere, add 0.5 g/l cysteine and adjust pH to 7.0. To make medium anoxic boil it, cool under nitrogen atmosphere, add 0.5 g/l cysteine hydrochloride and adjust pH to 7.0. Dispense anoxically 7 ml medium into Hungate tubes (for strains demanding meat particles put those first into the tube (use 1 part meat particles to 4 or 5 parts fluid)). Autoclave at 121˚C for 30 min. For agar slants use 15 g agar per 1000.0 ml medium. For DSM 5566 add to the autoclaved medium 1 g/l NaHCO3 from a sterile, anoxic stock solution (5% w/v) prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Adjust final pH of medium to 7.2. In some cases (as indicated in the catalogue) the addition of Haemin and Vitamin K1 or Vitamin K3 is necessary. Add to 1000 ml of medium after autoclaving: Haemin solution (see below) 10.00 ml Vitamin K1 or Vitamin K3 solution (see below) 0.20 ml Haemin solution: Dissolve 50 mg haemin in 1 ml 1 N NaOH; make up to 100 ml with distilled water and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated. Vitamin K1 solution: Dissolve 0.1 ml of vitamin K1/K3 in 20 ml 95% ethanol and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated in a brown bottle. Vitamin K3 solution: Dissolve 5 mg/ml of vitamin K3 in 10 ml 95% ethanol and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated in a brown bottle. © 2011 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 5566 is Clostridium novyi B str. ATCC 27606
Similar to DSM Medium 78, except that sodium bicarbonate is added. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide. The pH is increased to 7.2.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium78a.pdf 78a. CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM FOR TREPONEMA SP. To the ready medium 78, add 50 ml/l amino acid solution and 5 ml/l vitamin solution. These solutions must not be prepared under anaerobic conditions. Amino acid solution (filter sterilized): L-Histidine 0.6 g L-Serine 0.5 g L-Glutamine 0.7 g Distilled water 50.0 ml Vitamin solution: Vitamin B12 50 mg Pantothenic acid 50 mg Riboflavin 50 mg Pyridoxamine-HCl 10 mg Biotin 20 mg Folic acid 20 mg Nicotinic acid 25 mg Nicotine amide 25 mg α-lipoic acid 50 mg p-aminobenzoic acid 50 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 50 mg Distilled water 1000 ml Stir for some hours, filter sterilize the solution. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A vitamin solution containing vitamin B12 (cobalamin), pantothenic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxamine hydrochloride, biotin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, nicotine amide (nicotinamide), alpha-lipoic acid (lipoic acid), p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), and thiamine hydrochloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium79.pdf 79. LEUCOTHRIX MEDIUM Tryptone 10.00 g Synthetic sea water 1000.00 ml Synthetic sea water: NaCl 24.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 11.00 g Na2SO4 4.00 g CaCl2 x 6 H2O 2.00 g KCl 0.70 g KBr 0.10 g H3BO3 0.03 g NaSiO3 x 9 H2O 5.00 mg SrCl2 x 6 H2O 0.04 g NaF 3.00 mg NH4NO3 2.00 mg Fe3PO4 x 4 H2O 1.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.8. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An artificial (synthetic) seawater comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, boric acid, sodium silicate, strontium chloride, sodium fluoride, ammonium nitrate, and ferric phosphate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium302.pdf 302. NUTRIENT BROTH WITH 10% HORSE SERUM To autoclaved medium 1 add 100 ml/l of sterile horse serum. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1, except horse serum is added.
A defined organic solution containing the following amino acids: L-histidine, L-serine, and L-glutamine.
A soil extract made from garden soil. Prepared by seiving garden soil through a coarse sieve, adding distilled water, and autoclaving.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium81.pdf 81. MINERAL MEDIUM FOR CHEMOLITHOTROPHIC GROWTH (H-3) Solution A: KH2PO4 2.300 g Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 2.900 g Distilled water 50.000 ml Solution B: NH4Cl 1.000 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.500 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.010 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.005 g NaVO3 x H2O 0.005 g Trace element sol. SL-6 (see medium 27) 5.000 ml Distilled water 915.000 ml Agar (if necessary) 20.000 g Solution C: Ferric ammonium citrate 0.050 g Distilled water 20.000 ml Solutions A, B, C are autoclaved separately for 15 min at 121˚C, cooled down to 50˚C and then mixed aseptically with 5.0 ml filter-sterilized standard vitamin solution (see below) and 10.0 ml filter-sterilized 5% NaHCO3 (pH 7-8).The final pH of this medium should be 6.8 without adjustment. For chemolithotrophic growth incubate the culture under an atmosphere of 2% (v/v) O2, 10% CO2, 60% H2 and 28% N2. For heterotrophic growth supplement the mineral medium with an appropriate carbon source (0.2% carbohydrate or 0.1% organic acid). For growth on nitrogen-free medium, omit NH4Cl and incubate the culture under an atmosphere of 2% (v/v) O2, 10% CO2, 10% H2 and 78% N2 or heterotrophically under 2% (v/v) O2 and 98% N2. For more details see Ref. 1515 and Ref. 3363. For DSM 21436 adjust pH to 5.0 and use a gas atmosphere of 10% O2, 10% CO2, 40% H2 and 40% N2 with an overpressure of 2 bar. Standard vitamin solution: Riboflavin 10.000 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 50.000 mg Nicotinic acid 50.000 mg Pyridoxine-HCl 50.000 mg Ca-pantothenate 50.000 mg Biotin 0.100 mg Folic acid 0.200 mg Vitamin B12 1.000 mg Distilled water 100.000 © 2011 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A vitamin solution comprised of riboflavin, thiamine hydrochloride, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, calcium pantothenate, biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B12 (cobalamin).
standard vitamin solution for DSMZ Medium 81
Wikipedia: Rolled oats Rolled oats are traditionally oat groats that have been de-husked, steamed and then rolled into flat flakes under heavy rollers before being stabilized by being lightly toasted. The oat, like the other cereals, has a hard, inedible outer husk that must be removed before the grain can be eaten. After the outer husk (or chaff) has been removed from the still bran-covered oat grains, the remainder is called oat groats. Oat groats are a whole grain that can be used as a breakfast cereal; various forms of oatmeal and rolled oats, and pinhead oats are cooked to make porridge.[1] Steel-cut oats (pinhead oatmeal) are oat groats that have been chopped into smaller pieces before any steaming and thus retain bits of the bran layer. Since the bran layer, though nutritious, makes the grains tough to chew and contains an enzyme that can cause the oats to go rancid, raw oat groats are often further steam-treated to soften them for a quicker cooking time (modern "quick oats") and to denature the enzymes for a longer shelf life.
Undefined organic chemical mixture comprised of de-husked oat (Avena sativa) seed that has been crushed by rolling under a heavy roller and toasted.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium87a.pdf 87a. CHLOROFLEXUS AGGREGANS MEDIUM To medium 87 add 1.0 ml/litre sterile vitamin solution CA. Vitamin solution CA Distilled water 100.0 ml Nicotinic acid 100.0 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 100.0 mg Biotin 5.0 mg p-Aminobenzoic acid 50.0 mg Vitamin B12 1.0 mg Ca-pantothenate 50.0 mg Pyridoxine-HCl 50.0 mg Folic acid 50.0 mg Na3-EDTA 200.0 mg Adjust pH to 7.5. The solution is filter-sterilized. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A vitamin solution comprised of nicotinic acid, thiamine hydrochloride, biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), vitamin B12 (cobalamin), calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, and trisodium EDTA.
(note this media recipe is not in the current list of media recipes at the DSMZ). From: Handbook of Microbiological Media, 3rd edition. By Ronald M. Atlas. pp. 1056. Composition per liter: sodium carbonate, 4.0g ammonium sulfate, 1.5g sodium chloride, 0.6g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.3g potassium dibasic phosphate, 0.15g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.12g calcium chloride dihyrate, 0.08g iron sulfate heptahydrate, 4.0mg resazurin,1.0mg vitamin solution, 10.0 mL trace elements solution, 10.0 mL L-cysteine solution, 10.0 mL sodium sulfide nonahydrate solution, 10.0 mL pH 7.2 ± 0.2 at 25˚C. Vitamin solution Composition per liter: pyridoxine hydrochloride, 10.0mg thiamine hydrochloride dihydrate, 5.0 mg riboflavine, 5.0 mg nicotinic acid, 5.0 mg calcium pantothenate, 5.0 mg biotin, 2.0 mg folic acid, 2.0 mg p-aminobenzoic acid, 1.0 mg vitamin B12, 0.01 mg Preparation of Vitamin Solution: Add components to distilled/deionized water and bring volume to 1.0L. Mix thoroughly. Sparge with 80% dihydrogen and 20% carbon dioxide. Filter sterilize. Trace elements solution Composition per liter: magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 6.2g sodium chloride, 1.0g disodium EDTA, 0.64g manganese sulfate tetrahydrate, 0.55g zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.18g cobalt chloride hexahydrate, 0.17g calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.13g iron sulfate heptahydrate, 0.1g copper sulfate, 0.05g nickel chloride hexahydrate, 0.025g potassium aluminum sulfate dodecadydrate, 0.018g sodium molybdate tetrahydrate, 0.011g boric acid, 0.01g Preparation of Trace Elements Solution: Add Na2-EDTA to 500.0 mL distilled/deionized water. Mix thoroughly. Add other components and bring volume to 1.0 L with distilled/deionized water. Mix thoroughly. Sparge with 80% dihydrogen and 20% carbon dioxide. Autoclave for 15 min at 15 psi pressure-121˚C. Sodium sulfide solution Composition per 10.0 mL: sodium sulfide nonahydrate, 1.5g Preparation of Sodium sulfide solution: add sodium sulfide to distilled/deionized water and bring volume to 10.0 mL. Sparge with dinitrogen. Autoclave for 15 min at 15 psi pressure-121˚C. Cool to 25˚C. Store anaerobically. L-Cystene Solution Composition per 10.0 m:" L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate, 1.5g Preparation of L-Cysteine solution: Add L-cysteine-HCL-H2O to distilled/deionized water and bring volume to 10.0 mL. Mix thoroughly. Sparge with dinitrogen. Autoclave for 15 min at 15 psi pressure-121˚C> Preparation of Medium: prepare and dispense medium under an oxygen-free 80% dihydrogen 20% carbon dioxide gas mixture. Add components, except vitamin solution, L-cystene solution, and sodium sulfide solution to distilled/deionized water and bring volume to 1.0L. Mix thoroughly. Sparge with H2/CO2. Autocalve for 15 min at 15 psi pressure-121˚C. Cool to 25˚C while sparging with H2/CO2. Aseptically and anaerobically add 10.0 mL vitamin solution, 10.0 mL of sterile L-cystene soltuion, and 10.0 mL of sterile sodium sulfide solution. Mix thoroughly. Aseptically and anaerobially distribute into sterile tubes or flasks. Alternately the medium can be distributed to tubes under anaerobic conditions and autoclaved in tubes prior to addition of substrate solution, vitamin solution, and sodium sulfide solution. Appropriate ammounts of these solutions can then be.....
DSM strains: 1053 Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus str. Delta H 6216 Methanoculleus bourgensis
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, resazurin, vitamin solution, trace elements solution, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
A vitamin solution comprised of pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, biotin, folic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid(4-aminobenzoic acid), and vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
A trace elements solution comprised of magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, disodium EDTA, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, cobalt chloride, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, nickel chloride, potassium aluminum sulfate, sodium molybdate, and boric acid. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 131
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium104.pdf 104. PYG MEDIUM (modified) Trypticase peptone 5.00 g Peptone 5.00 g Yeast extract 10.00 g Beef extract 5.00 g Glucose 5.00 g K2HPO4 2.00 g Tween 80 1.00 ml Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Salt solution (see below) 40.00 ml Distilled water 950.00 ml Haemin solution (see below) 10.00 ml Vitamin K1 solution (see below) 0.20 ml The vitamin K1, haemin solution and the cysteine are added after the medium has been boiled and cooled under CO2. Adjust pH to 7.2 using 8 N NaOH. Distribute under N2 and autoclave. Salt solution: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g K2HPO4 1.00 g KH2PO4 1.00 g NaHCO3 10.00 g NaCl 2.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Haemin solution: Dissolve 50 mg haemin in 1 ml 1 N NaOH; make up to 100 ml with distilled water. Store refrigerated. Vitamin K1 solution: Dissolve 0.1 ml of vitamin K1 in 20 ml 95% ethanol and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated in a brown bottle. © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase peptone, peptone, yeast extract, beef extract, glucose, potassium phosphate, tween 80 (polysorbate 80), cysteine hydrochloride, resazurin, salt solution, hemin solution, and vitamin K solution. Prepared under a atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium470.pdf 470. PSEUDOMONAS HALOPHILA MEDIUM Solution A: NaCl 46.8 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 39.4 g NH4Cl 1.0 g Glycerol 5.0 g Trace element sol. SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.0 ml Vitamin solution (see medium 131) 10.0 ml Distilled water 890.0 ml Solution B: KH2PO4 1.0 g Distilled water 100.0 ml Vitamin solution is filter-sterilized and added after autoclaving. Solution A and B are autoclaved separately and combined after cooling. Adjust pH to 7.0 with 6 M NaOH or HCl. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, glycerol, trace elements, vitamins, and potassium phosphate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium851.pdf 851. GLUCOSE SULFIDE MEDIUM Glucose 0.15 g Yeast extract 1.00 g (NH4)2SO4 0.50 g CaCO3 0.10 g Ca(NO3)2 0.10 g KCl 0.05 g K2HPO4 0.05 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.05 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.20 g Vitamin solution (see medium 131) 10.00 ml Distilled water 990.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. © 2011 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 12906 Tessaracoccus bendigoensis DSM 12906 12890 Tetrasphaera australiensis 13193 Tetrasphaera australiensis 13192 Tetrasphaera japonica T1-X7
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of glucose, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium nitrate, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfide, and vitamins.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium11a.pdf 11a. MODIFIED MEDIUM 11 Prepare medium 11 with additional vitamin solution (see medium 131). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 11, except a vitamin solution is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1131.pdf 1131. HYDROGENIVIRGA OKINAWENSIS MEDIUM Modified MJ synthetic sea water (see below) 1000.0 ml Trace vitamins (see next page) 10.0 ml NaNO3 1.0 g NaHCO3 1.0 g Sulfur (powder) 3.0 g Mix ingredients except NaHCO3 and vitamin solution, adjust pH to 7.0 with NaOH, and autoclave under a N2 atmosphere. Filter-sterilize 8% NaHCO3 solution and add to the medium. Distribute the medium into culture vessels (e.g., 20 ml in 120 ml serum bottles) containing sulfur under a stream of a H2-CO2 (4:1, v/v) gas mixture, and seal with butyl rubber stoppers. Steam medium for 3 hr on each of 3 successive days. Prior to inoculation, add trace vitamins (sterile filtrated and stocked under a N2 atmosphere) to the medium. Pressurize the inoculated bottles to 200 kPa H2-CO2 (4:1, v/v). Modified MJ synthetic sea water: NaCl 30.00 g K2HPO4 0.14 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.50 g NH4Cl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.40 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.18 g KCl 0.33 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 1.00 mg Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 1.00 mg Trace element solution (see below) 10.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Trace element solution: Nitrilotriacetic acid 1.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.00 g MnSO4 x X H2O 0.50 g NaCl 1.00 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g CoSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.10 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.01 g AlK(SO4)2 0.01 g H3BO3 0.01 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.01 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml First dissolve nitrilotriacetic acid and adjust pH to 6.5 with KOH, then add minerals. Final pH 7.0 (with KOH). Vitamin solution: Biotin 2.00 mg Folic acid 2.00 mg Pyridoxine-HCl 10.00 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 5.00 mg Riboflavin 5.00 mg Nicotinic acid 5.00 mg D-Ca-pantothenate 5.00 mg Vitamin B12 0.10 mg p-Aminobenzoic acid 5.00 mg Lipoic acid 5.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals salts, liquid culture medium comprised of artificial sea water, vitamins, sodium nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, and elemental sulfur. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, dihydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
An artificial seawater comprised of sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium suflate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, nickel chloride, sodium selenite, and trace elements.
A trace elements solution comprised of nitrilotriacetic acid, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, cobalt sulfate, calcium chloride, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, boric acid, and sodium molybdate.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 1131
A vitamin solution comprised of biotin, folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), and lipoic acid.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium111.pdf 111. BEIJERINCKIA MEDIUM Glucose 10.0 g K2HPO4 0.8 g KH2PO4 0.2 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.1 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 20.0 mg MnSO4 x 6 H2O 2.0 mg ZnSO4 x 6 H2O 5.0 mg CuSO4 x 6 H2O 4.0 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 5.0 mg Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 950.0 ml Adjust pH to 6.5. Sterilize glucose separately (10 g in 50 ml H2O) and mix after cooling. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of glucose, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, sodium molybdate, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium110a.pdf 110a. CMC MEDIUM (N2/CO2) Ground beef (fat free) 500.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml NaOH 1 N 25.0 ml Use lean beef or horse meat. Remove fat and connective tissue before grinding. Mix meat, water and NaOH, then boil for 15 min with stirring. Cool to room temperature, skim fat off surface, and filter, retaining both meat particles and filtrate. To the filtrate add water to a final volume of 1000 ml, and then add: Casitone 30.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g K2HPO4 5.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg D-Glucose 4.0 g Cellobiose 1.0 g Maltose 1.0 g Starch (soluble) 1.0 g To make medium anoxic boil it, cool under 80% N2 + 20% CO2 gas atmosphere, add 0.5 g/l L-cysteine-HCl x H2O and dispense under same gas atmosphere into Hungate-type tubes (for strains demanding meat particles put those first into the tube (use 1 part meat particles to 4 or 5 parts fluid)). Autoclave at 121˚C for 20 min. After autoclaving adjust pH of medium to pH 7 using a sterile anoxic stock solution of Na2CO3 (5% w/v) prepared under 80% N2 + 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich liquic culture medium comprised of lean ground beef hydrolysate. To this, casitone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, resazurin, D-glucose, cellobiose, maltose, soluble starch, and cysteine hydrochloride are added. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium110.pdf 110. CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM WITH CARBOHYDRATES Ground beef (fat free) 500.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml NaOH 1 N 25.0 ml Use lean beef or horse meat. Remove fat and connective tissue before grinding. Mix meat, water and NaOH, then boil for 15 min with stirring. Cool to room temperature, skim fat off surface, and filter, retaining both meat particles and filtrate. To the filtrate add water to a final volume of 1000 ml, and then add: Casitone 30.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g K2HPO4 5.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Glucose 4.0 g Cellobiose 1.0 g Maltose 1.0 g Starch (soluble) 1.0 g To make medium anoxic boil it, cool under nitrogen atmosphere, add 0.5 g/l cysteine hydrochloride and adjust pH to 7.0. Dispense anoxically 7 ml medium into Hungate tubes (for strains demanding meat particles put those first into the tube (use 1 part meat particles to 4 or 5 parts fluid)). Autoclave at 121˚C for 30 min. For agar slants use 15 g agar per 1000.0 ml medium. In some cases (as indicated in the catalogue) the addition of Haemin and Vitamin K1 or Vitamin K3 is necessary. Add to 1000 ml of medium after autoclaving: Haemin solution (see below) 10.00 ml Vitamin K1 or Vitamin K3 solution (see below) 0.20 ml Haemin solution: Dissolve 50 mg haemin in 1 ml 1 N NaOH; make up to 100 ml with distilled water and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated. Vitamin K1 solution: Dissolve 0.1 ml of vitamin K1/K3 in 20 ml 95% ethanol and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated in a brown bottle. Vitamin K3 solution: Dissolve 5 mg/ml of vitamin K3 in 10 ml 95% ethanol and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated in a brown bottle. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich liquic culture medium comprised of lean ground beef hydrolysate. To this, casitone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, resazurin, glucose, cellobiose, maltose, soluble starch, and cysteine hydrochloride are added. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSM strains: 19147 Alistipes onderdonkii WAL 8169 = DSM 19147 19121 Alistipes shahii WAL 8301 2951 Anaerococcus tetradius ATCC 35098 2635 Asaccharospora irregularis DSM 2635 15896 Bacteroides acidifaciens JCM 10556 19024 Bacteroides caccae ATCC 43185 14838 Bacteroides cellulosilyticus DSM 14838 22519 Bacteroides clarus YIT 12056 20705 [Bacteroides] coagulans 26883 Bacteroides faecichinchillae JCM 17102 24798 Bacteroides faecis MAJ27 17565 Bacteroides finegoldii DSM 17565 22534 Bacteroides fluxus YIT 12057 1396 Bacteroides fragilis 2151 Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343 22535 Bacteroides oleiciplenus YIT 12058 1896 Bacteroides ovatus ATCC 8483 21004 Bacteroides paurosaccharolyticus JCM 15092 19346 Bacteroides propionicifaciens 19291 Bacteroides propionicifaciens DSM 19291 = JCM 14649 19673 Bacteroides pyogenes DSM 20611 = JCM 6294 20611 Bacteroides pyogenes 26882 Bacteroides rodentium JCM 16496 18765 Bacteroides salyersiae WAL 10018 = DSM 18765 = JCM 12988 19555 Bacteroides stercoris ATCC 43183 2079 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482 2255 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 6597 Bacteroides uniformis ATCC 8492 1447 Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC 8482 3289 Bacteroides vulgatus 18836 Bacteroides xylanisolvens XB1A 21032 Barnesiella intestinihominis YIT 11860 18177 Barnesiella viscericola DSM 18177 2950 Blautia producta ATCC 27340 = DSM 2950 3507 Blautia producta 19528 Campylobacter gracilis 21671 Campylobacter hominis 21682 Campylobacter mucosalis 19458 Campylobacter showae 2779 Centipeda periodontii 23941 Cetobacterium somerae ATCC BAA-474 630 [Clostridium] bifermentans 631 [Clostridium] bifermentans 666 Clostridium cochlearium 1285 Clostridium cochlearium 2153 Clostridium cochlearium 6011 [Clostridium] colinum 27543 Peptoclostridium difficile 630 27544 Peptoclostridium difficile 28645 Peptoclostridium difficile 630 12750 Clostridium drakei 2631 Clostridium fallax DSM 2631 5565 Clostridium haemolyticum 627 Hathewaya histolytica 2158 Hathewaya histolytica 1286 [Clostridium] innocuum 5566 Clostridium novyi B str. ATCC 27606 2630 Clostridium paraputrificum 10364 Clostridium pascui 10365 Clostridium pascui 10366 Clostridium pascui 10367 Clostridium pascui 628 Clostridium perfringens 2943 Clostridium perfringens 11778 Clostridium perfringens 11779 Clostridium perfringens 11780 Clostridium perfringens 11781 Clostridium perfringens 11782 Clostridium perfringens 11783 Clostridium perfringens 11784 Clostridium perfringens 11785 Clostridium perfringens 11786 Clostridium perfringens 2632 Clostridium sardiniense 2141 [Clostridium] sordellii ATCC 9714 1985 Clostridium 4029 Clostridium 633 Clostridium sporogenes 634 Clostridium sporogenes 767 Clostridium sporogenes 1446 Clostridium sporogenes 1664 Clostridium sporogenes 1294 [Clostridium] sporosphaeroides DSM 1294 2636 Clostridium subterminale 6970 Clostridium subterminale 2485 Clostridium tertium 11744 Clostridium tetani 11745 Clostridium tetani 3979 Collinsella aerofaciens ATCC 25986 15921 Coprobacillus cateniformis JCM 10604 26242 Coprobacter fastidiosus NSB1 15641 Cryptobacterium curtum DSM 15641 20708 Dichelobacter nodosus A198 23057 Dichelobacter nodosus 3992 Dorea formicigenerans ATCC 27755 27370 Dysgonomonas macrotermitis 16107 Eggerthella sinensis 25476 Enorma massiliensis phI 3989 Holdemanella biformis DSM 3989 3983 Faecalitalea cylindroides ATCC 27803 3991 [Eubacterium] dolichum DSM 3991 2593 Eubacterium limosum 2594 Eubacterium limosum 18759 Eubacterium minutum ATCC 700079 27210 Falsiporphyromonas endometrii 1645 Filifactor villosus 6740 Flavonifractor plautii DSM 6740 19678 Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. funduliforme ATCC 51357 19507 Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincentii ATCC 49256 19508 Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. fusiforme ATCC 51190 15657 Guggenheimella bovis 15480 Hespellia stercorisuis DSM 15480 22815 Jonquetella anthropi DSM 22815 22070 Leptotrichia trevisanii DSM 22070 1672 Megamonas hypermegale DSM 1672 19944 Megamonas rupellensis DSM 19944 3998 Mogibacterium timidum DSM 3998 23919 Murdochiella asaccharolytica 21255 Negativicoccus succinicivorans 24967 Parabacteroides chartae 29073 Parabacteroides chinchillae 19448 Parabacteroides goldsteinii DSM 19448 = WAL 12034 23371 Parabacteroides gordonii DSM 23371 16106 Paraeggerthella hongkongensis JCM 14552 19731 Paraprevotella clara YIT 11840 19681 Paraprevotella xylaniphila YIT 11841 3032 Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus 20463 Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus DSM 20463 2949 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius VPI 4330 = DSM 2949 23041 Peptostreptococcus russellii 20707 Porphyromonas asaccharolytica DSM 20707 23058 Porphyromonas bennonis DSM 23058 = JCM 16335 15663 Porphyromonas gulae DSM 15663 23370 Porphyromonas levii DSM 23370 23386 Porphyromonas somerae DSM 23386 23387 Porphyromonas uenonis DSM 23387 = JCM 13868 23917 Bacteroides heparinolyticus ATCC 35895 13386 Prevotella nigrescens ATCC 33563 1897 Propionibacterium acnes DSM 1897 15818 Propionibacterium australiense 23940 Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus ATCC 29799 21147 Pyramidobacter piscolens W5455 23594 Selenomonas bovis DSM 23594 19578 Selenomonas noxia ATCC 43541 2479 Selenomonas sp. ATCC 33150 5675 Tissierella praeacuta
An organic-rich liquic culture medium comprised of lean ground beef hydrolysate. To this, casitone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, resazurin, cysteine, and cysteine hydrochloride are added. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSM strains: 12168 Treponema brennaborense DSM 12168
Similar to DSMZ Medium 78, except that an amino acid solution and vitamin solution are added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium80.pdf 80. GLYCEROL-SOIL MEDIUM Peptone 5.0 g Beef extract 3.0 g Glycerol 20.0 g Soil extract 150.0 ml Distilled water 850.0 ml Agar 15.0 g Adjust pH to 7.0. Soil extract is prepared by sieving air dried garden soil through a coarse sieve and autoclaving 400 g with 960 ml of distilled water at 121˚C for one hour. After the mixture is cool and settled, the supernatant is carefully decanted, filtered through paper, autoclaved in 200 ml quantities, and stored at room temperature until cleared by sedimentation. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 43067 Actinomadura madurae NBRC 14623 43236 Actinomadura madurae 2354 Gordonia alkanivorans 43247 Gordonia bronchialis DSM 43247 43249 Gordonia terrae 43342 Gordonia terrae 43231 Mycobacterium conceptionense 43212 Mycobacterium gordonae 43213 Mycobacterium gordonae 43222 Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum 43239 Mycobacterium phlei DSM 43239 = CCUG 21000 535 Pseudonocardia autotrophica 43103 Pseudonocardia autotrophica 658 Pseudonocardia petroleophila 43193 Pseudonocardia petroleophila
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of peptone, beef extract, glycerol, soil extract, and agar.
DSM strains: 621 Leucothrix mucor 5127 Leucothrix mucor DSM 2157 41682 Streptomyces hiroshimensis
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium containing tryptone and synthetic seawater.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium82.pdf 82. BHI-GLUCOSE MEDIUM Brain heart infusion 18.5 g Glucose 5.0 g Agar 12.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 43117 Actinomadura pelletieri 43118 Actinomadura pelletieri 43031 Actinoplanes auranticolor 43046 Actinoplanes missouriensis 43019 Actinoplanes philippinensis 43045 Agromyces ramosus 20651 Corynebacterium minutissimum 43037 Dermatophilus congolensis 43043 Intrasporangium calvum DSM 43043 43218 Mycobacterium diernhoferi 43058 Mycobacterium 43024 Nocardia brevicatena NBRC 12119 43005 Nocardia cyriacigeorgica 43003 Nocardia farcinica 43010 Nocardia otitidiscaviarum 43242 Nocardia otitidiscaviarum 43069 Nocardia 43027 Pseudonocardia thermophila 43188 Rhodococcus erythropolis 43113 Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula 43114 Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula 2072 Streptococcus pyogenes 2073 Streptococcus pyogenes 2074 Streptococcus pyogenes
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of brain heart infusion, glucose, and agar.
A minerals-salts, solid culture medium that contains potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, manganese chloride, sodium metavanadate, trace elements, agar, ferric ammonium citrate and sodium bicarbonate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dioxygen, carbon dioxide, dihydrogen, and dinitrogen.
DSM strains: 653 Achromobacter ruhlandii 550 Acidovorax facilis 620 Acidovorax facilis 649 Acidovorax facilis 3314 Acidovorax 2625 Alcaligenes 5537 Alcaligenes 334 Ancylobacter aquaticus 2454 Ancylobacter aquaticus 2456 Ancylobacter aquaticus 1108 Ancylobacter polymorphus 2457 Ancylobacter polymorphus 2667 Ancylobacter polymorphus 3910 Ancylobacter polymorphus 3911 Ancylobacter polymorphus 3912 Ancylobacter polymorphus 3913 Ancylobacter polymorphus 3914 Ancylobacter polymorphus 1106 Ancylobacter 1107 Ancylobacter 2668 Ancylobacter 2669 Ancylobacter 1277 Ancylobacter vacuolatus 1124 Azohydromonas australica DSM 1124 1122 Azohydromonas lata 1123 Azohydromonas lata 1721 Azohydromonas 1722 Azohydromonas 1723 Azohydromonas 2787 Nitrospirillum amazonense 2788 Nitrospirillum amazonense Y2 2789 Nitrospirillum amazonense 1838 Azospirillum lipoferum 1840 Azospirillum lipoferum 1841 Azospirillum lipoferum 1860 Azospirillum lipoferum 2291 Azospirillum lipoferum 2292 Azospirillum lipoferum 2293 Azospirillum lipoferum 2294 Azospirillum lipoferum 1726 Azospirillum sp. A1-3 1727 Azospirillum 1842 Azospirillum 16346 Beijerinckia 1724 Beijerinckia 1755 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 1756 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 1982 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 1749 Burkholderia fungorum 11915 Chrysiogenes arsenatis DSM 11915 2839 Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 529 Cupriavidus necator 530 Cupriavidus necator 531 Cupriavidus necator 538 Ralstonia eutropha H16 539 Cupriavidus necator 540 Cupriavidus necator 541 Cupriavidus necator 428 Cupriavidus necator 430 Cupriavidus necator 515 Cupriavidus necator 516 Cupriavidus necator 517 Cupriavidus necator 518 Cupriavidus necator 542 Cupriavidus necator 543 Cupriavidus necator 544 Cupriavidus necator 545 Cupriavidus necator 546 Cupriavidus necator 547 Cupriavidus necator 551 Cupriavidus necator 30029 Cupriavidus necator 723 Derxia gummosa DSM 723 1846 Derxia gummosa 732 Herbaspirillum autotrophicum 733 Herbaspirillum autotrophicum 2913 Hydrogenobacter hydrogenophilus 15341 Hydrogenophaga defluvii 619 Hydrogenophaga flava 650 Hydrogenophaga palleronii 63 Hydrogenophaga palleronii 1034 Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava 2082 Hydrogenophaga taeniospiralis 21442 Hydrogenophilus islandicus 413 Paracoccus denitrificans 415 Paracoccus denitrificans 1405 Paracoccus denitrificans 1403 Paracoccus pantotrophus 1404 Paracoccus pantotrophus 2666 Starkeya 21436 Thiomonas islandica 645 Variovorax paradoxus 646 Variovorax paradoxus 647 Variovorax paradoxus 1070 Variovorax paradoxus 1071 Variovorax paradoxus 1072 Variovorax paradoxus 30034 Variovorax paradoxus 3770 Xanthobacter agilis 431 Xanthobacter autotrophicus 432 Xanthobacter autotrophicus 597 Xanthobacter autotrophicus 685 Xanthobacter autotrophicus 1393 Xanthobacter autotrophicus
A minerals salts, liquid culture medium containing potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, manganese chloride, sodium metavanate, ferric ammonium citrate, sodium carbonate and trace elements. Prepared under an atmosphere of dioxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dinitrogen.
mineral medium for chemolithotrophic growth (H-3)
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium83.pdf 83. CZAPEK PEPTONE AGAR Sucrose 30.00 g NaNO3 3.00 g K2HPO4 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g KCl 0.50 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 g Yeast extract 2.00 g Peptone 5.00 g Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 43148 Actinoplanes campanulatus 43149 Actinoplanes digitatis 43146 Actinoplanes italicus 43150 Actinoplanes lobatus 43151 Actinoplanes regularis 43147 Actinoplanes utahensis 44348 Amycolatopsis eurytherma 44349 Amycolatopsis eurytherma 44467 Amycolatopsis sacchari 44468 Amycolatopsis sacchari 44469 Amycolatopsis sacchari 44470 Amycolatopsis sacchari 44592 Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina DSM 44592 44439 Gordonia polyisoprenivorans 43062 Laceyella sacchari 44438 Micromonospora aurantiaca 43127 Micromonospora chalcea 43036 Micromonospora echinospora 43171 Micromonospora halophytica 44983 Micromonospora rifamycinica 43312 Micromonospora 43313 Micromonospora 43314 Micromonospora 43024 Nocardia brevicatena NBRC 12119 44538 Nocardia veterana 44412 Nocardiopsis alba 44516 Nocardiopsis alba 44552 Nocardiopsis alba 44550 Nocardiopsis composta 44551 Nocardiopsis composta 44497 Nocardiopsis sp. 64/93 44407 Nocardiopsis exhalans 44659 Nocardiopsis sp. DSM 44659 44450 Nocardiopsis 43039 Pilimelia anulata 43040 Pilimelia terevasa 44945 Planifilum fulgidum 43177 Planomonospora parontospora subsp. parontospora 43110 Promicromonospora citrea 44525 Pseudonocardia kongjuensis 43195 Pseudonocardia saturnea 43169 Pseudonocardia 44631 Saccharomonospora azurea NA-128 43068 Saccharomonospora azurea 43017 Saccharomonospora viridis DSM 43017 43115 Saccharomonospora viridis
Is an organic rich, solid culture medium comprised of sucrose, sodium nitrate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, iron sulfate, yeast extract, peptone, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium84.pdf 84. ROLLED OATS MINERAL MEDIUM Rolled oats 20.0 g Agar 20.0 g Trace element solution (see below) 1.0 ml Distilled water 1000.0 ml Trace element solution: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.1 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.1 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.1 g Distilled water 100.0 ml pH 7,2 © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 44705 Acrocarpospora macrocephala 44706 Acrocarpospora pleiomorpha 44982 bacterium 12202 43889 Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus DSM 43889 45178 Actinocatenispora rupis 44816 Actinocatenispora thailandica 44254 Actinocorallia herbida 44770 Actinomadura glauciflava DSM 44770 46198 Actinomadura latina 46201 Actinomadura latina 43380 Actinomadura madurae 43381 Actinomadura madurae 44485 Actinomadura mexicana 44197 Actinomadura namibiensis 44761 Actinomadura nitritigenes 44762 Actinomadura nitritigenes 43750 Actinomadura rubrobrunea 43751 Actinomadura rubrobrunea 44003 Actinomadura 44763 Actinomadura 43765 Actinomadura vinacea 44433 Actinomadura viridilutea 46643 Actinoplanes globisporus 44926 Actinospica acidiphila 44927 Actinospica robiniae DSM 44927 44899 Catellatospora bangladeshensis 44900 Catellatospora chokoriensis 44901 Catellatospora coxensis 44128 Catenuloplanes crispus 44578 Clavisporangium rectum 44171 Glycomyces tenuis DSM 44171 44071 Herbidospora cretacea 44127 Herbidospora cretacea 44786 Kitasatospora gansuensis 44790 Kitasatospora kifunensis 44788 Kitasatospora paranensis 44943 Kitasatospora recifensis 44789 Kitasatospora terrestris 44826 Kitasatospora viridis 43870 Kutzneria albida DSM 43870 43851 Kutzneria kofuensis 43850 Kutzneria viridogrisea 43355 Laceyella putida 43353 Laceyella sacchari 43354 Laceyella sacchari 43356 Laceyella sacchari 45262 Laceyella tengchongensis 43885 Lechevalieria flava 15081 Lechevalieria xinjiangensis 44784 Longispora albida DSM 44784 44681 Microbispora corallina 44105 Microbispora griseoalba 43166 Microbispora rosea subsp. aerata 43176 Microbispora rosea subsp. aerata 43840 Microbispora rosea subsp. aerata 43025 Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea 43165 Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea 43837 Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea 43838 Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea 43839 Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea 43143 Micromonospora coerulea 43819 Micromonospora inositola 44579 Microtetraspora malaysiensis 44487 Nonomuraea asiatica 45128 Nonomuraea bangladeshensis 43767 Nonomuraea roseola 44170 Nonomuraea roseoviolacea subsp. carminata 43041 Planobispora longispora 43051 Planobispora rosea 43178 Planomonospora venezuelensis 44746 Planotetraspora silvatica 44698 Pseudonocardia chloroethenivorans 44072 Rhodococcus opacus 43401 Saccharopolyspora hirsuta 44936 Sphaerisporangium rubeum 44325 Spirilliplanes yamanashiensis 41754 Streptacidiphilus carbonis 44847 Streptacidiphilus griseisporus 44824 Streptacidiphilus luteoalbus 42024 Streptomyces abyssalis 41644 Streptomyces aculeolatus 41781 Streptomyces bungoensis 41447 Streptomyces chartreusis NRRL 3882 41827 Streptomyces costaricanus 41984 Streptomyces endophyticus 42021 Streptomyces glycovorans 40661 Streptomyces griseus 41944 Streptomyces guanduensis 43030 Streptomyces humiferus 42104 Streptomyces klenkii 41697 Streptomyces malaysiensis 42004 Streptomyces mordarskii 41804 Streptomyces reticuliscabiei 42105 Streptomyces smyrnaeus 40689 Streptomyces 40886 Streptomyces 40887 Streptomyces 40888 Streptomyces 40889 Streptomyces 40979 Streptomyces 41373 Streptomyces 41374 Streptomyces 41375 Streptomyces 41376 Streptomyces 41377 Streptomyces 41378 Streptomyces 41379 Streptomyces 41380 Streptomyces 41381 Streptomyces 41382 Streptomyces 41383 Streptomyces 41384 Streptomyces 41356 Streptomyces 41357 Streptomyces 41358 Streptomyces 41360 Streptomyces 41361 Streptomyces 41362 Streptomyces 41363 Streptomyces 41364 Streptomyces 41365 Streptomyces 41366 Streptomyces 41367 Streptomyces 41368 Streptomyces 41369 Streptomyces 41370 Streptomyces 41371 Streptomyces 41372 Streptomyces 41298 Streptomyces 41319 Streptomyces 41327 Streptomyces 41349 Streptomyces 41350 Streptomyces 41351 Streptomyces 41352 Streptomyces 41353 Streptomyces 41385 Streptomyces 41386 Streptomyces 41387 Streptomyces 41388 Streptomyces 41389 Streptomyces 41616 Streptomyces 41617 Streptomyces 41618 Streptomyces 41619 Streptomyces 41694 Streptomyces 41924 Streptomyces specialis 42057 Streptomyces staurosporininus 41679 Streptomyces sulfonofaciens 42019 Streptomyces sundarbansensis 44293 Streptomyces thermocarboxydus 41700 Streptomyces thermocoprophilus 41740 Streptomyces thermodiastaticus 42015 Streptomyces xinghaiensis S187 42022 Streptomyces xishensis 41945 Streptomyces yanglinensis 43023 Streptosporangium album 44109 Streptosporangium brasiliense 45034 Streptosporangium canum 45033 Streptosporangium sp. 7108 43948 Streptosporangium nondiastaticum 43021 Streptosporangium roseum DSM 43021 44095 Streptosporangium rubrum 43137 Streptosporangium 43138 Streptosporangium 43394 Streptosporangium 44662 Streptosporangium subroseum 43849 Streptosporangium violaceochromogenes 43872 Streptosporangium violaceochromogenes 44112 Streptosporangium vulgare 44663 Streptosporangium yunnanense 43184 Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 43372 Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 43038 Thermobispora bispora 43833 Thermobispora bispora DSM 43833 43186 Thermopolyspora flexuosa 44794 Virgisporangium aurantiacum 44793 Virgisporangium ochraceum
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of rolled oats, agar, and trace elements.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium86.pdf 86. CASTENHOLZ MEDIUM Nitrilotriacetic acid (Titriplex I) 100.00 mg CaSO4 x 2 H2O 60.00 mg MgSO4 x 7 H2O 100.00 mg NaCl 8.00 mg KNO3 103.00 mg NaNO3 689.00 mg Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 140.00 mg FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.47 mg MnSO4 x H2O 2.20 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 mg H3BO3 0.50 mg CuSO4 x 5 H2O 25.00 μg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 25.00 μg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 46.00 μg Tryptone 1.00 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 8.2 with NaOH. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 11376 Meiothermus cerbereus DSM 11376 11377 Meiothermus cerbereus 9957 Meiothermus chliarophilus DSM 9957 9946 Meiothermus silvanus DSM 9946 14542 Meiothermus taiwanensis DSM 14542 14543 Meiothermus taiwanensis 19627 Microcella putealis 14833 Tepidimonas aquatica 14834 Thermomonas hydrothermalis 5718 Thermonema lapsum 23/9 5719 Thermonema lapsum 625 Thermus aquaticus 12092 Thermus oshimai DSM 12092 12093 Thermus scotoductus
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of nitrilotriacetic acid, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, sodium phosphate, ferric chloride, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, boric acid, copper sulfate, sodium molybdate, cobalt chloride, tryptone, and yeast extract.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium85.pdf 85. GLUCOSE PEPTONE MEDIUM Yeast extract 10.0 g Bacto peptone (Difco) 20.0 g Glucose 10.0 g CaCO3 10.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic rich, solid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, peptone, glucose, calcium carbonate, and agar. Given the pKa of calcium carbonate (9), the pH of the solution should be about 9.0.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium87.pdf 87. CHLOROFLEXUS MEDIUM (modified) Yeast extract 1.00 g Glycyl-glycine 1.00 g Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 0.10 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g KNO3 0.10 g NaNO3 0.50 g NaCl 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g Fe(III) citrate solution (0.1 g in 100 ml H2O) 5.00 ml Trace element solution SL-6 (see medium 27) 1.00 ml Distilled water 1050.00 ml Adjust pH to 8.2. Boil the medium under a stream of nitrogen gas for a few minutes and distribute 90 ml medium into 100 ml screw-capped bottles. Bubble each bottle with nitrogen gas and close immediately with a rubber septum and screw tight. Autoclave at 121˚C for 15 min. After autoclaving inject 1.0 ml of neutralized sulfide solution (0.015% end concentration, see medium 27) to each bottle. This medium can be stored for several months. Incubate the culture at 50˚C at a light intensity of 300 - 500 lux. For heavy cell suspension supplement periodically with sterile yeast extract solution (0.1% end concentration, for more details see Ref. 3365, 3366). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 13941 Roseiflexus castenholzii DSM 13941 9485 Chloroflexus aggregans DSM 9485 9486 Chloroflexus aggregans 635 Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl 636 Chloroflexus aurantiacus 637 Chloroflexus aurantiacus 638 Chloroflexus aurantiacus
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, glycylglycine, sodium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ferric citrate, and trace elements. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium86a.pdf 86a. MODIFIED CASTENHOLZ MEDIUM Use medium 86, but replace the tryptone with 3 g/l peptone and add 1 g/l mono sodium glutamate. The final pH should be adjusted to 7.8 with NaOH. Solid media is prepared by the addition of 2 - 2.5% agar. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 14542 Meiothermus taiwanensis DSM 14542 14543 Meiothermus taiwanensis
Similar to DSMZ Medium 86, except tryptone is omitted and peptone and monosodium glutamate are added. The pH is decreased to 7.8 with sodium hydroxide.
DSM strains: 9485 Chloroflexus aggregans DSM 9485 9486 Chloroflexus aggregans 13941 Roseiflexus castenholz DSM 13941
Similar to DSMZ Medium 87, except a vitamin solution is added and the pH is decreased to 7.5.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium88.pdf 88. SULFOLOBUS MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 1.30 g KH2PO4 0.28 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.07 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.02 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 1.80 mg Na2B4O7 x 10 H2O 4.50 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.22 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg VOSO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg CoSO4 0.01 mg Yeast extract (Difco) 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except yeast extract or other substrates), adjust pH of the salt solution at room temperature to 2.0 using 10 N H2SO4 and autoclave. Sterilize substrates separately and add to the medium after autoclaving. Yeast extract and other organic substrates are sterilized separately by autoclaving of a 10% (w/v) stock solution at neutral pH. For DSM 5348 omit yeast extract and supplement medium with 0.50 g/l powdered sulfur and 20.00 g/l sulfide ore (e.g., pyrite). Sterilize sulfur separately by steaming for 3 hours on each of 3 successive days and ore by heating at 150°C over night. Add sulfur and ore aseptically to the autoclaved medium. For DSM 5389, DSM 7519, and DSM 12421 adjust pH of medium to 3.0 – 3.5. For DSM 6482 and DSM 10039 reduce amount of yeast extract to 0.20 g/l and supplement medium with 5.00 g/l powdered sulfur. Sterilize sulfur separately by steaming for 3 hours on each of 3 successive days and add aseptically to the autoclaved medium. For DSM 9789 and DSM 9790 use 2.00 g/l yeast extract and adjust pH of medium to 1.0 by using 300.00 ml 0.5 M H2SO4 and 700.00 ml distilled water for the dissolving of salts. For DSM 16993 supplement medium with 1.00 g/l D-glucose and 1.00 g/l Casamino acids. Adjust pH of the completed medium to 3.0. For DSM 18786 use only 0.10 g/l yeast extract and supplement medium with 10.00 g/l sulfide ore (e.g., chalcopyrite). Sterilize ore by heating at 150 °C over night. Adjust pH of the medium to 0.8. For DSM 29038 supplement medium with 3.00 g/l K2S4O6 added to the autoclaved medium from a stock solution sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of completed medium to 2.5. For DSM 29099 use only 0.20 g/l yeast extract and supplement medium with 1.00 g/l D-glucose and 10.00 g/l powdered sulfur. Sterilize sulfur separately by steaming for 3 hours on each of 3 successive days and add aseptically to the autoclaved medium. Adjust pH of final medium to 2.5 – 3.0. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except the concentration of yeast extract is reduced, and D-glucose and elemental sulfur are added. The pH is increased to 2.5-3.0.
DSM 29038 is Acidianus sp. ALE 1 = Candidatus Acidianus copahuensis
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except potassium tetrathionate is added. The pH is increased to 2.5.
DSM 18786 is Acidianus sulfidivorans JP7
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except the concentration of yeast extract is decreased and a sulfide mineral is added. The pH is decreased to 0.8.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except D-glucose and casamino acids are added. The pH is increased to 3.0.
DSM 9789 is Picrophilus oshimae DSM 9789 DSM 9790 is Picrophilus torridus DSM 9790
DSMZ Medium 88.4 -< for DSM 9789 and DSM 9790
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except the concentration of yeast extract is increased and the pH is decreased to 1.0.
DSM 6482 is Sulfolobus metallicus DSM 6482 = JCM 9184 DSM 10039 is Metallosphaera prunae
DSMZ Medium 88.3 -< for DSM 6482 and DSM 10039
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except the amount of yeast extract is reduced and elemental sulfur is added.
DSM 5389 is Sulfolobus shibatae B12 DSM 7519 is Metallosphaera hakonensis JCM 8857 DSM 12421 is Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis
DSMZ Medium 88.2 -< for DSM 5389, DSM 7519, and DSM 12421
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except the pH is increased to 3.0-3.5.
DSM 5348 is Metallosphaera sedula DSM 5348
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except yeast extract is omitted and elemental sulfur and a sulfide mineral are added.
DSM strains: 29038 Candidatus Acidianus copahuensis 18786 Acidianus sulfidivorans JP7 7519 Metallosphaera hakonensis 10039 Metallosphaera prunae 639 Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639 6482 Sulfolobus metallicus DSM 6482 = JCM 9184 5389 Sulfolobus shibatae B12 16993 Sulfolobus tokodaii str. 7 12421 Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis 18247 Thermobacillus composti KWC4 14429 Vulcanisaeta distributa DSM 14429 14430 Vulcanisaeta souniana
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric chloride, manganese chloride, sodium tetraborate, zinc sulfate, vanadyl sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and yeast extract.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium88b.pdf 88b. V24N MEDIUM Prepare medium 88 without yeast extract, then add (per litre): Sulfur, powdered 1.0 g Yeast extract 0.2 g Starch, soluble 2.0 g Resazurin 0.4 mg Na2S x 9 H2O 0.5 g Adjust the pH to 6.0 with H2SO4 (25% v/v). Prepare the medium under 100% N2 gas phase and distribute anaerobically into rubber stoppered tubes or bottles (presterilized by autoclaving). The medium is sterilized by heating 2 hours at 85 ˚C on each of two following days. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of elemental sulfur, yeast extract, soluble starch, resazurin, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium88a.pdf 88a. SULFOLOBUS MEDIUM (ANAEROBIC) (NH4)2SO4 1.30 g KH2PO4 0.28 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.07 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.02 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 1.80 mg Na2B4O7 x 10 H2O 4.50 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.22 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg VOSO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg CoSO4 0.01 mg Sulfur, powder 10.00 g Yeast extract (Difco) 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Demineralized water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except sulfur, yeast extract and sulfide), adjust pH of the salt solution at room temperature to 4.0 using 1 N H2SO4 and sparge medium with 100% N2 gas to make it anoxic. Dispense medium under same gas atmosphere in anoxic vials and autoclave. Steam sulfur for 3 hr on each of 3 successive days. Add sulfur aseptically to the autoclaved medium while retaining anoxic conditions. Add yeast extract and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2 gas. Prior to inoculation check pH and adjust to 4.0, if necessary. For DSM 2161 and DSM 2162 use 1.00 g/l yeast extract and adjust pH of medium to 5.5. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 2161 is Desulfurococcus mobilis DSM 2161 DSM 2162 is Desulfurococcus mucosus DSM 2162
DSMZ Medium 88a.1 -< for DSM 2161 and DSM 2162
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88a, except the concentration of yeast extract is increased and the pH is increased to 5.5.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except elemental sulfur and sodium sulfide are added. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and the pH is increased to 4.0.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium90.pdf 90. MALT EXTRACT PEPTONE AGAR Malt extract 30.0 g Soya peptone 3.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 5.6. Sterilize at 121˚C for 10 min © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: none found in BacDive database
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of malt extract, soy peptone, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium91.pdf 91. PROPIONIBACTERIUM AGAR Casein peptone, tryptic digest 10.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g Na-lactate 10.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 - 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 20272 Propionibacterium acidipropionici 20273 Propionibacterium acidipropionici 20271 Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii 20270 Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii 20274 Propionibacterium jensenii 20275 Propionibacterium jensenii 20278 Propionibacterium jensenii 20279 Propionibacterium jensenii 20535 Propionibacterium jensenii DSM 20535 20276 Propionibacterium thoenii DSM 20276 20277 Propionibacterium thoenii
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of casein peptone, tryptic digest (casitone), yeast extract, sodium lactate, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium92a.pdf 92a. MODIFIED MEDIUM 92 Prepare medium 92. Add vitamin solution (see medium 131). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 15826 Luteococcus peritonei
Similar to DSMZ Medium 92, except that a vitamin solution is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium92.pdf 92. TRYPTICASE SOY YEAST EXTRACT MEDIUM Trypticase soy broth 30.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g Agar, if necessary 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 - 7.2. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptic soy broth, yeast extract, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium95.pdf 95. DESULFUROMONAS ACETOXIDANS MEDIUM Solution A: KH2PO4 1.00 g NH4Cl 0.30 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 2.00 g NaCl 20.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.10 g Na2SO4 1.77 g Trace element solution SL-4 (see medium 14) 10.00 ml Na2-DL-malate 2.66 g Yeast extract 0.50 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 940.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.0 with 2 N NaOH. Solution B: Ethanol 0.30 ml Distilled water 2.70 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 1.85 g Distilled water 40.00 ml Solution D: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Bring solution A to the boil, then cool down to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Dispense medium under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and sterilize by autoclaving. Solutions B and D are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. The medium is completed before use by adding appropriate amounts of solutions B, C and D to solution A. Final pH is adjusted to 7.2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 684 Desulfuromonas acetoxidans DSM 684 1675 Desulfuromonas acetoxidans 1676 Desulfuromonas acetoxidans
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium containing potassium phospahte, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium sulfate, trace elements, sodium malate, yeast extract, resazurin, ehtanol, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium115.pdf 115. VIBRIO NATRIEGENS MEDIUM To medium 1 add 1.5% NaCl. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid microbiological culture medium comprised of peptone, meat extract, sodium chloride, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium114.pdf 114. PARACOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS MEDIUM To medium 1 add 6% NaCl. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium113a.pdf 113a. SULFURIMONAS HONGKONGENSIS MEDIUM Solution A: NaCl 25.0 g KH2PO4 2.0 g KNO3 2.0 g NH4Cl 1.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.8 g Trace element solution SL-4 (see medium 14) 2.0 ml Distilled water 930.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 with NaOH. Solution B: Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 5.0 g Distilled water 40.0 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 1.0 g Distilled water 20.0 ml Solution D: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.0 mg H2SO4 (0.1 N) 1.0 ml Solution E: Vitamins solution (see medium 141) 10.0 ml Solutions A, B and D are prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by autoclaving at 121˚C for 15 min. Solution C is sterilized by filtration or by autoclaving in a tightly closed vessel under an atmosphere of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. After sterilization combine the five solutions and distribute as required under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. For solid medium add 15 g agar to solution A. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 113, except sodium chloride is added such that the salinity is increased to marine salinity levels.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium113.pdf 113. THIOBACILLUS DENITRIFICANS MEDIUM Solution A: KH2PO4 2.0 g KNO3 2.0 g NH4Cl 1.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.8 g Trace element solution SL-4 (see medium 14) 2.0 ml Distilled water 940.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 with NaOH. Solution B: Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 5.0 g Distilled water 40.0 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 1.0 g Distilled water 20.0 ml Solution D: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.0 mg H2SO4 (0.1 N) 1.0 ml Solutions A, B and D are sterilized separately by autoclaving at 121˚C for 15 min under nitrogen atmosphere. Solution C is sterilized by filtration or by autoclaving in a tightly closed vessel under an atmosphere of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. After sterilization combine the four solutions and distribute as required under nitrogen atmosphere. For solid medium add 15 g agar to solution A. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, sodium selenite, sodium bicarbonate, and ferrous sulfate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium120a.pdf 120a. METHANOSARCINA BARKERI MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.35 g KH2PO4 0.23 g NH4Cl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g NaCl 2.25 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract (Difco) 2.00 g Casitone (Difco) 2.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 0.85 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Methanol 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, methanol, cysteine and sulfide) and sparge medium for 30 – 45 min with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to make it anoxic. Then add and dissolve bicarbonate, adjust pH to 6.8 and dispense medium under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Methanol (50% v/v) and the reducing agents are each autoclaved separately under N2 gas atmosphere as concentrated solutions in tightly closed tubes, vitamins are prepared under 100% N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Appropriate volumes of the solutions are injected into the autoclaved main part of the medium with hypodermic syringes. Final pH of the complete medium is 6.5 - 6.8. For DSM 4556 increase amount of NaHCO3 to 2.00 g/l to achieve a pH of 6.8 – 7.0 and add only 5.00 ml/l methanol. After inoculation pressurize vials with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure. For DSM 10334 and DSM 13486 increase amount of NaHCO3 to 2.00 g/l to achieve a pH of 6.8 – 7.0 and add only 5.00 ml/l methanol. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 120a, except the concentration of sodium bicarbonate is increased, the concentration of methanol is decreased, and the pH is increased slightly to 6.8-7.0. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium118.pdf 118. DAP-NUTRIENT AGAR To medium 1 add 100 mg DL-diaminopimelic acid. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1, except diaminopimelic acid (2,6-diaminopimelic acid) is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf 119. METHANOBACTERIUM MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.40 g NaCl 0.40 g NH4Cl 0.40 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 1.00 g Na-acetate 1.00 g Na-formate 2.00 g Sludge fluid (see below) 50.00 ml Fatty acid mixture (see below) 20.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 4.00 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 930.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate, then dispense medium in anoxic tubes under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 6.8 - 7.0, if necessary. After growth has started and the culture is becoming turbid add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 0.5 - 1 bar overpressure. Sludge fluid: Add 0.4% yeast extract to sludge from an anaerobic digester, and after gassing with nitrogen gas for a few minutes incubate it at 37˚C for 24 hours. Then centrifuge the sludge at 13000 g and autoclave the resulting, clear supernatant in screw-capped vessels under nitrogen gas. The sludge fluid can be stored at room temperature in the dark. Fatty acid mixture: Valeric acid 0.50 g Isovaleric acid 0.50 g 2-Methylbutyric acid 0.50 g Isobutyric acid 0.50 g Distilled water 20.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.5 with conc. NaOH. For DSM 1093 supplement medium after autoclaving with 0.50 g/l coenzyme M (mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) added from a filter-sterilized anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. For DSM 2030 adjust pH to 6.5 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation. For DSM 6216 increase amount of Na-acetate to 3.00 g/l. For DSM 7057 supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Na2SO4. For DSM 7256 omit sludge fluid and prepare medium with 20% (v/v) clarified rumen fluid (see medium 1310). For DSM 9575 add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation. For DSM 15163 adjust pH of final medium to 6.0 For DSM 16632 and DSM 16643 replace sludge fluid with the same volume of clarified rumen fluid (see medium 1310), and supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Trypticase peptone and 10.00 ml/l of a vitamin solution (see medium 141). For DSM 25720 supplement medium after autoclaving with 1.00 ml/l selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) and 2.50 g/l methanol added from a sterile anoxic stock solution. Adjust pH of completed medium to 7.5. Add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. For DSM 25824 supplement medium after autoclaving with 0.10 g/l 2- mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (coenzyme M) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. For DSM 25939 adjust the final pH of the medium to 7.2 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. For DSM 25945 adjust the final pH of the medium to 7.4 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, yeast extract, sodium acetate, sodium formate, sludge fluid, fatty acids, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, dinitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
DSM 1093 is Methanobrevibacter ruminantium M1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except coenzyme M is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except pH is reduced to 6.5 and the atmosphere is dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except the concentration of sodium acetate is increased.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except sodium sulfate is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except sludge fluid is omitted and clarified rumen fluid is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except the atmosphere is dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSM 15163 is Methanobrevibacter acididurans
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except the pH is reduced to 6.0.
DSM 16632 is Methanobrevibacter olleyae DSM 16643 is Methanobrevibacter millerae
DSMZ Medium 119.8 -< for DSM 16632 and DSM 16643
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except sludge fluid is omiited, and trypicase peptone, vitamin solution, and clarified rumen fluid is added.
DSM 25720 is Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis B10
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except selenite-tungstate solution and methanol are added. The pH is increased to 7.5 and the atmosphere is dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSM 25824 is Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani JH1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except coenzyme is added and the atmosphere is dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except the pH is increased to 7.2 and the atmosphere is dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 119, except the pH is increased to 7.4 and the atmosphere is dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium104b.pdf 104b. PY + X MEDIUM Trypticase peptone 5.0 g Peptone from meat (pepsin-digested) 5.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g Salt solution (see medium 104) 40.0 ml Resazurin 1.0 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g D-Glucose 5.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except glucose and cysteine), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Add cysteine and adjust pH to 7.0. Thereafter, dispense under 100% N2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. After autoclaving add glucose or any other substrate from a sterile, anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. For DSM 1736 replace glucose with 5.0 g/l D-fructose. For DSM 6555 replace glucose with 5.0 g/l xylan. For DSM 12857, DSM 13479 and DSM 13480 omit glucose. For DSM 13181 reduce amount of glucose to 2.0 g/l. For DSM 14760, DSM 14761 and DSM 14762 omit glucose and replace it with 8.0 g/l Na2-succinate added after autoclaving from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 19022 replace glucose with 2.0 g/l Na-pyruvate. For DSM 21120 replace glucose with 5.0 g/l Na-L-glutamate and supplement medium after autoclaving with 1 ml/l of a sterile anoxic stock solution of the vitamins solution of medium 503. For DSM 21650 omit glucose and adjust pH to 8.5. For DSM 21761 replace glucose with 5.0 g/l D-fructose and adjust pH to 7.5 – 8.0. For DSM 24749 supplement medium with 10.0 g/l NaCl and replace glucose with 5.0 g/l D-fructose. Adjust pH to 7.3 – 7.5. For DSM 26752 adjust pH to 8.0 with a sterile anoxic stock solution of Na2CO3 (5% w/v). For DSM 27512 adjust pH to 8.5 with a sterile anoxic stock solution of Na2CO3 (5% w/v). For DSM 28571 replace glucose with 1.0 g/l D-cellobiose added to the autoclaved medium from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.5. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase peptone, pepsi-digested peptone from meat (meat peptone), yeast extract, salt solution, rezasurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and D-glucose. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSM 1736 is Dendrosporobacter quercicolus DSM 1736
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is omitted and D-fructose is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is omitted and xylan is added.
DSM 12857 is [Clostridium] amygdalinum DSM 13479 is Hungatella hathewayi DSM 13479 DSM 13480 is Hungatella hathewayi
DSMZ Medium 104b.3 -< for DSM 12857, DSM 13479 and DSM 13480
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is omitted.
DSM 13181 is Anaerobaculum mobile DSM 13181
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except the concentration of glucose is reduced.
DSM 14760 is Phascolarctobacterium faecium DSM 14760 DSM 14761 is Phascolarctobacterium faecium DSM 14762 is Phascolarctobacterium faecium
DSMZ Medium 104b.5 -< for DSM 14760, DSM 14761 and DSM 14762
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is omitted and sodium succinate is added.
DSM 19022 is Lutispora thermophila DSM 19022
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is ommitted and sodium pyruvate is added.
DSM 21120 is Anaerosphaera aminiphila DSM 21120
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is omitted and vitamins and sodium glutamate (monosodium glutamate) are added.
DSM 21650 is Proteiniborus ethanoligenes DSM 21650
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is omitted and the pH is increased to 8.5.
DSM 21761 is Alkaliphilus oremlandii OhILAs
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is omitted and D-fructose is added. The pH is increased to 7.5-8.0.
DSM 24749 is Youngiibacter fragilis 232.1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is omitted and D-fructose and sodium chloride are added. The pH is increased to 7.3-7.5.
DSM 26752 is Keratinibaculum paraultunense
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except sodium carbonate is added and the pH is increased to 8.0.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except sodium carbonate is added and the pH increased to 8.5.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104b, except glucose is omitted and D-cellobiose (beta-cellobiose) is added. The pH is lowered to 6.5.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium98.pdf 98. RHIZOBIUM MEDIUM Yeast extract 1.0 g Mannitol 10.0 g Agar 15.0 g Soil extract 200.0 ml Distilled water 800.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Soil extract: Air-dried garden soil 80.0 g Na2CO3 0.2 g Distilled water 200.0 ml Autoclave soil suspension for one hour at 121˚C. To obtain a clear supernatant allow to settle and centrifuge. Adjust pH to 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Soil extract formed from garden soil. Formed by making a water extract of garden soil and sodium carbonate, followed by autoclaving and centrifugation.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium104a.pdf 104a. ANAEROBACULUM THERMOTERRENUM MEDIUM Trypticase peptone 5.0 g Peptone from meat (pepsin-digested) 5.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g NaCl 8.0 g Salt solution (see medium 104) 40.0 ml Resazurin 1.0 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g D-Glucose 1.0 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 2.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except glucose, thiosulfate and cysteine), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Add cysteine and adjust pH to 7.0. Thereafter, dispense under 100% N2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. After autoclaving add glucose and thiosulfate from sterile, anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2. Final pH of the completed medium should be 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase peptone, pepsi-digested peptone from meat (meat peptone), yeast extract, sodium chloride, salt solution, rezasurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, D-glucose and sodium thiosulfate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSM strains: 11603 Aquamicrobium defluvii 15010 marine alpha proteobacterium V4.MO.26 16623 Bradyrhizobium canariense 11554 Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA 76 1755 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 1756 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 1982 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 30131 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 19632 Bradyrhizobium jicamae 24092 Bradyrhizobium liaoningense 16931 Bradyrhizobium pachyrhizi 1984 Bradyrhizobium 5966 Bradyrhizobium 5968 Bradyrhizobium 5969 Bradyrhizobium 13375 Sinorhizobium arboris 13376 Sinorhizobium arboris 13377 Sinorhizobium arboris 5851 Sinorhizobium fredii 5852 Sinorhizobium fredii 5824 Sinorhizobium fredii 13372 Sinorhizobium kostiense 13373 Sinorhizobium kostiense 13374 Sinorhizobium kostiense 1981 Sinorhizobium meliloti 6057 Sinorhizobium meliloti 6057 Sinorhizobium meliloti 30135 Sinorhizobium meliloti 30136 Sinorhizobium meliloti 23913 Sinorhizobium meliloti 23914 Sinorhizobium meliloti 11273 Sinorhizobium saheli 26426 Ensifer sojae CCBAU 05684 11282 Sinorhizobium terangae 100023 Mesorhizobium camelthorni 17287 Mesorhizobium chacoense 1978 Mesorhizobium ciceri 29666 Mesorhizobium hawassense 6573 Mesorhizobium huakuii 2626 Mesorhizobium loti 2627 Mesorhizobium loti NZP2037 2628 Mesorhizobium loti 5235 Mesorhizobium loti 5236 Mesorhizobium loti 6046 Mesorhizobium loti 11555 Mesorhizobium mediterraneum UPM-Ca36 100038 Mesorhizobium muleiense 29667 Mesorhizobium qingshengii 100022 Mesorhizobium robiniae 100039 Mesorhizobium sangaii 29845 Mesorhizobium silamurunense 28320 Mesorhizobium tamadayense 11417 Mesorhizobium tianshanense 11587 Rhizobacter dauci 1111 Rhizobium aggregatum 11541 Rhizobium etli CFN 42 19332 Rhizobium fabae 11542 Neorhizobium galegae bv. orientalis str. HAMBI 540 11917 Rhizobium hainanense 26427 Rhizobium herbae 29977 Rhizobium laguerreae 1980 Rhizobium leguminosarum 2108 Rhizobium leguminosarum 6039 Rhizobium leguminosarum 6040 Rhizobium leguminosarum 6041 Rhizobium leguminosarum 6042 Rhizobium leguminosarum 6043 Rhizobium leguminosarum 6044 Rhizobium leguminosarum 6045 Rhizobium leguminosarum 30133 Rhizobium leguminosarum 30138 Rhizobium leguminosarum 30139 Rhizobium leguminosarum 30141 Rhizobium leguminosarum 30143 Rhizobium leguminosarum 1983 Bradyrhizobium lupini 30134 Bradyrhizobium lupini 30140 Bradyrhizobium lupini 28449 Rhizobium mesoamericanum CCGE 501 26482 Rhizobium petrolearium 1379 Rhizobium phaseoli 6038 Rhizobium phaseoli 30137 Rhizobium phaseoli 30132 Rhizobium pisi 26483 Rhizobium pseudoryzae 22668 Rhizobium pusense 26376 Rhizobium rosettiformans W3 26438 Rhizobium skierniewicense Ch11 1725 Rhizobium sp. AM1 2729 Rhizobium 2914 Rhizobium 6049 Rhizobium 6050 Rhizobium 6051 Rhizobium 6052 Rhizobium 6599 Rhizobium 10169 Rhizobium 11272 Rhizobium 11419 Rhizobium 14623 Rhizobium sullae 14624 Rhizobium sullae 11418 Rhizobium tropici 25379 Rhizobium tubonense 26437 Rhizobium vallis 25378 Rhizobium vignae 19334 Shinella kummerowiae 15007 Sinorhizobium americanum 15008 Sinorhizobium americanum
An organic-rich, solid culture medium containing yeast extract, mannitol, agar, and soil extract.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium97.pdf 97. HALOBACTERIUM MEDIUM Casamino acids 7.50 g Yeast extract 10.00 g Na3-citrate 3.00 g KCl 2.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 20.00 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.05 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.20 mg NaCl 250.00 g Agar 20.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.4. Add the agar after dissolving all ingredients in the water and adjustment of pH. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 3752 Haloarcula marismortui 11927 Haloarcula quadrata 3756 Haloarcula vallismortis 668 Halobacterium salinarum 669 Halobacterium salinarum 670 Halobacterium salinarum 671 Halobacterium salinarum 3754 Halobacterium salinarum 22414 Halobacterium salinarum 3753 Halobacterium sp. 3750 Halobacterium sp. 1307 Halococcus morrhuae DSM 1307 1308 Halococcus morrhuae 1309 Halococcus morrhuae 1310 Halococcus morrhuae 1411 Haloferax mediterranei ATCC 33500 3757 Haloferax volcanii DS2 15367 Halomonas magadiensis 1137 Halorubrum saccharovorum DSM 1137 13077 Natrialba aegyptia DSM 13077 3751 Natrinema pallidum DSM 3751
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of casamino acids, yeast extract, sodium citrate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium chloride, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium104c.pdf 104c. PY + X MEDIUM (N2/CO2) Trypticase peptone 5.0 g Peptone from meat (pepsin-digested) 5.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Salt solution (see medium 104) 40.0 ml Resazurin 1.0 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Na2CO3 2.5 g D-Glucose 5.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except cysteine, carbonate and glucose), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Add cysteine, dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Adjust pH of autoclaved medium to 7.0 with an anoxic, sterile stock solution of Na2CO3 (5% w/v) prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to inoculation add glucose or any other substrate from a sterile, anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. For DSM 753 replace glucose with 10.0 g/l maltose. For DSM 7320 adjust pH to 6.3. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase peptone, pepsin-digested peptone from meat (meat peptone), yeast extract, resazurin, salt solution, L-cysteine hydrochloride, sodium carbonate, and D-glucose. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and dinitrogen.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104c, except glucose is omitted and maltose is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 104c, except the pH is lowered to 6.3.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium104d.pdf 104d. CLOSTRIDIUM HALOPHILUM MEDIUM (BETAINE) Trypticase peptone 5.0 g Peptone from meat (pepsin-digested) 5.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g Salt solution (see medium 104) 40.0 ml NaCl 60.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 5.0 g Betaine x H2O 6.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except cysteine), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Add cysteine and adjust pH to 7.3. Thereafter, dispense under 100% N2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Adjust pH of completed medium to 7.3 – 7.5. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypicase peptone, pepsin-digested peptone from meat (meat peptone), yeast extract, salt solution, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, betaine (glycine betaine), resazurin, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium105.pdf 105. GLUCONOBACTER OXYDANS MEDIUM Glucose 100.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g CaCO3 20.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 6.8. 20 g calcium carbonate in the medium serves as a buffer. The calcium carbonate will settle in agar plates before the agar has set, producing an opaque layer in the bottom. As the strain grows and acid is produced this will react with the calcium carbonate, causing it to dissolve and form zones of clearing immediately below the colonies. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium109.pdf 109. RHODOPSEUDOMONAS SULFOVIRIDIS MEDIUM To medium 27 add 0.1% sodium malate and 0.05% sodium thiosulfate. Adjust pH to 6.8 and sterilize at 121˚C for 15 min. The liquid medium is sterilized in rubber stoppered or screw-capped bottles under anaerobic conditions (Ref. 3365). After sterilization neutralized sterile sodium sulfide solution is added to a final concentration of 0.03% (see medium 27). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 27, except sodium malate (disodium malate), sodium thiosulfate, and sodium sulfide are added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium108.pdf 108. THIOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS MEDIUM Glucose 10.00 g (NH4)2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 g KCl 0.10 g Ca(NO3)2 x 4 H2O 18.00 mg FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 mg Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml In liquid medium, the pH should be adjusted to 3.5 with H2SO4. In solid medium, the pH should be adjusted to 4.5 with H2SO4 after autoclaving the medium. Sterilize the glucose and the basal solution separately. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of glucose, ammonium sulfate, potassium phossphate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium nitrate, ferrous sulfate, and agar.
Sludge fluid where yeast extract has been added, and has been gassed with dinitrogen, then centrifuged and autoclaved.
A fatty acid solution comprised of valeric acid, isovaleric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, and isobutyric acid.
A defined organic solution containing short-chain fatty acids or short-chain fatty acid anions.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium1310.pdf 1310. BUTYRIVIBRIO M2 MEDIUM Casitone (BACTO) 10.00 g Yeast extract 2.50 g D-Glucose 2.00 g Cellobiose 2.00 g Maltose 2.00 g Na-DL-lactate 5.00 g Rumen fluid, clarified (see below) 200.00 ml K2HPO4 0.05 g KH2PO4 0.05 g (NH4)2SO4 0.10 g NaCl 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.01 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2CO3 4.00 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 800.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except carbonate, cysteine and sulfide), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 100% CO2 gas atmosphere. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Add carbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add cysteine and sulfide form sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Adjust the final pH of the medium to 6.5 – 6.8. Clarified rumen fluid: Rumen fluid from cow or sheep is filtered through muslin, autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min. and then centrifuged at 27,000 g for 20 min. The supernatant is made anoxic by flushing with nitrogen for 15 min. and then stored frozen at -20 °C. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of casitone, yeast extract, D-glucose, cellobiose, maltose, sodium lactate, clarified rumen fluid, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium carbonate, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared over an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and dinitrogen.
Clarified rumen fluid that is filtered through muslin, made anoxic by flusing with dinitrogen.
clarified rumen fluid for DSMZ Medium 1310
An inorganic salts solution comprised of calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potasium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride. Has a salinity of 1.475%.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium143.pdf 143. CLOSTRIDIUM SP. LA1 MEDIUM Crotonic acid 6.00 g NaOH 0.30 g (NH4)2HPO4 0.15 g K2HPO4 0.10 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.03 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.04 g NH4Cl 0.05 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.60 mg MnSO4 x 2 H2O 0.40 mg FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.40 mg (NH4)6Mo7O24 x 4 H2O 10.00 mg Biotin 0.04 mg p-Aminobenzoic acid 0.80 mg Tryptone (Difco) 1.00 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg K2CO3 4.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except K2CO3) and sparge medium with 100% N2 gas to make it anoxic (30 – 45 min). An anoxic stock solution of the potassium carbonate is autoclaved separately under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture and thereafter added to the sterile medium. Adjust pH of the completed medium to 6.8 - 7.0. Prior to inoculation add 10 - 20 mg/l sodium dithionite from a 5% (w/v) stock solution that has been freshly prepared under N2 and sterilized by filtration. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of crotonic acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonium phosphate, potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, ferrous suflate, ammonium molybdate, p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), tyrptone, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium dithionite, and potassium carbonate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium144.pdf 144. THERMOANAEROBIUM MEDIUM NH4Cl 0.90 g NaCl 0.90 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KH2PO4 0.75 g K2HPO4 1.50 g Trace element solution (see below) 9.00 ml FeSO4 x 7 H2O 3.00 mg Yeast extract 3.00 g Tryptone or Trypticase 10.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 5.00 ml D-Glucose 5.00 g Na2S x 9 H2O 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except vitamins, glucose and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Add glucose, vitamins (sterilized by filtration) and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2. Adjust pH of final medium to 7.2 - 7.4. For DSM 7040 omit tryptone and reduce amount of yeast extract to 1.00 g/l. For DSM 12299 omit D-glucose. Trace element solution: Nitrilotriacetic acid 12.80 g FeCl2 x 4 H2O 0.20 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.10 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.17 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.10 g ZnCl2 0.10 g CuCl2 0.02 g H3BO3 0.01 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.01 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 26.00 mg NaCl 1.00 g Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.02 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml First, dissolve nitrilotriacetic acid and adjust to pH 6.5 with KOH. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 12299 is Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus SR4
Similar to DSMZ Medium 144, except D-glucose is omitted.
DSM 7040 is Caldicellulosiruptor acetigenus DSM 7040
Similar to DSMZ Medium 144, except tryptone is omitted and the concentration of yeast extract is decreased.
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium phosphate, trace elements, ferrous sulfate, yeast extract, tryptone (or trypicase peptone), resazurin, vitamins, D-glucose, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium142.pdf 142. THIOMICROSPIRA PELOPHILA MEDIUM NaCl 25.00 g (NH4)2SO4 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.42 g Trace element solution (see medium 69) 0.20 ml Bromothymol blue 4.00 mg K2HPO4 0.50 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 5.00 g Vitamin B12 15.00 μg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. K2HPO4 and Na2S2O3 are autoclaved separately each in 10% of the final volume. Filter sterilize the vitamin B12. Adjust the completed medium to pH 7.2 with sterile 0.4% (w/v) Na2CO3 solution. Alternatively, "aged sea water" may be used (see medium 246), supplemented by the indicated amounts of (NH4)2SO4, bromothymol blue, K2HPO4, sodium thiosulfate and vitamin B12. Growth of most strains of Thiomicrospira is more reliable if the medium is prepared under a 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere to make it anoxic and then filled under air atmosphere in Hungate-type tubes (5 ml per vial). The pH is adjusted with a sterile stock solution of NaHCO3 (10% w/v) after autoclaving. For DSM 12346, DSM 12350, DSM 12351, DSM 12352, DSM 12353, and DSM 12354 omit vitamins and adjust pH of final medium to 7.3 – 7.6. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 12346 is Thiomicrospira crunogena DSM 12350 is Thiomicrospira kuenenii DSM 12350 DSM 12351 is Thiomicrospira frisia DSM 12352 is Thiomicrospira chilensis DSM 12352 DSM 12353 is Thiomicrospira crunogena DSM 12354 is Thiomicrospira crunogena
Similar to DSMZ Medium 142, except cobalamin is omitted and the pH is increased to 7.3-7.6.
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, trace elements, bromothymol blue, potassium phosphate, sodium thiosulfate, and cobalamin. Medium has midly reducing redox if prepared under dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium142a.pdf 142a. THIOMICROSPIRA PSYCHROPHILA MEDIUM NaCl 15.00 g (NH4)2SO4 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.42 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Bromothymol blue 4.00 mg K2HPO4 0.50 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 5.00 g Seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except phosphate, thiosulfate and vitamins), adjust pH to 6.0 and autoclave. Phosphate and thiosulfate are autoclaved separately each in 5% of the final volume. The vitamin solution is sterilized by filtration. Adjust the completed medium to pH 7.6 with sterile 5% (w/v) NaHCO3 solution. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, trace elements, bromothymol blue, potassium phosphate, sodium thiosulfate, and vitamins.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium141c.pdf 141c. GTA13 MEDIUM (N2/CO2) KCl 0.34 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.45 g NH4Cl 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g K2HPO4 0.14 g NaCl 18.00 g Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Na-acetate 1.00 g Yeast extract (OXOID) 2.00 g Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) 2.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Trimethylammonium chloride 5.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, trimethylammonium chloride, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add and dissolve bicarbonate and adjust pH to 7.0, then autoclave under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. After sterilization add trimethylammonium chloride, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under N2 gas atmosphere. Vitamins are prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of final medium to 7.0 – 7.5. For DSM 2834, DSM 3028, DSM 3029, DSM 3318, DSM 4659, DSM 6636, DSM 13159, DSM 15192, DSM 21213, and DSM 21339 replace trimethylammonium chloride by 5.00 ml/l methanol added to the autoclaved medium from a sterile anoxic stock solution. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.8 – 7.2. For DSM 5309 omit trimethylammonium chloride from the medium. For DSM 6564 adjust pH of completed medium to 6.8. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 6564 is Methanosarcina siciliae HI350
Similar to DSMZ Medium 141c, except the pH is reduced to 6.8.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 141c, except trimethylammonium is omitted.
DSM 2834 is Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A DSM 3028 is Methanosarcina siciliae T4/M DSM 3029 is Methanolobus vulcani DSM 3318 is Methanosarcina mazei C16 DSM 4659 is not in www.dsmz. de. Is Methanosarcina sp. WH1 in StrainInfo. DSM 6636 is Methanosarcina sp. MTP4 DSM 13159 is Methanosarcina calensis str. Cali DSM 15192 is Methanosarcina sp. DSM 21213 is Methanolobus profundi DSM 21339 is Methanolobus zinderi
Similar to DSMZ Medium 141c, except trimethylammonium chloride is omitted and ethanol added. The pH is reduced to 6.8-7.2.
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium chloride, manganese chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, trace elements, ferrous ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, trimethylammonium chloride, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium141b.pdf 141b. METHANOCULLEUS SP. MEDIUM KCl 0.34 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.45 g NH4Cl 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g K2HPO4 0.14 g NaCl 6.00 g Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Na-acetate 1.00 g Yeast extract (OXOID) 2.00 g Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) 2.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add and dissolve bicarbonate and adjust pH to 7.0, then autoclave under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. After sterilization add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under N2 gas atmosphere. Vitamins are prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. For incubation use 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture at two atmospheres of pressure. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.8 – 7.0. If the medium is being used without gas mixture overpressure then adjust pH with a small amount of sterile anoxic 1 N HCl, if necessary. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium chloride, manganese chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, trace elements, ferrous ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, dihydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium141a.pdf 141a. METHANOCOCCUS SP. MEDIUM KCl 0.34 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.45 g NH4Cl 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g K2HPO4 0.14 g NaCl 18.00 g Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Na-acetate 1.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except vitamins, cysteine and sulfide), sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclave anoxically under the same gas mixture. After sterilization add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under N2 gas atmosphere. Vitamins are prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. For incubation use 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture at two atmospheres of pressure. Adjust pH of final medium to 5.5 – 5.7. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium chloride, manganese chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, trace elements, ferrous ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate, resazurin, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, dihydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium140.pdf 140. CLOSTRIDIUM CELLOBIOPARUM MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.50 g NaCl 1.00 g (NH4)2 SO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.10 g K2HPO4 0.50 g Clarified rumen fluid or sludge fluid (see medium 119) 300.00 ml Cellobiose 5.00 g NaHCO3 10.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.25 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 700.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, cellobiose and reducing agents), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% CO2 gas. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Add cellobiose, sulfide and cysteine from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2 and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Cellobiose is sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.8. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, mangesium sulfate, calcium chloride, clarified rumen fluid or sludge fluid, cellobiose, sodium bicarbonate, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium139.pdf 139. CLOSTRIDIUM HISTOLYTICUM MEDIUM Trypticase soy broth (BBL) 15.00 g Proteose peptone (Difco) 50.00 g Na2HPO4 9.00 g KH2PO4 1.92 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.08 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients, adjust pH to 7.2, bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase soy broth (nn organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of pancreatic digest of casein (casitone), papaic digest of soybean (soy peptone), dextrose (D-glucose), sodium chloride, and dipotassium phosphate (potassium dibasic phosphate), proteose peptone, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and magnesium sulfate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium138.pdf 138. LINDANE MEDIUM Yeast extract 5.0 g Hexachlorocyclo-hexane (Lindane) 0.1 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract and Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium136.pdf 136. VEILLONELLA MEDIUM Trypticase (BBL) 5.00 g Yeast extract 3.00 g Na-(DL)-lactate 7.50 g Na-thioglycolate 0.75 g Tween 80 1.00 g Glucose 1.00 g Putrescine 3.00 mg Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.5 with solid K2CO3. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase (trypticase peptone), yeast extract, sodium lactate, sodium thioglycolate, tween 80 (polysorbate 80), glucose, putrescine, and resazurin.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium137.pdf 137. MINERAL LACTATE MEDIUM (low carbon content) Na-lactate 0.50 g K2HPO4 x 3 H2O 1.13 g KH2PO4 0.88 g NH4Cl 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g NaCl 1.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 5.00 mg Trace element solution (see medium 69) 1.20 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium lactate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace elements.
mineral lactate medium (low carbon content)
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium135b.pdf 135b. ACETOBACTERIUM DEHALOGENANS MEDIUM NH4Cl 1.00 g KH2PO4 0.33 g K2HPO4 0.45 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 20.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Na2CO3 5.00 g Na-syringate 1.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except carbonate, syringate, vitamins and cysteine, bring to the boil and cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Thereafter, dispense in anoxic culture vessels under same gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add syringate, vitamins and cysteine from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and carbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Vitamins should be sterilized by filtration. The pH of the completed medium should be at 7.4. After growth has been started add an additional amount of syringate to reach a final concentration of 2.00 g/l. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium carbonate, sodium syringate, vitamins, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium135a.pdf 135a. ACETOBACTERIUM MEDIUM (MARINE) NaCl 20.00 g NH4Cl 1.00 g KH2PO4 0.33 g K2HPO4 0.45 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 20.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Ethylene glycol 1.25 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, ethylene glycol, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide, bring to the boil and cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add bicarbonate (solid) and equilibrate the medium with the gas until a pH of around 7.4 is reached. Then distribute and autoclave under the same gas atmosphere. Before use add ethylene glycol, vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide from anoxic sterile stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Adjust pH of completed medium to 7.0 – 7.2. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, ethylene glycol, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium135.pdf 135. ACETOBACTERIUM MEDIUM NH4Cl 1.00 g KH2PO4 0.33 g K2HPO4 0.45 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 20.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg NaHCO3 10.00 g D-Fructose 10.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, fructose, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide, bring to the boil and cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add bicarbonate (solid) and equilibrate the medium with the gas until a pH of around 7.4 is reached. Then distribute and autoclave under the same gas atmosphere. Before use adjust the pH to 8.2 by adding a sterile anoxic stock solution of carbonate (5% w/v) prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture (c. 0.25 ml per 10 ml medium) and add fructose, vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide from anoxic sterile stock solutions prepared under 100% N2. For autotrophic growth fructose is omitted and a gas atmosphere of 80% H2 and 20% CO2 is used. For DSM 1974 and DSM 7417 use only 1.00 g/l of NaHCO3 and omit Na2CO3 to reach a final pH of 6.5. For DSM 4132 use fructose as substrate at a final concentration of 1.00 g/l. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 135, except the concentration of fructose is decreased.
DSM 1974 is Moorella thermoautotrophica DSM 7417 is Moorella thermoautotrophica
DSMZ Medium 135.1 -< for DSM 1974 and DSM 7417
Similar to DSMZ Medium 135, except sodium carbonate is omitted and the concentration of sodium bicaronbate is reduced. The pH is reduced to 6.5.
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, D-fructose, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide. If fructose is not used, dihydrogen is used in the atmosphere.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium133.pdf 133. CARBON MONOXIDE OXIDIZER MEDIUM Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 4.500 g KH2PO4 0.750 g NH4Cl 1.500 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.200 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.030 g Ferric ammonium citrate 0.018 g Trace element solution SL-6 (see medium 27) 1.000 ml Agar (if necessary) 12.000 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. For chemoautotrophic growth incubate under a gas atmosphere of a) 20 - 80% CO + 10% O2 + 70 - 10% N2 or b) 70% H2 + 20% O2 + 10% CO2 adding 2.5 g NaHCO3 per liter of medium. For chemoorganotrophic growth add 3.0 g sodium acetate and incubate under air. For DSM 1083 the medium has to be supplemented with 10 ml/l of the vitamin solution of medium 141, sterilized by filtration. For chemoorganotrophic growth with acetate under air add also 10 ml/l of a 5% w/v NaHCO3 solution, sterilized by filtration. For DSM 1085 the medium has to be supplemented with 20 μg/l vitamin B12. For chemoorganotrophic growth with acetate under air add also 20 ml/l of a 5% w/v NaHCO3 solution, sterilized by filtration. For DSM 13294 the medium has to be supplemented with 50 μg/l paraaminobenzoic acid. For chemoorganotrophic growth under air add also 2 g/l Na-pyruvate and 1 g/l yeast extract. © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 133, except para-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid) is added. For chemoorganotrophic growth, sodium pyruvate and yeast extract are also added.
DSM 1085 is Methyloversatilis universalis
Similar to DSMZ Medium 133, except vitamin B23 (cobalamin) is added. For chemoorganotrophic growth, sodium bicarbonate is also added.
DSM 1083 is Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena
Similar to DSMZ Medium 133, except vitamins are added. If grown under chemoorganotrophic growth, sodium bicarbonate is added.
A minerals-salts, solid culture medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric ammonium citrate, trace elements, and agar. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide, dioxygen, and dinitrogen. Or prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, dioxygen, and carbon dioxide, with sodium bicarbonate. Or, sodium acetate is added and is prepared under an atmosphere of air (dioxygen).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium134.pdf 134. HALISCOMENOBACTER MEDIUM KH2PO4 27.00 mg K2HPO4 40.00 mg Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 40.00 mg CaCl2 x 2 H2O 50.00 mg MgSO4 x 7 H2O 75.00 mg FeCl3 x 6 H2O 5.00 mg MnSO4 x H2O 3.00 mg Trace element solution SL-6 (see medium 27) 1.00 ml Glutamic acid 1.31 g Trypticase soy broth without glucose (BBL) 2.50 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 0.40 mg Vitamin B12 0.01 mg Glucose 2.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.5. The vitamins are sterilized by filtration. The glucose is dissolved in 5 ml of distilled water and sterilized separately by autoclaving. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ferric trichloride, manganese sulfate, trace elements, glutamic acid, trypticase soy broth without glucose (An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of pancreatic digest of casein (casitone), papaic digest of soybean (soy peptone), sodium chloride, and dipotassium phosphate (potassium dibasic phosphate)), thamine hydrochloride, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), and glucose.
129. POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR Infusion from potatoes (see below) 1000.0 ml Glucose 20.0 g Agar 15.0 g Potato infusion: Boil 200 g scrubbed and sliced potatoes in 1000 ml water for 1 hour. Pass through fine sieve. Avoid new potatoes. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A water extract of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), prepared by boiling then filtering the aqueous extract.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium129.pdf 129. POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR Infusion from potatoes (see below) 1000.0 ml Glucose 20.0 g Agar 15.0 g Potato infusion: Boil 200 g scrubbed and sliced potatoes in 1000 ml water for 1 hour. Pass through fine sieve. Avoid new potatoes. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of potato infusion, glucose, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium130.pdf 130. CZAPEK-DOX AGAR Sucrose 30.00 g NaNO3 3.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g KCl 0.50 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 g K2HPO4 1.00 g Agar 13.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of sucrose, sodium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, potassium phosphate, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium127.pdf 127. MICROMONOSPORA MEGALOMICEA MEDIUM Glucose 10.0 g Soluble starch 20.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g Casitone 5.0 g CaCO3 1.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of glucose, soluble starch, yeast extract, casitone, calcium carbonate, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium126.pdf 126. MYCOBACTERIUM INTRACELLULARE MEDIUM To medium 1 add 20 g glycerol. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1, except glycerol is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium124.pdf 124. DESULFOTOMACULUM ACETOXIDANS MEDIUM NaCl 1.17 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.30 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g NH4Cl 0.27 g KH2PO4 0.20 g Na2SO4 2.84 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Na-acetate 1.40 g Na-butyrate 1.40 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 4.50 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, and sulfide) and sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate, then dispense medium in anoxic tubes under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add vitamins and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2. The vitamin solution should be sterilized by filtration. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 7.0 - 7.2, if necessary. For DSM 2925 replace acetate and butyrate with 1.00 g/l ethanol added from a sterile anoxic stock solution after autoclaving. For DSM 7213 replace acetate and butyrate with 0.60 g/l Na-benzoate added from a sterile anoxic stock solution after autoclaving. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 7213 is Desulfotomaculum gibsoniae DSM 7213
Similar to DSMZ Medium 124, except sodium acetate and sodium butyrate are omitted and sodium benzoate is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 124, except sodium acetate and sodium butyrate are omitted and ethanol is added.
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium sulfate, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, sodium acetate, sodium butyrate, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium125.pdf 125. METHYLOBACTERIUM MEDIUM KNO3 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.02 g Na2HPO4 0.23 g NaH2PO4 0.07 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 mg CuSO4 x 5 H2O 5.00 μg H3BO3 10.00 μg MnSO4 x 5 H2O 10.00 μg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 70.00 μg MoO3 10.00 μg Agar 12.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Add 5 ml methanol or incubate under methane-air (4:1). Adjust pH to 6.8. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, solid culture medium comprised of potassium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium phosphate, ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, boric acid, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, molybdenum trioxide, and agar. Prepared with methanol or an atmosphere of methane and air (dioxygen).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium123.pdf 123. MARINE AGAR To 1000 ml "Synthetic sea water" (see medium 79) add 5 g Bacto Peptone, 1 g Bacto Yeast extract, and 15 g agar. Alternatively medium 514 may be used. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of synthetic sea water, peptone, yeast extract, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium121.pdf 121. MEDIUM FOR CAMPYLOBACTER DSM 806 Na-aspartate 10.00 g Yeast extract 0.20 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 28.00 mg K2HPO4 0.75 g NaH2PO4 0.25 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.25 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Trace element solution 1.00 ml SL-10 (see medium 320) Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Phosphate and cysteine should be dissolved together in 1/10 vol. of water and sterilized separately. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium aspartate, yeast extract, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, cysteine hydrochloride, resazurin, and trace elements.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium122.pdf 122. CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOCELLUM MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 1.30 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 2.60 g KH2PO4 1.43 g K2HPO4 5.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.13 g Na2-ß-glycerol phosphate x 4 H2O 6.00 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.10 mg L-Glutathione reduced 0.25 g Yeast extract 4.50 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Cellulose (Avicel or MN 300) 10.00 g or Cellobiose 5.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Prepare medium under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Adjust pH to 7.0 - 7.2 and autoclave. Cellobiose is added after autoclaving from an anoxic and filter-sterilized stock solution of 10% (w/v). A white precipitate forms after mixing the ingredients of this medium, but this has no negative effect on growth. © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, sodium beta-glycerol phosphate (sodium glycerol-2-phosphate), ferrous sulfate, L-glutathione (glutathione), yeast extract, resazuring, and cellulose or cellobiose. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium120b.pdf 120b. METHANOMICROCOCCUS MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.35 g KH2PO4 0.23 g NH4Cl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g NaCl 2.25 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract (Difco) 2.00 g Casitone (Difco) 2.00 g Na-acetate 2.50 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.50 g Coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate) 0.14 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Methanol 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.36 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.36 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, coenzyme M, vitamins, methanol, cysteine and sulfide) and sparge medium for 30 – 45 min with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to make it anoxic. Then add and dissolve bicarbonate, adjust pH to 7.2 and dispense medium under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Methanol (50% v/v) and the reducing agents are each autoclaved separately under N2 gas atmosphere as concentrated solutions in tightly closed tubes, vitamins and coenzyme M are prepared under 100% N2 and sterilized by filtration. Appropriate volumes of the solutions are injected into the autoclaved main part of the medium with hypodermic syringes. Final pH of the complete medium is 7.0 – 7.2. After inoculation, pressurize the gas head space of culture bottles with sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure. For DSM 22503 supplement medium with 6.0 g/l NaCl. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 120b, except the concentration of sodium chloride is increased.
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, yeast extract, casitone, sodium acetate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, methanol, L-cysteine hydrochloride, coenzyme M, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, dihydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium120c.pdf 120c. GÖ1 MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.35 g KH2PO4 0.23 g NH4Cl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g NaCl 2.25 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract (Difco) 2.00 g Casitone (Difco) 2.00 g Na-acetate 10.00 g Sucrose 17.10 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide) and sparge medium for 30 – 45 min with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to make it anoxic. Then add and dissolve bicarbonate, adjust pH to 6.8 and dispense medium under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Methanol (50% v/v) and the reducing agents are each autoclaved separately under N2 gas atmosphere as concentrated solutions in tightly closed tubes, vitamins are prepared under 100% N2 and sterilized by filtration. Appropriate volumes of the solutions are injected into the autoclaved main part of the medium with hypodermic syringes. Final pH of the complete medium is 6.8 – 7.0. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, yeast extract, casitone, sodium acetate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, methanol, L-cysteine hydrochloride, sucrose, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSM 10334 is Methanosarcina lacustris Z-7289 DSM 13486 is Methanosarcina lacustris ZS
DSMZ Medium 120a.2 -< for DSM 10334 and DSM 13486
Similar to DSMZ Medium 120a, except the concentration of sodium bicarbonate is increased and the concentration of methanol is decreased.
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, yeast extract, casitone, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, methanol, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium120.pdf 120. METHANOSARCINA MAZEI MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.35 g KH2PO4 0.23 g NH4Cl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g NaCl 2.25 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract (Difco) 2.00 g Casitone (Difco) 2.00 g Na-acetate 2.50 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Methanol 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, methanol, cysteine and sulfide) and sparge medium for 30 – 45 min with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to make it anoxic. Then add and dissolve bicarbonate, adjust pH to 6.8 and dispense medium under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Methanol (50% v/v) and the reducing agents are each autoclaved separately under N2 gas atmosphere as concentrated solutions in tightly closed tubes, vitamins are prepared under 100% N2 and sterilized by filtration. Appropriate volumes of the solutions are injected into the autoclaved main part of the medium with hypodermic syringes. Final pH of the complete medium is 6.8 – 7.0. For DSM 1825, DSM 7081, and DSM 11855 supplement medium with 5% (v/v) rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) and adjust pH to 6.5 – 6.8. For DSM 7058 and DSM 9195 replace methanol with 5.00 g/l trimethylamine-HCl. For DSM 21571 supplement medium with 6.00 g/l NaCl. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 21571 is Methanosarcina horonobensis
Similar to DSMZ Medium 120, except the concentration of sodium chloride is increased.
DSM 7058 is Methanosarcina mazei DSM 9195 is Methanosarcina mazei TMA
DSMZ Medium 120.2 -< for DSM 7058 and DSM 9195
Similar to DSMZ Medium 120, except methanol is omitted and trimethylamine hydrochloride is added.
DSM 1825 is Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 DSM 7081 is Methanosarcina thermophila DSM 11855 is Methanosarcina thermophila
DSMZ Medium 120.1 -< for DSM 1825, DSM 7081, and DSM 11855
Similar to DSMZ Medium 120, except clarified rumen fluid is added, and the pH is decreased slightly to 6.5-6.8.
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, yeast extract, casitone, sodium acetate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, methanol, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
A trace elements solution comprised of nitrilotriacetic acid, ferrous chloride, manganese chloride, cobalt chloride, calcium chloride, zinc chloride, copper chloride, boric acid, sodium molybdate, nickel chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium selenite.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 144
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium168.pdf 168. SPIROCHAETA AURANTIA MEDIUM Solution A: Glucose 2.0 g Yeast extract 2.0 g Trypticase (BBL) 5.0 g Agar (Bacto, Difco) 10.0 g (if necessary) Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.5 with KOH. Solution B: 1 M K-phosphate-buffer, pH 7.0 10.0 ml Sterilize part A and B separately by autoclaving at 121˚C for 15 min and combine thereafter. Final pH: 7.0 - 7.3. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of glucose, yeast extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone) agar, and potassium phosphate.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium146.pdf 146. HALOCOCCUS MEDIUM Solution A: Skim milk (Difco) 50.0 g Distilled water 500.0 ml Solution B: MgSO4 x 7 H2O 10.0 g KNO3 2.0 g NaCl 200.0 g Fe-citrate trace - Distilled water 100.0 ml Solution C: Neopeptone 5.0 g Glycerol 10.0 g Agar 25.0 g Distilled water 400.0 ml Steam the three solutions separately, mix together solutions B and C and adjust pH to 8.4. Autoclave the skim milk at 112˚C for 15 min., and the agar salt mixture at 121˚C for 20 min. Add the hot mixture to the warm skim milk aseptically. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of skim milk (powder), magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, sodium chloride, ferric citrate, neopeptone, glycerol, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium147.pdf 147. RUMINOBACTER AMYLOPHILUS MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.45 g KH2PO4 0.45 g (NH4)2SO4 0.90 g NaCl 0.90 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.18 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.12 g Starch, soluble 5.00 g Casitone (Difco) 10.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g NaHCO3 6.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Gas atmosphere: 100% CO2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magensium sulfate, calcium chloride, soluble starch, casitone, resazurin, cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium bicarbonate. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium148.pdf 148. DESULFUROMONAS SP. MEDIUM KH2PO4 1.0 g NH4Cl 0.5 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.4 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.0 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.0 ml Na-acetate 0.5 g Fumaric acid 1.5 g Resazurin 0.5 mg NaHCO3 2.5 g Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.0 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, and sulfide), bring to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas and dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic tubes or bottles. After autoclaving complete the medium by adding residual substances from separately autoclaved (vitamins are sterilized by filtration) anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2 gas or 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere (bicarbonate). Adjust pH of the completed medium to 7.0-7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ptoassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, sodium acetate, fumaric acid, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium149.pdf 149. DESULFOVIBRIO GIGAS MEDIUM Solution A: KH2PO4 1.0 g NH4Cl 0.5 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.4 g Na2SO4 2.0 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g Trace element solution SL-6 (see medium 27) 1.0 ml 2 M H2SO4 1.0 ml Na-L-lactate 2.0 g Distilled water 950.0 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 2.0 g Distilled water 40.0 ml Solution C: Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.0 ml Solution D: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.3 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Solution A is gassed with 100% N2 gas to make it anoxic (at least 30 min) and then autoclaved under the same gas mixture. Solution D is autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution B is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution C is prepared under N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to D are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 7.0 - 7.2. Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, trace elements, sulfuric acid, sodium lactate, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, sodium sulfide, and sodium dithionite. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium150.pdf 150. ACIDIANUS BRIERLEYI MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 3.00 g K2HPO4 x 3 H2O 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g KCl 0.10 g Ca(NO3)2 0.01 g Yeast extract 0.20 g Sulfur (flowers) 10.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH with 6 N H2SO4 to 1.5 - 2.5. Yeast extract (10% w/v in distilled water) is autoclaved separately. Sulfur is sterilized by steaming for 3 hours on each of 3 successive days. For DSM 18786 adjust pH to 0.8. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium nitrate, yeast extract, elemental sulfur, and sulfuric acid.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 150, except the pH is decreased to 0.8.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium150a.pdf 150a. THIOBACILLUS CALDUS MEDIUM Use medium 150 without yeast extract. Adjust pH to 2.5 with sulfuric acid. After autoclaving add 10 ml/l of filter-sterilized trace elements solution (see below) and 5 g/l of sulfur powder (sterilized by steaming for 3 hours on each 3 successive days). Trace element solution: FeCl3 x 6 H2O 11.0 mg CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.5 mg H3BO3 2.0 mg MnSO4 x H2O 2.0 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.8 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.6 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.9 mg Distilled water 10.0 ml © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium nitrate, elemental sulfur, trace elements, and sulfuric acid.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium153.pdf 153. THIOGLYCOLATE MEDIUM (MERCK 108190) Trypticase (BBL) 15.00 g L-Cystine 0.50 g Glucose 2.00 g Yeast extract 5.00 g NaCl 2.50 g Na-thioglycolate 0.50 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients, sparge medium with 100% N2 gas for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Adjust pH to 7.1 with Na2CO3 (10% w/v), if necessary. Then dispense medium in Hungate-type tubes under the same gas atmosphere and autoclave. For solid medium add 15.00 g/l agar prior to autoclaving. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase (trypticase peptone), L-cystine, glucose, yeast extract, sodium chloride, sodium thioglycolate, and resazurin. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium155.pdf 155. BEGGIATOA MEDIUM CaSO4 (saturated solution) 20.000 ml NH4Cl 0.450 mg K2HPO4 0.100 mg MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.200 mg Trace element solution (see below) 5.000 ml Na-acetate 0.500 g Nutrient broth (Difco) 0.500 g Agar (if necessary) 10.000 g Catalase, filter-sterilized 15000 – 35000 units/1000 ml Distilled water 1000.000 ml Adjust pH to 7.4 using pH indicator paper before autoclaving. The catalase is added just before inoculation. Trace element solution: EDTA 0.200 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.700 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.010 g MnSO4 x 4 H2O 0.002 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 5.000 μg H3BO3 10.000 mg Co(NO3)2 1.000 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 1.000 mg Distilled water 1000.000 ml © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of calcium sulfate, ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, sodium acetate, nutrient broth (peptone and beef extract), agar, and catalase.
A trace elements solution comprised of EDTA, ferrous suflate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, boric acid, cobalt nitrate, and sodium molybdate.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 155
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium156.pdf 156. CLOSTRIDIUM PROPIONICUM MEDIUM L-Alanine 3.0 g Peptone 3.0 g Yeast extract 4.0 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.3 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.1 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 18.0 mg Potassium phosphate buffer (1 M, pH 7.1) 5.0 ml CaSO4 (satur. sol.) 2.5 ml Resazurin 1.0 mg NaHCO3 1.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate), adjust pH to 7.0, then sparge medium with 100% N2 gas to make it anoxic (ca. 30 – 45 min). Add and dissolve 1.0 g/l NaHCO3 to the medium, then dispense under N2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of L-alanine, peptone, yeast extract, cysteine hydrochloride, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, potassium phosphate, calcium sulfate, resazurin, and sodium bicarbonate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium158.pdf 158. THERMOPLASMA ACIDOPHILUM MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 1.320 g KH2PO4 0.372 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.247 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.074 g Trace element solution (see below) 10.000 ml Yeast extract (Difco) 2.000 g Glucose 20.000 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml (freshly distilled) Adjust pH to 1.0 with 1 N H2SO4. Stock solutions of yeast extract (10% w/v) and glucose (50% w/v) in water are sterilized separately by autoclaving and thereafter added to the sterile mineral salt medium. Trace element solution: FeCl3 x 6 H2O 1.930 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.180 g Na2B4O7 x 10 H2O 0.450 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 22.000 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 5.000 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 3.000 mg VOSO4 x 5 H2O 3.800 mg CoSO4 x 7 H2O 2.000 mg Distilled water 1000.000 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, trace elements, yeast extract, glucose, and sulfuric acid.
A trace elements solution comprised of ferric trichloride, manganese chloride, sodium tetraborate, zinc sulfate, copper chloride, sodium molybdate, vanadyl sulfate, and cobalt sulfate.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 158
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium157.pdf 157. WOLINELLA SUCCINOGENES MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 1.00 g K2HPO4 5.00 g Fumaric acid 3.00 g Na-formate 3.00 g Yeast extract 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.02 g Resazurin 0.50 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except cysteine and sulfide), boil for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic tubes or bottles and autoclave. Add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2 and adjust pH of completed medium to 7.0 - 7.2. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, fumaric acid, sodium formate, yeast extract, manganese chloride, ferrous sulfate, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium160.pdf 160. CYTOPHAGA HUTCHINSONII MEDIUM 1. To medium 67 add 0.5% cellobiose (filter-sterilized) or 2. Distribute medium 67 (without agar) in 5 ml amounts in test tubes, add a strip of filter paper (7 cm long) to each and autoclave, or place sterile pieces of filter paper on the surface of agarized medium 67. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium containing casitone, yeast extract, cellobiose (or filter paper) and calcium chloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium159.pdf 159. TREPONEMA BRYANTII MEDIUM Rumen fluid, clarified 300.000 ml CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.120 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.180 g KH2PO4 0.450 g K2HPO4 0.450 g NaCl 0.900 g (NH4)2SO4 0.900 g Resazurin 0.001 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 1.000 g Distilled water 580.000 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 with KOH NaHCO3 solution (5% w/v) 100.000 ml Glucose solution (10% w/v) 20.000 ml The medium is prepared under 100% CO2 atmosphere. Sodium bicarbonate and glucose solution are filter-sterilized and added to the main part of the medium after it has been autoclaved and cooled to room temperature. Final pH should be 6.7 - 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of clarified rumen fluid, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, resazurin, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bicarbonate, and glucose. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium161.pdf 161. METHANOMICROBIUM MOBILE MEDIUM Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) 300.00 ml K2HPO4 0.30 g KH2PO4 0.30 g (NH4)2SO4 0.30 g NaCl 0.60 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.13 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 8.00 mg Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Yeast extract (Difco) 1.00 g Trypticase (BBL) 1.00 g Fatty acid mixture (see medium 119) 20.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 660.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide) and sparge medium for 30 – 45 min with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate and adjust pH to 6.8, then autoclave under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. After sterilization add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under N2 gas atmosphere. Vitamins are prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. For incubation use 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture at two atmospheres of pressure. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.5. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of clarified rumen fluid, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, trace elements, ferrous sulfate, yeast extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone), fatty acid mixture, resazurin, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium163.pdf 163. DESULFOVIBRIO MEDIUM (MARINE) Solution A: NaCl 25.0 g K2HPO4 0.5 g NH4Cl 1.0 g Na2SO4 1.0 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.0 g Na-DL-lactate 2.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Distilled water 980.0 ml Solution B: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Solution C: Na-thioglycolate 0.1 g Ascorbic acid 0.1 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Bring solution A to the boil, then cool to room temperature while gassing with oxygen-free N2 gas. Add solutions B and C, adjust pH to 7.8 with NaOH, and distribute under N2 gas in anoxic Hungate-type tubes. During distribution continuously swirl the medium to keep the grey precipitate suspended. Autoclave 15 min at 121˚C. For DSM 10520 adjust final pH of autoclaved medium to 7.5 using a sterile anoxic stock solution of NaHCO3 (10% w/v) prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium lactate, yeast extract, resazurin, ferrous sulfate, sodium thioglycolate, and ascorbic acid. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSM 10520 is Desulfovibrio vietnamensis DSM 10520
Similar to DSMZ Medium 163, except the final pH is reduced to 7.5 and sodium bicarbonate is added. Also prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium162.pdf 162. HYPHOMICROBIUM MEDIUM KH2PO4 1.36 g Na2HPO4 2.13 g (NH4)2SO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 6.00 mg FeSO4 x 7 H2O 3.00 mg MnSO4 x H2O 1.00 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 1.50 mg Methylamine hydrochloride 3.38 g Yeast extract 0.10 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.4 with NaOH. Autoclave 20 min at 121˚C; final pH: 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium molybdate, methylamine hydrochloride, and yeast extract.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium165.pdf 165. ACETIVIBRIO CELLULOLYTICUS MEDIUM Mineral solution 1 (see below) 75.000 ml Mineral solution 2 (see below) 75.000 ml FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.020 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.000 ml Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.000 ml Cellobiose or cellulose 3.000 g (MN 300, Whatman CF II, Kleenex tissue paper, or HCl treated cotton) Resazurin 0.001 g NaHCO3 2.000 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.250 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.250 g Distilled water 830.000 ml Adjust pH to 7.6. Gas atmosphere: 80% N2 + 20% CO2. Final pH after autoclaving is 7.2. Cellobiose is filter-sterilized separately, flushed and stored under nitrogen gas until needed. Cysteine and sodium sulfide are each autoclaved separately in concentrated solutions under nitrogen gas. Mineral solution 1: K2HPO4 3.900 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml Mineral solution 2: KH2PO4 2.400 g (NH4)2SO4 6.000 g NaCl 0.590 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.200 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.720 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, vitamins, trace elements, cellobiose (or cellulose), resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium166.pdf 166. HYPHOMICROBIUM STRAIN X MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g NaH2PO4 x H2O 0.50 g K2HPO4 1.55 g Trace element solution 0.20 ml (see medium 69) Methylamine hydrochloride 3.40 g Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. For liquid medium use only 0.7 g of methylamine hydrochloride per liter. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, trace elements, methylamine hydrochloride, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium169.pdf 169. SPIROCHAETA ZUELZERAE MEDIUM Solution A: Glucose 2.00 g Yeast extract (Difco) 4.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.04 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Agar (Bacto, Difco) (if necessary) 10.00 g Distilled water 960.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2 with KOH. Solution B: NaHCO3 1.00 g Distilled water 20.00 ml Solution C: 0.5 M K-phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 20.0 ml Solution A (without cysteine) is boiled for few minutes to remove dissolved oxygen, and cooled to room temperature under a stream of 100% nitrogen gas. Then cysteine is added and the pH adjusted to 7.2. The three parts are sterilized separately each by autoclaving under 100% nitrogen atmosphere and combined thereafter. Final pH of the complete medium is 7.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of glucose, yeast extract, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, cysteine hydrochloride, agar, sodium bicarbonate, and potassium phosphate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium170.pdf 170. YEAST EXTRACT - SKIM MILK MEDIUM Skim milk (Difco) 10.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Skim milk powder rehydrated at a 10% solution is pH 6.3 and Bacto Yeast Extract in solution is pH 6.3-7.3. One cup contains 237 mL; 1 cup of skim milk contains 127 mg sodium and 407 mg potassium (=0.534g/237mL = 0.2% due to cations, assume 0.4% due to cations and anions).
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of skim milk powder, yeast extract, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium171.pdf 171. ACETOGENIUM MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.220 g KH2PO4 0.220 g NaH2PO4 x H2O 4.500 g Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 6.100 g NH4Cl 0.310 g (NH4)2SO4 0.220 g NaCl 0.450 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.090 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.006 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.002 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.000 ml Resazurin 0.001 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.500 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.500 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml Adjust final pH to 6.5. Use 80% H2 + 20% CO2 mixture as gas atmosphere at one atmosphere overpressure. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium172.pdf 172. CYTOPHAGA (marine) MEDIUM Yeast extract (Difco) 1.0 g Tryptone (Difco) 1.0 g NaCl 24.7 g KCl 0.7 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 6.3 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.6 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.2 g NaHCO3 0.2 g Agar (Difco) 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. Sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride are autoclaved separately, each in a small volume of distilled water. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, tryptone, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and agar.
An inorganic salts solution comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and calcium chloride.
A trace elements solution comprised of ferric trichloride, copper sulfate, boric acid, manganese sulfate, sodium molybdate, cobalt chloride, and zinc sulfate.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 150a
A defined organic solution containing the enzyme catalase, sterilized by passing it through a 0.2 µm filter.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium172a.pdf 172a. CY S2 MEDIUM NH4Cl 1.00 g KH2PO4 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.06 g NaCl 30.00 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 1.25 mg Yeast extract 1.00 g Agar 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 and autoclave. After autoclaving, add from separate sterile solutions per liter medium: Glucose (10% w/v) 10.0 ml NaHCO3 (5% w/v) 10.0 ml Na2S x 9 H2O (3% w/v) 3.3 ml Aseptically fill sterile 10-ml screwcap tubes almost completely with the medium. Make stab inoculation. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ferric trichloride, yeast extract, agar, glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sulfide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium173.pdf 173. SPIROCHAETA LITORALIS MEDIUM Glucose 2.0 g Trypticase (BBL) 1.0 g Yeast extract (Difco) 1.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Distilled water 200.0 ml Sea water 750.0 ml 1 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5 50.0 ml Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Adjust pH to 7.5 prior to autoclaving. Add 1% agar (Difco) for stabs. Prereduced medium is prepared under 100% nitrogen atmosphere. The Tris-HCl buffer can be replaced by potassium phosphate buffer (1 M, pH 7.4) which is autoclaved separately. After adding to the main part of the medium some precipitate develops. Final pH is about 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of glucose, trypticase (trypticase peptone), yeast extract, resazurin, sea water, tris buffer (or potassium phosphate), and cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium174.pdf 174. SPIROCHAETA STENOSTREPTA MEDIUM Glucose 5.0 g Yeast extract (Difco) 2.0 g Peptone (Difco) 2.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Thioglycolate 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.6 with KOH before autoclaving. Add 1% agar for stabs. Prereduced medium is prepared under 100% nitrogen atmosphere. Strain is sensitive to phosphates! Pay close attention to clean glassware! © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich liquid culture medium comprised of glucose, yeast extract, peptone, resazurin, and thioglycolate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium182.pdf 182. SULFOLOBUS MEDIUM Yeast extract (DIFCO) 1.00 g Casamino acids (DIFCO) 1.00 g KH2PO4 3.10 g (NH4)2SO4 2.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 10.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 4.0 - 4.2 with 10 N H2SO4 at room temperature. © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, casamino acids, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, and trace elements.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium181.pdf 181. SELENOMONAS RUMINANTIUM MEDIUM Glucose 1.0 g Trypticase (BBL) 5.0 g KH2PO4 1.0 g Na-acetate 4.0 g Yeast extract 2.0 g n-Valeric acid 0.1 ml Resazurin 1.0 mg Na2CO3 4.0 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Gas atmosphere: 100% CO2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of glucose, trypticase (trypticase peptone), potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, yeast extract, valeric acid, resazurin, sodium carbonate, and cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium183.pdf 183. TRICHOCOCCUS MEDIUM Tryptone (Difco) 10.0 g Glucose 3.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 1.1 g Na2SO4 4.0 g KCl 0.7 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. Glucose is filter-sterilized. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, glucose, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, and potassium chloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium182a.pdf 182a. SULFOLOBUS MT-4 MEDIUM Yeast extract (Difco) 2.00 g KH2PO4 3.10 g (NH4)2SO4 2.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g Trace element solution (see medium 320) 10.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH of the medium at room temperature to 3.5 with 10 N H2SO4 prior to autoclaving. © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, and trace elements (SL-10).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium185.pdf 185. THERMOPROTEUS MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 0.264 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.556 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.492 g CaSO4 x 2 H2O 0.344 g KH2PO4 0.014 g Resazurin 1.000 mg Trace elements solution (see below) 1.000 ml Yeast extract 0.200 g Soluble starch 5.000 g Sulfur, powdered 10.000 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.500 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml Trace elements solution: NaF 840.0 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 180.0 mg Na2B4O7 x 10 H2O 450.0 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 22.0 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 5.0 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 3.0 mg CoSO4 x 7 H2O 1.0 mg Distilled water 1000.0 ml Prepare medium (without starch, sodium sulfide, sulfur) anaerobically under N2 gas atmosphere. Adjust pH to 5.5 with H2SO4 before sterilization. Distribute the medium into tubes containing the appropriate amount of sulfur powder. Sterilize medium by heating for 3 h at 90 - 100˚C on three subsequent days. Before use, add to the medium starch and sodium sulfide. Medium pH is 5.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, potassium phosphate, resazurin, trace elements, yeast extract, soluble starch, elemental sulfur, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
A trace elements solution comprised of sodium fluoride, manganese chloride, sodium tetraborate, zinc sulfate, copper chloride, sodium molybdate, and cobalt sulfate.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 185
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium187.pdf 187. MEDIUM FOR OSMOPHILIC FUNGI (M 40 Y) Sucrose 400.0 g Malt extract 20.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g Agar 20.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic, solid culture medium comprised of sucrose, malt extract, yeast extract, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium186.pdf 186. UNIVERSAL MEDIUM FOR YEASTS (YM) Yeast extract 3.0 g Malt extract 3.0 g Peptone from soybeans 5.0 g Glucose 10.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, malt extract, peptone from soybeans (soy peptone), glucose, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium188.pdf 188. CHAETOMIUM MEDIUM NaNO3 2.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g KCl 0.50 g Fe2(SO4)3 x H2O 0.01 g KH2PO4 0.14 g K2HPO4 1.20 g Agar 15.00 g Yeast extract 0.02 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. Place a strip of sterile filter paper on cooled agar and inoculate on filter strip. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of sodium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, ferric sulfate, potassium phosphate, agar, yeast extract, and filter paper.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium190.pdf 190. YpSs MEDIUM Yeast extract 4.0 g Soluble starch 15.0 g K2HPO4 1.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A solution of K2HPO4 will have a pH around 8.0.
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, soluble starch, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium189.pdf 189. OAT FLAKE MEDIUM Oat flakes 30.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Boil oat flakes in water for 10 min; fill up to 1 l and add agar. Autoclave 20 min at 121˚C. Shake before pouring. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of boiled oat flakes (boiled rolled oats) and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium191.pdf 191. CORN MEAL AGAR Blend 50.0 g corn meal in 800 ml of distilled water. Leave overnight in the refrigerator. Heat at 60˚C for one hour. Filter and make up volume to 1 l. Add 10.0 g agar and heat to dissolve, then autoclave. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of corn meal extract and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium192.pdf 192. PILOBOLUS MEDIUM Yeast extract 2.00 g Na-acetate 10.00 g (NH4)2SO4 0.66 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g K2HPO4 1.00 g Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 10.00 mg Haemin (dissolved in 10.00 mg 37.5 ml 0.1 N NaOH) Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 8.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, sodium acetate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, thiamine hydrochloride, hemin, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium193.pdf 193. DESULFOBACTER SP. MEDIUM I Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 7.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 1.30 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 870.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution D: Substrate (see below) Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solutions D and E are prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to F are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 7.1 - 7.4. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. DSM 1744, DSM 10631, and DSM 16697: Solution D: Na-L-lactate 2.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add after autoclaving 1.0 g/l yeast extract from a sterile, anoxic stock solution. DSM 2034: Solution D: Na-acetate x 3 H2O 2.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 2059 and DSM 27197: Solution D: Na-benzoate 0.60 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 4660: Solution D: Phenol 0.10 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add after autoclaving 1 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. DSM 6637: Supplement medium with 3.4 g/l KNO3 and omit solution F. Solution D: Acetone 0.58 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add after autoclaving 5.0 g/l Na-pyruvate from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. DSM 8775: Solution D: Na-pyruvate 2.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 10711: Solution D: Na-pyruvate 2.50 g Yeast extract 0.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add after autoclaving 1 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. DSM 14956: Solution D: Methanol 1.60 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 15102: Solution D: D-Glucose 3.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add after autoclaving 1.0 g/l yeast extract from a sterile, anoxic stock solution. DSM 18843: Solution D: Na-stearate 0.62 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add after autoclaving 1 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. DSM 25524: Solution D: Na-octanoate 0.33 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add after autoclaving 1 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potasium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSM 1744 is Desulfovibrio vulgaris DSM 10631 is Desulfovibrio aespoeensis Aspo-2 DSM 16697 is Desulfomicrobium thermophilum DSM 16697
DSMZ Medium 193.1 -< for DSM 1744, DSM 10631, and DSM 16697
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except sodium L-lactate and yeast extract are added.
DSM 2034 is Desulfobacter postgatei 2ac9
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except sodium acetate is added.
DSM 4660 is Desulfatiglans anilini DSM 4660
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except phenol and seven vitamins solution are added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except potassium nitrate, acetate, and sodium pyruvate are added and sodium sulfide is omitted.
DSM 8775 is Desulfotomaculum sp. DSM 8775
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except sodium pyruvate is added.
DSM 10711 is Desulfovibrio inopinatus DSM 10711
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except sodium pyruvate, yeast extract, and seven vitamins solution are added.
DSM 14956 is Desulfotomaculum solfataricum
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except methanol is added.
DSM 15102 is Garciella nitratireducens DSM 15102
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except glucose and yeast extract are added.
DSM 18843 is Desulfatiferula olefinivorans
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except sodium stearate and seven vitamins solution are added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except sodium octanoate and seven vitamins solution are added.
DSM 2059 is Desulfococcus multivorans DSM 2059 DSM 27197 is Desulfatiglans parachlorophenolica
DSMZ Medium 193.3 -< for DSM 2059 and DSM 27197
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193, except sodium benzoate is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium193b.pdf 193b. DESULFOFABA MEDIUM Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 7.00 g KCl 0.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.60 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 860.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution D: Na-propionate 1.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Solution F: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 11.50 g Distilled water 20.00 ml Solution G: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B, D, F and G are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to G are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 7.1 - 7.4. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. For DSM 2075 Na-propionate is replaced by 0.70 g/l Na-butyrate, 0.30 g/l Na-caproate and 0.15 g/l Na-octanoate added after autoclaving from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium propionate, vitamins, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSM 2075 is Desulfarculus baarsii DSM 2075
Similar to DSMZ Medium 193b, except sodium propionate is omitted and sodium butyrate, sodium caproate, and sodium octanoate are added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium193a.pdf 193a. PHB/PYRUVATE MEDIUM Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 7.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 1.30 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] (SIGMA) 1.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 860.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution D: Na-pyruvate 5.00 g Distilled water 20.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B, D and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to F are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 6.8 - 7.0. After inoculation, pressurize vessels with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium pyruvate, sodium sulfide, and sodium dithionite. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, dihydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium194.pdf 194. DESULFOBULBUS SP. MEDIUM (FRESHWATER) Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 920.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution D: Na-propionate 1.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B, D and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to F are added to the sterile cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 7.1 - 7.4. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. For DSM 2055 Na-propionate is replaced by 0.70 g/l Na-butyrate, 0.30 g/l Na-caproate and 0.15 g/l Na-octanoate added after autoclaving from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2. Adjust final pH of medium to 7.7. For DSM 3852 Na-propionate is replaced by 0.70 g/l ethanol added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. In addition, solution A is supplemented with 0.10 g/l each of yeast extract and casamino acids. For DSM 5092 Na-propionate is replaced by 0.90 g/l putrescine added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. For DSM 5193 supplement medium with 0.50 g/l yeast extract and replace Napropionate with 0.90 g/l Na-methoxyacetate added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. For DSM 5433 Na-propionate is replaced by 1.50 g/l 1,2-propanediol added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. For DSM 5502 and DSM 5503 Na-propionate is replaced by 3.00 g/l ammonium oxalate monohydrate. In addition, solution A is supplemented with 1.00 g/l yeast extract. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.8 – 7.0. For DSM 5651 Na-propionate is replaced by 1.50 g/l of Na-(D/L)-3-hydroxybutyrate as substrate. For DSM 6283 Na-propionate is replaced by 2.50 g/l Na-(DL)-lactate and 1.00 g/l yeast extract added after autoclaving from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2. Final pH of the medium should be 6.8 - 7.0. For DSM 7474, DSM 7475, and DSM 7476 Na-propionate is replaced by 0.40 g/l 3,4,5- trimethoxybenzoic acid added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. Supplement medium with 1.0 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 10291 and DSM 24454 Na-propionate is replaced by 2.50 g/l Na-L-lactate added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. Supplement medium with 1.0 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 12016 Na-propionate is replaced by 0.10 ml/l propanol added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. Supplement medium with 1.00 g/l yeast extract. When growth has started, feed again same amount of propanol. For DSM 13527 and DSM 21556 Na-propionate is replaced by 1.00 g/l Na-butyrate added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. For DSM 14880 Na-propionate is replaced by 0.50 g/l yeast extract and 2.20 g/l sodium pyruvate added after autoclaving from anoxic stock solutions sterilized by filtration. For DSM 15970 Na-propionate is replaced by 0.60 g/l syringic acid (neutralized with NaOH) added after autoclaving from a sterile, anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. Prior to inoculation the completed medium should equilibrate over night. For DSM 28570 Na-propionate is replaced by 0.15 g/l Na-benzoate added after autoclaving from a sterile, anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 28570 is Desulfoprunum benzoelyticum
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and sodium benzoate added.
DSM 15970 is Parasporobacterium paucivorans DSM 15970
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and syringic acid and sodium hydroxide are added.
DSM 14880 is Desulfotomaculum nigrificans CO-1-SRB
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and yeast extract and sodium pyruvate are added.
DSM 13527 is Desulforegula conservatrix Mb1Pa DSM 21556 is Desulfovibrio butyratiphilus
DSMZ Medium 194.12 -< for DSM 13527 and DSM 21556
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and sodium butyrate is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and propanol and yeast extract are added.
DSM 10291 is Desulfovibrio sp. DSM 24454 is Desulfovibrio cf. magneticus IFRC170
DSMZ Medium 194.10 -< for DSM 10291 and DSM 24454
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and sodium lactate and seven vitamins solution are added.
DSM 7474 is Desulfotomaculum sp. DSM 7475 is Desulfotomaculum sp. DSM 7476 is Desulfotomaculum sp.
DSMZ Medium 194.9 -< for DSM 7474, DSM 7475, and DSM 7476
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid and seven vitamins solution are added.
DSM 6283 is Anaeroarcus burkinensis DSM 6283
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and sodium lactate and yeast extract are added. The pH is reduced slightly to 6.8-7.0.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate is added.
DSM 5502 is Oxalobacter vibrioformis DSM 5503 is Oxalophagus oxalicus
DSMZ Medium 194.6 -< for DSM 5502 and DSM 5503
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and ammonium oxalate and yeast extract are added. The pH is reduced slightly to 6.8-7.0.
DSM 5433 is Desulfovibrio alcoholivorans DSM 5433
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and 1,2-propanediol (propane-1,2-diol) is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and yeast extract and sodium methoxyacetate are added.
DSM 5092 is Anaerovorax odorimutans DSM 5092
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and putrescine is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted, and ethanol, yeast extract, and casamino acids are added.
DSM 2055 is Desulfobotulus sapovorans DSM 2055
Similar to DSMZ Medium 194, except sodium propionate is omitted and sodium butyrate, sodium caproate, and sodium octanoate are added. The pH is increased to 7.7.
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium propionate, vitamins, sodium sulfide, and sodium dithionite. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium195.pdf 195. DESULFOBACTER SP. MEDIUM (ACETATE) Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 21.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.10 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 870.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution D: Na-acetate x 3 H2O 2.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B, D and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to F are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 7.1 - 7.4. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, vitamins, sodium dithionite, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium195a.pdf 195a. DESULFOBACTER SP. MEDIUM (FUMARATE) Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 21.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.10 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 870.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution D: Na2-fumarate 2.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B, D and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to F are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 7.1 - 7.4. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate solution, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium fumarate, vitamins, sodium sulfide, and sodium dithionite. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium195b.pdf 195b. DESULFOBULBUS SP. MEDIUM (MARINE) Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 21.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.10 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 870.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution D: Na-propionate 1.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B, D and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to F are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 7.1 - 7.4. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium propionate, vitamins, sodium sulfide, and sodium dithionite. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium195c.pdf 195c. DESULFOBACTER SP. MEDIUM (LACTATE) Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 21.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.10 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 870.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution D: Na-L-lactate 2.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B, D and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to F are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 7.1 - 7.4. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. For DSM 9120, DSM 10141, DSM 17456 and DSM 19275 supplement medium with 1 g/l yeast extract added to the autoclaved medium from a sterile anoxic stock solution. For DSM 11974 supplement medium with 1 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) added to the autoclaved medium from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 14278 supplement medium with 0.5 g/l Na-acetate added to the autoclaved medium from a sterile anoxic stock solution. For DSM 14982 supplement medium with 5.0 g/l Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O added to the autoclaved medium from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 16109 and DSM 17464 supplement medium with 2.0 g/l Casamino acids (BACTO) and 2.0 g/l Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) added to the autoclaved medium from sterile anoxic stock solutions. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 16109 is Desulfovibrio alaskensis DSM 16109 DSM 17464 is Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20
DSMZ Medium 195c.5 -< for DSM 16109 and DSM 17464
Similar to DSMZ Medium 195c, except casamino acids and trypticase pepetone are added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 195c, except sodium thiosulfate is added.
DSM 14278 is not in www.dsmz.de, Tax Browser, or StrainInfo.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 195c, except sodium acetate is added.
DSM 11974 is Desulfovibrio zosterae DSM 11974
Similar to DSMZ Medium 195c, except seven vitamins solution is added.
DSM 9120 is Desulfobacterium zeppelinii DSM 10141 is Desulfovibrio acrylicus DSM 10141 DSM 17456 is Desulfovibrio marinisediminis DSM 17456 DSM 19275 is Desulfovibrio tunisiensis DSM 19275
DSMZ Medium 195c.1 -< for DSM 9120, DSM 10141, DSM 17456 and DSM 19275
Similar to DSMZ Medium 195c, except yeast extract is added.
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate, vitamins, sodium sulfide, and sodium dithionite. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium202.pdf 202. DESULFONEMA MAGNUM MEDIUM Solution A: NaCl 25.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 5.60 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 6.80 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.40 g KCl 0.72 g KH2PO4 0.14 g NH4Cl 0.25 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Solution B: Na-benzoate 0.60 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution C: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution D: KAl(SO4)2 x 12 H2O 0.48 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Na2CO3 1.00 g Distilled water 20.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is boiled for a 1 min, cooled to room temperature, while gassing with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH of around 6, then distributed anoxically in cultivation vessels and autoclaved under the same gas atmosphere. Solutions B, D, and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas, solution E is flushed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to remove dissolved oxygen and autoclaved, solution C is prepared under 100% N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to F are added to the autoclaved solution A in the sequence as indicated. Final pH of the medium should be 7.0. After completion the medium should equilibrate overnight and a white precipitate should be apparent. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) just before inoculation may stimulate growth at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, sodium benzoate, vitamins, potassium aluminum sulfate, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium198.pdf 198. DESULFOSARCINA MEDIUM (BRACKISH WATER) Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 13.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 2.00 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 870.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution D: Na-benzoate 0.60 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is gassed with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then autoclaved anoxically under the same gas mixture. Solutions B, D and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Solutions B to F are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in the sequence as indicated. The complete medium is distributed anoxically under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into appropriate vessels. Final pH of the medium should be 7.1 - 7.4. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. For DSM 2650 Na-benzoate is replaced by 1.50 g/l Na-pyruvate and 1.00 g/l Na2-malate added after autoclaving from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2. For DSM 9990 Na-benzoate is replaced by 6.20 g/l Na-acetate. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 9990 is Thermodesulforhabdus norvegica
Similar to DSMZ Medium 198, except sodium benzoate is omitted and sodium acetate is added.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 198, except sodium benzoate is omitted and sodium pyruvate and sodium malate are added.
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium benzoate, vitamins, sodium sulfide, and sodium dithionite. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium203.pdf 203. METHANOTHERMUS FERVIDUS MEDIUM Mineral solution 1 (see below) 37.5 ml Mineral solution 2 (see below) 37.5 ml Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2 2.0 mg or NiCl2 x 6 H2O 1.0 mg FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.0 mg Yeast extract 2.0 g Trypticase (BBL) 2.0 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.0 ml Na2SO4 3.4 g Resazurin 1.0 mg NaHCO3 2.0 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.0 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.5 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 920.0 ml Mineral solution 1: K2HPO4 6.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Mineral solution 2: KH2PO4 6.0 g (NH4)2SO4 6.0 g NaCl 12.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.4 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.6 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, sulfide and vitamins, sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for at least 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic, then add bicarbonate and adjust pH to 6.5. Add sodium sulfide and distribute medium under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into soda lime glass serum bottles (20 ml of medium per 100 ml bottle). Pressurize to 2 bar 80% H2 and 20% CO2 overpressure, then autoclave! Prior to inoculation add vitamins from a sterile anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration and adjust pH of completed medium to 6.5. For DSM 3496 omit yeast extract, trypticase and vitamins. Alternative procedure: Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide, then adjust pH to 6.0 with sulfuric acid. Bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature while gassing with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in glass serum bottles, seal, and autoclave without gas overpressure. Thereafter, add by injection vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and hydrogencarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.5. After inoculation pressurize bottles to 2 bar overpressure with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 203, except the yeast extract, trypticase peptone, and vitamins are omitted.
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ammonium nickel sulfate (or ammonium chloride), ferrous sulfate, yeast extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone), trace elements, sodium sulfate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonte, vitamins, sodium sulfide, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, carbon dioxide, and dihydrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium204.pdf 204. ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS MINIMAL MEDIUM Solution A: NaNO3 6.00 g KH2PO4 1.52 g KCl 1.52 g Distilled water 500.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.5 with 2 N NaOH. Solution B: MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.52 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O trace - ZnSO4 x 7 H2O trace - Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 250.00 ml Solution C: Glucose 10.00 g Distilled water 200.00 ml Autoclave separately for 15 min. Mix A, B and C before pouring plates. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of sodium nitrate, potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, agar, and glucose.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium205.pdf 205. NATRONOBACTERIUM MEDIUM Casamino acids 15.0 g Na3-citrate x 2 H2O 3.0 g Glutamic acid 2.5 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.5 g KCl 2.0 g NaCl 250.0 g Agar 20.0 g Add distilled water to give a final volume of 1000.0 ml. Dissolve agar by heating before adding sodium chloride. Adjust pH to 7.0 before autoclaving. Adjust pH to 8.5 with sterile 5% Na2CO3 after heat sterilization of the medium. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of casamino acids, sodium citrate, glutamic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium206.pdf 206. THERMODESULFOBACTERIUM MEDIUM Na2SO4 3.0 g NH4Cl 1.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.2 g KH2PO4 0.3 g Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 2.0 g Trace element solution (see medium 144) 10.0 ml FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.5 mg Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 5.0 ml Resazurin 1.0 mg Yeast extract 1.0 g Na-L-lactate 4.0 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except yeast extract, lactate and sulfide) and sparge medium with 100% N2 gas to make it anoxic (c. 30 – 45 min). After sterilization add yeast extract, lactate, and sulfide from stock solutions prepared under N2 gas and autoclaved separately. Before use, neutralize the sodium sulfide solution by dropwise addition of 1 N HCl. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.8 - 7.0. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, trace elements, ferrous sulfate, vitamins, resazurin, yeast extract, sodium lactate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium207.pdf 207. PROPIONISPIRA MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.3 g Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 2.1 g NH4Cl 1.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.2 g Trace element solution (see medium 144) 10.0 ml FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.5 mg Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 5.0 ml Resazurin 1.0 mg NaHCO3 4.0 g Yeast extract 2.0 g Na-lactate 5.0 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. Gas atmosphere: 80% N2 + 20% CO2. Prepare a 5% (w/v) solution of sodium sulfide anoxically under nitrogen and autoclave separately. Before use, neutralize by dropwise addition of 1 N HCl. © 2013 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, trace elements, ferrous sulfate, vitamins, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, yeast extract, sodium lactate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium209.pdf 209. EUBACTERIUM LENTUM MEDIUM To medium 78 add 0.5% (w/v) arginine. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 78, except arginine is added.
Wikipedia:Oat Flaking This process uses two large smooth or corrugated rolls spinning at the same speed in opposite directions at a controlled distance. Oat flakes, also known as rolled oats, have many different sizes, thicknesses and other characteristics depending on the size of oat groats passed between the rolls. Typically, the three sizes of steel cut oats are used to make instant, baby and quick rolled oats, whereas whole oat groats are used to make regular, medium and thick rolled oats. Oat flakes range in thickness from 0.36 mm to 1.00 mm.
Rolled oats that have been boiled (cooked in water).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium320.pdf 320. CLOSTRIDIUM CELLULOVORANS MEDIUM K2HPO4 x 3 H2O 1.00 g NH4Cl 1.00 g KCl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g Trypticase peptone 0.50 g Yeast extract 0.50 g Rumen fluid, clarified or sludge fluid (see medium 119) 20.00 ml Trace element solution SL-10 (see below) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.15 g Na2CO3 1.00 g Cellobiose 5.00 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.15 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except cysteine, carbonate, cellobiose and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture and add cysteine. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Add sulfide from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2 and carbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2. Sterilize cellobiose separately by filtration under N2 gas. Adjust pH of the completed medium to 7.0. Some strains can be adapted to cellulose as substrate using 10.0 g/l cellulose MN 301 (MACHEREY-NAGEL). 'Trace element solution SL-10: HCl (25%; 7.7 M) 10.00 ml FeCl2 x 4 H2O 1.50 g ZnCl2 70.00 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 100.00 mg H3BO3 6.00 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 190.00 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 2.00 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 24.00 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 36.00 mg Distilled water 990.00 ml First dissolve FeCl2 in the HCl, then dilute in water, add and dissolve the other salts. Finally make up to 1000.0 ml. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, trypticase peptone, yeast extract, clarified rumen fluid or sludge fluid, trace elements, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, sodium carbonate, cellobiose, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
An undefined organic chemical mixture comprised of the seed of corn (Zea mays), which has been ground, hydrated in water, and then heated. Finally, the liquid is filtered.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium211.pdf 211. THERMOANAEROBACTERIUM THERMOSULFUROGENES MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.3 g Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 5.3 g NH4Cl 1.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.2 g Trace elements solution (see medium 144) 10.0 ml FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.5 mg Yeast extract 1.0 g Resazurin 0.5 mg D-Glucose 5.0 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 5.0 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except glucose, vitamins and sulfide), adjust pH to 6.0, bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. After sterilization add glucose and sulfide from anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under 100% N2 gas and vitamins from a filter-sterilized anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.0 – 6.5. For DSM 8683, DSM 8684 and DSM 16487 adjust pH of completed medium to 5.5. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, trace elements, ferrous sulfate, yeast extract, resazurin, D-glucose, vitamin solution, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurogenes medium
DSM 8683 is Thermoanaerobacterium sp. DSM 8684 is Thermoanaerobacterium sp. DSM 16487 is Thermoanaerobacterium aciditolerans
DSMZ Medium 211.1 -< for DSM 8683, DSM 8684 and DSM 16487
Similar to DSMZ Medium 211, except the pH is reduced to 5.5.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium237.pdf 237. ENB MEDIUM Nutrient Broth 8.0 g Peptone 5.0 g KH2PO4 1.5 g K2HPO4 3.5 g NaCl 5.0 g Glucose 1.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 6.8 - 7.0. Sterilize glucose separately. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of nutrient broth, peptone, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, glucose, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium233.pdf 233. METHANOLOBUS TINDARIUS MEDIUM KCl 0.34 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.45 g NH4Cl 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g K2HPO4 0.14 g NaCl 18.00 g Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Resazurin 1.00 mg NaHCO3 1.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Methanol 5.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, methanol, cysteine and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add and dissolve bicarbonate and adjust pH to 6.5, then distribute under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After sterilization add methanol, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. Vitamins are prepared under N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.5. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, trace elements, ferrous ammonium sulfate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, methanol, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium232b.pdf 232b. WEISSELA KOREENSIS MEDIUM Use medium 232 + 4 ml Resazurin solution (25 mg/100 ml). Cystein are added after the medium has been boiled and cooled und CO2. Distribute under N2 and autoclave. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 232, except resazurine is added. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and dinitrogen.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium231.pdf 231. PEDIOCOCCUS DAMNOSUS MEDIUM Add 0.05% cysteine-hydrochloride to medium 11 and adjust to pH 5.2. Medium should be filled up into crew capped tubes (Wheaton). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 11, except cysteine hydrochloride is added and the pH is reduced to 5.2.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium232.pdf 232. MRS MEDIUM WITH CYSTEINE Casein peptone, tryptic digest 10.00 g Meat extract 10.00 g Yeast extract 5.00 g Glucose 20.00 g Tween 80 1.00 g K2HPO4 2.00 g Na-acetate 5.00 g (NH4)2 citrate 2.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.05 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.2 - 6.5. Add 0.05% cysteine-hydrochloride. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of casein peptone, tryptic digest (casitone), meat extract, yeast extract, glucose, Tween 80 (polysorbate 80), potassium phosphate, sodium acetate, ammonium citrate, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, and cysteine hydrochloride.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium227.pdf 227. PEDIOCOCCUS HALOPHILUS MEDIUM To medium 11 add 6.5% NaCl. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 11, except sodium chloride is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium225.pdf 225. SOUR DOUGH MEDIUM Maltose 20.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g Fresh yeast extract 15.0 ml Tween 80 0.3 g Casein peptone, tryptic digest 6.0 g Distilled water up to 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 5.6 with 20% lactic acid or HCl. Fresh yeast extract is prepared by autoclaving a 20% suspension of commercial baker's yeast in distilled water for 30 minutes at 121˚C, allowing the suspension to settle overnight at 2 to 8˚C, decanting and further clarifying the supernatant by centrifugation. The extract prepared in this manner contains 1.5% solids and if not to be used within a few days, should be frozen or freeze-dried immediately. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of maltose, yeast extract, autoclaved Baker's yeast, tween 80 (polysorbate 80), casein peptone, tryptic digest (casitone), lactic acid or hydrochloric acid.
226. AUREOBACTERIUM TERREGENS MEDIUM Casamino acids 2.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Glucose 1.0 g (NH4) citrate 1.0 g K2HPO4 2.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 10.0 mg Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. After sterilization, aseptically add 1 ml/l of a 10% solution of acetylacetone in ethanol. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of casamino acids, yeast extract, glucose, ammonium citrate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, ferric chloride, and acetylacetone.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium222.pdf 222. SP - MEDIUM Raffinose 1.00 g Sucrose 1.00 g Galactose 1.00 g Soluble starch 5.00 g Casitone 2.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g K2HPO4 0.25 g Agar (Difco) 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.4. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of raffinose, sucrose, galactose, soluble starch, casitone, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium221.pdf 221. AZOSPIRILLUM MEDIUM Yeast extract 0.05 g K2HPO4 0.25 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 1.00 mg MnSO4 x H2O 2.00 mg MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g NaCl 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.02 g (NH4)2SO4 1.00 g Biotin 0.10 mg Distilled water 950.00 ml Adjust pH of the medium to 7.1. Add 1.5% agar if needed. Autoclave for 15 min at 121˚C. After sterilization add 25 ml each of filter-sterilized 20% glucose and 20% Na-malate. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, potassium phosphate, ferrous sulfate, sodium molybdate, manganese sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium sulfate, biotin, glucose and sodium malate (disodium malate).
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium219.pdf 219. MYCOBACTERIUM MEDIUM Yeast extract 2.0 g Proteose peptone no. 3 2.0 g Casein peptone, tryptic digested 2.0 g Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 2.5 g KH2PO4 1.0 g Na-citrate 1.5 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.6 g Glycerol 50.0 ml Tween 0.5 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, proteose peptone, casein peptone tyrptic digest (casitone), potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, magnesium sulfate, glycerol, tween, and agar.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium218.pdf 218. BHI/3 MEDIUM To medium 215 add 10 g casein hydrolysate and 1 g starch. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of brain heart infusion, casein hydrolysate, and starch.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium216.pdf 216. BHI/1 MEDIUM To medium 215 add 2.0 g yeast extract. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of brain heart infusion and yeast extract.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium217.pdf 217. BHI/2 MEDIUM To medium 215 add 10.0 g casein hydrolysate, 5.0 g glucose and 5.0 g yeast extract. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of brain heart infusion, casein hydrolysate, glucose, and yeast extract.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium215b.pdf 215b. BHI MEDIUM WITH ADDITIONAL GLUCOSE Brain Heart Infusion (Difco) 37.0 g Glucose 5.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of brain heart infusion and glucose.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium215c.pdf 215c. BHI MEDIUM FOR STRICT ANAEROBES Brain Heart Infusion (DIFCO) 37.00 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.25 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Prepare medium anoxically under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Reducing agents are added after autoclaving from sterile anoxic solutions prepared under N2. For DSM 10643 supplement medium with 10.00 ml/l glycerol (87% w/v solution) from a sterile anoxic stock. For DSM 15692 prepare medium under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Adjust final pH of the medium to 7.2 with a sterile anoxic solution of 10% (w/v) NaHCO3 prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. For DSM 19851 supplement medium with 10.0 ml/l haemin and 0.2 ml/l vitamin K1 solution (see medium 104). © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of brain heart infusion, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 215c, except hemin and vitamin K solution are added.
starch that is soluble (having the physical quality of being dissolved) in water.
Charcoal that has been activated by a heating process or a chemical digestion process.
From: Schaedler Media (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Schaedler Agar is a base for several media formulations used for the recovery of anaerobic microorganisms. Principles of the Procedure The combination of three peptones derived from both animal and vegetable sources, dextrose and yeast extract render the basic formulation highly nutritious by providing nitrogenous growth factors, carbohydrates as energy sources and vitamins. The sheep blood and hemin also are important in stimulating the growth of fastidious microorganisms. As discussed above, the vitamin K1 additive is crucial for the recovery of certain anaerobes. The addition of the antimicrobial agents kanamycin and vancomycin in the agar medium renders the medium selective for gram-negative microorganisms. The kanamycin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible organisms, whereas the vanco-mycin inhibits gram-positive bacteria by interfering with cell wall synthesis.8 Using Schaedler media, fastidious aerobes and anaerobes grow well; however, the type of organisms recovered is dependent on the environment utilized in the incubation process (aerobic, aerobic supplemented with carbon dioxide or anaerobic conditions). Formulae BBL™ Schaedler Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein.......................................... 8.2 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue...................................... 2.5 g Papaic Digest of Soybean Meal..................................... 1.0 g Dextrose...................................................................... 5.8 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 5.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 1.7 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 0.8 g L-Cystine...................................................................... 0.4 g Hemin.......................................................................... 0.01 g Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane............................. 3.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.5 g BBL™ Schaedler Broth Consists of the same ingredients without the agar. *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. pH 7.6 ± 0.2
An organic-rich, liquid microbiological culture medium containing peptones, dextrose, cystine, and hemin. Used for the cultivation of anaerobic heterotrophic microorganisms.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-lactate (L-lactic acid, (S)-lactate, (S)-lactic acid) as a sole source of carbon. Assimilation of lactate results in an increase in pH (alkalinization) as a result of decarboxylation of lactate into acetate and CO2 via lactate 2-monooxygenase.
An assay for the ability of a microorganism to metabolize the constituents of milk.
Neorhizobium galegae bv. orientalis strain HAMBI 540
Rhizobium galegae bv. orientalis str. HAMBI 540
Neorhizobium galegae bv. orientalis str. HAMBI 540
Pelospora glutarica Matthies et al. 2000
Chloroflexus aurantiacus Pierson and Castenholz 1974
Caldicellulosiruptor acetigenus DSM 7040
Desulfatibacillum aliphaticivorans DSM 15576
Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans DSM 16219
Dethiosulfatibacter aminovorans DSM 17477
Parasporobacterium paucivorans DSM 15970
Sporomusa acidovorans Ollivier et al. 1990
Propionispora vibrioides Biebl et al. 2001
Chlorella <unclassified Trebouxiophyceae>
Desulfotignum balticum Kuever et al. 2001
Alteromonas stellipolaris str. LMG 21856
Alteromonas stellipolaris strain LMG 21856
Thiomicrospira kuenenii strain DSM 12350
Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis str. B10
Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis strain B10
Syntrophobacter pfennigii Wallrabenstein et al. 1996
Acidithiobacillus albertensis corrig. (Bryant et al. 1988) Kelly and Wood 2000
Thiobacillus albertis Bryant et al. 1988
purple photosynthetic bacteria and relatives
Chromatiaceae/Ectothiorhodospiraceae group
Bacillus fastidiosus den Dooren de Jong 1929
Clostridium quercicolum Stankewich et al. 1971 (Approved Lists 1980)
Dendrosporobacter quercicolus (Stankewich et al. 1971) Strompl et al. 2000
Bacillus pasteurii (Miquel 1889) Chester 1898 (Approved Lists 1980)
Sporosarcina pasteurii (Chester 1898) Yoon et al. 2001
Sporosarcina pasteurii (Miquel 1889) Yoon et al. 2001
Halomonas magadiensis corrig. Duckworth et al. 2000
Chloroflexus aggregans Hanada et al. 1995
Clostridium thermautotrophicum corrig. Wiegel et al. 1982
Moorella thermoautotrophica (Wiegel et al. 1982) Collins et al. 1994
"Sarcina ureae" (Beijerinck 1901) Lohnis 1911
"Sporosarcina ureae" (Beijerinck 1901) Orla-Jensen 1909
Sporosarcina ureae (Beijerinck 1901) Kluyver and van Niel 1936
Propionivibrio limicola Brune et al. 2002
"Bacterium acidi propionici b" von Freudenreich and Orla-Jensen 1907
"Propionibacterium jensenii var. raffinosaceum" van Neil 1928
"Propionibacterium peterssonii" van Niel 1928
"Propionibacterium raffinosaceum" Werkman and Kendall 1931
"Propionibacterium technicum" van Niel 1928
Propionibacterium jensenii van Niel 1928
Propionibacterium jensenii var. raffinosaceum
"Bacterium acidi propionici var. rubrum" Thoni and Allemann 1910
"Propionibacterium rubrum" van Niel 1928
Propionicibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii
Propionibacterium freudenreichii shermanii
Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii
Desulfobacterium autotrophicum str. HRM2
Desulfobacterium autotrophicum strain HRM2
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum str. Delta H
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus str. deltaH
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum str. deltaH
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus str. Delta H
Desulfotomaculum solfataricum Goorissen et al. 2003
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans str. G20
Thermomonas hydrothermalis Alves et al. 2003
Desulfovibrio capillatus Miranda-Tello et al. 2013
Flavobacterium (Halobacterium) maris-mortui
Haloarcula marismortui subsp. marismortui
Flavobacterium (subgen. Halobacterium) halobium
Flavobacterium (subgen. Halobacterium) salinarium
"Desulfococcus niacini" Imhoff-Stuckle and Pfennig 1983
Syntrophomonas curvata Zhang et al. 2004
Propionigenium modestum Schink and Pfennig 1983
Acidobacterium capsulatum str. ATCC 51196
Acidobacterium capsulatum strain ATCC 51196
Tepidimonas aquatica Freitas et al. (2003)
Idiomarina fontislapidosi Martinez-Canovas et al. 2004
Idiomarina ramblicola Martinez-Canovas et al. 2004
Azotobacter armeniacus Thompson and Skerman 1981
Azotobacter nigricans subsp. nigricans Krasil'nikov 1949
Thermus thermophilus/T.aquaticus/T.flavus
Desulfuromonas acetoxidans strain DSM 684
Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens Chen et al. 2005
Syntrophobacter wolinii Boone and Bryant 1984
Desulfovibrio carbinolicus Nanninga and Gottschal 1995
Phascolarctobacterium faecium Del Dot et al. 1994
Pyrobaculum arsenaticum strain DSM 13514
Clostridium oxalicum Dehning and Schink 1990
Oxalophagus oxalicus (Dehning and Schink 1990) Collins et al. 1994
Roseiflexus castenholzii strain DSM 13941
Thermodesulforhabdus norvegica corrig. Beeder et al. 1996
Methylobacillus Yordy and Weaver 1977 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Urakami and Komagata 1986
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense str. MSR-1
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1
Syntrophus buswellii Mountfort et al. 1984
Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis str. 1221n
Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis strain 1221n
Thermoplasma volcanium Segerer et al. 1988
Haloferax mediterranei strain ATCC 33500
Sulfolobus metallicus JCM 9184 = DSM 6482
Sulfolobus metallicus DSM 6482 = JCM 9184
Acetobacterium carbinolicum Eichler and Schink 1985 emend. Paarup et al. 2006
Acetobacterium malicum Tanaka and Pfennig 1990
Paracoccus solventivorans Siller et al. 1996 emend. Lipski et al. 1998
Sporomusa silvacetica Kuhner et al. 1997
Malonomonas rubra Dehning and Schink 1990
Vulcanisaeta distributa strain DSM 14429
Acidiphilium multivorum Wakao et al. 1995
Methanobrevibacter ruminantium strain M1
Desulfonispora thiosulfatigenes str. DSM 11270
Desulfonispora thiosulfatigenes strain DSM 11270
Desulfonispora thiosulfatigenes DSM 11270
Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) H.Karst., nom. inval.
Thermodesulfatator indicus str. DSM 15286
Thermodesulfatator indicus strain DSM 15286
Propionicibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii
Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii
Azorhizophilus paspali (D bereiner 1966) Thompson and Skerman 1981
Azotobacter paspali Dobereiner 1966 (Approved Lists 1980)
Desulfotomaculum gibsoniae str. DSM 7213
Desulfotomaculum gibsoniae strain DSM 7213
Desulfurococcus fermentans str. DSM 16532
Desulfurococcus fermentans strain DSM 16532
Propionivibrio Tanaka et al. 1991 emend. Brune et al. 2002
Propionivibrio dicarboxylicus Tanaka et al. 1990 (sic)
"Clostridium roseum" McCoy and McClung 1935
Clostridium roseum (ex McCoy and McClung 1935) Cato et al. 1988
Methanomethylovorans hollandica str. DSM 15978
Methanomethylovorans hollandica strain DSM 15978
Methanomethylovorans hollandica DSM 15978
Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans str. CO-1-SRB
Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans strain CO-1-SRB
Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans DSM 14880
Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans CO-1-SRB
Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus str. SR4
Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus strain SR4
Luteococcus peritonei Collins et al. 2000
Desulfuromonas acetoxidans Pfennig and Biebl 1977
Desulfobacterium phenolicum Bak and Widdel 1988
Desulfobacula phenolica (Bak and Widdel 1988) Kuever et al. 2001
Desulfobacterium indolicum Bak and Widdel 1988
Bacillus/Lactobacillus/Streptococcus group
Caldilinea aerophila NBRC 104270 = DSM 14535
Caldilinea aerophila DSM 14535 = NBRC 104270
Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides phylum
Rhizobium mesoamericanum strain CCGE 501
Tetrasphaera australiensis Maszenan et al. 2000
planned process
Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy
A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)
6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent
This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)
processed material
Examples include gel matrices, filter paper, parafilm and buffer solutions, mass spectrometer, tissue samples
Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing.
assay
Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house.
A planned process with the objective to produce information about some evaluant
PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
OBI branch derived
A growth medium or culture medium is a substance in which microorganisms or cells can grow. Wikipedia, growth medium, Feb 29, 2008
a processed material that provides the needed nourishment for microorganisms or cells grown in vitro.
Person: Jennifer Fostel, Jie Zheng
OBI
culture medium
A cell lysis, production of a cloning vector, creating a buffer.
A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material
PERSON: Bjoern Peters
material processing
image acquisition device
An image acquisition device is a device which captures a digitized image of an object
extract
Up-regulation of inflammatory signalings by areca nut extract and role of cyclooxygenase-2 -1195G>a polymorphism reveal risk of oral cancer. Cancer Res. 2008 Oct 15;68(20):8489-98. PMID: 18922923
an extract is a material entity which results from an extraction process
Guar gum, also called guaran, is a galactomannan. It is primarily the ground endosperm of guar beans. The guar seeds are dehusked, milled and screened to obtain the guar gum.[1] It is typically produced as a free flowing, pale, off-white colored, coarse to fine ground powder.
A test tube is a device consisting of a glass or plastic tubing, open at the top, usually with a rounded U-shaped bottom which has the function to contain material
A voltmeter is a measurement device which is intended to perform some measure function.
A device is a processed material which is designed to perform some function or functions
food should not classify as a device - counter example for using manufacturer and not device. macroscopic only
if we keep this exploratory term we could reinstate the old device class which is obsolete_device. didn't work before as we had manufacturing as part of the definition. device was needed, but couldn't define in Philadelphia. If we decide that in addition to function there are also capabilities for which a device is created we will include these in the definition.
phosphate buffered saline solution
PMID: 16279733.Dent Mater J. 2005 Sep;24(3):414-21.PBS buffer solutions with different pH values can change porosity of DNA-chitosan complexes.
Phosphate buffered saline (abbreviated PBS) is a buffer solution commonly used in biochemistry. It is a salty solution containing sodium chloride, sodium phosphate and in some preparations potassium chloride and potassium phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. The concentration usually matches the human body (isotonic).
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
PERSON: Tina Boussard
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_buffered_saline
cell culture
a cell culture is a material entity consisting of a population of cells that is maintained in vitro
clonal cell culture
a clonal cell culture is a cell culture in which all cells can be assumed to be identical, tracking back to a single ancestor cell.
chemical solution
PMID: 18289311.Anesth Analg. 2008 Apr;106(4):1078-86.Less impairment of hemostasis and reduced blood loss in pigs after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock using the small-volume concept with hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch as compared to administration of 4% gelatin or 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution.
A material entity that is made up of at least 2 scattered molecular aggregates, one playing the role of solvent and the other one playing the role of solute.
nucleic acid extraction using phenol chloroform
A material separation in which a desired component of an input material is separated from the remainder
extraction
PMID: 18524968.Filtration of CSF improves isolation of Mycobacteria.J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Jun 4.
filtration is a process which separates components suspended in a fluid based on granularity properties relying on a filter device
OBI-Branch: adapted from wikipedia and wordnet
filtration
PMID: 18428461.Purification of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors using immunomagnetic separation and Percoll gradient centrifugation. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2001 May;Chapter 3:Unit 3.12.
centrifugation is a process separating molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor. G-forces of several hundred thousand times gravity are generated in ultracentrifugation
adapted from http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E06.htm
centrifugation
PMID: 6874122. Dialysis leucopenia--no correction after prolonged washing of the membrane. Int J Artif Organs. 1983 May;6(3):113-4.
Washing is a process by which a material entity acting as contaminant (e.g. excess staining reagent) is removed by application of one or more cycles of solution in flow.
washing
microscope
PMID:18466942. A light and transmission electron microscope study of hepatic portal tracts in the rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus). Tissue Cell. 2008 May 6
A microscope is an instrument which magnifies the view on objects (too small to be viewed by the naked eye) under increased resolution. A microscope can be an optical instrument but also and electronic instrument. There are various kind of optical microscopes, e.g confocal microscope, epifluoresence microscope)
microscope slide
PMID: 9668975.Microscope slide for enhanced analysis of DNA damage using the comet assay.
a microscope slide is a device usually made of glass which is used as a solid matrix for (biological) material deposited on its surface and which is compatible for use with a microscope instrument
material component separation
Using a cell sorter to separate a mixture of T cells into two fractions; one with surface receptor CD8 and the other lacking the receptor, or purification
a material processing in which components of an input material become segregated in space
Bjoern Peters
IEDB
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to move freely.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's scalar absolute value of the rate of change of the bearer's position.
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed.
A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts.
A chromatic scalar-circular quality inhering in an object that manifests in an observer by virtue of the dominant wavelength of the visible light; may be subject to fiat divisions, typically into 7 or 8 spectra.
A scalar optical property that is the intensity, value or amount of perceived light.
Color brightness refers to the intensity, lightness or value of the light present. Think of this as a dimmer switch.
A scalar chromatic property that is the degree of purity of perceived light.
Color saturation refers to the amount of white light or gray paint mixed in with the hue (single wavelength) and is a measure of color purity.
A luminous flux quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's emitting longer wavelength light following the absorption of shorter wavelength radiation; fluorescence is common with aromatic compounds with several rings joined together.
A chromatic property that is the relative position of different hues or degrees of saturation.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to harmonious coexistence.
Needs redefined or obsoleted. Is this the same as genetic incompatibility? Moved to organismal quality.
A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts.
For example calcium composition (which may inhere in bone), haemoglobin composition (which may inhere in blood).
A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's density, firmness, or viscosity.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's orientation in space.
TODO: consider merging with angular placement.
A quality that is the extent of space between two entities.
A quality of a physical entity inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer's molecules are being perceived by a taste and odorant receptors.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the number of the bearer's repetitive actions in a particular time.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to undergo sexual reproduction in order to differentiate the individuals or types involved.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's expected maximum age.
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc).
Shapes are invariant on size transformations. Shapes can be subdivided into 2D and 3D shapes, We can also make a distinction between shapes of complete self-connected objects, and shapes of parts of objects.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's molecules being are aerially dispersed and perceived by an odorant receptor.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting repetition of placement of its parts.
A sleep quality defined by the mathematic properties of the relative time frames of the sleep cycle.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having hair or bristles.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer's disposition to react to a stimulus or an agent.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's movement or variation characterized by the regular recurrence or alternation of different quantities or conditions.
A physical quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the size of the bearer's maximum displacement from the 'normal' position, when periodic motion is taking place.
A rhythm quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the repetitiveness of bearer's rhythm.
A quality that exists by virtue of being a particular point in the time of a cycle.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to detect or perceive external stimulation.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.
A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical dimension of extension.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer that has mass near a gravitational body.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's placement which is defined by the angle between the bearer and an axis, or the angle between the bearer and another object.
A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial location relative to other objects in the vicinity.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form.
A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.
A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's sensitivity towards a fixed location or value where a change is observed; upper limit.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.
A quality in which events occur in sequence.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's disposition to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of having physical steadiness.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's behavior aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements in a given situation.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or lacking skillful and effective interaction of movement.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to perceive differences between two or more stimuli.
A quality of a single physical entity which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits complete growth, differentiation, or development.
A reproductive quality inhering in an organism or population by virtue of the bearer's potential reproductive capacity ad measured by the number of gametes.
A reproductive quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
A reproductive quality inhering in the young of an animal by virtue of their number.
A fertility quality inhering in a female by virtue of the bearer's disposition to initiate, sustain, or support reproduction.
A fertility quality of inhering in a male by virtue of the bearer's disposition to initiate, sustain, or support reproduction.
A quality of a process which ends earlier than the natural end time or reference process.
TODO: the definition is incorrect. See absent.
A mobility quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to move freely.
A mobility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable to move freely.
A color hue with low wavelength of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between green and indigo, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 420 to 490 nanometers.
A color consisting of green and blue hue.
A color hue with medium-low wavelength of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between yellow and blue, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 490 to 570 nanometers.
A color consisting of red and blue hues.
A color hue with high wavelength of the long-wave end of the visible spectrum, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 630 to 750 nanometers.
An achromatic color of maximum brightness; the color of objects that reflect nearly all light of all visible wavelengths.
A color hue with medium wavelength of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between orange and green, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 570 to 590 nanometers.
A color brightness which is relatively low.
A color saturation which is of low purity.
A color pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's being marked with irregularly shaped spots or blots of a different hue or degree of saturation.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of or the relationships between its repeated parts lack consistency.
A color quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being altered or spoiled in color.
A color pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's being marked with a round area of different hue or degree of saturation.
A color quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having color.
A color quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking color.
A compatibility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of harmonious coexistence.
A compatibility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of harmonious coexistence.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction from a higher to a lower point.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces east.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces west.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction from a lower to a higher point.
A distance which is greater relative to the normal or average.
A distance which is lesser relative to the normal or average.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population that only produces gametes that can be fertilised by male gametes.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population whose sex organs contain only male gametes.
A hardness quality of being rigid and resistant to pressure.
A hardness quality of giving little resistance to pressure.
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and short course.
A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a groove or fissure.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals).
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having parallel chains in undulate fashion on the border.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting an equatorial diameter greater than its polar diameter.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having leaflets or leaflets-like structures on each side of a common axis.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an equal-sided rectangular form.
A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking branches.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being not curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals).
A nutritional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth.
A nutritional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurring or appearing again or repeatedly.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's once or in or a few unpredictable instances.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking or not exhibiting variation.
A pattern quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a repeatable or predictable placement.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's marked by tedious repetition.
A pilosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lack of hairs or bristles.
A pilosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being covered with hair or hairlike projections.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having arrived at the onset of puberty (the age at which sex glands become functional) but not yet fully mature.
A response quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to react to a stimulus or an agent.
A response quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lack of reaction to a stimulus or an agent.
A duration quality of a process which is relatively high.
A duration quality of a process which is relatively low.
A phase which occurs earlier than the natural start time.
A quality of a process which starts later than the natural start time or the reference process.
A phase which occurs during the light cycle.
A rhythm quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking rhythm.
A rhythm quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having rhythm.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking sensitivity toward an external stimulus.
A resistance quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its disposition to endure or being insensitive to a stimulus.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having sensitivity toward an external stimulus.
A photosensitivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking photosensitivity.
A photosensitivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting photosensitivity.
A length quality which is relatively large.
A length quality which is relatively small.
An increased size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting enlargement of a cell or constituent group of cells (for example, organ).
A decreased size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting reduced size of a cell or constituent group of cells (for example, organ).
A size quality which is relatively high.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being a remnant structure from earlier development or evolution.
May be part of an animal (such as an organ or bone) that is no longer used by the species and has therefore become smaller or less developed.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording not completed blocked passage or view.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording unobstructed passage or view.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking orientation.
A pattern where all the repeated elements are oriented in the same direction.
A malformed quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's gross morphology containing only what are normally anterior structures.
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking symmetry.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more angle(s) in its length.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two sides; two-sided.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being overfilled.
A malformed quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's gross morphology containing only what are normally dorsal structures.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being upright in position or posture.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's protruding or projecting from the body.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's becoming joined together with an additional entity.
An oriented quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being reversed in position, order, or condition.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being moved or displaced to one side so as to make lateral.
A spatial pattern quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being confined or restricted to a particular location.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being changed in abnormal position.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having mistakenly taken course, way, or passage; ill-routed.
A malformed quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's gross morphology containing only what are normally posterior structures.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being stretched out and lying at full length along the ground.
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of division by a longitudinal plane into similar halves.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being not overfilled.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's involvement of only one part or side.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being confined or restricted to a particular location.
A malformed quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's gross morphology containing only what are normally ventral structures.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of blebbing of the nucleus and DNA fragmentation due to the cell undergoing a specific form of programmed cell death termed apoptosis.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer whose structure deteriorates or is lost over time due to an active pathological process.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting an alteration in size, shape or organization of its constituent cells.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being merged with another entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's bodily structure that has protruded through an abnormal opening in the wall that contains it.
A increased size quality inhering in an organ or tissue by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting increased number of cells.
A decreased size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting reduced number of cells within an organ or tissue.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distorted during formation.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's undergoing unprogrammed cell death.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being blocked or filled with obstacles or an obstacle.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being no longer merged with another entity.
A color brightness which is relatively high.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being uninterrupted in time, sequence, substance, or extent.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by breaks or interruptions.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's origin or development at an unusual time or out of the regular sequence.
A quality of a process which starts earlier than the natural start time or the reference process.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's irregular surface.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing a surface free of roughness or irregularities.
A viability quality inhering in a population by virtue of the bearer's long term survival inability.
A viability quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's ability to survive or the long term survival ability of a given population.
A balance quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having balance.
A balance quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking balance.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting paralytic behaviour when subjected to mechanical shock.
A behavioral quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting increased activity.
A behavioral quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting reduced activity.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being affected by loss of the ability to move a body part.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's receiving or being subjected to an action without responding or initiating an action in return.
A coordination quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having skillful and effective interaction of movement.
A coordination quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking skillful and effective interaction of movement.
A preference quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disliking a perceived stimulus.
A preference quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no preference to a perceived stimulus.
A discrimination quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's liking a perceived stimulus.
A female fertility quality inhering in a female by virtue of the bearer's disposition to initiate, sustain, or support reproduction.
A male fertility quality inhering in a male by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
A male fertility quality inhering in a male by virtue of the bearer's being capable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
A female fertility quality inhering in a female by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width.
A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being sensitivity to the action of radiant energy.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating abruptly by having or as if having an end or point cut off.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking organisation.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting organisation.
A structural quality inhering in a cytoplasm that contains fluid filled cavities.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sharp or tapered end or point.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a downward bending of its leaves or other plant parts.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a somewhat elongated form with approximately parallel sides.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sinus or rounded lobe at the base.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being abnormally flattened or coalesced.
A color that falls about midway between red and blue in hue.
A color consisting of dark orange, red, of very low intensity.
A color hue with high-medium wavelength that of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between red and yellow, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 585 to 620 nanometers.
Red color having medium to high brightness and low to moderate saturation.
A fertility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
A fertility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity.
A pattern quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of the bearer's parts on opposite sides of a dividing line or median plane or about a center or axis.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sinuate margin and rippled surface.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being abnormally small.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being permeated or pervaded by a liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to admit the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable to be permeated or pervaded by a liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of being permeated or pervaded by a liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion).
A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices.
A physical quality of a liquid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow.
A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's successive change from one thing or state to another and back again.
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the time it elapses for the bearer to respond to a stimulus.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence is exerted by the bearer's mass per unit size.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer has been harmed or injured or spoiled.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's capacity to do work.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the amount of momentum caused a certain force will produce over time.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's velocity multiplied by its mass.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of doing work.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts.
A physical quality which is equal to the energy transferred by a force to a moving object.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the rate of change of the bearer's velocity in either speed or direction.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the bearer's output to the bearer's input.
A physical quality that exists by virtue of the rate of flow of the bearer across a given surface.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the relative change in the bearer's length or the bearer's volume when being stretched or squashed.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of momentum.
A quality inhering in an entity by virtue of the bearer's propensity to resist an external stimulus.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to resist to a stimulus.
An angle which is between 90 degrees and 180 degrees to another entity.
An angle which is less than 180 degrees to another entity.
A convex angle that is inside two adjacent sides of a polygon.
An angular placement quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's placement at an angle that is greater than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees to another entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having susceptibilty toward an external stimulus.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking susceptibilty toward an external stimulus.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably higher than its width.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting concentration.
A concentration which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A concentration which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting density.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being harmed or injured or spoiled, such that its functionality is impaired.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of not being harmed or injured or spoiled.
An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way.
A resistance quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resistance to a stimulus.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being at the age immediately before puberty.
A maturity quality inhering in a insect by virtue of the bearer's being in the chrysalis (cocoon) or post larval stage.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in an inactive stage in the development of some insects, between the larval and the pupal stages.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being between the onset of puberty and maturity.
A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being not fully grown or developed.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the middle relative to another entity.
A response quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's excessive reaction to a stimulus or an agent.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the side relative to another entity.
A response quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's limited reaction to a stimulus or an agent.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located more centrally than another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the abdomen of an organism relative to another entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrow, with the two opposite margins parallel.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter T.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter Y.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having toothlike projections in the margin.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of having sharp straight-edged teeth pointing to the apex.
An odor quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking odour.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits variation or change.
A color saturation which is of high purity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's power or force.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the back or upper surface of an organism relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located further from a more centrally located entity.
See comments of relational quality of a physical entity.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
A physical quality which is equal to the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern.
A color consisting of blue hue and high brightness.
A color consisting of blue hue and low brightness.
A color consisting of brown hue and low brightness.
A color consisting of brown hue and high brightness.
A color consisting of cyan hue and high brightness.
A color consisting of cyan hue and low brightness.
A color consisting of green hue and low brightness.
A color consisting of green hue and high brightness.
A color consisting of grey color and low brightness.
A color consisting of grey color and high brightness.
A color consisting of magenta color and high brightness.
A color consisting of magenta with low brightness.
A color consisting of orange hue and high brightness.
A color consisting of orange color and low brightness.
Pink color having high brightness and moderate saturation.
Pink color having medium brightness and moderate saturation.
A color consisting of purple color and low brightness.
A color consisting of purple color and high brightness.
A color consisting of red hue and low brightness.
A color consisting of red hue and high brightness.
A color consisting of yellow hue and low brightness.
A color consisting of yellow hue and high brightness.
A color consisting of blue hue and high saturation.
A color consisting of blue hue and low saturation.
A color consisting of brown hue and high saturation.
A color consisting of brown hue and low saturation.
A color consisting of cyan colour and high saturation.
A color consisting of cyan colour and low saturation.
A color consisting of green hue and high saturation.
A color consisting of green hue and low saturation.
A color consisting of magenta color and high saturation.
A color consisting of magenta color and low saturation.
A color consisting of orange hue and high saturation.
A color consisting of orange hue and low saturation.
Pink color having medium brightness and low saturation.
A color consisting of purple color and high saturation.
A color consisting of purple color and low saturation.
A color consisting of red hue and high saturation.
A color consisting of red hue and low saturation.
A color consisting of yellow hue and high saturation.
A color consisting of yellow hue and low saturation.
A color consisting of red and brown hue.
A color consisting of red and brown hue and low brightness.
A color consisting of red and brown hue and high brightness.
A fluorescence quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of emitting light during exposure to radiation from an external source.
A physical quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with electromagnetic radiation.
An EM radiation quality that is independent of the EM wavelength range.
A scalar EM radiation quality which obtains by the capacity of the bearer to retain radiation.
A scalar EM radiation quality which obtains by the capacity of the bearer to scatter or reflect radiation.
A reflective quality restricted to a particular wavelength.
Typically used for light, but also applied to full EM spectrum.
A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer.
A radiation reflective quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the ratio of the energy of a wave reflected from its surface to the energy possessed by the wave striking the bearer's surface.
A fluorescence in which the emittence continues after the absorption has ceased.
A scalar EM radiation quality which obtains by the capacity of the bearer to emit radiation.
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
An optical quality that is the mixture, purity or pattern of wavelengths of light perceived by the observer.
A color consisting of red and orange hue with a slight amount of gray.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to varying or changing.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits temperature variation or change.
A variability of temperature which is relatively low.
A variability of temperature which is relatively high.
A process quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of the temporal extent between the starting and ending point.
A duration quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's duration of exhibition of thermal energy.
TODO: obsolete? I don't know what this means.
A duration of temperature which is lesser relative to the normal or average enduring or continuing in time.
A duration of temperature which is greater relative to the normal or average in respect to the quality of temperature of enduring or continuing in time.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking or not exhibiting variation of temperature.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or exhibiting variation of temperature.
A temperature which is increased by a low degree.
A temperature which is increased by a medium degree.
A temperature which is increased by a high degree.
A discrimination quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable perceiving differences between two or more stimuli.
A discrimination quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of perceiving differences between two or more stimuli.
A pilosity quality of being covered with short hairs or soft down.
An angle which is 90 degrees to another entity.
An angle which is 180 degrees to another entity.
A 2-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two dimensional extent.
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being symmetric about a plane running from its frontal end to its caudal end (head to tail), and has nearly identical right and left halves.
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having equal proportion around a central point or axis.
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of division into symmetrical halves by only one longitudinal plane passing through the axis.
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of division into symmetrical halves by any longitudinal plane passing through the axis.
A flavor quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having flavour.
A flavor quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking flavour.
An odor quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having odour.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lack of distinct morphology.
A quality of a process which ends later than the natural end time.
A length quality which is equal to the length of any straight line segment that passes through the center of a circle and whose endpoints are on the circular boundary.
A mating type that indicates whether the F plasmid has integrated into the chromosome.
A biological sex quality inhering in a population of multiple sexes.
For example a mixture of females and male or males and hermaphrodites.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's homogeneity of a biomaterial.
A biological sex quality inhering in an organism or a population with both male and female sexual organs in one individual.
A S. cerevisiae mating type cells that secrete a pheromone that in alpha haploids stimulates processes that lead to mating.
A S. pombe mating type determined by the gene configuration on the mat1 locus.
A S. cerevisiae mating type cells that secrete a pheromone that stimulates a haploids.
A S. pombe mating type determined by the mat1-Mc and mat1-Mi on the mat1 locus.
A S. pombe mating type determined by the mat1-Pc and mat1-Pi on the mat1 locus.
A bacterial mating type indicating the presence of F plasmid in a bacterial cell.
A bacterial mating type indicating the absence of F plasmid in a bacterial cell.
A mating type that indicates that the F plasmid has integrated into the chromosome.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the rate of change of the bearer's angular velocity.
A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given area.
A density quality which is equal to the mass exerting an influence on a one-dimensional object.
A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given volume.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting low opacity.
A shape quality that obtains by virtue of the bearer having inward facing edges; having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere.
A shape quality inhering in a cell by virtue of the bearer's ability to take on two or more different shapes during its life cycle.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped like a cushion or has a marked convex cushion-like form.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a knob or knoblike protuberance.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having many wrinkles or creases on the surface.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having thin filamentous extensions at its edge.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being covered with warts or projections that resemble warts resulting in a hard rough surface.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being easily damaged or destroyed.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having root like extensions radiating from its center.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having spines, thorns or similar thin projections on its surface.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being small and resembling a point.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having deeply undulating edges forming lobes.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an irregularly toothed edge.
A shape quality inhering in a colony by virtue of the bearer's appearing above the medium surface with terraced edges.
A coating quality which is sticky or clammy.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's consistency of mucus.
A physical quality that inheres in propagating wave (light or sound) virtue of the bearer's change in direction when passing from one medium to another.
A reflectivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's reflecting lots of light.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of homologous chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of unique homologous chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing more than two homologous sets of chromosomes.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing chromosomes derived from a single species.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing chromosomes derived from different species.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an ancient polyploid ancestor.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing three homologous sets of chromosomes.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing four homologous sets of chromosomes.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing five homologous sets of chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a non-integral multiple of the monoploid number, due to extra or missing chromosomes.
An aneuploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing only one chromosome from a pair in a cell's nucleus.
An aneuploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing only two chromosome from a pair in a cell's nucleus.
For diploid organisms, such as humans, it is the normal condition, whilst for organisms that are normally triploid or above, disomy is an aneuploidy.
A disomy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing two copies of the chromosome from one of the parents (with no contribution from the other parent).
An aneuploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing three, instead of two, chromosomes of a particular numbered type in an organism.
A trisomy quality inhering in a bearer when part of the bearer's extra chromosome is attached to one of the other chromosomes, or if one of the bearer's chromosomes has two copies of part of its chromosome.
A trisomy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having extra chromosomal material in only some of it's cells.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's chromosome number being increased by endomitosis and for which the degree of ploidy is proportional to the number of times that endomitosis has taken place.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two copies (homologs) of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father.
The exact number may be one or two different from the 2n number and still be classified as diploidy (although with aneuploidy). Nearly all mammals are diploid organisms, although all individuals have some small fracton of cells that are polyploidy.
A diploidy quality inhering in a bearer in by virtue of belonging in a species whose one of the sexes has haploid cells and the other has diploid cells.
A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation.
A cellular quality that arises by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to differentiate into one or more mature cell types.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce differentiated cell types of all three primary germ layers and extraembryonic cell types.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce only one differentiated cell type.
Unipotent cells have the quality of self-renewal which distinguishes them from non-stem cells.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types of a specific lineage and lack self renewing capacity.
Less potent than multipotent, often thought of as precursor or progenitor cell status.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types.
A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce differentiated cell types of all three primary germ layers but not extraembryonic cell types.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having thin, tail-like projections extending outwards from the cell body.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a long tapered rod.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having distinct structure.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking distinct structure.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the rate of the bearer's angular movement about an axis; the angle rotated in a given time.
A physical quality inhering in a catalyst by virtue of the amount of the catalyst's action.
A quality inhering in a population by virtue of the proportion of its members that are ill at a given time.
A duration which has regular start and/or end times.
A duration quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's duration which has irregular start and/or end times.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being deficient in alertness or activity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating in a point or edge.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to rise or float in a fluid medium such as water or air.
A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's condition before death.
A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the cessation of the bearer's life.
A reflectivity quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to refract light.
A color hue with very low wavelength of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between reddish blue or bluish purple, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 420 to 380 nanometers.
A color hue consisting of red hue and yellow hue and high brightness.
A color consisting of purple and brown hue.
A concentration quality inhering in compound by virtue of the bearer's tendency to act as a hydron donor.
A concentration quality inhering in a medium by virtue of the bearer's tendency to hydronate a specific reference base.
An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a high concentration of H+ ions.
An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a low concentration of H+ ions.
An emergent molecular quality that arises by virtue of the bearer's disposition to exhibit molecular attraction to another entity in contact.
The definition is general enough to cover adhesion arising from different kinds of chemical bonding/forces, although for PATO this term will most commonly used for cellular adhesion. See also GO:0031589 "cell-substrate adhesion".
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decomposition into component parts.
A quality of a single process which describes the growth of an organism, structure, or group of organisms.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to produce new life or offspring.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having connection or association with another entity.
An attachment quality inhering in a flower by virtue of the bearer's lacking a stalk, as in flowers or leaves that grow directly from the stem.
A attachment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability to move about.
A attachment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being supported by a pedicel or pedicle.
A contractile quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's elastic tension that facilitate response to stimuli.
TODO: we need a clearer differentium between this and contractility - or merge?
A cellular adhesivity quality inhering in a molecule in one cell by virtue of the bearer's attachment to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.
A cellular adhesivity quality inhering in a molecule in one cell by virtue of the bearer's attachment to an nonidentical molecule in an adjacent cell.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer includes all its components.
A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being broken open.
A wholeness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being taken apart into its constituent parts.
A wholeness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's including all its components.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's being encrusted or impregnated with calcium carbonate (CHEBI:3311).
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's being hardened by the deposition of calcium into bone.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's cartilage quantities.
Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes (CL:0000138) that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibers, abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan, and elastin fibers.
A structural quality which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits an excessive accumulation of extracellular fluid.
An attachment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking connection or association with another entity.
A sensitivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's independence on oxygen.
A quality of a process inhering in bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to respond to stimulation.
A sensitivity of a process quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's unfolding in a location with or without oxygen.
A sensitivity of a process inhering in a biological process by virtue of the process unfolding in a location with oxygen.
A sensitivity of a process inhering in a biological process by virtue of the process unfolding in a location without oxygen.
A physical quality inhering in a liquid by virtue of the bearer's ability to attraction of molecules at its surface as a result of unbalanced molecular cohesive forces.
A quality inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of the electrical potential difference across it.
A quality inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of a brief fluctuation in the bearer's potential caused by the rapid opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels.
A quality that is equal to the potential energy per unit charge associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field, also called the electrostatic potential.
A malformed quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's all-encompassing, grotesque morphological defects.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved towards the front of an organism.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved towards the part of the body from which the tail arises.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved towards the back or upper surface of an organism.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved towards the abdomen of an organism.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude in respect to a related entity.
Examples: height to weight; brain size to body size. These could all be children of proportionality. Proportions can be measured as ratios. Some measures may be dimensionless. Not all ratios measure proportionality, eg m/s measures velocity which is not a proportion in the sense defined above, it is a quality in its own right.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being present in two copies.
An oriented quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's axis being positioned forward.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being drawn in or pulled back from any given point.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being broken down; caved in.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a sponge in elasticity, absorbency, or porousness.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an oblique or slanted direction.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's standing out or projecting beyond a surface or line.
Absence of an organ, tissue or cell due to failure to develop from a primordium or precursor cell.
With aplasia, the primordium or precursor develops, but does not proceed in its development to a mature structure
A quality of a process which occurs near to or not long before the present.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being thicker or more closely packed together; pressed tightly together.
An age quality that exists by virtue of the time (years and months) that the bearer has existed.
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's growing old; aging.
A cellular quality inhering in a cell by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to move spontaneously.
Term should be obsoleted and the GO term cellular motility should be used instead.
A growth quality of a process inhering in an organism, structure, or group of organisms by virtue of the bearer's reduced or increased growth.
A paedomorphic growth quality which is due to a reduced rate.
This term will be obsoleted; Use GO:growth and PATO:rate.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape being a V-shaped cut.
A reproductive quality inhering in the young of an animal by virtue of the bearer's being cared for at one time.
A reproductive quality inhering in the young of an animal by virtue of the bearer's disposition to survive and develop normally.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a ball (a sphere whose equatorial diameter is equal to the polar diameter).
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gradually narrower or thinner toward one end.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development.
A monadic quality of continuant inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being intricate and compounded.
A complexity quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having few parts or being complicated or compound.
A complexity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being intricate and compounded.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being in contact with another entity, or of no longer being connected or joined with another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's separation of normally joined parts, such as the separation of adjacent bones without fracture or of certain abdominal muscles during pregnancy.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being interrupted of its normal course.
A quality of a single physical entity that arises by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to perform a regular function(s).
A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform a regular function(s).
A disfunctional quality held by the bearer when the latter is unable to perform a regular function(s).
A pattern inhering in a surface by virtue of the bearer's being marked by the presence of dots, punctures, points or pits.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking some outer layer.
A color quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being uneven in color.
An optical quality where light rays originating from a point on the object converge.
An optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having focus.
An optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking focus.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of vibration, as perceived by the sense of hearing.
The frequency of transmitted vibrations.
A physical quality inhering in a sound wave by virtue of the maximum magnitude (value without regard to sign) of its disturbance.
A physical quality inhering in sound by virtue of the bearer's travelling speed in a given medium under specified conditions.
A physical quality which is equal to the quotient of the speed of a sound wave divided by its wavelength.
A sound frequency in the range of 0-20 Hz.
A sound frequency in the range of 20 to 20.000 Hz.
A sound frequency in the range of 20 000 + Hz.
A sound amplitude which is relatively low.
A sound amplitude which is relatively high.
A spatiotemporal quality inhering in a cell.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's behavior.
A cellular quality that exists by virtue of the disposition of the cell to adhere to other cells and molecules, through the emergent action of the molecular parts of the cell surface.
A color pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one hue.
A color pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's having two or more hues or degrees of saturation.
A color pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's having 3 or more hues or degrees of saturations.
A color pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's being marked with small spots, patches, or specks of hue or degree of saturation differing from that of the background.
A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the bearer's disposition to dissolve in a liquid.
A solubility quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the bearer's disposition to dissolve in a liquid.
A solubility quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the bearer's inability of a substance to dissolve in a liquid.
A compositional quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of amylose of the inhering entity.
An amylose composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's having negligible or no amylose content.
An amylose composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's having high amount of amylose content.
A phase which starts later than natural start point.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape.
A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape.
A sensitivity toward an external stimulus which is higher than normal/average.
A sensitivity toward an external stimulus which is lower than normal/average.
A sensitivity of a process which is higher than normal or average.
A sensitivity of a process which is lower than normal or average.
A sensitivity of occurrent to oxygen which is higher than normal or average.
increased sensitivity of a process to oxygen
A sensitivity of a process to oxygen which is lower than normal or average.
decreased sensitivity of a process to oxygen
The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts.
extra or missing physical or functional parts
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking a processual part as specified by the additional entity.
A functionality quality which is held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform additional or different function(s).
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having additional processual parts.
A mass which is lower than normal or average.
A mass which is higher than normal or average.
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processual parts.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being spread out or scattered about or divided up.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being spread out or scattered about or divided up.
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having fewer processual parts.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being made wider or larger in all dimensions.
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having equal dimensions or measurements.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's motion characteristic.
A permeability which is relatively high.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shrink or contract.
A contractility which is relatively high.
A contractility which is relatively low.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to transmit of an entity through a medium.
Examples could be heat or electricity or sound.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits rate variation or change.
A variability of rate which is relatively high.
A variability of rate which is relatively low.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's coinciding spatially, partially or wholly with another entity.
A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming or resembling an arch.
A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's downward or backward or inward dimenision.
A depth quality which is relatively high.
An oriented quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being turned outward in placement.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary.
An oriented quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being relocated around an axis.
A rotation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of being rotated towards the rear of organism.
A rotation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of being rotated towards the front of an organism.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being abnormally expanded or increased in size.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in disarray; extremely disorderly.
A tangled quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being not possible to unravel.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by, consisting of, or diversified with patches.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being scattered; spread irregularly, and at a distance from each other.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits color variation or change.
A variability of color which is relatively high.
A variability of color which is relatively low.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking or not exhibiting variation of color.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or exhibiting variation of colour.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distorted in form.
A structural quality inhering in a cell or blood vessel or capillary by virtue of the bearer's being in a rigid state of fullness resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of a part or parts of the bearer's being decreased in size due to reduction in tissue mass through wasting.
A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits decreased ability to perform a regular function(s).
A functional quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits increased ability to perform a regular function(s).
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer has enough functionality.
This term and children should probably be obsoleted.
A wholeness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's has enough functionality.
A wholeness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacks enough functionality.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gathered or tending to gather into a mass or whole.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distributed or spread over a considerable extent.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the front of an organism relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the rear of an organism relative to another entity.
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer is essential or indispensable.
A necessity quality (continuant) inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being essential or indispensable.
A necessity quality (continuant) inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being non-essential or dispensable.
A quality of single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer is essential or indispensable.
A necessity quality inhering in a process by virtue of the bearer's being essential or indispensable.
A necessity quality inhering in a process by virtue of the bearer's being non-essential or dispensable.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a short, stocky build.
A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary into the surface or boundary of another entity.
A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary and outwards in relation to the physical space occupied by another entity.
An 1-D extent quality which is equal to the length of the closed curve of a circle.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved towards the side.
A resistance to a stimulus which is relatively high.
A resistance to a stimulus which is relatively low.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a proper spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of osmoles of solute per liter of solution.
A rotatiotion quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of being rotated towards the back or upper surface of an organism.
A rotation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of being rotated towards the abdomen of an organism.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being damaged or destroyed.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located near a surface.
An attachment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's connection or association with another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in close proximity and physically interacting with another entity.
A susceptibility toward an external stimulus which is higher than normal/average.
A susceptibility toward an external stimulus which is lower than normal/average.
A distribution which is relatively high.
Structure quality that is the presence of closed epithelium bounded capsules containing one or more liquid or solid organism substances.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's catalytic activity divided by the volume of the system.
An efficiency quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking efficiency.
An efficiency quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having efficiency.
A volume quality inhering in a mass of substance by virtue of the amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.
A volume quality inhering in a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules by virtue of the amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.
A physical quality that inheres in a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other entities.
A magnetic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to exert magnitism.
A magnetic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability to exert magnitism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical distance of a point above or below a reference surface.
A contractility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of contracting or being contracted.
This refers to the disposition of the bearer.
A contractility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability of contracting or being contracted.
A photosensitivity which is relatively low.
A photosensitivity which is relatively high.
A sleep pattern which has regular start and/or end times.
A sleep pattern which has irregular start and/or end times.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting complete growth, differentiation, or development.
A color consisting of violet hue and high saturation.
A color consisting of violet hue and low saturation.
A color consisting of violet hue and high brightness.
A color consisting of violet hue and low brightness.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to lack activity.
A behavioral quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting marked activity.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in two dimensions.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in three dimensions.
An 1-D extent quality inhering in two-dimensional bearer by virtue of being equal to the distance around it.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to withstand great strain without tearing or breaking.
A radiation emitting quality which obtains by the intensity of the bearer emitted radiation.
A quality that exists by virtue of the luminous intensity per unit area projected in a given direction.
A behavioral quality which holds by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to receive another agentitive entity.
A behavioral quality which holds by virtue of extent of the receptiveness of a female to male advances.
A behavioral quality which holds by virtue of extent of the receptiveness of a male to female advances.
A female receptivity which is relatively high.
A female receptivity which is relatively low.
A male receptivity which is relatively high.
A male receptivity which is relatively low.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's prevailing tendency, mood, or inclination.
A disposition inhering in a multi-cellular organism.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to lose an entitity by natural process.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed body parts.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed foliage.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to not shed any body part.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to retain foliage.
A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being between evergeen and deciduous.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of liquids.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of solids.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of gases.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking physically interaction with another entity.
A quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with radiation.
A radiation quality inhering in a radioactive substance by virtue of its transformation (disintegration) rate.
A radiation quality inhering in bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting or being caused by radioactivity.
A radioactivity which is relatively low.
A radioactivity which is relatively high.
A radiation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of what the bearer receives as a result of being exposed to ionizing radiation.
A radiation exposure quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the radiation energy "deposited" in a kilogram of a substance.
A radiation exposure quality inhering in a tissue by virtue of the relation between the absorbed dose to the effective biological damage of the radiation to that tissue.
A radiation exposure quality inhering in an organ by virtue of the multiplication of an equivalent dose to that organ multiplied by the tissue weighting factor for that organ.
A shape quality in which a portion of the outermost boundary of an entity folds in space such that a portion that was originally convex is now concave.
A heterochronic growth quality inhering in an organism, structure, or group of organisms by virtue of the bearer's reduced growth.
A paedomorphic growth quality which is due to a delayed onset.
A paedomorphic growth quality which is due to an ealier offset.
A heterochronic growth quality inhering in an organism, structure, or group of organisms by virtue of the bearer's increased growth.
A peramorphic growth quality which is due to an increased rate.
A peramorphic growth quality which is due to an earlier onset.
A peramorphic growth quality which is due to a delayed offset.
A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to spontaneous transfer of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.
A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to convey electricity.
A conductivity quality inhering in motor and sensory nerves by virtue of the bearer's ability to convey electricity.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing granules.
An age which is high relative to the normal or average.
An age which is low relative to the normal or average.
A viability quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of some of it's members' inability to survive to reproduce.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's location of features or characteristics along an axis.
A viability quality inhering in a population by virtue of some of it's members' ability to survive.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being extended on all sides of another entity simultaneously.
Nedd to add reciprocal of relationship to 'surrounded by' PATO:0005016.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having only one phase or stage.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or existing in many phases.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's location of features or characteristics along the dorsal-ventral axis.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being abnormally developed, usually due to malnutrition.
A thickness quality which lacks pattern.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being divided into two branches.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved outward.
TODO: obsolete, definition too ambiguous.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being divided or broken up into parts or divisions.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved around an axis.
A density which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling a dome.
A density which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being confined or restricted to multiple locations.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on left side of from the a another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on right side of a another entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being wound in a continuous series of loops.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having multiple angles in its length.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting disturbance of its smoothness or regularity.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the quantities or relative ratios of water of the inhering entity.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the reduction in amount of water the bearer contains.
A pattern quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being compact or dense in arrangement.
A photosensitivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being susceptible to damage by light.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being covered or partially covered with scales.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's formed or tending to form flakes or thin, crisp fragments.
A sensitivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exposure to radiation.
A sensitivity to irradiation which is relatively low.
A sensitivity to irradiation which is relatively high.
A pattern quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being compact or dense in arrangement.
A grooved texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by one or more creases in a normally smooth surface.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lack elastic tension that facilitate response to stimuli.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's impaired elastic tension that facilitate response to stimuli.
A strength quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to lose strength.
A fatigability which is relatively high.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's increasing over time.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular passage.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no opening.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer's being covered by a liquid.
A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being covered by a liquid.
A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being covered by a liquid.
A wetness quality that is relatively high.
A wetness quality that is relatively low.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population by virtue of having internal reproductive organs of one sex and external sexual characteristics of the other sex.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population by virtue of having internal reproductive organs of male and external sexual characteristics of female.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population by virtue of having internal reproductive organs of female and external sexual characteristics of male.
A female fertility which is relatively low.
A female fertility which is relatively high.
A male fertility which is relatively high.
A male fertility which is relatively low.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer with some kind of aperture or opening that is blocked or clogged.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing acid (hydrogen ions).
A rhythm quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking rhythm lacking pattern.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being entwined and difficult to unravel.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being drawn together, compressed or squeezed physically.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved asymmetrically.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of a portion of the bearer's surface being scraped away.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue destroyed by injury or disease.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting transient abnormal enlargement, not due to cell proliferation.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being out of its usual or proper place, or position.
A structural quality which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits an excessive accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being situated at right angles to the horizon.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in the plane of the horizon.
An oriented quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being turned inward upon itself.
A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward.
A functionality quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of being not completely paralysed.
A coordination which is relatively high.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming a bundle of aligned anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve.
A fertility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to make its offspring sterile.
A duration quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having slow progressive course of indefinite duration.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a quadric surface in three dimensions obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes. Includes spheres and oblate/prolate spheroids.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a polar diameter longer than its equatorial diameter.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of it being a quadrilateral polygon in which all four angles are right angles.
A fluorescence quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting fluorescence which is self-induced.
A shape quality inhering in a circular disk by virtue of the bearer's having a segment of another circle removed from its edge, so that what remains is a shape enclosed by two circular arcs of different diameters which intersect at two points (usually in such a manner that the enclosed shape does not include the center of the original circle).
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having the shape of a kidney.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resemblance to a cube (a 3-D shape with a square cross section).
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being cylindrical, in which the height is less than the diameter.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having three angles.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two parts, roughly spherical and of equal size, connected by a bar.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped like a lance-head, considerably longer than wide, tapering towards the tip from below the middle; attached at the broad end.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of two curves, in opposite directions. S-shaped.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter U.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a tail or tail-like projection.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming two equal obtuse triangles with a short side in common.
Gradually enlarged at the base, like the head of an arrow.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a slug.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's gradually becoming thicker towards the end.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to being water-repellent; tending to repel and not absorb water.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to having an affinity for water; it is readily absorbing or dissolving in water.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water.
A quality of a liquid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to mix with (dissolve in) another liquid.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having the border, edge, or outline cut into a series of segments of circles resembling a scallop-shell.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being divided into three branches.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a continuous convex surface with an axis of symmetry and one axis longer than the other; egg-shaped.
An odor quality of having decreased odor.
An odor quality of having increased odor.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population that undergo sexual reproduction.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking of a three dimensional space surrounded by one or more anatomical structures and containing one or more anatomical substances.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional space surrounded by one or more anatomical structures and containing one or more anatomical substances.
See GO term: GO:0031974 membrane-enclosed lumen [DEF:"The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes"].
A circumference which is relatively high.
A circumference which is relatively low.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the south when it faces north.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction that is similar to the direction of an object to the north when it faces south.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one direction only.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two directions.
A directional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's direction approximating the shape of a circle.
The bearer of this quality has_part = n, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's participation in movement.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being like the surface of a compact mass of grapes.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having three nuclei.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's one part being layered over another connected part.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting movement in a circular course.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the state of bearer's mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes.
A physiological state which is characterized by periods of high-frequency high amplitude electrical activity in neuronal tissue.
A physiological state which is characterized by normal electrical activity in neuronal tissue.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the front and upper surface of an organism relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the rear and upper surface of an organism relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the front and abdomen of an organism relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the rear and abdomen of an organism relative to another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned towards the back or upper surface of an organism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned towards the abdomen of an organism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned towards the front of an organism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned towards the rear of an organism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned towards the side of an organism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned towards the middle of an organism.
A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape of features present on its surface or outer shell.
This quality either inheres directly in the surface, or in the entity that has the surface. For example, to say that a particular fly wing is curved is shorthand for saying the wing has a surface which is curved.
A fluorescence which is higher than normal.
A fluorescence which is lower than normal.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of a local accumulation of fluid underneath the surface of the bearer.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits shape variation or change.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's having or exhibiting variation its shape.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking or not exhibiting variation of shape.
A pattern quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being placed alternately one above the other.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned on opposite sides on the same plane.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being perfectly circular.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being roundish, a little inclining to be oblong.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being egg-shaped and flat, with the narrow end attached to the base.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oblong, with the lower end very much attenuated.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval and a little angular in the middle.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being many folds greater relative to the normal average.
A color consisting of yellow and green hues.
A color consisting of brown and green hues.
A purple color which has low saturation and low brightness.
A color consisting of yellow and orange hue.
A moderate yellow-orange to orange color.
A color pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's exhibiting transverse stripes of one hue or degree of saturation crossing another.
A color pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's being covered with reticulated lines of a different hue or degree of saturation.
A grooved texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by two or more parallel channels.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating abruptly in a little point.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating gradually in a rounded end.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in opposition round a common axis.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being arranged in two opposite rows (and hence in the same plane).
A pattern quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of paired parts that alternately cross each other.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being linear, very narrow, tapering to a very fine point from a narrow base.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrowly triangular, wider at the apex and tapering toward the base.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits size variation or change.
A variability of size which is relatively low.
A variability of size which is relatively high.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's in which bundles of aligned anatomical fibers have become separated.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts or projections being interlocked; for example, the fingers of two hands that are clasped.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's touching another entity.
A curled quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's edges of its surface being rolled inwards spirally on each side.
A curled quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's edges of its surface being rolled backwards spirally on each side.
A curled quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's edges of its surface being rolled spirally downwards.
A curled quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's edges of its surface being bent down upon their stalk.
A curled quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's one edge of its surface being wholly rolled up in another.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having three or more primary branches diverging radially from a single point.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two or more parallel primary branches originate beside each other and converge apically.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having secondary branches terminating at the margin.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having secondary branches joined together in a series of prominent arches.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having secondary branches freely branching toward the margin.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having secondary branches branching into a reticulum toward the margin.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being tapering gradually into a rigid point.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating in a round end, the centre of which is depressed.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking sharp straight-edged teeth pointing to the apex.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or lacking sharp straight-edged teeth pointing to the apex.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having at least one salient angle on the margin.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being regularly divided by deep incisions.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being partly divided into a determinate number of regions.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having distinct parts arising from a common point or center.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling an ear.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's gradually tapering to a slender point.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two basal lobes being united together.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being prolonged below the point of insertion.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being kept below its freezing point.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's passing into solution.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional cavity with a narrow or no opening, and often containing an anatomical substance.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having four angles and four sides.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having many curves and turns.
A duration quality of a process inhering in a disease by virtue of the bearer's duration of an impairment of health or of a condition of abnormal functioning.
MAH: I think this term should be obsoleted. Is it used?
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being capable of indefinite growth or division.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting cells.
A cellularity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of more than one cell.
A cellularity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of exactly one cell.
A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism.
The bearer of this quality has_part < n of the indicated entity type, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part. Formally: If a bearer entity e has fewer parts of type X at time t, then the number of instances x of X at t such that x part_of e is < n, where n is either the normal number for comparable entities, or n is stated explicitly. This case includes the limit case, where the bearer lacks all parts of the specified type.
A quality of physical entities inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking a physical part as specified by the additional entity.
Example: [E=organism Q=lacks_all_parts_of_type E2=Wing] - applies to an organism. A relational quality in which the bearer entity has no parts of the specified type. The bearer of this quality has_part = 0 of the indicated entity type, where a comparable organism usually has at least 1 part of the same type. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part. Formally: If a bearer entity e lacks all parts of type X at time t, then there exists no instances x of X at t such that x part_of e that has no wings, where wings are normally present in that organism type. In OWL this is equivalent to a restriction on the OBO_REL:has_part relation with cardinality=0, i.e has_part 0 E2.
The bearer of this quality has_part < n AND has_part > 0 of the indicated entity type, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part. Formally: If a bearer entity e has fewer parts of type X at time t, then the number of instances x of X at t such that x part_of e is < n, where n is either the normal number for comparable entities, or n is stated explicitly.
Example: [E=hand Q=has_fewer_parts_of_type E2=digit] - applies to an organism that has no less fingers than is normal for organisms of that type.
The bearer of this quality has_part > n of the indicated entity type, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part.
In polydactyly, the bearer of the quality is the hand, and the entity type being counted is 'finger'. In EQ syntax, E=hand, Q=<this> E2=finger.
A quality that inheres in an entire population or part of a population.
Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface.
A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity.
A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave.
Use this term or an is_a child of this term when the entire shape of the object is known.
A complete three dimensional shape in which there is a line connecting pair of points on the object that lies outside the object. Or: a shape with cavities. Contrast: concave.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's bing full of small openings or gaps.
A structural quality which is held by a bearer when the latter's disposition the presence of abnormally proliferating masses of cells.
A texture quality that exists through a liquid cover on the surface of the bearer.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer forms a bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve.
A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas.
A growth quality of occurrent in which the growth of an organism, structure or group of organisms does not occur.
Pink color having high brightness and low saturation.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone (a 3-D shape with a round cross section that tapers).
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a minute projection (villus).
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's location of features or characteristics along an apical-basal axis.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's location of features or characteristics along the anterior-posterior axis.
A convex angle that is formed by one side of a polygon and a line extended from an adjacent side.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not increasing over time.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability of a probe to react precisely with a specific target molecule.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved or tilted such that the tip points upwards.
A reflectivity quality inhering in light by virtue of the bearer's scattering occurring at small angle to the incident beam.
A reflective quality that is the light scattering occurring at wide angle (around 90 degrees) to the incident beam.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being unseparated into parts or divisions.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being on the same side in relation to another structure.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located towards the central axis of the organism or an extremity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer exhibiting deterioration of its structure.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer whose structure which does not deteriorate.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward on both sides or surfaces.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being convex on both sides or surface.
A diameter that is along the anterior-posterior axis.
An anterior-posterior diameter quality which is relatively small.
An anterior-posterior diameter quality which is relatively large.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being a quadrilateral with two parallel sides.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having smaller branches arising from larger branches. Resembling a tree in branching structure.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being away from or on the opposite side of the central axis.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on the side nearest to the axis of an organ or organism.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two or more cell populations that differ in genetic makeup. This situation can affect any type of cell, including blood cells, gametes (egg and sperm cells), and skin.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved around an axis and towards the side.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being flattened along dorso-ventral axis.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being flattened along transverse axis.
The specific wavelength of light emitted by a fluorescent molecule, such as a labelled probe, upon absorption of light at the (higher) excitation wavelength.
The specific wavelength of radiation that can be retained by a bearer.
A shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being elongated and cylindrical.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's delimited by a surface with holes.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being arranged like rays or radii; radiating from a common center.
A solid configuration inhering in a material entity by virtue of its constituent atoms, molecules, or ions being arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's layered configuration.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a layered configuration.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking a layered configuration.
A molecular quality that arises from the molecular attraction exerted between two atoms or compounds.
A molecular quality that arises from the synergistic strength of bond affinities between multiple bond interactions.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's movement.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned with multiple entities of the same type above and below.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within.
A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being seperated into two contiguous wholes.
A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being broken into multiple contiguous wholes.
A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being still one contiguous whole but structurally damaged such that in danger of become two or more.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being short and wide and tapered distally.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's body consisting of one sac.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's body containing more than one cyst - formations of an epithelium bounded cavity not associated with neoplasia.
A morphology quality inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's exhbiting the morphological characteristics of a glandular epithelial cell.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an onset and time course between acute and chronic.
A morphology quality inhering in a neoplastic cell by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting breakdown of cell-cell interaction maintaining tissue architecture, proliferative dysregulation and bizarre modification to nucleus size and shape.
A volume quality inhering in a degenerating cell by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting an increase in volume associated with cytoplasmic abnormalities.
An affinity inhering in a tissue constituent by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific ph conditions.
A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition not to progress, invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.
A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to progress, invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.
A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to spread and invade distant tissues.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its stable specialization to a particular cell type.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of having not yet acquired a special structure of function.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of having changed from one fully differentiated state into another.
A cellular quality inhering in a cell that arises by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to grow and proliferate in number through cell division.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's penetrating or permeating another substance or area.
A compositional quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's infiltration by leukocytes, local edema and accumulation of plasma proteins.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting excessive discharge of blood from the blood vessels.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its lacking most of the cellular characteristics which would allow it to be fully differentiated.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being at the edge or boundary of a related entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling small nipple like projection.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling cheese.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its having most of the cellular characteristics of the tissue of origin.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its lacking few of the cellular characteristics which would allow it to be fully differentiated.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a hole or holes, especially a row or array of small holes.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing excess lipid.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing fibrin.
A composition quality inhering in exudate by virtue of the bearer's containing fibrin.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhbiting the morphological characteristics of a gland.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being present in more than two copies.
A structural quality which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits an excessive accumulation of intracellular fluid.
A quality inhering a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to generate pus.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's structureresembling an irregular meshwork with cross-linking struts.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being composed of more than one identifiable entities.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting a knot-like mass.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing bone.
A hardness quality of being rigid and resistant to pressure and fibrous.
A quality inhering a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing or resembling serum.
A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to invade surrounding tissues.
A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to invade surrounding tissues to a large extend.
A displaced angular placement quality inhering in a body part by virtue of the bearer's movement away from the medial plane of the body.
A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition not to invade surrounding tissues.
A displaced angular placement quality inhering in a body part by virtue of the bearer's movement closer the medial plane of the body.
This term is also used in reference to the operation of the muscle in anatomy or musculature.
A composition quaity inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing of or pertaining to fibrils, or nanoscale fibers.
A duration quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's delay to complete the closure of the opening of an anatomical entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative inability of electromagnetism to pass through a particular material, particularly X-rays.
A readiopacity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's prevention of the passage of electromagnetic radiation.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being fit to be eaten.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being suitable for use as food.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer not being suitable for use as food.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's pathogenicity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer exhibiting increased density resulting in exhibiting increased degree of radiopacity (in X-rays).
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved outwards from the part of the body from which the tail arises.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved outwards from the back or upper surface of an organism.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved outwards from the side.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved outwards the front of an organism.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved outwards the abdomen of an organism.
A rotation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of being rotated towards the middle of an organism.
A rotation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of being rotated towards the side of an organism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being slightly out of its usual or proper place, or position.
Having two horns or horn-shaped branches.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming or resembling an arch of an increased apical height.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's bodily structure that has protruded through an abnormal opening in the wall that contains it into the surface or boundary of another entity.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved towards the middle.
A duration quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's premature completion of the closure of the opening of an anatomical entity.
A protruding quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's bodily structure that has protruded out of the surface or boundary of another entity.
An angular placement quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being changed in position in relation to another entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being split along the median axis.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being split asymmetrically on one side.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being split on two side.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being split along the radial axis.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning towards an additional entity.
An alignment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in a improper spatial positioning away from an additional entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's changed direction of position towards another entity.
A deviation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's changed direction of position towards the side.
A deviation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's changed direction of position towards the middle.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being out of its usual or proper place, or position around a central point or axis.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned towards to point of attachment or origin.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being free of curves, bends, or angles.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being changed in position.
A quality which inheres in a molecular entity, a single molecule, atom, ion, radical etc.
A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of whether that there is a presence of cycles in the connection of the atoms within the molecular entity.
Cyclic cyclicity inheres in a molecule when the atoms of the molecule do contain at least one cycle in the atom-atom connection paths (through bonds).
Acyclic cyclicity inheres in a molecule when the atoms within the molecule do not contain at least one cycle in the atom-atom connection paths (through the bonds).
A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of whether or not the molecular entity has a separation of electric charge which leads to the molecule having an electric dipole.
Polar polarity is a quality that inheres in a molecular entity when the molecular entity is polar, i.e. does possess an electric dipole.
A molecular quality which inheres in a molecular entity when the molecular entity does not possess an electrical dipole.
The ease of distortion of the electron cloud of a molecular entity by an electric field.
A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the presence of a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals that exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.
A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity when it possesses at least one ring that is aromatic, i.e. A conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals that exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.
A quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the molecule possessing no rings that are aromatic.
A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the overall electric charge of the molecule, which is due to a comparison between the total number of electrons and the total number of protons.
A quality which inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the molecular entity possessing the same amount of electrons overall as protons, thus having an overall neutral charge.
A quality which inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the molecular entity possessing more protons overall than electrons, thus having an overall positive charge.
A quality which inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the molecular entity possessing more electrons overall than protons, thus having an overall negative charge.
A quality that describes the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself .
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution.
A quality which inheres in a substance by virtue of the ease with which the substance can be changed from a solid to a liquid state especially by the application of heat.
A quality which inheres in a substance by virtue of the ease with which the substance can be changed into a gaseous state.
A behavioral quality inhering ina bearer by virtue of the bearer's unequal distribution of fine motor skill between its left and right hands or feet.
Adapted from Wikipedia and the birnlex term that is dbxref'd. Added on behalf of OBI at March 2010 workshop.
Handedness where the organism preferentially uses the left hand or foot for tasks requiring the use of a single hand or foot or a dominant hand or foot.
Handedness where the organism preferentially uses the right hand or foot for tasks requiring the use of a single hand or foot or a dominant hand or foot.
Handedness where the organism exhibits no overall dominance in the use of right or left hand or foot in the performance of tasks that require one hand or foot or a dominant hand or foot.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to hold an electrical charge.
Capacitance is also a measure of the amount of electrical energy stored (or separated) for a given electric potential.
A maturity quality inhering to a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being at the point or short after birth.
A quality that is the distance between the end of the inserted object and the surface of the object into which it penetrates.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of a spoon.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having the shape of an incisor tooth.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a teardrop.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved backward or inward.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being small or narrow in circumference or width in proportion to length or height.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape being inversely clavate.
A lobed quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being divided into or having two lobes.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having the shape of a scythe or sickle.
A molecular quality that pertains to the post-translational modification of a protein by the covalent attachment of one or more ubiquitin monomer.
A molecular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being combined, or impregnated, with nitric acid, or some of its compounds.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's loss of myelin sheath.
For example loss of myelin sheath from a normally myelinated axon or dendrite.
A quality inhering in a bearer that is shaped in the form of a fan.
A quality inhering in a protein or a molecule by virtue of the bearer's having a phosphate (PO4) group.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being phosphorylated to a more than normal extent, or fully saturated with phosphate groups.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being phosphorylated to a lesser than normal extent, or less than fully.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having reacted with oxygen, or been modified by oxidation (the reaction in which the atoms of an element lose electrons and the valence of the element increases).
An angular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a single angle in its length giving the bearer the form of the letter V.
An angular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a single angle in its length giving the bearer the form of the letter L.
A cylindrical shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being imperfectly cylindrical or approximately cylindrical.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape form resembling the shape of a cup.
A tapered shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's tapering gradually to a sharp point.
A quadrangular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being approximately rectangular.
A triangular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being nearly, but not perfectly, triangular.
A split shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being divided into many lobes or similar segments.
A 2-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having shape or form of half a circle.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located far (not close to) in space in relation to another entity.
A notched shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a notched tip or edge.
A tapered shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being flat, slender, and tapering to a point.
Shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped like a wing.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved backward or downward.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved forward or upward.
A concave 3-D shape that inheres in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's nearly) symmetric shape wide at its ends and narrow in the middle, resembling the figure of number 8.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape resembling falling drop.
A lobed quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being divided into or having three lobes.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of the position.
A physical quality inhering in a fluid (liquid or gas) by virtue of the amount of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time.
A flow rate quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the mass of substance which passes through a given surface per unit time.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or lacking of substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.
A degree of pigmentation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.
A degree of pigmentation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.
A degree of pigmentation quality that is relative high.
A degree of pigmentation quality that is relative low.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being flattened along the antero-posterior axis.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being roundish, flattish shape, possibly with a slightly angled edge.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane.
Becoming flat but not necessarily completely flat.
Texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked with one or more channels.
A cuscpidate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer possessing three cusps.
A cuscpidate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer possessing more than one cusp.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a point.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located near in space in relation to another entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being partially upright in position or posture.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's location within another entity.
A quality inhering in a protein or a molecule by virtue of the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to the bearer.
A quality inhering in a protein or a molecule by virtue of the bearer's lacking a phosphate (PO4) group.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being arranged in a systematic fashion.
A behavioral quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to exhibit marked activity.
A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located in a position equidistant from edges.
A structural quality of the collection or massing of one physical object within another physical object.
An increased number of physical objects that are accumulated within another physical object usually as a result of a failure to break down or remove objects in a timely manner.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at the same continuous distance relative to another object.
Multicolored quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being colored with a variegated pattern resembling marble,.
Multicolored quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being dappled with spots, patches, or blotches of different colors.
A color pattern quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's color pattern in which light and dark colors (for example white and black) are codistributed to create a visual impression.
A color pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's exhibiting vertical bars of one hue or degree of saturation crossing another.
A quality of certain surfaces which appear to change colour as the angle of view changes.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's participating in a joint with another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being strongly articulated with another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing a broad surface in articulation with another entity.
A cuscpidate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer possessing two cusps.
A physical quality that pertains by virtue of a pulling force that is directed away from the bearer and attempts to stretch or elongate the bearer.
Branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of increasing the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity.
Branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of decreasing the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity.
A hairy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being covered with setae.
Setose as a label is used extensively to describe insect phenotypes that have hairy-like appearances (i.e., they are covered in setae, not the hairs of mammals). A bristle is a type of seta.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's underlying structure being capable of change.
For example, structures undergoing endochondral ossification change in composition from cartilaginous to ossified.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's underlying structure not changing over time.
A texture that is uniformly covered in short, oblong, or trench-like depressions.
A surface feature shape inhering in a surface by virtue of the bearer's being divided by ridge-like structures into a number of small, irregular spaces.
A texture quality inhering in a surface by virtue of the bearer's being marked by the presence of small, shallow, regular depressions called fovae.
A cellular motility which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A cellular motility which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A triangular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having all sides of the same length.
A triangular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two sides have the same length.
A triangular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having all sides of unequal length.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently sized and approximately round cross-section along its length, which is many times larger than its diameter.
Note that a fiber shaped object may take any circuitous or straight path through space (think of a length of string or rope).
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being strong, thick or sturdy.
Having a fringe or border of hairlike or fingerlike projections.
Consisting of segments or similar parts arranged in a longitudinal series.
Having or resembling the shape of a telescope.
Having the nature or characteristic of, a ligament; composed of the tissue proper to ligaments.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling the end of a brush with a multitude of bristles.
Being separate or discrete from other skeletal elements.
A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt
A shape with properties between those of a square and those of a circle.
A superelptic shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape resembling a diamond.
A temporal distribution pattern of process occurrences within a regulation/reference process.
The temporal relation between the end of the process with respect to a reference process.
The temporal relation between the start of the process with respect to a reference process.
An orientation inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's placement at an angle.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a upward bending of its leaves or other plant parts.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being extended along a straight line, and is shaped like a reversed lance-point, with the tapering point attached to the leafstalk.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer exhibiting molecular attraction to another entity in contact.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer not exhibiting molecular attraction to another entity in contact.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being dome-shaped.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having triangular faces that meet at a common point and containing a polygonal shaped base.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a continuous convex surface with an axis of symmetry and one axis longer than the other; characterized with an egg-shaped form crossed with a lance-head shaped form.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped like a lance-head, considerably longer than wide, tapering towards the tip from below the middle together forming three angles; attached at the broad end.
A quality of being covered with stiff or rough hairs.
A quality of being covered with short, dense, matted hairs.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being a cupule, with a structure similar to a cup that also encloses the ovule in partiality.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lying or growing on the ground but with erect or rising tips.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being characterized by fine, entangled hairs giving the appearance of cobweb.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a quadric surface in three dimensions obtained by rotating less than half of a circular arc about an axis passing through the endpoints of the arc
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two connected parts, roughly spherical, of different sizes.
A conical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone, with the pointed end attached to an organism.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer resembling wood.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the base of an organism relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the stalk of an organism relative to another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer resembling or containing flesh.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's upper parts die back to the rootstock at the end of the growing season.
A quality that inheres in a bearer in virtue of its realizing one of its functions.
A quality of an physical object that is currently realizing one of its functions.
A quality of a physical object that is currently realizing none of its functions.
A quality of a physical object that has been constantly realizing some of its functions.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a strait side and an arched side giving the bearer the form of the letter D.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's width being notably higher than its length.
A disposition that can be compared on a linear scale - that is that it can be increased or decreased.
A medium brown color with a metallic sheen, resembles the actual alloy bronze.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably lower than its width.
Female quality of having complete, unaltered reproductive organs
Male quality of having complete, unaltered reproductive organs.
Male quality of being incapable to reproduce because of functional loss of the testicles from surgical removal or chemical means.
A viviparous organism having never given birth.
A viviparous organism that has given birth two or more times.
The number of time that a viviparous organism has given birth.
A viviparous organism having given birth one time.
A viviparous organism that has given birth five or more times.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's location of features or characteristics along the mediolateral axis.
Recurrent and often more or less cyclic alteration.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape form resembling the shape of a trumpet.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being filled with air.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being not filed with air.
Having a shape that resembles a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry.
A female fertility quality inhering in a female by virtue of the bearer's not being capable of reproducing because of surgical removal of ovaries and uterus.
A female fertility quality inhering in a female by virtue of the bearer's not being capable of reproducing because of surgical removal of ovaries.
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the presence of long chain aliphatic lipids on the surface of an organism.
Presence of long chain aliphatic lipids on the surface of an organism.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines, usually parallel, with at least one salient angle on the margin
A concave 3-D shape that inheres in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape that is wider at one end and narrow in the middle.
Extremely acute and aggressive onset of a pathological process.
Growing horizontal to the ground without setting roots.
A length quality which is equal to the length of any straight line segment that passes from the center of a circle to any endpoint on the circular boundary. The radius is half of the diameter.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having three rays or radiating branches.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located on a sloping line joining two nonconsecutive points of an entity relative to another entity.
A tolerance quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's increased ability to endure a stimulus.
A tolerance quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decreased ability to endure a stimulus.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned away from the axis of an organism.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned towards the axis of an organism.
A circular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being nearly, but not perfectly, circular.
A rotation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of being rotated towards the front and the middle of an organism.
Having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends.
characterised by an unidentifiable pattern.
Multiple lesions some interconnecting with each other.
Affecting all regions without specificity of distribution.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to be reduced to smaller pieces with little effort.
Easily reduced to powder or easily fragmentable or crumbly.
Having become firm or hard especially by increase of fibrous elements.
A colour that is very pale yellowish brown.
A color consisting of yellow and brown hue.
A color consisting of yellow and brown hue and low brightness.
A color consisting of yellow and brown hue and high brightness.
A quality of duration having progressive course of indefinite duration with active, acute-like elements.
Single lesion with expansion into surrounding tissue.
Flattened from above downward; below the normal level or the level of the surrounding parts.
Extending through or affecting the entire thickness of the wall of an organ or cavity or boundary.
An affinity inhering in a tissue constituent by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for acidic dyes under specific ph conditions.
An affinity inhering in a tissue constituent by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for eosin dye.
Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic (or lipophilic) groups.
Having or resembling the characteristic of a cicatrix - a scar resulting from formation and contraction of fibrous tissue.
Pertaining to the individual parts making up an aggregate fruit like a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry.
A round or lobulated protruding form resembling a nipple.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two or more entities that extend from a common point in different directions.
Open to view or not covered by another entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped like a boat.
A surface feature shape having numerous very small circular rounded projections or protuberances.
A 3-D shape with three supports or legs.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter X.
A shape quality in which the bearer is shaped like a narrow band; ligulate.
A shape quality in which the bearer possesses a gradual, yet distinct, thinning from a wide starting point.
A surface feature shape marked by large amounts of relief, often with multiple ridges and grooves in close association. Topographically complex.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at a right angle relative to another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer touching another entity along a border or with a projecting part.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's position being displaced from a reference point.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being locked together or interconnected to another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located or placed beneath the skin.
An angular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two angles in its length giving the bearer the form of the letter W.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree of the bearer's highly topographical with ridges, pits, rugosity or other surface structures.
A surface feature shape in which the bearer's surface is highly topographical with ridges, pits, rugosity or other surface structures.
A surface feature shape in which the bearer's surface is lacking ridges, pits, rugosity or other surface structures.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at the same level as another entity.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being composed of or possessing inorganic material.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being twisted or turned.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling an anchor.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being divided into four parts.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's bing aligned or positioned towards another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the rear and mid-line surface of an organism relative to another entity.
A hardness quality of giving significant resistance to pressure.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being thinner or more losely packed.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer bring gradually worn away.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's similarity to the appearance of a carpel.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's architecture bearing resemblence to a corymb type of inflorescence.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's similarity to the appearance of an inflorescence.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's similarity to the appearance of a leaf.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being thin and lacking outgrowths.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's similarity to the appearance of a sepal,
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being smaller and contracted, expecially due to loss of moisture.
To bend or hang downwards due to loss of water
A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of collagen.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of some aspect of the bearer extending to the position of another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of some aspect of the bearer extending past the position of another entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a prism.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer resembling a keyhole.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer resembling a thin narrow strip.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of swelling or stretching.
Structural quality inhereing in a bearer in which a joint has apposed bony surfaces united by fibrous tissue, permitting no movement; found only between bones.
A morphological quality between two bearers inhering that one bearer is subject to change the nature, function, or condition of itself to become the other.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's increased rate of change of the position.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decreased rate of change of the position.
A disposition inhering in a tumour by virtue of the bearer's disposition to spontaneously arise.
A flavor quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an acrid, sharp, or disagreeable flavor.
A position quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existing near the end of another entity.
A position quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming the end of another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to breaks without significant deformation (strain) when subjected to stress.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel, that are oriented transversely relative to the long axis of the bearer.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel, that are oriented obliquely relative to the long axis of the bearer.
A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing only minor levels of ossification.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a slanting direction or position : neither perpendicular nor parallel.
Shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a narrow and elongate opening.
Positional quality in which an entity is located outside of another entity.
An angular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a single angle in its length giving the bearer the form of an inverted letter V.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing two sides that are at the same continuous distance relative to each other.
A quality inhering in a process by virtue of that process having two or more organisms as participants.
A quality inhering in a process by virtue of that process having exactly one organism as a participant.
Overlap with quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned over another entity so as to cover some portion of it.
Overlap with quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being positioned under another entity so as to be covered by some portion of it.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed anteriorly.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed anterodorsally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed anterolaterally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed anteroventrally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed distally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed dorsally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed dorsolaterally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed laterally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed medially.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed posteriorly.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed ventrolaterally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed ventrally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed transversely.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed posterolaterally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed posterodorsally.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more nucleus.
A surface feature shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not having undulating edges forming lobes.
A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of keratin.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being hidden from view.
A 2-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having six angles and six sides.
A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being divided into multiple parts.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's similarity to the appearance of a cane.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer flowing or coming together with another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a slanting direction (neither perpendicular nor parallel) relative to another entity.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed anteromedially.
An elevation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being in a high position relative to another entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being hidden from view or covered by another entity.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's similarity to the appearance of a saddle.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being level or even with another surface.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an open, latticed, or porous structure; used especially of bone.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being shaped like a scute or an osteoderm.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's similarity to the appearance of a funnel.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having an elongate structure, similar to a ridge, that extends longitudinally along an anatomical entity.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located at a right angle relative to another entity and to the horizon.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed mesiolaterally.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being in a position that produces a separation in, or acting to separate, another entity.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed anterodistally.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed posterodistally.
A multipartite quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being divided into two parts.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped like a plowshare.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a short and stout cylindrical shape.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape like a boomerang, with two arms connected at an angle.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a shape not quite ovoid. approximately ovoid.
A shape quality that obtains by virtue of the bearer being concave on one side and convex on the other.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape like a ring (a circular shape enclosing a space).
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing a small, spike-like shape.
Pertaining to the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.
An occurrence quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a course that occurs occasionally.
An occurrence of a process during which time there is an inability to change the course, extent, or repetition of the process.
A variability quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer having a variable number or count of an entity.
Having the shape of a pear; tapering near the top and bulging toward the base or bottom. From thefreedictionary.com
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling the form of a paddle.
Shape quality inhering in a bearer expanding outward, or having parts expanding outward, from a center point.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being morphologically distinguishable from another entity.
A 3-D shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having dentition characterized by high-crowned teeth and enamel which extends far past the gum line, which provides extra material for wear and tear.
A 3-D shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having dentition characterized by low-crowned teeth. Human teeth are brachydont.
A 3-D shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an entity in the form of a molar tooth.
A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having many fine filaments or branches that give a feathery appearance: for example, resembling a feather.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer possessing an uninterrupted or unbroken connection or spatial distribution relative to the position of another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being fully formed compared to entities lacking parts.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking parts or having a reduced form compared to fully formed entities.
A spheroid shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being nearly, but not perfectly, spherical.
A size quality inhering in an entity or set of entities in which size increases or decreases along the extent of the entity or set.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being enclosed on all sides by another entity.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being compressed from the side facing the lips to the side facing the tongue.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being compressed from the side facing the midline of the jaw to the side opposite the midline.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved towards the tongue.
A shape quality inhering on a bearer by virtue of a bearer's shape lacking in pattern or uniformity; for example, it may have sides of different lengths, different curvatures, or unequal angles.
Cuspidate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing a single cusp.
A diameter that remains constant throughout the extent of an entity.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is in the parasagittal plane.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed along the longitudinal or anterior-posterior axis.
A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of a single, maximally connected structure.
What counts as maximally connected may be relative to some specification of granularity.
A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of multiple structures lacking any physical connection to each other.
The ability of a process to produce its output.
A decrease in the ability of a process to produce its output.
A increase in the ability of a process to produce its output.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual based upon genotypic composition of sex chromosomes.
Note that the chromosomal constitution of genotypic sex varies in different organisms. In human, we have XY, XX, though abnormal XXY, X0, XYY, and other combinations are possible.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual based upon genotypic composition that confers the capability for an organism to differentiate male gonads.
Note that the chromosomal constitution of genotypic sex varies in different organisms. In human, this would be XY, though abnormal XXY and XYY would also result in a male phenotypic outcome.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population based upon genotypic composition that confers the capability for an organism to differentiate female gonads.
Note that the chromosomal constitution of genotypic sex varies in different organisms. In human, this would be XX, though abnormal X0 and XXX would also result in a female phenotypic outcome.
A plant structure (PO:0005679) which is a whole organism.
Examples include plant embryo (PO:0009009), megagametophyte (PO:0025279) and microgametophyte (PO:0025280).
A tuber (PO:0025522) that develops from a branch (PO:0025073).
Functions in storage of photosynthate metabolites. This term should be used for tubers derived from branches, as found in Solanum spp. (e.g. potato) or Dioscorea spp. (e.g. yam) and other species. Use the term tuberous root tuber (PO:0025476) for tubers derived from roots, such as those found in Cassava, Ipomoea, or Hemerocallis.
A shoot axis tuber (PO:0004543) that develops below ground.
A lateral plant organ (PO:0009008) produced by a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148).
A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that develops from a gynoecium (PO:0009062) and may have as parts one or more seeds (PO:0009010).
A fruit may contain additional plant structures (PO:0009011) that were part of a flower (PO:0009046) and mature along with the gynoecium, such as a receptacle (PO:0009064). A fruit may develop without fertilization in cases of parthenocarpy, apomixis, or other hormone-induced conditions and may not always contain seeds. Fruits only occur in angiosperms.
A plant axis (PO:0025004) that is part of a root system (PO:0025025).
Commonly thought of as one of the three basic parts of the seed plant body. A plant stucture that is usually underground and does not bear leaves and only rarely shoots, is usually more or less positively geotropic, is endogenous in origin, indeterminate in growth and often with secondary thickening.
A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that is a functional unit, is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003), and includes portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types that derive from a common developmental path.
Examples include stem (PO:0009047), leaf (PO:0025034), and root (PO:0009005). May include individual plant cells (PO:0009002) that are not part of a portion of plant tissue (e.g., idioblasts, PO:0000283). A plant organ may have one or more different plant organs as parts, such as a sporophyll (PO:0009026) that may have as part a sporangium (PO:0025094) or a carpel (PO:0009030) that may have as part a plant ovule (PO:0020003).
A whole plant (PO:0000003) that participates in the plant embryo stage (PO:0007631).
A plant embryo is generally formed after the first division of a plant zygote (PO:0000423), but in the case of a nucellar (adventitious) plant embryo (PO:0004537), somatic plant embryo (PO:0025302), microspore-derived cultured plant embryo (PO:0025305), and other embryos that arise through apogamy, it begins after the division of a single cell that is not a zygote. The end of the embryo stage varies among taxa; the beginning of a seed germination stage (PO:0007057) in seed plants, formation of the first vascular leaf (PO:0009025) in pteridophytes, the beginning of development of a sporangium (PO:0025094) in bryophytes, or the beginning of the formation of a plant organ (PO:0009008) such as a root (PO:0009005), shoot axis (PO:0025029), or vascular leaf (PO:0009025) in a cultured plant embryo (PO:0000010).
A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that develops from a plant ovule (PO:0020003) and has as parts a plant embryo (PO:0009009) enclosed in a seed coat (PO:0009088).
A seed generally develops from an ovule (PO:0020003) after fertilization, but may develop without fertilization in the case of apogamy (e.g., adventitious embryos or somatic embryos). A seed is a reproductive unit of seed plants (gymnosperms, angiosperms, and fossil pteridosperms).
An anatomical structure that is or was part of a plant, or was derived from a part of a plant.
'Part' includes both proper parts and the whole plant. CARO:0000003 anatomical structure is defined as: Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape and is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
A shoot axis (PO:0025029) that is the primary axis of a plant.
Often bears leaves and buds. It is usually above ground, more or less negatively geotropic, and exogenous in origin.
A plant axis (PO:0025004) that is part of a shoot system (PO:0009006).
eje del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish)
Often bears leaves and branches. In vascular plants, has at least one node and one internode.
A phyllome (PO:0006001) that is not associated with a reproductive structure.
An anatomical entity that is or was part of a plant.
Includes both material entities such as plant structures and immaterial entities such as plant anatomical spaces. CARO:0000000 anatomical entity is defined as: Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
A plant structure (PO:0009011) that has as parts two or more portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single structural unit demarcated by primarily bona-fide boundaries from other structural units of different types.
estructura vegetal con m&#250ltiples tejidos (Spanish)
Most multi-tissue plant structures have at least a small connection to other plant structures via a fiat boundary, such as where a leaf (PO:0025034) connects to a shoot axis (PO:0025029), a petal (PO:0009032) connects to a receptacle (PO:0009064), or a branch (PO:0025073) connects to a stem (PO:0009047).
A plant axis (PO:0025004) that is radially enlarged.
Functions in storage of photosynthate metabolites. May develop from a branch (PO:0025073) or a root (PO:0009005). If you are annotating to tuber, you should pick the more specific child term: shoot axis tuber (PO:0004543) or tuberous root tuber (PO:0025476).
An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA.
Note that ChEBI:protein is defined such as to consist minimally of one polypeptide chain synth at the ribosome, such that proteins can consist of more than one polyppetide chain. this is different thatn the PRO:protein class used here, that excludes protein complexes with more than one chain.
ChEBI:protein polypeptide chain (CHEBI_16541)
a polypeptide chain that is synthesized through ribosome-mediated translation
Note that bioengineered proteins produced in cells or extracts via ribosome mediated translation, but as part of some planned process, are included here.
Proteins descended from a common ancestor can be classified into families and superfamilies composed of products of evolutionarily-related genes. The domain architecture of a protein is described by the order of its constituent domains. Proteins with the same domains in the same order are defined as homeomorphic [PRO:WCB].
A protein that is a translation product of the human CTRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.
A molecular entity that is a polymer of amino acids residues linked by peptide bonds.
An organic amino compound that is a polymer of amino acid chain components (unmodified amino-acid residues and/or modified amino-acid residues) linked by peptide bonds or derivatives of such bonds.
bovine serum albumin
Wikipedia: Kovac's reagent Kovac's reagent is a biochemical reagent consisting of isoamyl alcohol, para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is used for the diagnostical indole test, to determine the ability of the organism to split indole from the amino acid tryptophan. The indole produced yields a red complex with para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde under the given conditions.[1]
A chemical solution comprised of a mixture of isoamyl alcohol, para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, and hydrochloric acid. Used in the indole test assay.
not in Chebi or in any other ontologies- Jan 2018
not in Chebi - Jan 2018 - added to request list
2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside-6-phosphate-7
The fluid surrounding the ovum and granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle.
Generally, larger species such as ovine, equine, porcine, human, and bovine have larger follicles, with the fluid comprising a substantial proportion of the volume of the follicles at ovulation (estimated at >95% in bovine [3]). Smaller species such as rats and mice have smaller follicles with fractionally less follicular fluid[20164441]
The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes and is rich in hyaluronic acid.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP].
Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
CARO v1 does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ. CARO v2 may include organ, see https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/4
Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. The composition of the fluid changes over the course of gestation. Initially, amniotic fluid is similar to maternal plasma, mainly water with electrolytes. As the fetus develops, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids originating from the lungs, fetal cells, and urea are deposited in the fluid.
A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity
Editor noyes: cede to MPATH? Note the ncit class is under finding.
A bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose.
A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes.
This class excludes blood analogues, such as the insect analog of blood. See UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid.
A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO]
Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO]
Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG]
Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs.
A substance produced by the cervix and endocervical glands[BTO]. Thick acidic mucus that blocks the cervical os after mestruation[WP]. This 'infertile' mucus blocks spermatozoa from entering the uterus.
An embryo that is at the late embryonic stage; this stage covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching.
TODO - check fetus/embryo. WP: An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization (i.e. ten weeks LMP), and from then it is instead called a fetus.
Fetal structure, which is a developmental form of a vertebrate animal at any given time point from 8 weeks of gestation to birth (or hatching). Examples: There is only one fetus[FMA:63919].
Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.
A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands.
BTO has two distunct classes, with exocrine glandular secretion a subtype of secretion - however, all examples in BTO directly under secretion appear to be exocrine gland secretions
Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body.
Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.
TODO - split body and mc organism? body continues after death stage
Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.
changed label and definition to reflect CARO2
A semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.
Chyme has a low pH that is countered by the production of bile, helping to further digest food. Chyme is also part liquid and part solid: a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion.
Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo
A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ.
Blood pumping organ composed of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, cardiac ventricle and bulbus arteriosus.[TAO]
Part of the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood; composed of three chambers--two atria and one ventricle.[AAO]
As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG]
Taxon notes:" the ascidian tube-like heart lacks chambers....The ascidian heart is formed after metamorphosis as a simple tube-like structure with a single-layered myoepithelium that is continuous with a single-layered pericar- dial wall. It lacks chambers and endocardium.... The innovation of the chambered heart was a key event in vertebrate evolution, because the chambered heart generates one-way blood flow with high pressure, a critical requirement for the efficient blood supply of large-body vertebrates... all extant vertebrates have hearts with two or more chambers (Moorman and Christoffels 2003)" http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1485706
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].
requires review for applicability to invertebrate structures, e.g. synganglion
Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO]
Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO]
The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO)
(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
Blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. In these animals there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. The liquid fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the body and surrounds all cells.
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.
Excretion that is the output of a kidney
kidney excreta from some taxa (e.g. in aves) may not be liquid
Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae.
Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the space in synovial joints.[TAO]
Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.
A clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord.
Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain.[TAO]
In vertebrates, at early stages of Central Nervous System (CNS) development, the architecture of the brain primordium reveals the presence of the cavity of brain vesicles, which is filled by Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (E-CSF). (...) Rat and chick E-CSF proteomes are similar, although rat is more complex in certain groups of proteins, e.g., apolipoproteins, which may be involved in the control of neural diversity, and has soluble enzymes present, just like adult human CSF, but unlike chick E-CSF, revealing phylogenetic brain differences between these groups of vertebrates.[uncertain][VHOG]
the FMA def states that this is subarachnoid spaces only. ZFA def states subarachnoid spaces and brain ventricles, but not SC (and has part_of to brain). Circulation: It circulates from the lateral ventricles to the foramen of Monro (Interventricular foramen), third ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius (Cerebral aqueduct), fourth ventricle, foramen of Magendie (Median aperture) and foramina of Luschka (Lateral apertures), subarachnoid space over brain and spinal cord. It should be noted that the CSF moves in a pulsatile manner throughout the CSF system with nearly zero net flow. CSF is reabsorbed into venous sinus blood via arachnoid granulations.
Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO].
Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO]
It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG]
A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP].
The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG]
(...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
FMA says A+P chambers, and MA states A chamber. ZFA states A chamber and tha it is produced primarily by dorsal ciliary epithelial cells.To be investigated across taxa.
transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina
Aqueous substance secreted by the lacrimal gland.
A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions.
We classify a wide variety of not necessarily homologous fluids here. In humans, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin
Transudate contained in the osseous labyrinth outside the membranous labyrinth.[FMA]
Transudate contained within the membranous labyrinth.[FMA]
Fatty lubricant matter secreted by sebaceous glands, and made of made of triglyceride oils, wax, squalene, and metabolytes of fat-producing cells[BTO,WP].
The composition of sebum varies across species. In humans, the lipid content is as follows: 25% wax monoesters, 41% triglycerides, 16% free fatty acids, 12% squalene; Sapienic acid is a sebum fatty acid that is unique to humans.
Secretion produced by the mammary gland during lactation.
to axiomatize the different forms of mammary gland secretion an ontology of the phases of pregnancy/lactation is required. Using the existing GO def of lactation is circular.
The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands.[well established][VHOG]
ncit:Milk refers specifically to cow milk
The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates.
Organism substance that is composed of sperm cells suspended in seminal fluid.
Note that in this ontology, semen is defined as the sum of sperm and seminal fluid, where seminal fluid is defined in taxonomically generic way (see comments for UBERON:0006530).
The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended.
vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium.
In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum.
aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine
bile salts function to emulsify dietary fats and facilitate their intestinal absorption
major excretory route for potentially harmful exogenous lipophilic substances
many hormones and pheromones are excreted in bile, and contribute to growth and development of the intestine in some species and provide attractants for the weaning of non-human vertebrates
protects the organism from enteric infections by excreting immune globulin A (IgA), inflammatory cytokines, and stimulating the innate immune system in the intestine
Liquid derived from blood plasma that has clotting factors removed.
Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified]
Excretion in semisolid state processed by the intestine.[FMA]
Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo.
Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[AAO]
Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[TAO]
Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[VSAO]
An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO].
Organ which secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins.[AAO]
All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]
An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. However, this is an enzyme secreting gland, not a metabolic organ, and it is unclear how truly homologous it is to the vertebrate liver. The zebrafish liver differs from the mammalian liver in that the hepatocytes are not clearly organized in cords or lobules and the typical portal triads are not apparent. In addition, the zebrafish liver does not have Kuppfer cells. Furthermore, a clear distinction can be made between the male and female liver in the adult zebrafish. The female hepatocytes are very basophilic (Figure 15c) as a result of the production of vitellogenin (Van der Ven et al. 2003).
The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates.
secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO].
Only ZFA considers this part_of immune system - we weaken this to an overlaps relation, as in general it's only a subset of cells that have clear immune function.
The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal[MESH].
Cerumen keeps the eardrum pliable, lubricates and cleans the external auditory canal, waterproofs the canal, kills bacteria, and serves as a barrier to trap foreign particles (dust, fungal spores, etc.) by coating the guard hairs of the ear, making them sticky.
mucus produced in the nasal cavity, by the respiratory segment of the nasal mucosa.
TODO - split nasal vs respiratory tract?
protects the olfactory epithelium and allows odors to dissolve so that they can be detected by olfactory receptor neurons
A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas
Currently this is logically defined by the system it belongs to, but a better system may be base this on presence/absence of ducts. However, the dual nature of the liver should be taken into consideration here. Consider adding subclasses
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified].
Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO].
One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.[AAO]
Vertebrate muscle is categorized into three major muscle types defined by their structural and functional properties: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. In Dmel the counterparts are somatic, heart/cardiac and visceral. Here we take a cell type based approach.
Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system[WP].
Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA]
Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine.
an organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ
A combination of exfoliated (shed) epithelial cells, transudated skin oils, and moisture. It occurs in both female and male mammalian genitalia[WP].
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm.
An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm.
A bodily secretion that is produced by a bulbourethral gland.
helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra, and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter
A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition].
A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition].
A bodily secretion that is produced by the prostate gland.
Prostatic secretions vary among species. They are generally composed of simple sugars and are often slightly alkaline.
A secretion of the prostate this is slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance. Usually constitutes 20–30% of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid [Wikipedia:Prostate#Secretions]
An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland.
An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region.
An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions.
An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions.
Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light.
Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not.
A substance formed from the secretion of one or more glands of the male genital tract in which sperm cells are suspended.
this ontology contains a number of subtypes of seminal fluid, defined according to glands (which are more taxonomically restricted)
we follow FMA and make this class a generic superclass of the secretions of different glands (prostate, bulbo-urethreal, seminal vesicle). MA (and ncit) follows a mixture model, where these secretions are part of the seminal fluid
This term covers a variety of species. Example: In D. melanogaster, seminal fluid proteins affect female receptivity, ovulation, oogenesis, sperm storage, sperm competition and mating plug formation
seminal fluid may have a role in sperm capacitation, sperm motility
A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a zone of skin.
A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a male reproductive system.
male reproductive system fluid/secretion
A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a female reproductive system.
female reproductive system fluid/secretion
A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a respiratory system.
A substance that is secreted by a mammary gland. The substance may differ depending on phase, with colostrum produced during pregancy/early lactation, and milk produced afterwards.
Transduate located within the osseus labyrinth. Otolymph can be further classified with respect to whether it is within the membranous labyrinth (endolymph) or outside the mebranous labyrinth (perilymph).
Fluids found within the osseous labyrinth (PERILYMPH) and the membranous labyrinth (ENDOLYMPH) of the inner ear. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p1328, 1332[MESH:A12.207.571])
A gland, such as the liver or pancreas, that secretes into the alimentary canal substances necessary for digestion.
A multicellular organism that is at the juvenile stage.
Whole organism that is not fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO]
An unctuous substance composed of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells, which covers the skin of the fetus.
A dark greenish mass that accumulates in the bowel during fetal life and is discharged shortly after birth.
Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.
Note we include a separate class for snake venom
Matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, through the mouth.
The yellow spheroidal mass of stored food that forms the inner portion of the egg of a bird or reptile and is surrounded by the white.
Extraembryonic structure that serves as a nutrient store for the embryo during development.[AAO]
The majority of animals develop from a spherical egg with a single axis, the animal-vegetal (an-veg) axis. The animal half of the egg usually contains the nucleus of the oocyte, while the vegetal half of the egg is the preferred site for the storage of yolk. Eggs with an-veg polarity are considered ancestral for the vertebrates. Frogs, for example, have eggs with vegetally concentrated yolk and the nucleus located in the animal cytoplasm.[well established][VHOG]
The hard-shelled reproductive body produced by a bird and especially by the common domestic chicken; also: its contents used as food.
Any portion of sweat that is produced by a sweat gland of the scrotum.
Body substance in liquid state, which is derived from plasma by passage through the (intact) wall of capillaries without further processing by secretory cells or glands.
Exudates are fluids, cells, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from blood vessels usually from inflamed tissues.
The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites.
TODO - move to pathological anatomical entity ontology
The uropygial gland is involved in maintaining feather condition and secretions spread by preening. It serves a waterproofing function. The secretions contain a pro-vitamin D, converted by UV light to active vitamin D. The secretions are also believed to suppress the growth of micro-organisms, serving an anti-bacterial function. [http://en.wikivet.net]
An organic-inorganic composite material produced by some mollusks as an inner shell layer; it is also what makes up pearls. It is very strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is found in some ancient lineages of bivalve gastropod and cephalopod. The inner layer in the great majority of mollusk shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, frequently resulting in a non-iridescent shine or less commonly in non-nacreous iridescence such as flame structure (e.g. conch pearl). Pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Many other families of mollusk also have a nacreous inner shell layer, including marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae. Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of aragonite (a form of calcium carbonate) 10-20 µm wide and 0.5 µm thick arranged in a continuous parallel lamina. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix composed of elastic biopolymers (such as chitin, lustrin and silk-like proteins)[WP].
Venoms from mollusks, including the Conus and Octopus species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerup in, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.
Venoms from jellyfish, corals, SEA ANEMONES, etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neurotoxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine.
a substance formed by type II alveolar cells composed of surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein).
Albumen is the clear liquid contained within an egg and consists of water and proteins, among which are ovomucin and ovomucoid. It protects the egg yolk and provides additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo.
wax present in the head cavities of the sperm whale.
A biliary secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale.
An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part.
A bodily secretion that is produced by a seminal vesicle.
constitutes 60-70 % of the ejaculate in humans[MP]
important for semen coagulation, sperm motility, and stability of sperm chromatin and suppression of the immune activity in the female reproductive tract[MP]
in ncit, seminal fluid is a subtype of seminal vesicle secretion
A gelatinous secretion used in the mating of some species. It is deposited by a male into a female genital tract and later hardens into a plug or glues the tract together.
A mucous secretion that is produced by glands in the epidermis.
A semisolid gelatinous mass of coagulated blood that consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets entrapped in a fibrin network.
A portion of organism substance that is produced a rumen.
An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest.
structure with developmental contribution from neural crest
Fluid of the ganglia and peripheral nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord
A substance that is consumed by the organism for food.
FMA def restricts this to 'oral cavity, pharynx or esophagus', but child terms includes chyme - which is in the stomach
Ingested food has been chewed at the point of swallowing.
A bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant, produced during the physical digestive process of rumination
blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth[WP].
Cord blood is collected because it contains stem cells, which can be used to treat hematopoietic and genetic disorders.[WP]
A protein fiber composed mainly of fibroin and produced by certain arthropods[WP,modified].
Extracellular matrix secreted by intraglomerular mesangial cells
portion of substance contained within the thyroid follicle lumen. Contains prohormone thyroglobulin.
Nutritional fluid secreted by the crop in some species[Kardong]
Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Venoms of sea snakes, Hydrophiinae, found around Pacific islands. The venoms contain fewer enzymes and more neuro- or myotoxins than land snakes. The neurotoxic proteins are similar to elapid small, short, or type I neurotoxins, some of which have been characterized.
Venoms from snakes of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.
A bodily secretion that is produced by a gland of anal sac.
Fluid contained within the notochordal canal
Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements.
Sweat that is produced by the glands on the palmar and plantar surfaces.
serves a purpose of increasing friction on the palms of hands or the pads of paws[WP]
Sweat that is produced by the glands of the axilla.
A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile.
A soft, thin film of food debris, mucin, and dead epithelial cells deposited on the teeth, providing the medium for the growth of various bacteria. The main inorganic components are calcium and phosphorus, with small amounts of magnesium, potassium, and sodium; the organic matrix consists of polysaccharides, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other components. Plaque plays an important etiologic role in the development of dental caries and periodontal and gingival diseases and provides the base for the development of materia alba; calcified plaque forms dental calculus.
mucus produced in the respiratory tract.
Any mucus produced by a mucosae of the respiratory system. This includes the mucus produced in the nasal cavity (nasal mucus) and mucus produced in the respiratory tract (phlegm).
A coating of mucus that is produced by the skin and covers all or most of the body of an animal.
The epidermal mucus of fish regulates swimming speed by controlling the hydrodynamic resistance of the skin surface. The mucus is also presumed to serve as a defence against pathogenic organisms and is intimately associated with osmoregulation.
A mucous covering produced nocturnally by some fish that is used to envelope the whole animal.
A bodily secretion that produced_by a ampullary gland.
an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film
provides barrier to prevent dessication of cornea[ISBN10:0123813611]
part of surface lipid layer of tear film
A merocrine secretion that is produced by a Harderian gland, containing lipids
in amphibians, chiefly seromucoid with some lipids[PMID:7559104]
in birds, mucoid and lipid[PMID:7559104]
in mammals, predominantly lipid; mucoid secretion restricted to extraglandular duct tissue[PMID:7559104]
in the armadillo and opossum, mucous or serous acini may be present[PMID:7559104]
A secretion that is produced by a nictitans gland, containing glycoprotein
seromucuous in cattle, cat and dog, elephant [ISBN:1118473523]
An aqueous substance that covers the anterior surface of the eyeball, keeping the cornea wet.
the thin acellular fluid layer that adheres to the most superficial layer of the corneal epithelium and lubricates and protects the ocular surface; the film is generally composed of three layers: (i) an inner mucous layer, secreted largely by the conjunctival goblet cells with contributions from the lacrimal glands, which coats the cornea, provides a hydrophobic layer, and allows for even distribution of the tear film; (ii) a middle aqueous layer, secreted by the lacrimal glands, which keeps the corneal surface moist, and provides a mechanism for oxygenation and nutrient exchange with the avascular anterior corneal tissue; and (iii) an outer lipid layer, secreted principally by the Meibomian (tarsal) glands although lipid tear elements also are contributed by the Harderian glands; tear film lipids form a monolayer on the tear surface, and function by enhancing the surface tension which supports the integrity of the tear film against collapse due to gravity and also slows down the loss of the tear film by evaporation; in addition , the lipid layer provides a glassy, smooth interface between the air and the transparent cornea
maintenance of the avascular transparent corneal epithelium
The tear film is structurally complex with three distinct layers: a surface lipid layer (0.1–0.2 μm thick), a middle aqueous layer (7–8 μm thick), and an inner mucus layer (30 μm thick)[http://physiologyonline.physiology.org/content/13/2/97]
Any substance in the body or expelled from the body that is in a gaseous state.
Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system that is composed primarily of air.
Any gaseous product of an excretory process.
Any excreted gas that is produced by the digestive tract.
Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system.
Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system that is composed primarily of carbon dioxide.
A portion of semen in a coagulated state.
DSM 15692 is Atopostipes suicloacalis DSM 15692
Similar to DSMZ Medium 215c, except prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide. pH is increased to 7.2 with sodium bicarbonate.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 215c, except glycerol is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium215a.pdf 215a. BHI MEDIUM (modified) Brain heart infusion 37.0 g Erythromycin 10.0 mg Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of brain heart infusion and erythromycin.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium215.pdf 215. BHI MEDIUM Brain Heart Infusion (Difco) 37.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of brain heart infusion in water.
DSMZ Medium 215
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium214.pdf 214. GYM+S MEDIUM To medium 65 add 20 g starch. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 65, except starch is added.
DSMZ Medium 214
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium212.pdf 212. SYNTHROPHOMONAS MEDIUM Solution A: Mineral solution (see below) 50.00 ml Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) 50.00 ml Trypticase (BBL) 1.00 g Butyric acid 1.70 g Na2SO4 2.80 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 810.00 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 3.50 g Distilled water 70.00 ml Solution C: Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Solution D: L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add and dissolve ingredients of solution A, adjust pH to 7.2, bring to the boil, cool to room temperature under a stream of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture, then distribute under the same gas atmosphere in culture vials and autoclave. Solution B is filter-sterilized and then equilibrated with the 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for at least 15 minutes. Solution C is prepared under 100% N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Solutions D and E are autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. Solutions B to E are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in appropriate amounts in the sequence as indicated. Note: For agar stabs add 3.00 g/l agar to the completed medium from a sterile anoxic stock solution (2% w/v). Mineral solution: KH2PO4 10.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 6.60 g NaCl 8.00 g NH4Cl 8.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml For DSM 2612A replace butyric acid by 2.00 g/l Na-benzoate. For DSM 2805 replace butyric acid by 1.50 g/l Na-propionate and supplement medium with 1.00 g/l D-glucose added from a sterile anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 16706 replace butyric acid by 1.50 g/l Na-propionate. For DSM 26217 omit rumen fluid and butyric acid from solution A and add to the completed medium 7.00 g/l sucrose from a sterile anoxic stock solution. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solution, trace elements, clarified rumen fluid, trypticase (trypticase peptone), butryic acid, sodium sulfate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 212
Similar to DSMZ Medium 212, except butyric acid is omitted and sodium benzoate is added.
DSMZ Medium 212.1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 212, except butyric acid is omitted and sodium proptionate and glucose are added.
DSMZ Medium 212.2
DSM 16706 is Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens
Similar to DSMZ Medium 212, except butyric acid is omitted and sodium propionate is added.
DSMZ Medium 212.3
Similar to DSMZ Medium 212, except clarified rumen fluid and butyric acid are omitted, and sucrose is added.
DSMZ Medium 212.4
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium550.pdf 550. CYC-MEDIUM (modified following Cross and Attwell,1973) Czapek Dox agar (Merck) 48.00 g Yeast extract (Oxoid) 2.00 g Casamino acids (Difco) 6.10 g Tryptophan 0.02 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml pH 7.2 © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM strains: 44065 Saccharopolyspora hordei 44575 Saccharopolyspora thermophila 43368 Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 43369 Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 43796 Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 43795 Thermobifida alba 43793 Thermobifida fusca 43028 Thermocrispum municipale 43183 Thermomonospora curvata DSM 43183 17572 Tuberibacillus calidus DSM 17572
Similar to Czapek Dox agar, except yeast extract, casamino acids, and tryptophan are added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium213.pdf 213. SYNTHROPHOMONAS MEDIUM (SULFATE FREE) Solution A: Mineral solution (see medium 212) 50.00 ml Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) 50.00 ml Trypticase (BBL) 1.00 g Butyric acid 1.70 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 810.00 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 3.50 g Distilled water 70.00 ml Solution C: Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Solution D: L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add and dissolve ingredients of solution A, adjust pH to 7.2, bring to the boil, cool to room temperature under a stream of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture, then distribute under the same gas atmosphere in culture vials and autoclave. Solution B is filter-sterilized and then equilibrated with the 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for at least 15 minutes. Solution C is prepared under 100% N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Solutions D and E are autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. Solutions B to E are added to the sterile, cooled solution A in appropriate amounts in the sequence as indicated. Note: For agar stabs add 3.00 g/l agar to the completed medium from a sterile anoxic stock solution (2% w/v). For DSM 2612B replace butyric acid by 2.00 g/l Na-benzoate. For DSM 2909, DSM 2984, and DSM 21899 replace butyric acid by 1.50 g/l acetoin. For DSM 15682 and DSM 16215 replace butyric acid by 1.70 g/l crotonic acid. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solution, trace elements, clarified rumen fluid, trypticase (trypticase peptone), butyric acid, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 213
Similar to DSMZ Medium 213, except butyric acid is omitted and sodium benzoate is added.
DSMZ Medium 213.1
DSM 2909 is Geobacter sp. DSM 2984 is Pelobacter sp. DSM 21899 is Halobacterium salinarum
DSMZ Medium 213.2 -< for DSM 2909, DSM 2984, and DSM 21899
Similar to DSMZ Medium 213, except butyric acid is omitted and acetoin added.
DSMZ Medium 213.2
DSM 15682 is Syntrophomonas curvata DSM 16215 is Syntrophomonas erecta
DSMZ Medium 213.3 -< for DSM 15682 and DSM 16215
Similar to DSMZ Medium 213, except butyric acid is omitted and crotonic acid is added.
DSMZ Medium 213.3
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium210.pdf 210. HALOANAEROBIUM MEDIUM NaCl 130.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 8.8 g KCl 1.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g Trypticase (BBL) 10.0 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.0 ml Trace element solutionsee medium 144) 10.0 ml Distilled water 1000.0 ml Prepare the medium anaerobically under 100% N2. After autoclaving add from sterile solutions: Thioglycolate-ascorbate reducing agent (see below) 25.0 ml Glucose 10% (w/v) 25.0 ml 2 N NaOH 10.0 ml Final pH: 9.0. Thioglycolate-ascorbate solution: Na-thioglycolate 0.5 g Na-ascorbate 0.5 g Distilled water 25.0 ml Filter sterilize. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, yeast extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone), vitamin solution, trace elements, thioglycolate, ascorbate, glucose, and sodium hydroxide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 210
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium230.pdf 230. TRYPTONE YEAST EXTRACT MINERAL MEDIUM Tryptone 10.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g K2HPO4 0.5 g KH2PO4 0.5 g NaCl 1.0 g MgSO4 0.1 g CaCl2 0.1 g NaHCO3 6.0 g Resazurin 0.1 mg Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.3 g Arginine 3.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, resazurin, cyteine hydrochloride, and arginine.
DSMZ Medium 230
An inorganic salts solution comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, and calcium chloride.
mineral solution for DSMZ Medium 212
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium243.pdf 243. SEAWATER YEAST PEPTONE AGAR Peptone 5.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g Agar 12.0 g Distilled water 250.0 ml Filtered, aged seawater 750.0 ml (see below) Adjust pH to 7.8. Boil for 5 min, filter and readjust the pH to 7.3. *Natural sea water is stored in the dark for at least three weeks to "age". If natural sea water is not available use artificial sea water. Artificial sea water: NaCl 28.13 g KCl 0.77 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.60 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.80 g NaHCO3 0.11 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.50 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of peptone, yeast extract, agar, and filtered aged seawater or artificial sea water.
DSMZ Medium 243
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium246.pdf 246. SEA WATER AGAR Beef extract 10.0 g Peptone 10.0 g Agar 20.0 g Tap water 250.0 ml Sea water* 750.0 ml Dissolve beef extract and peptone by heating in tap water, adjust pH to 7.8 and boil for 10 min. Readjust pH to 7.3. Add agar and autoclave at 121˚C for 20 min. Directly after autoclaving, add warm (55˚C) sterile sea water. Liquid medium without agar should be combined when cooled to room temperature. *Natural sea water is stored in the dark for at least three weeks to "age". If natural sea water is not available use artificial sea water. Artificial sea water: NaCl 28.13 g KCl 0.77 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.60 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.80 g NaHCO3 0.11 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.50 g Distilled water © 2008 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of beef extract, peptone, agar, and filtered aged sea water or artificial sea water.
DSMZ Medium 246
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium248.pdf 248. OAT FLAKES AGAR WITH YEAST EXTRACT Oat flakes 20.0 g Trace element (see medium 252) 1.0 ml Yeast extract 2.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. Boil oat flakes for 20 min, filter through cheese cloth and adjust to 1000 ml. Add trace elements and agar. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of filtered, boiled rolled oats (rolled oats), trace elements, yeast extract, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 248
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium249.pdf 249. OROTIC ACID MEDIUM Tryptone 5.00 g Yeast extract 0.50 g KH2PO4 1.36 g K2HPO4 6.95 g Na-orotate 2.50 g Riboflavin 15.00 mg Resazurin 1.00 mg Na-thioglycolate 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.5. Gas atmosphere: 100% N2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, sodium orotate, riboflavin, resazurin, and sodium thioglycolate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 249
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium250.pdf 250. PEPTONE MEAT EXTRACT GLYCEROL AGAR Proteose peptone no. 3 5.0 g Meat extract 3.0 g Glycerol 20.0 ml Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of proteose peptone, meat extract, glycerol, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 250
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium251.pdf 251. PEPTONE - MEAT EXTRACT - SOIL EXTRACT AGAR (PFE) Proteose peptone no. 3 5.0 g Meat extract 3.0 g Glycerol 20.0 g Soil extract (see medium 80) 150.0 ml Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 850.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of proteose peptone, emat extract, glycerol, soil extract, and agar.
Peptone - meat extract - soil extract agar
DSMZ Medium 251
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium253.pdf 253. MEDIUM FOR ECTOTHIORHODOSPIRA KH2PO4 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g NH4Cl 0.80 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g NaCl 180.00 g Na2SO4 20.00 g Na2CO3 6.00 g Trace element solution (A) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 0.50 g Na-succinate 1.00 g Na2S x 9 H2O 1.00 g Distilled water 800.00 ml Adjust pH to 8.5. Sterilize at 120˚C for 15 minutes in screw-capped bottles. After sterilization add 1 ml/l filter-sterilized vitamin solution (B) and 200 ml of filter-sterilized solution (C). Trace element solution (A): FeCl2 x 4 H2O 1.80 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 250.00 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 10.00 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 10.00 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 70.00 mg ZnCl2 100.00 mg H3BO3 500.00 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 30.00 mg Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 10.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml For dissolving adjust pH to about 3 with 1 N HCl. Vitamin solution (B): Biotin 10.0 mg Nicotinamide 35.0 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 30.0 mg p-Aminobenzoic acid 20.0 mg Pyridoxal hydrochloride 10.0 mg Ca-pantothenate 10.0 mg Vitamin B12 5.0 mg Distilled water 100.0 ml Bicarbonate solution (C): NaHCO3 14.0 g H2O © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, trace elements, yeast extract, sodium succinate, sodium sulfide, vitamins, and sodium bicarbonate.
DSMZ Medium 253
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium252.pdf 252. STARCH - MINERAL SALT - AGAR (STMS) Starch, soluble 10.0 g (NH4)2SO4 2.0 g K2HPO4 1.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.0 g NaCl 1.0 g CaCO3 2.0 g Trace element solution (see medium 84) 1.0 ml Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of soluble starch, ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, trace elements, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 252
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium255.pdf 255. CLOSTRIDIUM (GS) MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.50 g K2HPO4 x 3 H2O 1.00 g Urea 2.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.25 mg Morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 10.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Yeast extract 6.00 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 1.00 g Cellobiose 5.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except cysteine and cellobiose. Sparge medium with 100% N2 gas for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic, then add cysteine and adjust pH to 7.2. Dispense medium under the same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Prior to inoculation add cellobiose from an anoxic stock solution prepared under 100% N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. For DSM 2360 replace cellobiose with 5.00 g/l D-glucose added to the medium after autoclaving from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 2360 is Ruminiclostridium thermocellum DSM 2360
Similar to DSMZ Medium 255, except cellobiose is omitted and glucose is added.
DSMZ Medium 255.1
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, urea, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, morpholinopropane sulfonic acid (MES), resazurin, yeast extract, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and cellobiose. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 255
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium254.pdf 254. ACETOBACTER PEROXYDANS MEDIUM Malt extract 15.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 940.0 ml After sterilization add 60 ml ethanol (50% v/v), sterilized by filtration. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of malt extract, yeast extract, agar, and ethanol.
DSMZ Medium 254
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium256.pdf 256. THERMUS RUBER MEDIUM Universal peptone (Merck) 5.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Starch, soluble 1.0 g Agar 12.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 8.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of universal peptone (M 66), yeast extract, soluble starch, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 256
An atificial seawater comprised of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and magnesium sulfate.
artificial sea water for DSMZ Medium 243
filtered, boiled rolled oats
A trace elements solution comprised of ferrous sulfate, manganese choride, and zinc sulfate.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 84
A trace elements solution comprised of ferrous chloride, cobalt chloride, nickel chloride, copper chloride, manganese chloride, zinc chloride, boric acid, sodium molybdate, and sodium selenite.
trace elements solution A for DSMZ Medium 253
A vitamin solution comprised of biotin, nicotinamide, thiamine hydrochloride, p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), pyridoxal hydrochloride, calcium pantothenate, and vitamin B12 (cobalamin).
vitamin solution B for DSMZ Medium 253
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium300.pdf 300. RUMINOCOCCUS PASTEURII MEDIUM Use medium 298, but replace butanediol by 2.0 g/l of sodium L-tartrate. Add 0.4 mg/l biotin or 1.0 g/l of yeast extract. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and sodium L-tartrate, biotin, and yeast extract are added.
DSMZ Medium 300
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium301.pdf 301. FALCIVIBRIO MEDIUM Wilkins-Chalgren-Anaerobe-Broth (Oxoid) is supplemented with 0.3 g/l of L-cysteine and 1.0 mg/l of resazurin. Prepare the medium under 100% nitrogen gas. To the autoclaved medium add 50 ml/l of sterile serum (horse, bovine or lamb). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to Wilkins-Chalgren Anaerobe broth, except L-cysteine, rezasurin, and serum are added. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 301
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium298b.pdf 298b. SYNTROPHOBOTULUS MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.25 g NaCl 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Na-acetate 0.20 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.50 g Na2-glyoxalate 0.60 g Vitamins solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, glyoxalate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials under the same gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add glyoxalate (sterilized by filtration), vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 7.2 - 7.5. Note: When growth has started, feed culture once or twice with the same amount of glyoxalate. For DSM 6945 replace glyoxalate with 1.00 g/l Na-glycolate. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, sodium acetate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, sodium glyoxalate, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 298b
DSM 6945 is an unclassified bacterium. No sequences in TaxBrowser.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 198b, except glyoxalate is omitted and sodium glycolate is added.
DSMZ Medium 298b.1
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium298a.pdf 298a. LuPhet1 MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.25 g NaCl 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Na-DL-lactate 1.50 g Vitamins solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.36 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, lactate, vitamins, and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium in anoxic tubes or bottles under the same gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add vitamins (sterilized by filtration), lactate and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 7.2 - 7.5. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, yeast extract, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 298a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium295.pdf 295. OPITUTUS MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.25 g NaCl 1.00 g NaNO3 0.80 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2CO3 1.00 g D-Glucose 1.00 g Vitamins solution (see medium 141) 1.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except carbonate, glucose, vitamins, and cysteine. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium in anoxic Hungate-type tubes under the same gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add vitamins, glucose and cysteine from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas (vitamins are sterilized by filtration) and carbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 7.3 - 7.5. For DSM 11249 replace glucose with 1.00 g/l cellobiose added to the autoclaved medium from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, sodium carbonate, D-glucose, vitamins, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 295
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0723202083800356 Zillig G, Gierl A, Schreiber G, Wunderl S, Janekovic D, Stetter KO, Klenk HP. 1983. The Archaebacterium Thermofilum pendens Represents, a Novel Genus of the Thermophilic, Anaerobic Sulfur Respiring Thermoproteales. Syst Appl Microbiol 4(1):79-87. The growth of the organism requires peptides, sulfur and H2S and, in addition, a fraction of the polar lipids of the distantly related archaebacterium Thermoproteus tenax devoid of phosphate. This fraction cannot be replaced by an analogous fraction from Thermoplasma acidophilum.
Archaea cell extract, where the archaeon is Thermofilum pendens, and the cell extract is comprised of the lipid fraction of the cell.
Thermoproteus tenax polar lipid fraction
Blood medium ingredient comprised of blood that has been definbrinated (where fibrin has been removed from the blood). Used in the cultivation of microorganisms.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium269.pdf 269. ACIDIPHILIUM MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 2.0 g KCl 0.1 g K2HPO4 0.5 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g Yeast extract 0.3 g D-Glucose 1.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Autoclave glucose and yeast extract separately as a 10% and 3%, resp., solution. Adjust pH of completed medium to 3.0 with 1 N H2SO4. For DSM 11237 and DSM 11244 reduce amount of yeast extract to 0.1 g/l and adjust pH of medium to 3.5. For DSM 11245 replace yeast extract with 0.1 g/l Trypticase Soy Broth (BD BBL) added from a sterile stock solution and adjust pH of medium to 3.5. For DSM 100189 replace glucose with 1.8 g/l D-galactose and add 7.0 g/l FeSO4 x 7 H2O to the autoclaved medium from a 1 M stock solution (pH adjusted to 1.8 using 2 N H2SO4 and sterilized by filtration). Adjust pH of completed medium to 2.5. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 11237 is Acidocella aminolytica 101 = DSM 11237 DSM 11244 is Acidobacterium capsulatum ATCC 51196
DSMZ Medium 269.1 -< for DSM 11237 and DSM 11244
Similar to DSMZ Medium 269, except the concentration of yeast extract is decreased and the pH is increased to 3.5.
DSMZ Medium 269.1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 269, except yeast extract is omitted, and trypticase soy broth is added. The pH is increased to 3.5.
DSMZ Medium 269.2
DSM 100189 is not in www.dsmz.de or in TaxBrowser or StrainInfo.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 269, except glucose is omitted and galactose and ferrous sulfate are added. The pH is decreased to 2.5.
DSMZ Medium 269.3
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, yeast extract, and D-glucose.
DSMZ Medium 269
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium265.pdf 265. THERMOFILUM PENDENS MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 1.30 g KH2PO4 0.28 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.07 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.02 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 1.80 mg Na2B4O7 x 10 H2O 4.50 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.22 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg VOSO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg CoSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 mg Yeast extract 2.00 g Sucrose 2.00 g Sulfur, powdered 10.00 g Polar lipid fraction prepared from Thermoproteus tenax (DSM 2078) or from any other archaebacterium, aqueous suspension 6 - 12.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust final pH to 5.2. Prepare the medium anaerobically under 100% nitrogen. The following constituents are prepared separately and added to the autoclaved mineral salt solution: Yeast extract (20 ml of 10% w/v solution)-boiled for few minutes, not autoclaved; sucrose (20 ml of 10% w/v solution)-filter-sterilized; sulfur (10 g)-sterilized by steaming for 3 h on each of three successive days; polar lipid fraction (6 - 12ml)-prepared as described by W. Zillig et al. (1983), Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 4: 79 - 87; Na2S x 9 H2O (10 ml of 3% w/v solution)-autoclaved under nitrogen atmosphere. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric trichloride, manganese chloride, sodium tetraborate, zinc sulfate, copper chloride, sodium molybdate, vanadyl sulfate, cobalt sulfate, yeast extract, sucrose, elemental sulfur, sodium sulfide, and the polar lipid fraction of Thermoproteus tenax. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 265
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium266.pdf 266. THERMOCOCCUS CELER MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 1.30 g KH2PO4 0.28 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.07 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.02 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 1.80 mg Na2B4O7 x 10 H2O 4.50 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.22 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg VOSO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg CoSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 mg NaCl 40.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Yeast extract 2.00 g Sulfur, powdered 5.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust final pH to 5.8. Prepare the medium anaerobically under 100% nitrogen. The following constituents are prepared separately and added to the autoclaved mineral salt solution: Yeast extract (20 ml of 10% w/v solution)-boiled for a few minutes not autoclaved; sulfur (10 g)-sterilized by steaming for 3 h on each of three successive days; Na2S x 9 H2O (10 ml of 3% w/v solution)-autoclaved under nitrogen atmosphere. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric trichloride, manganese chloride, sodium tetraborate, zinc sulfte, copper chloride, sodium molybdate, vanadyl sulfate, cobalt sulfate, sodium choride, resazurin, yeast extract, and elemental sulfur. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 266
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium264.pdf 264. TOMATO JUICE MEDIUM Casein peptone, tryptic digested 10.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g Filtered tomato juice 200.0 ml (pH 7.0) Tween 80 1.0 ml Distilled water 800.0 ml Adjust pH to 6.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of casein peptone, tryptic digested (casitone), yeast extract, filtered tomato juice, and Tween 80 (polysorbate 80).
DSMZ Medium 264
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium262.pdf 262. J - AGAR Tryptone 5.0 g Yeast extract 15.0 g Glucose 2.0 g K2HPO4 3.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.3 - 7.5. Sterilize glucose separately and add after sterilization. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, yeast extract, glucose, potassium phosphate, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 262
Similar to DSMZ Medium 295, except glucose is omitted and cellobiose is added.
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium261.pdf 261. MEDIUM FOR CHEMOLITHOTROPHIC GROWTH OF BACILLUS SCHLEGELII Use medium 260 without pyruvate. Incubate at 65˚C without agitation under 5% (v/v) O2, 10% CO2, 45% H2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 260, except sodium pyruvate is omitted. Prepared under an atmosphere of dioxygen, carbon dioxide, and dihydrogen.
Medium for chemilithotrophic growth of Bacillus schlegelii
DSMZ Medium 261
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium259.pdf 259. YEAST EXTRACT MINERAL MEDIUM Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 3.50 g K2HPO4 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.03 g NH4Cl 0.50 g Yeast extract 4.00 g Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 - 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, yeast extract, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 259
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium260.pdf 260. BACILLUS SCHLEGELII HETEROTROPHIC MEDIUM Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 4.50 g KH2PO4 1.50 g NH4Cl 1.00 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.01 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.01 g Ferric ammonium citrate 5.00 mg Trace element solution SL-6 3.00 ml (see medium 27) Na-Pyruvate 1.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.1. Agar if necessary 15.0 g. Distribute in 30 - 50 ml amounts in Erlenmeyer flasks and sterilize for 15 minutes at 121˚C. Incubate without agitation at 65˚C. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, manganese sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric ammonium citrate, trace elements, and sodium pyruvate.
Bacillus schlegelii heterotrophic medium
DSMZ Medium 260
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium238.pdf 238. STREPTOMYCIN NUTRIENT AGAR To medium 1 add 40 mg/l streptomycin sulfate. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1, except streptomycin sulfate is added.
DSMZ Medium 238
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium239.pdf 239. DIETHYL PHOSPHONATE MEDIUM KCl 0.20 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.20 g Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine 6.00 g p-Hydroxybenzoate, Na-salt 0.75 g Agar 12.00 g Distilled water 900.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.4. After sterilization add 100 ml of a filter-sterilized solution of 1 mM diethyl phosphonate (Eastman Organic Chemical Div., Rochester, N.Y., USA) or of 20 mM phosphate buffer. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, solid culture medium comprised of potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine (tris), sodium p-hydroxybenzoate (sodium 4-hydroxybenzoate), agar, and diethyl phosphonate or a potassium or sodium phosphate buffer solution.
DSMZ Medium 239
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium242.pdf 242. BMM - MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 3.0 g KH2PO4 2.0 g K2HPO4 7.0 g NaCl 2.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g Yeast extract 0.1 g Biotin 10.0 μg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 100.0 μg MnSO4 x H2O 6.2 mg FeSO4 x 7 H2O 10.0 mg Methanol 10.0 ml Agar (if necessary) 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2 prior to autoclaving. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, yeast extract, biotin, thiamine hydrochloride, manganese sulfate, methanol, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 242
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium240.pdf 240. CORYNEBACTERIUM MEDIUM WITH BLOOD Sterilize medium 53 and cool to about 45˚C. Aseptically add 5% defibrinated blood. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 53, except defibrinated blood is added.
DSMZ Medium 240
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium245.pdf 245. BLOOD AGAR II Medium 220 supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 220, except defibrinated sheep blood is added.
DSMZ Medium 245
From: http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/product/Universal-peptone-M-66,MDA_CHEM-107043#documentation (See Universal Peptone M66 document under Supporting Documentation). Mode of Action Universal M 66 peptone is a mixture of casein peptone and meat peptone. Universal peptone M 66 combines the nutritive characteristics of casein and meat peptone. The well balanced peptone mix containing a representative mix of low and high molecular peptones, a broad range of free amino acids in growth supporting concentrations, vitamins and other growth factors. Universal peptone M 66 can be used as nutrient, for example as replacement of serum albumin, in cell culture and in fermentations. As an ingredient in culture media Universal Peptone M66 can be employed in media for the cultivation of a wide range of fastidious bacteria.
A microbiological medium ingredient, derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of mammalian protein. A mixture of casein peptone (casitone) and meat peptone.
Universal Peptone M 66
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium298.pdf 298. PELOBACTER PROPIONICUS MEDIUM (FRESHWATER) KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.25 g NaCl 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.50 g 2,3-butanediol 0.90 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.36 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, 2,3-butanediol and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials under the same gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add 2,3-butanediol and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 7.2 - 7.5. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For DSM 2395 replace 2,3-butanediol with 1.00 g/l of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 106 - 20000). For DSM 2612M supplement medium with 1.00 ml/l of a vitamins solution (see medium 503) and replace 2,3-butanediol by 0.86 g/l crotonic acid added after autoclaving from an anoxic sterile stock solution neutralized with NaOH. For DSM 2805M supplement medium with 1.00 ml/l of a vitamins solution (see medium 503) and replace 2,3-butanediol by 1.25 g/l sodium pyruvate added after autoclaving from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 3246 replace 2,3-butanediol with 1.00 g/l acetoin. For DSM 6652 replace 2,3-butanediol with 2.60 g/l Na-glutarate and add 20.00 ml/l rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) to the autoclaved medium. For DSM 6832 supplement medium with 10.00 ml/l of a vitamin solution (see medium 141) and replace 2,3-butanediol by 1.00 g/l of quinic acid added from a neutralized anoxic stock solution. For DSM 8385 supplement medium with 1.00 g/l yeast extract and replace 2,3-butanediol by 2.00 g/l D-galactose added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 8909 supplement medium with 1.00 ml/l of a vitamin solution (see medium 503) and replace 2,3-butanediol by 1.40 g/l triethanolamine hydrochloride added from a 1 M stock solution prepared and autoclaved under 100% N2 gas). For DSM 11264 supplement medium with 0.20 g/l yeast extract and 10.00 ml/l of a vitamins solution (see medium 141). Replace 2,3-butanediol by 1.24 g/l ethylene glycol added from a separately sterilized stock solution. For DSM 17541 supplement medium with 10.00 ml/l of a vitamin solution (see medium 141) and 1.00 ml/l of selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385). For DSM 29698 replace 2,3-butanediol with 2.20 g/l Na-gluconate. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, 2,3-butanediol (butane-2,3-diol), and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
Pelobacter propionicus freshwater medium
Pelobacter propionicus medium (freshwater)
DSMZ Medium 298
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and poly(ethylene glycol) is added.
DSMZ Medium 298.1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and seven vitamins solution and crotonic acid are added.
DSMZ Medium 298.2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and seven vitamins solution and sodium pyruvate are added.
DSMZ Medium 298.3
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and acetoin is added.
DSMZ Medium 298.4
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and sodium glutarate and clarified rumen fluid are added.
DSMZ Medium 298.5
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and vitamins and quinic acid are added.
DSMZ Medium 298.6
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and yeast extract and D-galactose are added.
DSMZ Medium 298.7
DSM 8909 is Acetobacterium (no sequences in TaxBrowser)
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and seven vitamins solution and triethanolamine hydrochloride are added.
DSMZ Medium 298.8
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and yeast extract, vitamins and ethylene glycol are added.
DSMZ Medium 298.9
DSM 17541 is anaerobic syntrophic bacterium NE23-3
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except vitamins and selenite-tungstate are added.
DSMZ Medium 298.10
DSM 29698 is Clostridiales bacterium GluBS11
Similar to DSMZ Medium 298, except butanediol is omitted and sodium gluconate is added.
DSMZ Medium 298.11
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium294.pdf 294. HQGö1 MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.25 g NaCl 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 1.00 g Agar (for semi-solid media) 2.70 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.50 g Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Gentisic acid 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.10 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, gentisic acid and sulfide), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Add vitamins, gentisic acid (sterilized by filtration) and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. If necessary, adjust the final pH of the medium to 7.2 with a bicarbonate stock solution. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, yeast extract, agar, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid), and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 294
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium293.pdf 293. PROPIONIGENIUM MODESTUM MEDIUM (MARINE) KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.25 g NaCl 20.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.00 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.50 g Na2-succinate 3.25 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.36 g Distilled Water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, succinate and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium in anoxic Hungate-type tubes under the same gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add succinate (sterilized by filtration) and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 7.2 - 7.5. For DSM 2376 supplement medium with 0.10% yeast extract (separately sterilized). For DSM 2377 and DSM 2378 replace Na2-succinate with 0.68 g/l of gallic acid. For DSM 2380 replace Na2-succinate with 0.90 g/l of 2,3-butanediol. For DSM 2382 replace Na2-succinate with 2.00 g/l of sodium L-tartrate. For DSM 2394 replace Na2-succinate with 1.00 g/l of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 106 - 20000). For DSM 3247 replace Na2-succinate with 1.00 g/l acetoin. For DSM 6831 supplement medium with 10.00 ml/l of a vitamin solution (see medium 141) and replace Na2-succinate with 1.00 g/l of quinic acid added from a neutralized anoxic stock solution. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, sodium succinate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 293
Similar to DSMZ Medium 293, except yeast extract is added.
DSMZ Medium 293.1
DSM 2377 is Pelobacter acidigallici DSM 2378 is Pelobacter acidigallici
DSMZ Medium 293.2 -< for DSM 2377 and DSM 2378
Similar to DSMZ Medium 293, except sodium succinate is omitted and gallic acid is added.
DSMZ Medium 293.2
DSM 2380 is Pelobacter carbinolicus DSM 2380
Similar to DSMZ Medium 293, except sodium succinate is omitted and 2,3-butanediol (butane-2,3-diol) is added.
DSMZ Medium 293.3
Similar to DSMZ Medium 293, except sodium succinate is omitted and sodium L-tartrate is added.
DSMZ Medium 293.4
Similar to DSMZ Medium 293, except sodium succinate is omitted and polyethylene glycol (poly(ethylene glycol)) is added.
DSMZ Medium 293.5
Similar to DSMZ Medium 293, except sodium succinate is omitted and acetoin is added.
DSMZ Medium 293.6
Similar to DSMZ Medium 293, except sodium succinate is omitted and vitamins and quinic acid are added.
DSMZ Medium 293.7
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium292.pdf 292. ACIDAMINOBACTER MEDIUM Glycine 1.50 g Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g NaCl 1.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g KCl 0.40 g Yeast extract 0.20 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins and sulfide), adjust pH to 6.5, then sparge with 100% N2 gas for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic and dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic tubes or bottles. After autoclaving complete the medium by adding vitamins and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Vitamins are sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of the completed medium to 7.4 - 7.5. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of glycine, sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, yeast extract, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 292
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium291.pdf 291. PYROBACULUM NEUTROPHILUM MEDIUM Prepare medium 88 without yeast extract, then add per liter: Sulfur, powdered 8.0 g Resazurin 0.4 mg Adjust pH to 6.5 with NaOH, bring to boil for 5 min, then cool to room temperature under H2 + CO2 (80% + 20%) gas mixture. Add 0.85 g NaHCO3 per liter and equilibrate the pH to c. 6.5 by further gassing. Dispense in serum bottles (10 ml/30 ml bottle), seal and heat the bottles for one hour at 85˚C on each of three successive days. Before inoculation, add from anaerobic stock solutions 0.02% yeast extract (for mixotrophic growth only) and 0.01 ml Na-dithionite solution (250 mg Na-dithionite/10 ml dist. water, filter-sterilized). After inoculation, pressurize to 1 bar H2 + CO2 overpressure. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 88, except elemental sulfur, resazurin, sodium hydroxide, sodium dithionite and sodium bicarbonate are added. The pH is is increased to 6.5. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 291
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium289.pdf 289. CLOSTRIDIUM PAPYROSOLVENS MEDIUM Sea water, filtered 200.00 ml Mineral salt solution (see below) 150.00 ml NH4Cl 1.00 g Yeast extract 0.60 g K2HPO4 1.65 g Resazurin 0.50 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Cellobiose 5.00 g Distilled water 650.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except cysteine and cellobiose), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and add cysteine. Adjust pH to 7.2 and dispense under 100% N2 gas in culture vessels and autoclave. After sterilization add cellobiose from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. Note: Some strains can be adapted to cellulose as substrate using 5.0 g/l cellulose (Lens tissue, OXOID; or cellulose powder MN 301, MACHEREY-NAGEL). If necessary adjust pH of completed medium to 7.2. Mineral salt solution: (NH4)2SO4 6.00 g NaCl 6.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.80 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of filtered sea water, mineral salt solution, ammonium chloride, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and cellobiose. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 289
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium287.pdf 287. METHANOGENIUM OLENTANGYI MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.30 g KH2PO4 0.30 g (NH4)2SO4 0.30 g NaCl 0.61 g CaCl2 x H2O 0.14 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.13 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml NH4Cl 2.70 g Na-acetate 2.50 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide) and sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate, adjust pH to 6.8 and then dispense medium in anoxic Hungatetype tubes or serum bottles under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and autoclave. After sterilization add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. Vitamins are prepared under N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.8 – 7.0. For incubation use 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture at one atmospheres of pressure. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, ammonium chloride, sodium acetate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 287
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium288.pdf 288. METHANOCOCCUS DELTAE MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.30 g KH2PO4 0.30 g (NH4)2SO4 0.30 g NaCl 35.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.00 g CaCl2 x H2O 0.14 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml NH4Cl 2.70 g Na-acetate 2.50 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 3.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide) and sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate, adjust pH to 6.8 and then dispense medium in anoxic Hungatetype tubes or serum bottles under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and autoclave. After sterilization add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. Vitamins are prepared under N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.8 – 7.0. For incubation use 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture at one atmospheres of pressure. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, ammonium chloride, sodium acetate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 288
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium286.pdf 286. CLOSTRIDIUM AMINOBUTYRICUM MEDIUM KH2PO4 1.30 g K2HPO4 7.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.01 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.01 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 1.00 mg Yeast extract 3.00 g gamma-Aminobutyric acid 5.00 g Agar 1.50 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except sulfide), adjust pH to 7.2, bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. After sterilization add sulfide from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, ferric trichloride, calcium chloride, sodium molybdate, yeast extract, gamma-aminobutyric acid, agar, resazurin, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 286
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium284.pdf 284. KOSMOTOGA MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.14 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g NH4Cl 0.25 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.40 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.10 g KCl 0.33 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.50 mg Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.50 mg NaCl 30.00 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 0.01 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 2.50 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, yeast extract, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes and autoclave. Add vitamins (sterilized by filtration), yeast extract, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 7.0 – 7.2, if necessary. After inoculation add sterile 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, nickel chloride, sodium selenite, sodium chloride, ferrous ammonium sulfate, trace elements, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, yeast extract, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 284
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium283.pdf 283. PYRODICTIUM MEDIUM NaCl 13.85 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 2.75 g KCl 0.33 g NaBr 0.05 g H3BO3 15.00 mg SrCl2 x 6 H2O 7.50 mg (NH4)2SO4 10.00 mg Citric acid 5.00 mg KI 0.05 mg CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.75 g KH2PO4 0.50 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Sulfur, powdered 30.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Prepare the medium without sodium sulfide and adjust pH to 5.5 with 10 N sulfuric acid, boil and then cool under a stream of 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Add sodium sulfide, adjust the pH to 5.5, and distribute in appropriate vessels under 80% H2 and CO2 gas atmosphere, thereby taking care to transfer also the necessary amount of sulfur. Heat the vessels containing the medium in boiling water for 1 hour before inoculation. For storage of medium at room temperature heat vessels at least on 2 successive days. Do not autoclave! After inoculation pressurize the vessels to 200 - 300 kPa overpressure with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. For DSM 2709 reduce amount of yeast extract to 0.20 g/l. For DSM 6158 reduce amount of yeast extract to 0.50 g/l and omit citric acid. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide, boric acid, strontium chloride, ammonium sulfate, citric acid, potassium iodide, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, nickel chloride, trace elements, yeast extract, elemental sulfur, resazurin, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 283
Similar to DSMZ Medium 283, except the concentration of yeast extract is decreased.
DSMZ Medium 283.1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 283, except the concentration of yeast extract is decreased and citric acid is omitted.
DSMZ Medium 283.2
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium282a.pdf 282a. METHANOCALDOCOCCUS VILLOSUS MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.14 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g NH4Cl 0.25 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.40 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.10 g KCl 0.33 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.50 mg NaCl 18.00 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 0.01 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 1.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate, then dispense medium in anoxic tubes under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 6.0, if necessary. After inoculation add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 2 bar overpressure. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, nickel chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous ammonium sulfate, trace elements, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 282a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium282.pdf 282. METHANOCALDOCOCCUS MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.14 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g NH4Cl 0.25 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.40 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.10 g KCl 0.33 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.50 mg NaCl 30.00 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 0.01 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 1.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate, then dispense medium in anoxic tubes under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 6.0, if necessary. After inoculation add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 2 bar overpressure. Note: Some strains grow within a few hours to stationary phase, thus check growth in regular intervals and do not incubate over night. For DSM 5666 adjust pH of completed medium to 6.5. For DSM 16983 adjust pH to 7.0 – 7.2. For DSM 26965 supplement medium with 3.00 g/l yeast extract and add 2.50 g/l maltose to the autoclaved medium from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 100% N2 gas. Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.5 and use without overpressure of sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. For DSM 27223 adjust pH of completed medium to 7.0. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSMZ Medium 282
Similar to DSMZ Medium 282, except the pH is increased to 6.5.
DSMZ Medium 282.1
DSM 16983 is Methanotorris formicicus Mc-S-70
Similar to DSMZ Medium 282, except the pH is increased to 7.0-7.2.
DSMZ Medium 282.2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 282, except yeast extract and maltose are added. The pH is increased to 6.5.
DSMZ Medium 282.3
DSM 27223 is Methanocaldococcus bathoardescens
Similar to DSMZ Medium 282, except the pH is increased to 7.0.
DSMZ Medium 282.4
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium281.pdf 281. HYPHOMONAS MEDIUM Casitone (Difco) 2.0 g Yeast extract (Difco) 1.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 2.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.5 (use indicator paper). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of casitone, yeast extract, and magnesium chloride.
DSMZ Medium 281
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium280.pdf 280. METHANOCOCCOIDES MEDIUM (N2/CO2) KCl 0.34 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.45 g NH4Cl 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g K2HPO4 0.14 g NaCl 18.00 g Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Na-acetate 1.00 g Yeast extract (Oxoid) 2.00 g Trypticase (BD BBL) 2.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Trimethylamine x HCl 3.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, trimethylamine, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add and dissolve bicarbonate and adjust pH to 7.0, then distribute under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After sterilization add trimethylamine, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. Vitamins are prepared under N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of final medium to 7.0 - 7.2. For DSM 2831 replace trimethylamine with 5.00 g/l sucrose added from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. For DSM 4138 replace trimethylamine with 5.00 g/l D-glucose added from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2. Use an overpressure of 2 bar of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. For DSM 11916 adjust pH to 6.6. For DSM 14042 replace trimethylamine with 0.50 ml/l methanol added from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under N2 gas. For incubation use 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture at two atmospheres of pressure. For DSM 16625 supplement the autoclaved medium with 3.00 g/l Na2S2O3 from a sterile anoxic stock solution. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 14042 is Methanosarcina baltica GS1-A
Similar to DSMZ Medium 280, except trimethylamine is omitted and methanol added.
DSMZ Medium 280.4
DSM 11916 is Methanosarcina siciliae C2J
Similar to DSMZ Medium 280, except the pH is decreased to 6.6.
DSMZ Medium 280.3
Similar to DSMZ Medium 280, except trimethylamine is omitted and glucose is added. The partial pressures of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide are increased.
DSMZ Medium 280.2
DSM 2831 is not in TaxBrowser or StrainInfo.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 280, except trimethylamine is omitted and sucrose is added.
DSMZ Medium 280.1
DSM 16625 is Methanococcoides methylutens MM1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 280, except sodium thiosulfate is added.
DSMZ Medium 280.5
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, trace elements, ferrous ammonium sulfate, sodium acetate, yeast extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone), resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, trimethylamine hydrochloride, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 280
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium277.pdf 277. CHERRY AGAR (CBS formula) Add 1 l water to 200.0 g pulp of sour stone cherries. Heat to boiling and simmer gently for 2 h. Strain through cloth and sterilize at 110˚C for 30 minutes. Dissolve 20.0 g agar in 800 ml water and sterilize. Add 200 ml cherry extract, distribute in presterilized tubes and sterilize for 5 min at 120˚C. Final pH 3.8 - 4.6. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of sour stone cherry extract and agar.
DSMZ Medium 277
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium276.pdf 276. HALOMONAS MEDIUM NaCl 80.00 g Casamino acids (with vitamins) 7.50 g Proteose peptone No. 3 5.00 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Na3-citrate 3.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 20.00 g K2HPO4 0.50 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 0.05 g Agar, if necessary 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Before autoclaving adjust pH to 7.5 with KOH. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, casamino acids, proteose peptone, yeast extract, sodium citrate, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ferrous ammonium citrate, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 276
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium275.pdf 275. TREPONEMA SUCCINIFACIENS MEDIUM Solution A: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.100 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.100 g KH2PO4 0.500 g K2HPO4 0.500 g NaCl 1.000 g Rumen fluid (clarified) 300.000 ml Yeast extract (Difco) 0.500 g Peptone (Difco) 0.500 g (NH4)2SO4 0.500 g Resazurin 0.001 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.500 g Distilled water 575.000 ml Solution B: Glucose (20% w/v, heat-sterilized) 50.000 ml Solution C: Potassium phosphate buffer (1M, pH 7.4, heat-sterilized) 25.000 ml Solution D: NaHCO3 (5% w/v, filter-sterilized) 50.000 ml Final pH is 7.4. Prepare the medium anaerobically under 100% nitrogen atmosphere. Dissolve ingredients of part A, in the amount of water indicated, adjust pH to 6.2 - 6.3 with 4N HCl and heat to boiling point. Cool to room temperature under 100% nitrogen and distribute under the same gas in anaerobic tubes. Autoclave 20 minutes at 121˚C. After the broth had cooled, add appropriate amounts each of part B, C, and D, (all solutions prepared under nitrogen) to the tubes. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, rumen fluid, yeast extract, peptone, ammonium sulfate, resazurin, cysteine hydrochloride, glucose, and sodium bicarbonate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 275
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium274.pdf 274. METHANOMICROBIUM PAYNTERI MEDIUM KCl 0.34 g MgCl2 x 2 H2O 2.75 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.40 g NH4Cl 1.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g K2HPO4 0.14 g NaCl 6.31 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Na-acetate x 3 H2O 4.15 g Resazurin 0.50 mg MOPS (3-(N-morpholino) propane-sulfonic acid) 20.93 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except MOPS, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide in a total volume of 890 ml. The MOPS buffer is dissolved separately in 90 ml of distilled water, the pH is adjusted to 7.0 with 2 M KOH, then add the buffer to the salt solution. Sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic, then dispense medium in anoxic Hungate-type tubes under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 7.0, if necessary. After inoculation add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, resazurin, MOPS, vitamin solution, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 274
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium273.pdf 273. SPIROCHAETA ISOVALERICA MEDIUM Glucose 2.000 g Trypticase (BBL) 1.000 g Yeast extract 0.500 g Tris-HCl-buffer (0.2 M; pH 7.5) 250.000 ml Sea water 750.000 ml Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.050 g Resazurin 0.001 g Adjust pH to 7.5. Prepare the medium anaerobically under 100% nitrogen atmosphere. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of glucose, trypticase (trypticase peptone), yeast extract, tris, sea water, cysteine hydrochloride, and resazurin. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 273
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium271.pdf 271. ACIDITHIOBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS (APH) MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 2.00 g K2HPO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g KCl 0.10 g Ca(NO3)2 0.01 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 8.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients and adjust pH to 2.0 with 10 N H2SO4. Sterilize the medium by filtration. Alternatively, autoclave separately the basal medium (pH adjusted to 2.0) and the ferrous sulfate (8.00 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O in 50 ml distilled water, pH not adjusted, in a sealed vessel under nitrogen gas atmosphere). For DSM 11478 and DSM 24413: Omit the ferrous sulfate from the medium and add 10.00 g/l elemental sulfur as substrate. For sterilization place the sulfur in screw-capped tubes, add 1-2 drops of distilled water and incubate on 3 successive days for 3 h at 90-100˚C in a water bath. Before use, aseptically layer the sulfur onto the surface of autoclaved liquid basal medium. Adjust pH of completed medium to 2.0 for DSM 11478 and to 2.5 for DSM 24413. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium nitrate, and ferrous sulfate.
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (APH) medium
DSMZ Medium 271
DSM 11478 is Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans DSM 24413 is Acidithiobacillus caldus
DSMZ Medium 271.1 -< for DSM 11478 and DSM 24413
Similar to DSMZ Medium 271, except ferrous sulfate is omitted and elemental sulfur is added.
DSMZ Medium 271.1
An extract of sour stone cherries (Prunus cerasus). Produces by heating in water, then straining and sterilizing the extract.
http://www.oxoid.com/UK/blue/prod_detail/prod_detail.asp?pr=CM0643&cat=&sec=1&c=UK&lang=EN WILKINS-CHALGREN ANAEROBE BROTH Code: CM0643 A medium for the general growth and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic organisms. See Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Section 6 for details of the use of this medium in AST methodology. Typical Formula* gm/litre Tryptone 10.0 Gelatin peptone 10.0 Yeast extract 5.0 Glucose 1.0 Sodium chloride 5.0 L-Arginine 1.0 Sodium pyruvate 1.0 Menadione 0.0005 Haemin 0.005 pH 7.1 ± 0.2 @ 25°C * Adjusted as required to meet performance standards Directions Suspend 33g in 1 litre of warm distilled water. Mix well, distribute into final containers and sterilise by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes. Description Wilkins-Chalgren Anaerobe Broth is derived from Wilkins-Chalgren Anaerobe Agar1 CM0619. Where studies on antimicrobial susceptibilities are being made both in broth and agar, standardisation is improved by using media of identical nutrient formulation. The growth of anaerobic organisms in this broth is particularly good. The formulation includes yeast extract to supply vitamins and other growth factors such as purines and pyrimidines, that are necessary for good growth of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Arginine is added to ensure sufficient amino-acid is available for the growth of Eubacterium lentum. Pyruvate is present as an energy source for asaccharolytic cocci such as Veillonella. It also acts similarly to catalase and degrades traces of hydrogen peroxide, which may be produced by the action of molecular oxygen on medium constituents and interfere with the metabolism of anaerobes. Haemin is found to be essential for the growth of Bacteroides species and menadione for Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Peptones derived from the single protein sources casein and gelatin are used to improve standardisation of the medium. The early heavy growth that is usual may reflect the absence of Eh-reducing substances that can be inhibitory to some organisms.
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, gelatin peptone (pancreatic digest of gelatin), yeast extract, glucose, sodium chloride, L-arginine, sodium pyruvate, menadione, and hemin.
Wilkins-Chalgren Anaerobe Broth
An inorganic salts solution comprised of ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and calcium chloride.
mineral salt solution for DSMZ Medium 289
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium329.pdf 329. METHANOHALOPHILUS HALOPHILUS MEDIUM NH4Cl 0.33 g KH2PO4 0.33 g KCl 0.33 g K2SO4 0.01 g NaCl 70.00 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 0.05 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.33 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.33 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Trimethylamine-HCl 5.00 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.15 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, vitamins, trimethylamine, cysteine, and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add bicarbonate and equilibrate pH to 6.9 - 7.0, then distribute under the same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, vitamins (sterilized by filtration), trimethylamine, cysteine, and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 7.2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium chloride, trace elements, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, vitamins, trimethylamine hydrochloride, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 329
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium328.pdf 328. PYG MEDIUM WITH VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS Beef extract 5.00 g Trypticase (BBL) 5.00 g Yeast extract 10.00 g Mineral solution (see below) 40.00 ml (NH4)2SO4 0.50 g Fatty acid mixture (see below) 3.10 ml Glucose 5.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Haemin (dissolved in 0.5 ml 1 N NaOH) 5.00 mg Vitamin K1 (0.5% sol. in ethanol) 0.20 ml Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 960.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.9. Dissolve ingredients except cysteine-HCl in water, boil for 5 min, cool to room temperature while gassing with 100% CO2, add cysteine-HCl and adjust pH to 6.9 with 8 N NaOH while gassing is continued. Switch to 100% N2 gas after pH has reached the desired value, distribute in anaerobic tubes under nitrogen, and autoclave. Mineral solution: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.30 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.48 g K2HPO4 1.00 g KH2PO4 1.00 g NaHCO3 10.00 g NaCl 2.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Fatty acid mixture: Acetic acid 17.0 ml Propionic acid 6.0 ml n-Butyric acid 4.0 ml n-Valeric acid 1.0 ml iso-Valeric acid 1.0 ml iso-Butyric acid 1.0 ml DL-2-Methylbutyric acid 1.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of beef extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone), yeast extract, mineral solution, ammonium sulfate, fatty acid mixture, glucose, resazurin, hemin, vitamin K1, and cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 328
mineral solution for DSMZ Medium 328
A fatty acid solution comprised of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, iso-valeric acid, iso-butyric acid, and 2-methylbutyric acid.
fatty acid mixture for DSMZ Medium 328
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium309.pdf 309. NEOMYCIN AGAR Beef extract 1.5 g Yeast extract 3.0 g Peptone 6.0 g Glucose 1.0 g Casitone 4.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Aseptically add neomycin to a final concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of medium. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of beef extract, yeast extract, peptone, glucose, casitone, and neomycin.
DSMZ Medium 309
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium306.pdf 306. NY-AGAR To medium 1 add 0.5% yeast extract. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1, except yeast extract is added.
DSMZ Medium 306
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium308.pdf 308. VIBRIO MEDIUM Tryptone 10.0 g NaCl 10.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.0 g KCl 1.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, and potassium chloride.
DSMZ Medium 308
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium305.pdf 305. BACILLUS THERMOGLUCOSIDASIUS MEDIUM Soluble starch 10.0 g Peptone 5.0 g Meat extract 3.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g KH2PO4 3.0 g Agar 30.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust final pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of soluble starch, peptone, meat extract, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 305
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium303.pdf 303. SIMONSIELLA MEDIUM Trypticase (BBL) 17.0 g Phytone (BBL) 3.0 g NaCl 5.0 g K2HPO4 2.5 g Yeast extract 4.0 g Horse serum 100.0 ml Agar, if necessary 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Prepare the medium without horse serum. After autoclaving cool to 50˚C, then add 100 ml/l of sterile horse serum. Transfer cultures when actively growing. Cultures die rapidly in stationary growth phase! © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of trypticase (trypticase peptone), phytone (phytone peptone), sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, yeast xtract, horse serum, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 303
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium326.pdf 326. CLOSTRIDIUM STERCORARIUM (A-GÖ) MEDIUM KH2PO4 3.30 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.16 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 12.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) 2.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 4.00 g Sucrose 5.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, sucrose, vitamins, cysteine, and sulfide) and sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add sucrose, cysteine and sulfide to the medium after autoclaving from sterile stock solutions autoclaved under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Vitamins are prepared under N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of completed medium to pH 6.8 – 7.2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, cobalt chloride, trace elements, yeast extract, trypticase peptone, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, sucrose, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 326
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium323.pdf 323. TREPONEMA SACCHAROPHILUM MEDIUM Salt solution A 200.00 ml Salt solution B 200.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Yeast extract (Oxoid) 2.00 g Trypticase (BBL) 2.00 g n-Butyric acid 0.40 ml iso-Butyric acid 0.40 ml DL-2-Methylbutyric acid 0.20 ml n-Valeric acid 0.20 ml iso-Valeric acid 0.20 ml Cysteine-HCl x H2O 1.00 g NaHCO3 5.00 g Glucose 2.00 g Distilled water 480.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.7 - 7.0. Gas atmosphere: 100% CO2. Dissolve ingredients except NaHCO3 and glucose in 880 ml water (including salt solutions). Adjust pH to 7.0 with KOH. Boil for 5min, then cool under CO2 gas to room temperature and distribute under CO2 gas atmosphere (8.8 ml/anaerobic culture tube). After autoclaving add 1 ml of a filter-sterilized NaHCO3 solution (5% w/v) and 0.2 ml of a filter-sterilized glucose solution (10% w/v) to each tube. Check final pH which should be 6.7 - 7.0. Salt solution A: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.59 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.96 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Salt solution B: KH2PO4 2.25 g K2HPO4 2.25 g NaCl 4.50 g (NH4)2SO4 4.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, resazurin, yeast extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone), butyric acid, isobutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bicarbonate, and glucose. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 323
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium325.pdf 325. SYNTROPHOMONAS BRYANTII MEDIUM Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 21.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.10 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Na-caproate 1.40 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, caproate, vitamins and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After sterilization add caproate, vitamins (sterilized by filtration) and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Adjust pH of final medium to 7.2 – 7.4. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, sodium caproate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 325
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium322.pdf 322. METHANOSPHAERA (MCB-3) MEDIUM Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) 100.00 ml Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) 2.00 g Yeast extract 2.00 g Na-acetate 0.50 g Na-formate 0.50 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na2SeO4 1.90 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.70 mg FeSO4 x 7 H2O 3.00 mg K2HPO4 0.60 g KH2PO4 2.80 g (NH4)2SO4 0.30 g NH4Cl 1.00 g NaCl 0.60 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.15 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.08 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Methanol 5.00 ml Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 20.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 900.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except methanol, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Adjust pH of medium to 6.8 – 7.0, then dispense in anoxic Hungate-type tubes under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add methanol, vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 6.7 - 6.9, if necessary. After inoculation add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of clarified rumen fluid, trypticase peptone, yeast extract, sodium acetate, sodium formate, trace elements, sodium selenate, nickel chloride, ferrous sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, resazurin, methanol, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 322
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium321.pdf 321. METHANOCORPUSCULUM AGGREGANS MEDIUM NH4Cl 1.00 g K2HPO4 x 3 H2O 0.40 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g Mineral solution (see below) 50.00 ml Na-formate 5.00 g Na-acetate 1.00 g Trypticase (BD BBL) 1.00 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Sludge fluid (see medium 119) or 5.00 ml Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) 5.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2CO3 1.50 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.20 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.20 g Distilled water 935.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except carbonate, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic, then dispense medium under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes and autoclave. Add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and carbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 6.8 – 7.0, if necessary. After inoculation add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 2 bar overpressure. Mineral solution: KH2PO4 6.00 g (NH4)2SO4 6.00 g NaCl 12.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.60 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.16 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, mineral solution, sodium formate, sodium acetate, trypticase (trypticase peptone), yeast extract, trace elements, sludge fluid, rumen fluid, resazurin, sodium carbonate, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 321
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium319.pdf 319. SPOROHALOBACTER LORTETII MEDIUM Casamino acids 2.00 g Nutrient broth 2.00 g Yeast extract 2.00 g L-Glutamic acid 4.00 g NaCl 105.00 g KCl 0.75 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Resazurin 0.50 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 10.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 3.70 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except cysteine, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and vitamins), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Thereafter, add and dissolve cysteine, adjust pH to 6.5 and dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After sterilization add magnesium chloride and calcium chloride from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under 100% N2 gas and vitamins from a filter-sterilized stock solution prepared under N2 gas. Note: For agar medium add 20.00 g/l agar, 5.00 g/l CaCO3, and 2.00 g/l soluble starch. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of casamino acids, nutrient broth, yeast extract, L-glutamic acid, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, trace elements, ferrous sulfate, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and vitamins. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 319
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium318c.pdf 318c. PELOBACTER ACIDIGALLICI MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.30 g NaCl 0.60 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.08 g Trace element solution (see medium 144) 10.00 ml NH4Cl 1.00 g Yeast extract 0.50 g Trypticase (BBL) 0.50 g Resazurin 0.50 mg KHCO3 4.50 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na-gallate 1.90 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, vitamins, gallate, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium under the same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add vitamins, gallate, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Stock solutions of vitamins and gallate are sterilized by filtration. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 7.3. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, ammonium chloride, yeast extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone), resazurin, potassium bicarbonate, vitamins, sodium gallate, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 318c
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium318b.pdf 318b. CLOSTRIDIUM NEOPROPIONICUM MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.30 g NaCl 0.60 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.08 g Trace element solution (see medium 144) 10.00 ml NH4Cl 1.00 g Yeast extract 0.50 g Trypticase (BD BBL) 0.50 g Resazurin 0.50 mg KHCO3 4.00 g Ethanol 1.30 ml Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, ethanol, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add and dissolve bicarbonate and adjust pH to 7.0, then dispense under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After sterilization add ethanol, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Vitamins are prepared under N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Adjust final pH to 7.0 – 7.2, if necessary. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, ammonium chloride, yeast extract, trypticase (trypticase peptone), resazurin, potassium bicarbonate, vitamins, ethanol, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 318b
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium318a.pdf 318a. PELOBACTER (FUF) MEDIUM HEPES (SIGMA) 11.92 g KH2PO4 0.30 g NaCl 0.60 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.08 g Trace element solution (see medium 144) 10.00 ml NH4Cl 1.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg KHCO3 2.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml 2-Furoic acid (SIGMA) 2.24 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, vitamins, furoic acid, cysteine and sulfide and adjust pH of solution to 7.0. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium under the same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add furoic acid (stock solution neutralized with NaOH), cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 7.0 – 7.2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of HEPES buffer, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, ammonium chloride, resazurin, potassium bicarbonate, vitamins, 2-furoic acid, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 318a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium317.pdf 317. METHANOSARCINA (MP) MEDIUM NH4Cl 1.00 g K2HPO4 0.40 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g Mineral solution (see below) 50.00 ml Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Yeast extract 1.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2CO3 1.00 g Methanol 5.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 950.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except carbonate, methanol, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense medium under the same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vilas and autoclave. Add methanol, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and carbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Prior to use adjust pH of completed medium to 6.8 - 7.0. Minerals solution: KH2PO4 6.00 g (NH4)2SO4 6.00 g NaCl 12.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.60 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.16 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, mineral solution, trace elements, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium carbonate, methanol, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 317
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium316.pdf 316. MOORELLA THERMOACETICA (TYE-CO) MEDIUM NH4Cl 1.0 g KH2PO4 0.3 g Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 2.8 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.2 g Trypticase (BD BBL) 10.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.0 ml Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 5.0 ml FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.0 mg Resazurin 0.5 mg Na2S x 9 H2O 0.6 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except sulfide), adjust pH to 7.0, bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% carbon monoxide gas. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After sterilization add sulfide from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 100% N2 gas. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, magnesium chloride, trypticase (trypticase peptone), yeast extract, trace elements, vitamins, ferrous sulfate, resazurin, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 316
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium315.pdf 315. BACTEROIDES CELLULOSOLVENS MEDIUM NH4Cl 0.68 g K2HPO4 0.30 g KH2PO4 0.18 g (NH4)2SO4 0.15 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.12 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.06 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.02 g Trace element solution (see below) 10.00 ml Vitamin solution (see below) 10.00 ml Cellobiose 5.00 g or Cellulose (i.e. MN 300) 5.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg NaHCO3 2.00 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.25 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Gas atmosphere: 80% N2 + 20% CO2. Filter sterilize cellobiose separately. Trace element solution: Nitrilotriacetic acid 1.500 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.000 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.500 g NaCl 1.000 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.100 g CoSO4 x 7 H2O 0.180 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.100 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.180 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.010 g KAl(SO4)2 x 12 H2O 0.020 g H3BO3 0.010 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.010 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.025 g Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.300 mg Distilled water 1000.000 ml First dissolve nitrilotriacetic acid and adjust pH to 6.5 with KOH, then add minerals. Final pH 7.0 (with KOH). © 2009 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, vitamins, cellobiose or cellulose, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 315
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium314.pdf 314. ILYOBACTER POLYTROPUS MEDIUM NaCl 21.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.10 g KCl 0.30 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g NH4Cl 0.27 g KH2PO4 0.20 g Na2SO4 2.84 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Na-3-hydroxybutyrate 1.40 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 4.50 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, vitamins, and sulfide) and sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate, then dispense medium in anoxic Hungate-type tubes under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere and autoclave. Add vitamins and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. The vitamin solution should be sterilized by filtration. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 7.2 - 7.4, if necessary. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium sulfate, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate, yeast extract, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 314
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium312.pdf 312. SCY - MEDIUM Sucrose 1.00 g Casitone 0.75 g Yeast extract 0.25 g Trypticase soy broth without dextrose (BBL) 0.17 g Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 0.40 mg Vitamin B12 0.01 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.1. Sterilize vitamins separately by filtration. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sucrose, casitone, yeast extract, trypticase soy broth without dextrose, thiamine hydrochloride, and vitamin B12 (cobalamin).
DSMZ Medium 312
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium311b.pdf 311b. SPOROMUSA MEDIUM (MARINE) NH4Cl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g NaCl 25.00 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Casitone 2.00 g Betaine x H2O 6.70 g Resazurin 0.50 mg K2HPO4 0.35 g KH2PO4 0.23 g NaHCO3 4.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except phosphates, bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide) and sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add phosphates, vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide to the medium after autoclaving from sterile stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Adjust pH of completed medium to pH 7.5 – 7.7. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, yeast extract, casitone, betaine, resazurin, potassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 311b
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium311a.pdf 311a. SPOROMUSA MEDIUM (H2/CO2) NH4Cl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g NaCl 2.25 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Casitone 2.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg K2HPO4 0.35 g KH2PO4 0.23 g NaHCO3 4.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml DL-Dithiothreitol 0.15 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except phosphates, bicarbonate, vitamins and dithiothreitol) and sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add phosphates to the medium after autoclaving from sterile stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Vitamins and dithiothreitol should be prepared under N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of completed medium to pH 7.0. For DSM 11379, DSM 11380, DSM 11381 and DSM 11382 supplement medium with 2.50 g/l Na-pyruvate. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, yeast extract, casitone, resazurin, potassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, and dithiothreitol (1,4-dithiothreitol). Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 311a
DSM 11379 is Sporomusa (not in StrainInfo, no sequences in TaxBrowser) DSM 11380 is Sporomusa (not in StrainInfo, no sequences in TaxBrowser) DSM 11381 is Sporomusa (not in StrainInfo, no sequences in TaxBrowser) DSM 11382 is Acetonema sp. DSM 11382
DSMZ Medium 311a.1 -< for DSM 11379, DSM 11380, DSM 11381 and DSM 11382
Similar to DSMZ Medium 311a, except sodium pyruvate is added.
DSMZ Medium 311a.1
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium310.pdf 310. V-8 JUICE AGAR *V-8 Juice 200.0 ml CaCO3 3.0 g Agar 15.0 g Fill up with distilled water to 1000.0 ml. Adjust pH to 7.2. * May be replaced by tomato mash if not available. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Salinity derived from the V-8 juice is 1.4g/L NaCl, or 0.14% NaCl).
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of V-8 juice, calcium carbonate, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 310
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium336.pdf 336. OXOBACTER PFENNIGII MEDIUM Solution A: Mineral solution (see medium 335) 50.00 ml Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Na-vanillate 2.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310)) 300.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 540.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.9 before autoclaving. Solution B: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution C: L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.24 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution D: Na2S x 9 H2O 78.00 mg Distilled water 1.00 ml Prepare solution A under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture, distribute under same gas atmosphere 8.9 ml medium per Hungate-type tube and autoclave. Filter sterilize solution B and sparge for 20 min with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to make it anoxic. Autoclave solutions C and D under 100% N2 gas. Complete medium by adding the solutions B, C, and D with a syringe to solution A. Adjust final pH of medium to 7.0 - 7.2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solution, trace elements, yeast extract, sodium vanillate, vitamins, clarified rumen fluid, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 336
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium337.pdf 337. SYNTROPHOCOCCUS SUCROMUTANS MEDIUM Solution A: Mineral solution (see medium 335) 50.00 ml Trace element solution (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) 300.00 ml Trypticase (BBL) or Casitone peptone 5.00 g Na-formate 0.60 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 560.00 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 2.50 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution C: Vitamin solution (see medium 212) 5.00 ml Solution D: Lactose 5.00 g Distilled water 25.00 ml Solution E: L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.24 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 78.00 mg Distilled water 1.00 ml Dissolve ingredients of solution A and sparge under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere for 30 - 45 min to make it anoxic. Thereafter, adjust pH to 6.4 and dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Anoxic stock solutions C, D, E and F are prepared separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution B is prepared und 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Filter sterilize solution C. Solutions B to F are added to the sterile solution A in the sequence as indicated. Adjust pH of the completed medium to 6.4 - 6.8. Note: Rumen fluid may be replaced by supplementing the medium with 200 μg/ml of crude egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (Sigma, type IX-E). © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solution, trace elements, clarified rumen fluid, trypticase peptone or casitone, sodium formate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, lactose, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 337
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium338.pdf 338. CAMPYLOBACTER RECTUS MEDIUM Beef extract (Difco) 3.00 g Trypticase (BBL) 9.00 g Yeast extract 11.00 g NaCl 2.00 g Na2HPO4 0.40 g Na2CO3 0.25 g Haemin 5.00 mg Na-formate 2.00 g Na-fumarate 3.00 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.5. Prepare the medium anaerobically under 100% N2. Autoclave solutions of haemin (dissolved in 0.1 ml 1N NaOH, then diluted with water to 10 ml and neutralized), formate, and fumarate separately under nitrogen. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of beef extract, trypticase peptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, hemin, sodium formate, sodium fumarate, and resazurin. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 338
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium342.pdf 342. METHANOBACTERIUM ALCALIPHILUM MEDIUM Solution A: NH4Cl 1.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.1 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g K2HPO4 0.4 g Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.2 mg Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.0 ml Yeast extract 2.0 g Trypticase (BD BBL) 2.0 g Resazurin 0.5 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 780.0 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 10.0 g Na2CO3 0.5 g Distilled water 210.0 ml Solution C: TRIS-HCl buffer 2 M (pH 8.4) 10.0 ml Bring solution A (except cysteine) to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% H2 gas. Add cysteine and adjust pH to 7.0 if necessary. Dispense under 100% H2 gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials vials (e.g., 3.9 ml per Hungate tube), then autoclave. Solution B is autoclaved separately under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution C is prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Complete the medium by adding appropriate amounts of solutions B and C to the sterile solution A. Adjust pH of completed medium to 8.3 - 8.4, if necessary. After inoculation add sterile H2 gas to 1 - 2 bar overpressure. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium selenite, trace elements, yeast extract, trypticase peptone, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carboante, and tris buffer. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 342
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium340.pdf 340. CAPNOCYTOPHAGA MEDIUM Trypticase (BBL) 17.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g Glucose 3.0 g NaCl 3.0 g KNO3 3.0 g Haemin 3.0 mg Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Sterilize glucose separately. Incubate in oxygen-free, 5 - 10% CO2 containing atmosphere. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase peptone, yeast extract, glucose, sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, and hemin. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 340
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium343a.pdf 343a. THERMOSIPHO MELANESIENSIS MEDIUM Starch, soluble 5.0 g KH2PO4 0.5 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 15.0 ml NiCl2 x 6 H2O 2.0 mg NaCl 20.0 g Artificial sea water (see medium 343) 250.0 ml Yeast extract (Difco) 2.0 g Resazurin 0.5 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 750.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except sulfide and cysteine) and adjust pH to 6.5. Boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere, dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels (30% of volume) and autoclave. Add sulfide and cysteine from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Check pH of completed medium and adjust to 6.5, if necessary. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of soluble starch, potassium phosphate, trace elements, nickel chloride, sodium chloride, artificial seawater, yeast extract, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 343a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium343.pdf 343. THERMOTOGA NEAPOLITANA MEDIUM Starch, soluble 5.0 g KH2PO4 0.5 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 15.0 ml NiCl2 x 6 H2O 2.0 mg Artificial sea water (see below) 250.0 ml Yeast extract (Difco) 2.0 g Resazurin 0.5 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 750.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except sulfide and cysteine) and adjust pH to 6.5. Boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere, dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels (30% of volume) and autoclave. Add sulfide and cysteine from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Check pH of completed medium and adjust to 6.5, if necessary. Artificial sea water: NaCl 27.70 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 7.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 5.50 g KCl 0.65 g NaBr 0.10 g H3BO3 30.00 mg SrCl2 x 6 H2O 15.00 mg Citric acid 10.00 mg KI 0.05 mg CaCl2 x 2 H2O 2.25 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of soluble starch, potassium phosphate, trace elements, nickel chloride, artificial seawater, yeast extract, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 343
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium344.pdf 344. FLEXIBACTER MEDIUM Na-glutamate 5.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.0 g Yeast extract (Difco) 1.0 g Glucose (sterilized separately) 2.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic rich, solid culture medium comprised of monosodium glutamate, magnesium sulfate, yeast extract, glucose, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 344
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium347.pdf 347. SYNTROPHOMONAS SAPOVORANS MEDIUM Solution A: Mineral solution (see medium 212) 50.00 ml Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) 50.00 ml Trypticase (BD BBL) 1.00 g PIPES (SIGMA) 15.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 780.00 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 3.50 g Distilled water 70.00 ml Solution C: Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Solution D: Na-laurate 2.78 g Distilled water 25.00 ml Solution E: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.84 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution F: L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution G: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add and dissolve ingredients of solution A, adjust pH to 7.0, bring to the boil, cool to room temperature under a stream of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture, then distribute under the same gas atmosphere in anoxic culture vials and autoclave. Solution B is filter-sterilized and then equilibrated with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for at least 15 min. Solution C is prepared under 100% N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Solutions D, E, F and G are autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. To complete the medium, appropriate amounts of the solutions B to G are added to solution A in the sequence indicated. Adjust final pH of medium to 7.2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solution, trace elements, clarified rumen fluid, trypticase peptone, PIPES, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, sodium laurate, calcium chloride, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 347
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium346.pdf 346. DESULFOTOMACULUM SAPOMANDENS MEDIUM Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g NaCl 1.00 g Trace elements SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 965.00 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 1.00 g Distilled water 20.00 ml Solution C: Ethanol 1.00 ml Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution D: Na-benzoate, 7% w/v 0.70 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) 1.00 ml Solution F: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution G: Na-dithionite 25.00 mg Distilled water 1.00 ml Solution H: Na2S x 9 H2O 50.00 mg Distilled water 1.70 ml Dissolve ingredients of solution A and sparge under 100% N2 gas atmosphere for 30 - 45 min to make it anoxic. Thereafter, dispense solution A under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Solution B is autoclaved separately under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Anoxic stock solutions C, D, E, F, G and H are prepared separately under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Filter sterilize solutions D, F and G. Solutions B to H are added to the sterile solution A in the sequence as indicated. Adjust the pH of the completed medium to 7.2 - 7.5. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, trace elements, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, ethanol, sodium benzoate, clarified rumen fluid, vitamins, sodium dithionite, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 346
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium347a.pdf 347a. SYNTROPHOMONAS ZEHNDERI MEDIUM Solution A: Mineral solution (see medium 212) 50.00 ml Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Na2SO4 2.80 g PIPES (SIGMA) 15.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 810.00 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 3.50 g Distilled water 70.00 ml Solution C: Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Solution D: Na-laurate 2.78 g Distilled water 25.00 ml Solution E: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.84 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution F: L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution G: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add and dissolve ingredients of solution A, adjust pH to 7.0, bring to the boil, cool to room temperature under a stream of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture, then distribute under the same gas atmosphere in culture vials and autoclave. Solution B is filter-sterilized and then equilibrated with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for at least 15 min. Solution C is prepared under 100% N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Solutions D, E, F and G are autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. To complete the medium, appropriate amounts of the solutions B to G are added to solution A in the sequence indicated. Adjust final pH of medium to 7.2. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solution, trace elements, sodium sulfate, PIPES, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, sodium laurate, calcium chloride, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 347a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium348.pdf 348. METHANOHALOPHILUS PORTUCALENSIS MEDIUM NaCl 120.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 7.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 6.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.50 g K2HPO4 x 3 H2O 0.40 g NH4Cl 1.00 g KCl 3.80 g Trace elements SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Trypticase (BBL) 2.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Na2CO3 1.50 g Trimethylamine-HCl 1.90 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except cysteine, carbonate, trimethylamine and sulfide, bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature while sparging with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add cysteine and adjust pH to 6.5, then distribute into anoxic Hungatetype tubes or serum vials under the same gas atmosphere and autoclave. Thereafter, add trimethylamine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and carbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Control final pH and adjust to pH 7.3 - 7.4, if necessary. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, trace elements, selenite-tungstate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, sodium carbonate, trimethylamine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 348
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium350.pdf 350. CELLULOMONAS FERMENTANS MEDIUM K2HPO4 2.21 g KH2PO4 1.50 g (NH4)2SO4 1.30 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.02 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.25 mg Yeast extract 5.00 g Cellobiose 5.00 g or Cellulose (MN 300) 5.00 g NaHCO3 0.80 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.4 with 8 M NaOH. Prepare the medium anaerobically under 100% nitrogen. Cellobiose, NaHCO3, and cysteine are sterilized separately by autoclaving under N2. For aerobic growth omit resazurin and cysteine. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, yeast extract, cellobiose or cellulose, sodium bicarbonate, resazurin, and cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 350
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium351.pdf 351. RHODOBACTER ADRIATICUS MEDIUM Na acetate 0.82 g Yeast extract 0.1 g Na2S x 9H2O 0.06 d K2HPO4 1.0 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.5 g NH4Cl 1.0 g NaHCO3 3.0 g NaCl 25.0 g Na-ascorbate 0.5 g Trace element solution (SLA) 1.0 ml Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. The medium may be prepared without the addition of Na acetate, yeast extract and Na2S x 9H2O and may be added to the sterile medium from sterile stock solutions. Prepare the medium under an atmosphere of N2. Dispense into screw capped or crimp top bottles fitted with a rubber septum. Sterilize at 121˚C for 15 minutes in screw-caped bottles. After sterilization add 1.0 ml/l filter-sterilized vitamin solution (VA, see below). Incubate at 30˚C at a light intensity of 1500 lux under anaerobic conditions. Trace element solution (SLA): FeCl2 x 4 H2O 1.8 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 250.0 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 10.0 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 10.0 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 70.0 mg ZnCl2 100.0 mg H3BO3 500.0 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 30.0 mg Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 10.0 mg Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 2.0 - 3.0. Vitamin solution (VA): Biotin 10.0 mg Nicotinic acid amide 35.0 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 30.0 mg p-Aminobenzoic acid 20.0 mg Pyridoxal hydrochloride 10.0 mg Ca-pantothenate 10.0 mg Vitamin B12 5.0 mg Distilled water 100.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A vitamin solution comprised of biotin, nicotinic acid amide (nicotinamide), thiamine hydrochloride, p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), pyridoxal hydrochloride, calcium pantothenate, and vitamin B12 (cobalamin).
vitamin solution VA for DSMZ Medium 351
trace elements solution SLA for DSMZ Medium 351
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium acetate, yeast extract, sodium sulfide, potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium ascorbate, trace elements and vitamins. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 351
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium352.pdf 352. AZOSPIRILLUM AMAZONENSE MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.200 g KH2PO4 0.600 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.020 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.200 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.002 g FeCl3 0.010 g Bromothymol blue (0.5% in 0.2N KOH) 5.000 ml Sucrose 5.000 g Agar 1.750 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml Adjust pH to 6.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium molybdate, ferric trichloride, bromothymol blue, sucrose, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 352
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium357.pdf 357. FLEXIBACTER CANADENSIS MEDIUM MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.1 g KNO3 0.1 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g Na-glycerophosphate 0.1 g Trace elements SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.0 ml Tris 1.0 g Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 1.0 mg Casamino acids 1.0 g Glucose (sterilized separately) 1.0 g Vitamin B12 1.0 μg Agar 10.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSMZ Medium 357
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium354.pdf 354. LÖWENSTEIN-JENSEN MEDIUM KH2PO4 2.50 g MgSO4 0.24 g Mg-citrate 0.60 g L-Asparagin 3.60 g Potato flour 30.00 g Malachite green 0.40 g Distilled water 600.00 ml Addition: Glycerol 12.00 ml *Fresh egg mixture (yolk and whites) 1000.00 ml pH 7.0 Sterilize medium for 30 min at 121˚C, cool to 30˚C and add fresh egg mixture carefully to the medium. * You need for 1 l of egg mixture 20 - 25 fresh eggs (not older then 1 week). Clean the eggs, wipe away with 70% alcohol, open the eggs and homogenize the egg mixture carefully. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium citrate, L-asparagine, potato flour, malachite green, glycerol, and homogenized chicken eggs.
DSMZ Medium 354
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium358.pdf 358. ACIDIANUS MEDIUM (AEROBIC) (NH4)2SO4 1.30 g KH2PO4 0.28 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.07 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.02 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 1.80 mg Na2B4O7 x 10 H2O 4.50 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.22 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg VOSO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg CoSO4 0.01 mg Sulfur, powder 5.00 g Yeast extract (Difco) 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients, bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature and adjust pH to 2.5 using 10 N H2SO4. Dispense under air atmosphere enriched with 1 - 10% CO2 in suitable culture vessels (e.g., 20 ml medium in 100 ml serum bottles) while keeping the sulfur suspended by magnetic stirring. For sterilization sealed bottles with medium are heated in a boiling water bath for 2 - 3 h on each of 3 successive days. Note: Inoculate with 5% (w/v) culture. Incubate without shaking. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric trichloride, manganese chloride, sodium tetraborate, zinc sulfate, copper chloride, sodium molybdate, vanadyl sulfate, cobalt sulfate, elemental sulfur, and yeast extract. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 358
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium358a.pdf 358a. ACIDIANUS MEDIUM (ANAEROBIC) (NH4)2SO4 1.30 g KH2PO4 0.28 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.07 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.02 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 1.80 mg Na2B4O7 x 10 H2O 4.50 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.22 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg VOSO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg CoSO4 0.01 mg Sulfur, powder 5.00 g Yeast extract (Difco) 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients, bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture and adjust pH to 2.5 using 10 N H2SO4. Dispense under same gas mixture in suitable culture vessels (e.g., 20 ml medium in 100 ml serum bottles) while keeping the sulfur suspended by magnetic stirring. For sterilization sealed bottles with medium are heated in a boiling water bath for 2 - 3 h on each of 3 successive days. Pressurize inoculated bottles to 1 bar overpressure with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Note: Inoculate with 5% (w/v) culture. Incubate without shaking. For DSM 3772 reduce amount of yeast extract to 0.02 g/l. For DSM 6296 reduce amount of yeast extract to 0.20 g/l and adjust pH to 2.5 – 3.0. Pressurize inoculated bottles to 2 bar overpressure with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. For DSM 6334 reduce amount of yeast extract to 0.20 g/l. Pressurize inoculated bottles to 2 bar overpressure with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric trichloride, manganese chloride, sodium tetraborate, zinc sulfate, copper chloride, sodium molybdate, vanadyl sulfate, cobalt sulfate, elemental sulture, and yeast extract. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 358a
Similar to DSMZ Medium 358a, except the concentration of yeast extract is decreased. The overpressure of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide are increased.
DSMZ Medium 358a.3
DSM 6296 is Stygiolobus azoricus DSM 6296
Similar to DSMZ Medium 358a, except the concentration of yeast extract is decreased and the pH is increased to 2.5-3.0. The overpressure of dihydrogen and carbon dioxide is increased.
DSMZ Medium 358a.2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 358a, except the concentration of yeast extract is decreased.
DSMZ Medium 358a.1
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium359.pdf 359. GFY MEDIUM Glucose 5.000 g Fructose 5.000 g Yeast extract 5.000 g CaCO3 3.000 g Vitamin B12 0.002 g Agar 15.000 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of glucose, fructose, yeast extract, calcium carbonate, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), and agar.
DSMZ Medium 359
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium360.pdf 360. YPM MEDIUM Yeast extract 5.0 g Peptone 3.0 g Mannitol 25.0 g Agar 12.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml pH not adjusted. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, peptone, mannitol, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 360
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium362.pdf 362. FLAVOBACTERIUM TIRRENICUM MEDIUM To medium 1 add 2 g/l of ethanolamine and 10 g/l NaCl and adjust pH to 7.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 1, except ethanolamine and sodium chloride are added, and the pH is increased to 7.5.
DSMZ Medium 362
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium364.pdf 364. PYEA MEDIUM Peptone 10.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g NaCl 5.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of peptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 364
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium363.pdf 363. PHENYLOBACTERIUM MEDIUM Antipyrine 1.00 g KH2PO4 0.30 g Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 0.70 g (NH4)2HPO4 0.70 g NH4H2PO4 0.30 g (NH4)2SO4 0.10 g CaCl2 x 6 H2O 0.05 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g H3BO3 0.50 mg CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.04 mg KI 0.10 mg FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.20 mg MnSO4 x 4 H2O 0.40 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.40 mg (NH4)2MoO4 0.20 mg Biotin 0.10 mg Vitamin B12 0.03 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml For DSM 2118, replace antipyrin by 1 g/l L-phenylalanine. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 2118 is not in www.dsmz.de or in TaxBrowser. StrainInof lists this as Phenylobacterium immobile.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 363, except antipyrin is omitted and L-phenylalanine is added.
DSMZ Medium 363.1
The pH of this medium should be about 6.9, given the ratio of potassium and sodium phosphates.
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of antipyrine, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, boric acid, copper sulfate, potassium iodide, ferric trichloride, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, ammonium molybdate, biotin, and vitamin B12 (cobalamin).
DSMZ Medium 363
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium365.pdf 365. PSEUDOMONAS INDIGOFERA MEDIUM Yeast extract 10.0 g Glucose 5.0 g Na-acetate 0.5 g Agar 12.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 - 7.2. Rehydrate and grow lyophilized cells in liquid broth and on agar. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, glucose, sodium acetate, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 365
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium369.pdf 369. BACILLUS TUSCIAE MEDIUM Adjust medium 261 to pH 4.0. Incubate at 50˚C without agitation under 5% O2, 10% CO2, 45% H2 (v/v). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 261, except the pH is decreased to 4.0.
DSMZ Medium 369
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium368.pdf 368. KUNKEE MEDIUM Tryptone 20.0 g Peptone 5.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g Glucose 5.0 g Tween 80 0.5 ml Filtered tomato juice 250.0 ml Distilled water 750.0 ml Adjust pH to 5.5. After sterilization aseptically add 10% (v/v) ethanol © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, peptone, yeast extract, glucose, tween 80 (polysorbate 80), filtered tomato juice and ethanol.
DSMZ Medium 368
mineral solution for DSMZ Medium 321
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium311.pdf 311. SPOROMUSA MEDIUM NH4Cl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g NaCl 2.25 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Casitone 2.00 g Betaine x H2O 6.70 g Resazurin 0.50 mg K2HPO4 0.35 g KH2PO4 0.23 g NaHCO3 4.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except phosphates, bicarbonate, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide) and sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add phosphates, vitamins (sterilized by filtration), cysteine and sulfide to the medium after autoclaving from sterile stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Adjust pH of completed medium to pH 7.0. For DSM 3132 and DSM 5090 prepare the medium without betaine; add 5.00 g/l Dfructose to the autoclaved medium from a filter-sterilized anoxic stock solution. For DSM 4440 use 1.35 g/l betaine; cysteine and sulfide must be replaced by 0.15 g/l DLdithiothreitol (DTT) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 6539, DSM 6540, and DSM 17108 prepare the medium without betaine; add 2.00 g/l D-glucose to the autoclaved medium from a filter-sterilized anoxic stock solution. Cysteine and sulfide must be replaced by 0.15 g/l DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 10669, DSM 12793, DSM 12797, and DSM 12993 prepare the medium without betaine; add 5.00 g/l D-fructose to the autoclaved medium from a filter-sterilized anoxic stock solution. Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.5. For DSM 14980 prepare the medium without betaine; add 8.00 g/l D-glucose and 2.00 g/l Na-pyruvate to the autoclaved medium from filter-sterilized anoxic stock solutions. For DSM 16652 prepare the medium without betaine; add 1.11 g/l N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the autoclaved medium from a filter-sterilized anoxic stock solution. For DSM 17189 and DSM 17285 prepare the medium without betaine; add 3.60 g/l Dmannitol to the autoclaved medium from a filter-sterilized anoxic stock solution. Cysteine and sulfide must be replaced by 0.30 g/l DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For DSM 26827 prepare the medium without betaine; add 2.50 g/l Na-(DL)-lactate to the autoclaved medium from a separately sterilized anoxic stock solution. Cysteine and sulfide must be replaced by 0.15 g/l DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 311, except betaine, cysteine, and sulfide are omitted and sodium lactate and dithiothreitol (1,4-dithiothreitol) are added.
DSMZ Medium 311.8
http://www.campbellfoodservice.com/details.aspx?code=61 INGREDIENTS RECONSTITUTED VEGETABLE JUICE BLEND (WATER AND CONCENTRATED JUICES OF TOMATOES, CARROTS, CELERY, BEETS, PARSLEY, LETTUCE, WATERCRESS, SPINACH), CONTAINS LESS THAN 2% OF: SALT, VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID), NATURAL FLAVORING, CITRIC ACID.
Sodium content is 640 mg per 240 mL (= 0.267% Na+, or =0.68% NaCl).
An undefined organic chemical mixture comprised of tomato juice (the fruit of Solanum lycopersicum), carrot juice (the root of Daucus carota), celery juice (the stems of Apium graveolens Dulce Group), beet juice (the root of Beta vulgaris), parsley juice (the leaf of Petroselinum crispum), lettuce juice (the leaf of Lactuca sativa), watercress juice (leaf of Nasturtium officinale), and spinach juice (leaf of Spinacia oleracea). Also contains salt (sodium chloride), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), natural flavoring (flavoring agent), and citric acid.
V-8 juice
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of pancreatic digest of casein (casitone), enzymatic digest of soybean meal (soy peptone), sodium chloride, and dipotassium phosphate (potassium dibasic phosphate).
Tryptic Soy Broth without Dextrose
A trace elements solution comprised of nitrilotriacetic acid, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, cobalt sulfate, calcium chloride, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, boric acid, sodium molybdate, nickel chloride, and sodium selenite.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 315
DSM 17189 is Sporomusa intestinalis DSM 17285 is Sporomusa (not in TaxBrowser or StrainInfo)
DSMZ Medium 311.7 -< for DSM 17189 and DSM 17285
Similar to DSMZ Medium 311, except betaine, sulfide, and cysteine are omitted and D-mannitol and dithiothreitol are added.
DSMZ Medium 311.7
Similar to DSMZ Medium 311, except betaine is omitted and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is added.
DSMZ Medium 311.6
Similar to DSMZ Medium 311, except betaine is omitted and glucose and sodium pyruvate are added.
DSMZ Medium 311.5
DSM 10669 is Sporomusa silvacetica DSM 12793 is Thermicanus aegyptius DSM 12793 DSM 12797 is Moorella thermoacetica DSM 12993 is Moorella thermoacetica
Similar to DSMZ Medium 311, except betaine is omitted and fructose is added. The pH is decreased to 6.5.
DSMZ Medium 311.4
DSM 6539 is Terrisporobacter mayombei DSM 6540 is Acetonema longum DSM 6540 DSM 17108 is Pelosinus fermentans DSM 17108
DSMZ Medium 311.3 -< for DSM 6539, DSM 6540, and DSM 17108
Similar to DSMZ Medium 311, except betaine, cysteine, and sulfide are omitted and glucose and dithiothreitol are added.
DSMZ Medium 311.3
Similar to DSMZ Medium 311, except the concentration of betaine in decreased, sulfide is omitted, and dithiothreitol is added.
DSMZ Medium 311.2
DSM 3132 is Sporomusa acidovorans DSM 5090 is Sporomusa malonica DSM 5090
DSMZ Medium 311.1 -< for DSM 3132 and DSM 5090
Similar to DSMZ Medium 311, except betaine is omitted and D-fructose is added.
DSMZ Medium 311.1
DSMZ Medium 311
mineral solution for DSMZ Medium 317
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium332.pdf 332. METHANOGENIUM BOURGENSE MEDIUM NH4Cl 1.0 g K2HPO4 x 3 H2O 0.4 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.1 g Na-formate 5.0 g Na-acetate 1.0 g Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) 1.0 g Yeast extract (OXOID) 1.0 g Resazurin 0.5 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Na2CO3 1.5 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.2 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients except cysteine, carbonate and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve cysteine, then dispense medium under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes and autoclave. Add carbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture and sulfide from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 100% N2 gas. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 6.8 - 7.0, if necessary. Note: After growth has started and the culture is becoming turbid add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 0.5 - 1 bar overpressure. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, magnesium chloride, sodium formate, sodium acetate, trypticase peptone, yeast extract, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihygrogen, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 332
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium331.pdf 331. ACETOBACTEROIDES GLYCINOPHILUS MEDIUM CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.13 g NH4Cl 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g Trace elements (see medium 144) 10.00 ml Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 5.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Yeast extract 0.50 g Glycine 1.50 g KH2PO4 3.00 g Na2HPO4 5.80 g NaHCO3 0.50 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2 - 7.4 with NaOH. Prepare the medium anaerobically under 100% nitrogen. Prepare concentrated solutions each of yeast extract, glycine, phosphates, NaHCO3 and Na2S separately and sterilize under nitrogen by autoclaving. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, manganese chloride, trace elements, vitamins, resazurin, yeast extract, glycine, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 331
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium333.pdf 333. THIOBACILLUS TEPIDARIUS MEDIUM KH2PO4 4.0 g K2HPO4 4.0 g NH4Cl 0.4 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.8 g Trace elements (see below) 10.0 ml K2S4O6 3.0 g Bromocresol purple (saturated aqu. sol.) 2.0 ml Bacto Agar DIFCO (for solid medium) 10.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml The phosphates are sterilized separately in 1/10 of medium volume and mixed with the other salts when cool. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.9. For agar medium autoclave the phosphates (in 100 ml), other salts (in 300 ml), and agar (in 600 ml) separately. Trace element solution: Na2 - EDTA 50.0 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 11.0 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 7.34 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 2.5 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.5 g (NH4)6 Mo7O24 x 4 H2O 0.5 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 5.0 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.2 g NaOH ca 11.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml First dissolve EDTA in distilled water by adjusting the pH to 7.0 - 8.0 using NaOH; then add other compounds. Adjust pH of final solution to 6.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, solid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, potassium tetrathionate, bromocresol purple, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 333
A trace elements solution comprised of disodium EDTA, zinc sulfate, calcium chloride, manganese chloride, cobalt chloride, hexaammonium heptamolybdate, ferrous sulfate, copper chloride, and sodium hydroxide.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 333
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium334.pdf 334. METHANOTHRIX MEDIUM Solution A: KH2PO4 0.22 g Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 0.86 g Na-acetate 6.80 g Na2-EDTA 1.00 mg Trace elements solution (see medium 144) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 930.00 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 4.00 g Distilled water 40.00 ml Solution C: NaCl 0.30 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.11 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution D: NH4Cl 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamins solution (see medium 141, but 10x conc.) 1.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Sparge solution A with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic, dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic serum vials (e.g., 20 ml medium in 50 ml serum bottles) and autoclave. Prior to inoculation complete the medium by adding appropriate amounts of sterile solutions C, D, E and F prepared under 100% N2 gas and solution B prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Vitamins are sterilized by filtration. Adjust the pH of the complete medium to 7.3 – 7.5. Note: Use 20% (v/v) inoculum. For DSM 3870, DSM 4774 and DSM 6194 supplement medium with 10.00 ml/l of a coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate) solution (1.42% w/v, prepared under N2) and adjust pH of final medium to 7.0. For DSM 17206 supplement medium with 0.50 g/l yeast extract and 0.50 g/l Trypticase peptone added after autoclaving from sterile anoxic stock solutions. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 17206 is not in www.dsmz.de. Is Methanosaeta harundinacea 8Ac according to Strain Info.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 334, except yeast extract and trypticase peptone are added.
DSMZ Medium 334.2
DSM 3870 is Methanosaeta DSM 4774 is Methanosaeta thermophila DSM 6194 is Methanosaeta thermophila PT
DSMZ Medium 334.1 -< for DSM 3870, DSM 4774 and DSM 6194
Similar to DSMZ Medium 334, except coenzyme M is added, and the pH is decreased to 7.0.
DSMZ Medium 334.1
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, sodium acetate, disodium EDTA, trace elements, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, ammonium chloride, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 334
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium335.pdf 335. EUBACTERIUM OXIDOREDUCENS MEDIUM Solution A: Mineral solution (see below) 50.00 ml Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 2.00 g Crotonic acid 5.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 840.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.9 before autoclaving. Solution B: NaHCO3 5.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution C: L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.24 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution D: Na2S x 9 H2O 78.00 mg Distilled water 1.00 ml Prepare solution A under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture, distribute 8.9 ml per Hungate-type tube under same gas atmosphere and autoclave. Filter sterilize NaHCO3 solution and gas for 20 min with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Autoclave cysteine and sulfide under 100% N2 gas. Complete medium by adding the solutions B, C, and D with a syringe to solution A. Adjust final pH of medium to 7.0 - 7.5. Mineral solution: KH2PO4 10.0 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 6.6 g NaCl 8.0 g NH4Cl 8.0 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solution, trace elements, yeast extract, crotonic acid, vitamins, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, L-cysteine hydrochlrodie, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 335
mineral solution for DSMZ Medium 335
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium339.pdf 339. WILKINS-CHALGREN ANAEROBE BROTH Dissolve dehydrated Wilkins-Chalgren medium (Oxoid CM0643) and resazurin (0.5 mg/l) in distilled water, bring to the boil and cool to room temperature while sparging with 100% N2 gas. Add L-cysteine-HCL x H2O (0.3 g/l), dispense the medium under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After autoclaving check pH and adjust to pH 6.8, if necessary. For DSM 5676 supplement medium with 10.0 g/l D-glucose. For DSM 12679 and DSM 12858 use medium at half-strength (16.5 g/l). For DSM 23669 supplement medium after autoclaving with 0.2 g/l dithiothreitol (DTT) added from a filter-sterilized anoxic stock solution and adjust pH of completed medium to 7.4 © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 339, except dithiothreitol is added and the pH is increased to 7.4.
DSMZ Medium 339.3
DSM 12679 is Caloramator coolhaasii DSM 12858 is Soehngenia saccharolytica DSM 12858
DSMZ Medium 339.2 -< for DSM 12679 and DSM 12858
Similar to DSMZ Medium 339, except the medium is diluted.
DSMZ Medium 339.2
DSM 5676 is [Clostridium] scindens ATCC 35704
Similar to DSMZ Medium 339, except the concentration of glucose is increased.
DSMZ Medium 339.1
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of Wilkins-Chalgren medium, resazurin, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
Wilkins-Chalgren Anaerobe Broth (N2/CO2)
DSMZ Medium 339
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium339a.pdf 339a. WILKINS-CHALGREN ANAEROBE BROTH (N2/CO2) Dissolve dehydrated Wilkins-Chalgren medium (Oxoid CM0643) and resazurin (0.5 mg/l) in distilled water, bring to the boil and cool to room temperature while sparging with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add L-cysteine-HCL x H2O (0.3 g/l), dispense the medium in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After autoclaving supplement medium with 5.0 g/l D-glucose added from a sterile anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of medium to 6.8 with a sterile anoxic stock solution of Na2CO3 (5% w/v) prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. For DSM 14428 replace D-glucose with 5.0 g/l cellobiose prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. For DSM 14924 adjust final pH of medium to 7.4 using a sterile anoxic stock solution of Na2CO3 prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. For DSM 15176, DSM 15480, DSM 15481 and DSM 15567 omit D-glucose. For DSM 15243 and DSM 15248 omit Na2CO3 and adjust final pH of medium to 6.0. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 15243 is Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 DSM 15248 is Clostridium ragsdalei P11
DSMZ Medium 339a.4 -< for DSM 15243 and DSM 15248
Similar to DSMZ Medium 339a, except the final pH is decreased to 6.0.
DSMZ Medium 339a.4
DSM 15176 is Subdoligranulum variabile DSM 15176 DSM 15480 is Hespellia stercorisuis DSM 15480 DSM 15481 is Hespellia porcina DSM 15567 is Mahella australiensis 50-1 BON
DSMZ Medium 339a.3 -< for DSM 15176, DSM 15480, DSM 15481 and DSM 15567
Similar to DSMZ Medium 339a, except D-glucose is omitted.
DSMZ Medium 339a.3
Similar to DSMZ Medium 339a, except the pH is increased to 7.4.
DSMZ Medium 339a.2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 339a, except D-glucose is omitted and cellobiose added.
DSMZ Medium 339a.1
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of Wilkins-Chalgren medium, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and D-glucose. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 339a
Flour made from ground, dried potato tubers.
potato flour
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium383.pdf 383. DESULFOBACTERIUM MEDIUM Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 21.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.00 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 930.00 ml Solution B: Trace elements SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 2.50 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution D: Substrate (see below) Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is sparged with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then distributed in anoxic cultivation vials and autoclaved under the same gas atmosphere. Solutions B and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solutions D and E are prepared under 100% N2 gas and filter-sterilized. To complete the medium appropriate amounts of solutions B to F are added to the sterile solution A in the sequence as indicated. Final pH of the medium should be 7.0 – 7.2. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. Incubate all strains in the dark. Substrates to be used and additional instructions: see next page! DSM 2056: Solution D: Na-butyrate 0.70 g Na-caproate 0.30 g Na-octanoate 0.15 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 3383: Dissolve 0.3 g of indole in 100 ml water by heating and shaking in a closed bottle under nitrogen gas, autoclave, then add sterile anaerobic 30% NaCl solution (7 ml) and 40% MgCl2 x 6 H2O solution (0.7 ml). Store the indole solution in the dark. Reheat and shake before use. Add 30 ml/l medium in the beginning, 2 x 30 ml/l during growth. DSM 3384: Solution D: Na-benzoate 0.40 g Phenol 0.04 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 4661: Solution D: Resorcinol 0.11 g Distilled water 10.00 ml During growth the culture is fed once with the same amount of resorcinol. DSM 5091 and DSM 9788: Solution D: Malonic acid 2.00 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 7044, DSM 7120, DSM 7467, DSM 12567, and DSM 13228: Solution D: Na-benzoate 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Supplement medium with 1 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) and 0.1 g/l of yeast extract added to the autoclaved medium from anoxic stock solutions sterilized by filtration. DSM 8540: Solution D: Na-4-hydroxybenzoate 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 8541, DSM 10085 and DSM 16918: Solution D: Na-pyruvate 2.50 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 9705: Solution D: Na-glycolate 1.00 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Sterilize by filtration! DSM 12861 and DSM 12883: Solution D: Valeric acid 1.00 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 12888: Solution D: Na-butyrate 1.10 g Caproic acid 1.10 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 13036: Solution D: Betaine 1.00 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 14454: Solution D: Naphthalene 0.40 g Heptamethylnonane 20.00 ml Alternatively: Na-pyruvate 1.10 g Distilled water 10.00 ml DSM 15576 and DSM 16219: Solution D: Na-caprylate 1.00 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Supplement medium with 1 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) added to the autoclaved medium from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. DSM 17291: Solution D: Casamino acids (BD BBL) 3.00 g Distilled water 20.00 ml DSM 17477: Solution D: Sodium glutamate x H2O 1.90 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Distilled water 20.00 ml DSM 28890: Solution D: Sodium formate 0.68 g Yeast extract 0.50 g Distilled water 20.00 ml © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 14454 is delta proteobacterium NaphS2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except naphthalene and heptamethylnonane (isocetane) are added (or sodium pyruvate is added).
DSMZ Medium 383.13
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except betaine (glycine betaine) is added.
DSMZ Medium 383.12
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium buytrate and caproic acid (hexanoic acid) is added.
DSMZ Medium 383.11
DSM 12861 is delta proteobacterium S2550 DSM 12883 is delta proteobacterium S2551
DSMZ Medium 383.10 -< for DSM 12861 and DSM 12883
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except veralic acid is added.
DSMZ Medium 383.10
DSM 9705 is Desulfofustis glycolicus DSM 9705
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium glycolate is added.
DSMZ Medium 383.9
DSM 8541 is Desulfococcus sp. DSM 8541 DSM 10085 is Desulfospira joergensenii DSM 10085 DSM 16918 is Desulfovibrio sp. M2
DSMZ Medium 383.8 -< for DSM 8541, DSM 10085 and DSM 16918
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium pyruvate is added.
DSMZ Medium 383.8
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium 4-hydroxybenzoate is added.
DSMZ Medium 383.7
DSM 7044 is Desulfotignum balticum DSM 7044 DSM 7120 is Desulfobacterium DSM 7467 is Desulfobacula toluolica Tol2 DSM 12567 is sulfate-reducing bacterium mXyS1 DSM 13228 is Desulfosarcina ovata
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium benzoate, seven vitamins solution, and yeast extract are added.
DSMZ Medium 383.6
DSM 5091 is Malonomonas rubra DSM 5091 DSM 9788 is Malonomonas rubra
DSMZ Medium 383.5 -< for DSM 5091 and DSM 9788
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except malonic acid is added.
DSMZ Medium 383.5
DSM 4661 is an unclassified bacterium with no sequences.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except resorcinol is added.
DSMZ Medium 383.4
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium benzoate and phenol are added.
DSMZ Medium 383.3
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except indole is added. The concentrations of sodium chloride and magnesium dichloride are increased.
DSMZ Medium 383.2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium butyrate, sodium caproate, and sodium octanoate are added.
DSMZ Medium 383.1
A mineral-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, sodium dithionite and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 383
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium383a.pdf 383a. DESULFOTIGNUM MEDIUM Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 15.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.00 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 930.00 ml Solution B: Trace elements SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 2.50 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution D: Na-pyruvate 1.0 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is sparged with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then distributed in anoxic cultivation vials and autoclaved under the same gas atmosphere. Solutions B and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solutions D and E are prepared under 100% N2 gas and filter-sterilized. To complete the medium appropriate amounts of solutions B to F are added to the sterile solution A in the sequence as indicated. Final pH of the medium should be 7.0 – 7.2. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. Incubate all strains in the dark. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium pyruvate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 383a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium383b.pdf 383b. DESULFONAUTICUS MEDIUM Solution A: Na2SO4 3.00 g KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 21.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.00 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Selenite-tungstate solution (see medium 385) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Distilled water 930.00 ml Solution B: Trace elements SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 2.50 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution D: Na-acetate 1.00 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution A is sparged with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to reach a pH below 6 (at least 30 min), then distributed in anoxic cultivation vials and autoclaved under the same gas atmosphere. Solutions B, D and F are autoclaved separately under 100% N2 gas. Solution C is autoclaved under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Solution E is prepared under 100% N2 gas and filter-sterilized. To complete the medium appropriate amounts of solutions B to F are added to the sterile solution A in the sequence as indicated. Final pH of the medium should be 7.0 – 7.2. After inoculation pressurize vials to 2 bar overpressure with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Note: Addition of 10 - 20 mg sodium dithionite per liter (e.g. from 5% (w/v) solution freshly prepared under N2 and filter-sterilized) may stimulate growth of some strains at the beginning. For transfers use 5 - 10% inoculum. Incubate all strains in the dark. For DSM 3382 omit Na-acetate. For DSM 4206 and DSM 15269 supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Trypticase peptone and 2.00 g/l yeast extract added to the autoclaved medium from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under N2 gas. For DSM 15286 and DSM 21156 supplement medium with 1.00 ml/l seven vitamins solution (see medium 503) added to the autoclaved medium from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of medium to 6.5 – 6.7 prior to inoculation. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 15286 is Thermodesulfatator indicus DSM 15286 DSM 21156 is Thermodesulfatator atlanticus DSM 21156
DSMZ Medium 383b.3 -< for DSM 15286 and DSM 21156
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383b, except seven vitamins solution added and the pH is decreased to 6.5-6.7.
DSMZ Medium 383b.3
DSM 4206 is Desulfonauticus autotrophicus DSM 4206 DSM 15269 is Desulfonauticus submarinus
DSMZ Medium 383b.2 -< for DSM 4206 and DSM 15269
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383b, except seven vitamins solution is added. The pH is decreased to 6.5-6.7.
DSMZ Medium 383b.2
DSM 3382 is Desulfobacterium autotrophicum HRM2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383b, sodium acetate is omitted.
DSMZ Medium 383b.1
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium sulfate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, selenite-tungstate, resazurin, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, vitamins, sodium dithionite, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, dihydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 383b
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium386.pdf 386. DESULFOVIBRIO SULFODISMUTANS MEDIUM Solution A: KH2PO4 0.20 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.40 g KCl 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g Distilled water 920.00 ml Solution B: Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Solution C: NaHCO3 2.50 g Distilled water 50.00 ml Solution D: Na-acetate x 3 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution E: Vitamins solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.40 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution G: Na2S2O5 (= sodium pyrosulfite) 0.95 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.5-8.0 with NaOH. Solution A is sparged 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic, then distributed in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials under the same gas mixture and autoclaved. Solutions B, D and F are sparged with 100% N2 gas and autoclaved separately. Solution C is prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture and autoclaved. Solutions E and G are prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. To complete the medium appropriate amounts of the solutions B to G are added to the sterile solution A in the sequence as indicated. Final pH of the medium should be at 7.1 - 7.4. Note: When growth has started feed culture again with same amount of pyrosulfite. After a further two days repeat feeding once more. For DSM 7269 replace solution G with 2.50 g/l Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O added to the medium after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 7269 is Desulfocapsa thiozymogenes DSM 7269
Similar to DSMZ Medium 386, except sodium pyrosulfite is omitted and sodium thiosulfate is added.
DSMZ Medium 386.1
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, trace elements, sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, vitamins, sodium sulfide, and sodium pyrosulfite (sodium disulfite). Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 386
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium388.pdf 388. DICTYOGLOMUS MEDIUM KH2PO4 1.50 g Na2HPO4 x 12 H2O 4.20 g NH4Cl 0.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.38 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.06 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 0.04 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 2.90 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 2.40 mg Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 0.17 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 2.00 mg ZnSO4 2.80 mg Yeast extract 2.00 g Polypeptone 2.00 g Starch, soluble 5.00 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2CO3 1.00 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except carbonate and cysteine), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas. Add and dissolve carbonate and cysteine, adjust pH to 7.2, then dispense under same gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. Adjust pH of final medium to 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ferrous ammonium sulfate, cobalt chloride, sodium molybdate, disodium selenite, manganese chloride, zinc sulfate, yeast extract, polypeptone, soluble starch, vitamins, resazurin, sodium carbonate, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 388
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium389.pdf 389. THIOBACILLUS AQUAESULIS MEDIUM Solution A: Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 7.9 g KH2PO4 1.5 g Distilled water 100.0 ml Adjust to pH 7.6. Solution B: NH4Cl 0.4 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.1 g Agar (for solid medium) 15.0 g Distilled water 870.0 ml Solution C: Trace elements (see medium 333) 10.0 ml Solution D: Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 5.0 g Distilled water 20.0 ml Autoclave solutions A, B and C and filter sterilize solution D. To complete the medium combine sterile solutions when cool. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, agar, trace elements, and sodium thiosulfate.
DSMZ Medium 389
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium391.pdf 391. METHANOCOCCUS VOLTAE MEDIUM Mineral salt solution 2xW (see below) 500.0 ml Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.0 ml LIP-solution (see below) 50.0 ml Na-acetate 1.0 g Resazurin 0.5 mg TYC-solution (see below) 50.0 ml NaHCO3 5.0 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 400.0 ml Dissolve ingredients except TYC solution, bicarbonate, cystein and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic, then dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Before use add TYC solution, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and bicarbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Adjust pH of completed medium to 7.2. Mineral solution 2xW: NaCl 40.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 5.60 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.70 g KCl 0.68 g NH4Cl 0.50 g K2HPO4 0.28 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.28 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml May be stored at room temperature in the dark. LIP-solution: L-Leucine 5.0 g L-Isoleucine 10.0 g Pantothenate 0.1 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml May be stored frozen without sterilization. TYC-solution: Casamino acids 100.0 g Yeast extract 50.0 g L-Tryptophan 1.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Prepare and autoclave under 100% N2 gas. For strain DSM 4254 supplement medium with 80.0 mg/l L-histidine added from a sterile anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. For strain DSM 4310 add 32.0 mg/l of hypoxanthine to the medium before autoclaving; supplement medium with 1.0 ml/l of a vitamins solution (see medium 503) added from a sterile anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An undefined organic chemical mixture comprised of L-tryptophan, casamino acids, and yeast extract. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
TyC solution for DSMZ Medium 391
A defined organic chemical mixture containing L-leucine, L-sioleucine, and calcium pantothenate.
LIP solution for DSMZ Medium 391
An inorganic salts solution comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, and calcium chloride.
mineral solution 2xW for DSMZ Medium 391
Similar to DSMZ Medium 391, except hypoxanthine and seven vitamin solution are added.
DSMZ Medium 391.2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 391, except histidine is added.
DSMZ Medium 391.1
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solution 2xW, trace elements, LIP solution, resazurin, TYC solution, sodium bicarbonate, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 391
An artificial seawater comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide, boric acid, strontium chloride, citric acid, potassium iodide, and calcium chloride.
artificial sea water for DSMZ Medium 343
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium465.pdf 465. MINERAL MEDIUM PH 7.25 Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 3.50 g KH2PO4 1.00 g (NH4)2SO4 0.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g Ca(NO3)2 x 4 H2O 0.05 g Trace element solution SL-4 (see below) 1.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml pH 7.25 Rehydrate and cultivate lyophilized cells in the complex medium recommended for the specific strain (e.g. medium 1, 220, 535 or 830). After this reactivation, cultivate on mineral medium with the appropriate carbon source. Trace element solution SL-4: EDTA 0.50 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g Trace element solution SL-6 (see below) 100.00 ml Distilled water 900.00 ml Trace element solution SL-6: ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.03 g H3BO3 0.30 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.01 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.02 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium nitrate, and trace elements.
DSMZ Medium 465
DSM 15576 is Desulfatibacillum aliphaticivorans DSM 15576 DSM 16219 is Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans DSM 16219
DSMZ Medium 383.14 -< for DSM 15576 and DSM 16219
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium caprylate (sodium octanoate) and seven vitamins solution are added.
DSMZ Medium 383.14
DSM 17291 is Thermovirga lienii DSM 17291
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except casamino acids are added.
DSMZ Medium 383.15
DSM 17477 is Dethiosulfatibacter aminovorans DSM 17477
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium glutamate (monosodium glutamate) and yeast extract are added.
DSMZ Medium 383.16
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium381a.pdf 381a. MODIFIED LB Peptone 10.0 g Yeast Extract 5.0 g Sea Salt 25.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust to pH 7.2 and sterilize by autoclaving. The medium may be solidified by adding 12.0 g/l agar. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of peptone, yeast extract, and sea salt.
DSMZ Medium 381a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium382.pdf 382. MINERAL MEDIUM M9 for E. coli JM strains 10 x M9 salts (see below) 100.0 ml 1 M MgSO4 1.0 ml 0.1 M CaCl2 1.0 ml 1 M Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O (filter-sterilized) 1.0 ml Glucose (20%) 10.0 ml Proline 20.0 mg Distilled water 900.0 ml The above solutions should be sterilized separately by filtration (thiamine, glucose) or autoclaving. 10 x M9 salts (per l): Na2HPO4 60.0 g KH2PO4 30.0 g NH4Cl 10.0 g NaCl 5.0 g Adjust pH to 7.4. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of 10 x M9 salts, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, thiamine hydrochloride, glucose, and proline.
DSMZ Medium 382
An inorganic salts solution comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, and sodium chloride.
10 x M9 salts solution for DSMZ Medium 382
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium381.pdf 381. LB (Luria-Bertani) MEDIUM Tryptone 10.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g NaCl 10.0 g Agar 20.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. For DSM 26804 add 100g NaCl (10%) for 1000 ml medium. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of tryptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride, and agar.
DSMZ MEdium 381
DSM 26804 is not in www.dsmz.de or in TaxBrower. However there is a publication that lists this as the type strain for Marinobacter piscensis (Curr Microbiol 70(4):544 2015). TaxBrowser lists this species as Marinobacter sp. Abdou3.
Similar to DSMZ Medium 381, except the concentration of sodium chloride is increased.
DSMZ Medium 381.1
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium379.pdf 379. CHROMATIUM TEPIDUM MEDIUM Na2-EDTA 10.0 mg MgSO4 x 7 H2O 200.0 mg CaCl2 x 2 H2O 50.0 mg NH4Cl 400.0 mg NaCl 400.0 mg (NH4) acetate or Na-pyruvate 0.5 mg KH2PO4 0.5 mg NaHCO3 2.0 g Na2S x 9 H2O 1.0 g Trace element solution (see below) 1.0 ml Deionized water 1000.0 ml Prepare bicarbonate and sulfide as separate solutions. Sterilize all solutions by autoclaving. After cooling mix all three solutions, adding the sulfide last. Adjust pH to 7.0 and dispense in completely filled screw-capped tubes or bottles. Incubate at 500 - 1000 Lux light intensity. Trace element solution: Na2-EDTA 5.2 g FeCl2 x 4 H2O 1.5 g ZnCl2 70.0 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 100.0 mg H3BO3 6.0 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 190.0 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 2.0 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 25.0 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 188.0 mg VOSO4 x 2 H2O 30.0 mg Na2WO4 x 2 H2O 2.0 mg Deionized water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of disodium EDTA, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, ammonium acetate or sodium pyruvate, potassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, and trace elements.
DSMZ Medium 379
A trace elements solution comprised of disodium EDTA, ferrous chloride, zinc chloride, manganese chloride, boric acid, cobalt chloride, copper chloride, nickel chloride, sodium molybdate, vanadyl sulfate, and sodium tungstate.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 379
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium380.pdf 380. MAGNETOSPIRILLUM MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.68 g NaNO3 0.12 g L(+)-Tartaric acid 0.37 g Succinic acid 0.37 g Na-acetate 0.05 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Trace elements (see medium 141) 5.00 ml Fe(III) quinate solution (see below) 2.00 ml Agar (for semi-solid medium) 1.30 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Na-thioglycolate 0.05 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except thioglycolate) in the order given and adjust pH to 6.75 with NaOH. Preparation of liquid medium: Purge medium with 100% N2 gas for 30 -45 min and dispense under the same gas atmosphere in anoxic vials to 30% of their volume. Seal vials with screw caps and gas tight rubber closures. Autoclave at 121˚C for 15 min. Before inoculation add thioglycolate from a 3% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under 100% N2 gas and filter-sterilized. Then add sterile air (with hypodermic syringe through the rubber closure) to 1% O2 concentration in the gas phase. Preparation of semi solid medium: Supplement medium with agar, bring medium to the boil and cool under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Dispense under same gas atmosphere aliquots of 10 ml semi-solid medium into 16 x 150 mm Hungate-type tubes. After autoclaving, tubes may be stored at room temperature. Prior to inoculation add thioglycolate from a 3% (w/v) solution, freshly prepared under 100% N2 gas and filter-sterilized. Then add sterile air (with hypodermic syringe through the rubber closure) to a concentration of 1% (v/v) in the vial. Note: Prior to inoculation media should be slightly pink in color. Strongly reduced conditions will not support growth of the organism. Incubate tubes with semi-solid medium without agitation in an upright position. During growth O2 will be consumed, resazurin decolorized and the pH increase. Feed oxygen (by adding air) and succinic acid from sterile 0.05 M solution (to maintain pH below 7). If higher densities of magnetic cell are wanted, ferric quinate also has to be fed. Ferric Quinate Solution, 0.01 M : FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.45 g Quinic acid 0.19 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Sterilize by filtration under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. For DSM 6361 increase the amount of added O2 to a concentration of 10% (v/v) in the headspace gas atmosphere. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium nitrate, tartaric acid, succinic acid, sodium acetate, vitamins, trace elements, ferric quinate solution, agar, resazurin, and sodium thioglycolate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and dioxygen.
DSMZ Medium 380
DSM 6361 is Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 380, except the concentration of dioxygen is increased.
DSMZ Medium 380.1
A chemical mixture, comprised of ferric trichloride and quinic acid. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
ferric quinate solution for DSMZ Medium 380
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium399.pdf 399. ARCHAEOGLOBUS MEDIUM KCl 0.34 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.45 g NH4Cl 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g K2HPO4 0.14 g NaCl 18.00 g Yeast extract (Difco) 0.50 g Na-L-Lactate 1.50 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 3.00 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate and sulfide, bring to the boil, then cool quickly to room temperature while gassing with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture, add sodium bicarbonate and adjust pH to 6.9. Distribute medium under same gas atmosphere in serum bottles (20 ml per 100 ml bottle), seal, then pressurize bottles up to 2 bar overpressure with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture and autoclave. Before use, release excess pressure and reduce the medium with sodium sulfide from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 100% N2 gas. After inoculation, add 2 bar overpressure of 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture comprised of potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, yeast extract, sodium lactate, ferrous ammonium sulfate, trace elements, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, carbon dioxide, and dihydrogen.
DSMZ Medium 399
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium411.pdf 411. CLOSTRIDIUM ACETOBUTYLICUM MEDIUM Fresh potatoes, washed, peeled and sliced 200.0 g CaCO3 2.0 g Resazurin 0.5 mg D-Glucose 6.0 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Mix potatoes and CaCO3 then autoclave 30 min at 121˚C. Filter through cheese cloth, add glucose and cysteine, distribute under 100% N2 gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungatetype tubes or serum vials and autoclave 20 min at 121˚C. Note: For the reactivation of freeze-dried strains it is recommended to use the following simple milk medium: Milk Medium: Fresh milk 100.0 ml Resazurin 0.1 mg Adjust pH to 7.1. Tube and autoclave under 100% N2 gas atmosphere for 12 min at 121˚C. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potato infusion, calcium carbonate, resazurin, D-glucose, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 411
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium378.pdf 378. ARTHROBACTER MEDIUM K2HPO4 1.770 g KH2PO4 0.680 g NaCl 0.140 g CaCl2 0.132 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.200 g Mannitol 10.000 g Yeast extract 0.080 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.500 mg H3BO3 2.900 mg CoSO4 x 7 H2O 1.200 mg CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.100 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.090 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 2.500 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 1.200 mg Distilled water 1000.000 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Incubate under 5% O2 + 95% N2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, mannitol, yeast extract, ferrous sulfate, boric acid, cobalt sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese chloride, sodium molybdate, and zinc sulfate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dioxygen and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 378
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium377a.pdf 377a. PALAEOCOCCUS MEDIUM NaCl 30.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 2.75 g KCl 0.33 g NaBr 0.05 g H3BO3 15.00 mg SrCl2 x 6 H2O 7.50 mg (NH4)2SO4 10.00 mg Citric acid 5.00 mg KI 0.05 mg CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.75 g KH2PO4 0.50 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Peptone 5.00 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Sulfur, powdered 30.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Prepare the medium without vitamins and sulfide, bring medium to the boil and then cool under a stream of 100% N2 gas. Add sulfide, adjust the pH to 6.5, and distribute in appropriate vessels under 100% N2 gas atmosphere, thereby taking care to transfer also the necessary amount of sulfur. Heat the vessels containing the medium in boiling water for 1 hour on 3 successive days. Do not autoclave! Prior to inoculation add vitamins from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide, boric acid, strontium chloride, ammonium sulfate, citric acid, potassium iodide, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, nickel chloride, trace elements, peptone, yeast extract, elemental sulfur, resazurin, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 377a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium377.pdf 377. PYROCOCCUS MEDIUM NaCl 13.85 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 2.75 g KCl 0.33 g NaBr 0.05 g H3BO3 15.00 mg SrCl2 x 6 H2O 7.50 mg (NH4)2SO4 10.00 mg Citric acid 5.00 mg KI 0.05 mg CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.75 g KH2PO4 0.50 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Peptone 5.00 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Sulfur, powdered 30.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Prepare the medium without sulfide, bring medium to the boil and then cool under a stream of 100% N2 gas. Add sulfide, adjust the pH to 6.5, and distribute in appropriate vessels under 100% N2 gas atmosphere, thereby taking care to transfer the necessary amount of sulfur. Heat the vessels containing the medium in boiling water for 1 hour on 3 successive days. Do not autoclave! © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide, boric acid, strontium chloride, ammonium sulfate, citric acid, potassium iodide, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, nickel chloride, trace elements, peptone, elemental sulfur, yeast extract, resazurin, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 377
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium376.pdf 376. AN1 MEDIUM Trypticase (BBL) 10.0 g K2HPO4 1.5 g NaCl 2.5 g Na-thioglycolate 1.0 g Sulfur, powdered 8.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. Prepare the medium anaerobically under 100% nitrogen. Sterilize thioglycolate and sulfur separately. Sterilize the sulfur by steaming for 3 h on each of three successive days. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase peptone, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium thioglycolate, elemental sulfur, and resazurin. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 376
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium374.pdf 374. METHANOSPIRILLUM SK MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.40 g NaCl 0.40 g NH4Cl 0.40 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 1.00 g Na-acetate 1.00 g Na-formate 2.00 g Sludge fluid (see medium 119) 50.00 ml Fatty acid mixture (see medium 119) 20.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 4.00 g Isopropyl alcohol 7.50 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 940.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, isopropyl alcohol and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate, then dispense medium under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add isopropyl alcohol and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Prior to use check pH of completed medium and adjust to 7.0 – 7.2, if necessary. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, ferrous sulfate, trace elements, yeast extract, sodium acetate, sodium formate, sludge fluid, fatty acid mixture, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol), and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 374
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium375.pdf 375. METHANOHALOBIUM MEDIUM NaCl 250.00 g NH4Cl 0.33 g KH2PO4 0.33 g KCl 0.33 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.33 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.33 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 4.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2CO3 2.50 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 0.05 g Trimethylamine-HCl 5.00 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except carbonate, trace elements, yeast extract, trimethylamine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for at least 30 – 45 min to make it anoxic, then dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungatetype tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add trace elements, yeast extract, trimethylamine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas and carbonate from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Adjust pH of completed medium to 7.4 with an anoxic sterile solution of 5% w/v Na2CO3, if necessary. Note: A white precipitate that forms after autoclaving of the mineral base will dissolve again after storage at room temperature for 2 – 3 days. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, resazurin, sodium carbonate, trace elements, yeast extract, trimethylamine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 375
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium373.pdf 373. METHANOGENIUM CV MEDIUM KCl 0.34 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.45 g NH4Cl 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.14 g K2HPO4 0.14 g NaCl 18.00 g Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 6 H2O 2.00 mg Na-acetate 1.00 g Yeast extract (Oxoid) 2.00 g Trypticase peptone (BD BBL) 2.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 5.00 g Isopropyl alcohol 7.50 ml Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, isopropyl alcohol, vitamins and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Add and dissolve bicarbonate and adjust pH to 7.0, then dispense under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After sterilization add isopropyl alcohol and cysteine from sterile anoxic stock solutions autoclaved under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Vitamins are prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere and sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.8 - 7.0. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, trace elements, ferrous ammonium sulfate, sodium acetate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol), vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 373
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium372.pdf 372. HALOBACTERIA MEDIUM Yeast extract 5.00 g Casamino acids 5.00 g Na-glutamate 1.00 g KCl 2.00 g Na3-citrate 3.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 20.00 g NaCl 200.00 g FeCl2 x 4 H2O 36.00 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.36 mg Agar 20.00 g Add distilled water to give a final volume of 1000 ml. Adjust pH to 7.0 - 7.2 © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, casamino acids, monosodium glutamate, potassium chloride, sodium citrate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous chloride, manganese chloride, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 372
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium370.pdf 370. HELIOBACTERIUM CHLORUM MEDIUM K2HPO4 1.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.0 g Yeast extract 10.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. Boil the medium for few minutes under nitrogen gas. Add sodium ascorbate (0.5 g) and continue to bubble with nitrogen gas. Adjust the pH to 6.8. Fill immediately about 45 ml medium into 50 ml screw-capped bottles with rubber septum and screw tighten. Autoclave at 121˚C for 15 min. Incubate in low light. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, yeast extract, and sodium ascorbate. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 370
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium371.pdf 371. NATRONOBACTERIA MEDIUM KH2PO4 1.00 g KCl 1.00 g NH4Cl 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.24 g CaSO4 x 2 H2O 0.17 g Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Agar, if necessary 20.00 g NaCl 200.00 g Na2-glutamate 1.00 g Yeast extract 5.00 g Casamino acids 5.00 g Na2CO3 5.00 g Add distilled water to give a final volume of 1000 ml. Adjust pH to 6.5 before autoclaving! Sterilize Na2CO3 separate from medium, add after cooling. Check final pH to be 9.0 - 9.5. If agar medium is prepared, heat and dissolve agar before adding sodium chloride. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, trace elements, agar, sodium chloride, disodium glutamate, yeast extract, casamino acids, and sodium carbonate.
DSMZ Medium 371
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium390.pdf 390. PYROBACULUM MEDIUM (NH4)2SO4 1.30 g KH2PO4 0.28 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.07 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.02 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 1.80 mg Na2B4O7 x 10 H2O 4.50 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.22 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg VOSO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 mg CoSO4 0.01 mg Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Substrates (sse below) Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except sulfide and substrates), adjust pH to 6.0 and sparge with 100% N2 gas for at least 30 min to remove dissolved oxygen. After autoclaving add substrates as listed below from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Stock solutions of substrates can be autoclaved with the exception of sodium thiosulfate which should be sterilized by filtration. Prior to inoculation add sulfide from a sterile anoxic stock solution prepared under 100% N2 gas and adjust pH of the completed medium to the appropriate value. Substrates and further instructions are given below: For DSM 4184: Trypticase peptone 0.50 g Yeast extract 0.20 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 2.00 g Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.0. For DSM 4185: Trypticase peptone 0.50 g Yeast extract 0.20 g Sulfur 20.00 g Add peptone and yeast extract from sterile, anoxic stock solutions and then aseptically distribute medium under N2 gas atmosphere in sterile, anoxic culture vessels containing already the appropriate amount of sterile sulfur powder (sterilized by steaming for 3 h on each of 3 succesive days). Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.0. For DSM 13380: Yeast extract 1.00 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 1.00 g Adjust pH of completed medium to 7.0. For DSM 13514: Trypticase peptone 0.50 g Yeast extract 0.20 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 2.00 g Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.8. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ferric trichloride, manganese chloride, sodium tetraborate, zinc sulfate, copper chloride, sodium molybdate, vanadyl sulfate, cobalt sulfate, resazurin, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 390
DSM 4184 is Pyrobaculum islandicum DSM 4184
Similar to DSMZ Medium 390, except trypticase peptone, yeast extract, and sodium thiosulfate added.
DSMZ Medium 390.1
Similar to DSMZ Medium 390, except trypticase peptone, yeast extract, and elemental sulfur are added.
DSMZ Medium 390.2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 390, except yeast extract and sodium thiosulfate are added. The pH is increased to 7.0.
DSMZ Medium 390.3
DSM 13514 is Pyrobaculum arsenaticum DSM 13514
Similar to DSMZ Medium 390, except trypticase peptone, yeast extract, and sodium thiosulfate are added. The pH is increased to 6.8.
DSMZ Medium 390.4
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium392.pdf 392. BAF Medium Glucose 30.0 g Peptone 2.0 g Yeast extract 0.2 g KH2PO4 0.5 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 10.0 mg ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 1.0 mg MnSO4 5.0 mg CaCl2 x 2 H2O 100.0 mg Thiamin HCl 50.0 μg Biotin 1.0 μg Folic acid 100.0 μg Inositol 50.0 μg Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml pH 5.8 - 6.3. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of glucose, peptone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, ferric trichloride, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, calcium chloride, thiamine hydrochloride, biotin, folic acid, inositol, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 392
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium394.pdf 394. CHI 1776 MEDIUM Tryptone 25.0 g Yeast extract 7.5 g 1M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) 20.0 ml Distilled water 1000.0 ml Autoclave, cool, and then add: 1M MgCl2 5.0 ml 1% Diaminopimelic acid 10.0 ml 0.4% Thymidine 10.0 ml 20% Glucose 25.0 ml Magnesium chloride should be sterilized separately by autoclaving, and the other ingredients should be sterilized separately by filtration. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, yeast extract, tris, magnesium chloride, diaminopimelic acid (2,6-diaminopimelic acid', thymidine, and glucose.
DSMZ Medium 394
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium393.pdf 393. YPD MEDIUM Yeast extract 10.0 g Peptone 20.0 g Glucose 20.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 6.5. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, peptone, and glucose.
DSMZ Medium 393
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium395.pdf 395. DESULFUROCOCCUS AMYLOLYTICUS MEDIUM NH4Cl 0.33 g KH2PO4 0.33 g KCl 0.33 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.44 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.70 g NaCl 0.50 g Trace elements SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Yeast extract 0.20 g Starch 5.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Sulfur, powdered 10.00 g NaHCO3 0.80 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except sulfur, bicarbonate, vitamins and sulfide), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Adjust pH to 6.2 - 6.4, dispense under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After autoclaving add sulfur aseptically to the medium while retaining anoxic conditions. Sulfur is sterilized separately by steaming for 3 h on each of 3 successive days. Bicarbonate is added from a sterile stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Vitamins (sterilized by filtration) and sulfide are added to the medium from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. For DSM 16532 omit sulfur. For DSM 18924 omit bicarbonate and supplement medium after autoclaving with 2.50 g/l D-glucose. Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.5. For DSM 19380 omit sulfur and increase amount of yeast extract to 0.50 g/l. Replace starch with 2.00 g/l Trypticase peptone as substrate. © 2013 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, trace elements, yeast extract, starch, resazurin, elemental sulfur, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 395
DSM 16532 is Desulfurococcus fermentans DSM 16532
Similar to DSMZ Medium 395, except elemental sulfur is omitted.
DSMZ Medium 395.1
DSM 18924 is Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis 1221n
Similar to DSMZ Medium 395, except bicarbonate is omitted, and D-glucose is added. The pH is increased to 6.5.
DSMZ Medium 395.2
DSM 19380 is Fervidicoccus fontis Kam940
Similar to DSMZ Medium 395, except elemental sulfur and starch are omitted and trypticase peptone is added and the concentration of yeast extract is increased.
DSMZ Medium 395.3
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium395a.pdf 395a. BROCKIA LITHOTROPHICA MEDIUM NH4Cl 0.33 g KH2PO4 0.33 g KCl 0.33 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.44 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.70 g NaCl 0.50 g Trace elements SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg Sulfur, powdered 10.00 g NaHCO3 0.80 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except sulfur, bicarbonate, vitamins and sulfide), boil medium for 1 min, then cool to room temperature under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Adjust pH to 6.2 - 6.4, dispense under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After autoclaving add sulfur aseptically to the medium while retaining anoxic conditions. Sulfur is sterilized separately by steaming for 3 h on each of 3 successive days. Bicarbonate is added from a sterile stock solution prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture. Vitamins (sterilized by filtration) and sulfide are added to the medium from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Adjust pH of completed medium to 6.5. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, trace elements, resazurin, elemental sulfur, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen, dihydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 395a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium396.pdf 396. METHANOSALSUM ZHILINAE MEDIUM Yeast extract (Difco) 2.00 g Trypticase (BBL) 2.00 g NaCl 40.00 g NH4Cl 1.00 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 3.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.00 g KCl 1.00 g K2HPO4 0.40 g Trace element solution (see medium 141) 5.00 ml Resazurin 0.50 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g NaHCO3 3.00 g Na2CO3 2.00 g Trimethylamine-HCl 2.00 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.25 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except cysteine, bicarbonate, carbonate, trimethylamine and sulfide, bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Add cysteine and dispense medium under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. Add trimethylamine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas, whereas bicarbonate and carbonate are added from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Adjust pH of completed medium to 9.2 - 9.4. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of yeast extract, trypticase peptone, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, trace elements, resazurin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, trimethylamine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 396
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium398.pdf 398. THERMOPLASMA VOLCANIUM MEDIUM KH2PO4 3.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g (NH4)2 SO4 0.20 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Glucose 5.00 g Sulfur (for anaerobic media only) 4.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH of the mineral base to about 2 with sulfuric acid and autoclave. Add glucose and yeast extract from filter-sterilized stock solutions. For DSM 4301 add 0.5 g/l meat extract (Merck); aerobic growth of that strain is sometimes difficult to achieve. Check pH to be 2 to 3. For anaerobic growth, the acidified mineral base containing sulfur is filled into serum bottles (20 ml per 100 ml bottle) under N2 + CO2 (80 + 20) gas mixture. Then, the bottles are sterilized by tyndallisation. Yeast extract, glucose, and meat extract (for DSM 4301 only) are added from separately sterilized stock solutions. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ammonium sulfate, yeast extract, glucose, and elemental sulfur.
DSMZ Medium 398
Similar to DSMZ Medium 398, except meat extract is added.
DSMZ Medium 398.1
DSMZ Medium 398.2 -< for DSM 4301, anaerobic growth
Similar to DSMZ Medium 398, except prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 398.2
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium397.pdf 397. FERULATE MEDIUM Use medium 212 without Na2SO4 and butyrate. Add sodium ferulate to 10 mM final concentration from filter-sterilized anaerobic stock solution. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 212, except sodium sulfate and butyrate are omitted. Sodium ferulate is added.
DSMZ Medium 397
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium413.pdf 413. BTU MEDIUM Medium 78 + Formiate/Fumarate: 78. Chopped Meat Medium Ground beef (fat free) 500.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml NaOH 1 N 25.0 ml Use lean beef or horse meat. Remove fat and connective tissue before grinding. Mix meat, water and NaOH, then boil for 15 min with stirring. Cool to room temperature, skim fat off surface, and filter, retaining both meat particles and filtrate. To the filtrate add water to a final volume of 1000 ml, and then add: Casitone 30.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g K2HPO4 5.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Boil, cool under nitrogen atmosphere, add 0.5 g/l cysteine and adjust pH to 7.0. Dispense anoxically 7 ml medium into Hungate tubes containing meat particles (use 1 part meat particles to 4 or 5 parts fluid). Autoclave at 121˚C for 30 min. For agar slants use 15 g agar per 1000.0 ml medium. In some cases (as indicated in the catalogue) the addition of Haemin and Vitamin K1 or Vitamin K3 is necessary. Add to 1000 ml of medium after autoclaving: Haemin solution (see below) 10.0 ml Vitamin K1 or Vitamin K3 solution (see below) 0.2 ml Haemin solution: Dissolve 50 mg haemin in 1 ml 1 N NaOH; make up to 100 ml with distilled water and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated. Vitamin K1 solution: Dissolve 0.1 ml of vitamin K1/K3 in 20 ml 95% ethanol and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated in a brown bottle. Vitamin K3 solution: Dissolve 5 mg/ml of vitamin K3 in 10 ml 95% ethanol and filter sterilize. Store refrigerated in a brown bottle. Formiate/Fumarate Solution Na-formiate 6.0 g Na-fumarate 6.0 g Distilled water 100.0 ml Filter sterilize. Add 30 μl per ml of medium 78 before inoculation. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of lean ground beef hydrolysate, casitone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate, resazurin, cysteine, chopped meat, hemin solution, vitamin K solution, sodium formiate (sodium formate), and sodium fumarate.
DSMZ Medium 413
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium419.pdf 419. OXALOBACTER MEDIUM K2HPO4 0.25 g KH2PO4 0.25 g (NH4)2SO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 25.00 mg Trace element sol. SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Na-acetate 0.82 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Trypticase 1.00 g Na-oxalate 5.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg Na2CO3 4.00 g L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Dissolve ingredients except carbonate and cysteine, adjust pH to 6.8, bring medium to the boil and then cool to room temperature under 100% CO2 gas atmosphere. Add solid carbonate and cysteine, then equilibrate pH to 6.8. Dispense under 100% CO2 gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or seruim vials and autoclave. © 2015 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, trace elements, sodium acetate, yeast extract, trypticase (peptone), sodium oxalate, resazurin, sodium carbonate, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 419
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium414.pdf 414. ACIDAMINOCOCCUS FERMENTANS MEDIUM Trypticase peptone 5.0 g Casamino acids 10.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g Glucose 5.0 g Na-glutamate 4.0 g Arginine 1.0 g Glycine 1.0 g DL-Tryptophan 0.1 g KH2PO4 2.0 g Tween 80 0.5 ml Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml pH 7.0 - 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase peptone, casamino acids, yeast extract, glucose, monosodium glutamate, arginine, glycine, tryptopha, potassium phosphate, tween 80 (polysorbate 80), and cysteine hydrochloride.
DSMZ Medium 414
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium421.pdf 421. CHROMATIUM SALEXIGENS MEDIUM Supplement medium 28 with NaCl (10%), MgCl2 x 6 H2O (0.3%) Na-acetate (0.05%) and sodium thiosulfate (0.05%). Incubate at 500 to 1000 Lux light intensity. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 28, except sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium thiosulfate are added. The salinity is increased to hypersaline.
DSMZ Medium 421
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium420.pdf 420. BLOOD AGAR I Sterilize blood agar No 2 (Oxoid). After autoclaving cool to 50˚C, then add 40 ml/l of sterile horse blood. Rehydrate pellets of freeze-dried ampoules in liquid medium 220 or 1. For rehydration of Helicobacter and Campylobacter spp., use medium 215 (brain heart infusion). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to Oxoid blood agar No. 2, except horse blood is added.
DSMZ Medium 420
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium422.pdf 422. AMOEBOBACTER MEDIUM Supplement medium 28 with 2 mmol acetate and 1 mmol thiosulfate. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 28, except acetate and thiosulfate are added.
DSMZ Medium 422
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium423.pdf 423. XENORHABDUS MEDIUM Peptone 10.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g NaCl 5.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve and adjust pH to 7.2. Add 1.5% agar if required. Sterilize at 121˚C for 20 min. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of peptone, yeast extract, and sodium chloride.
DSMZ Medium 423
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium425.pdf 425. OATMEAL AGAR Oat flakes 10.0 g Oatmeal 10.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0 - 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of oat flakes (rolled oats), oat meal, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 425
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium426.pdf 426. ORGANIC MEDIUM 79 Dextrose 10.0 g Peptone 10.0 g Casein peptone 2.0 g Yeast extract 2.0 g NaCl 6.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.8. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of dextrose (D-glucose), peptone, casein peptone (casitone), yeast extract, sodium chloride, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 426
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium428.pdf 428. HETEROTROPHIC MEDIUM H3P Solution A: KH2PO4 2.300 g Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 2.900 g Distilled water 50.000 ml Solution B: NH4Cl 1.000 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.500 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.010 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.005 g NaVO3 x H2O 0.005 g Trace element sol. SL-6 (see medium 27) 5.000 ml Distilled water 850.000 ml Agar (if necessary) 20.000 g Solution C: Ferric ammonium citrate 0.050 g Distilled water 20.000 ml Solution D: Yeast extract 1.000 g Na-acetate 1.000 g Na2-succinate 1.000 g DL-Malate 1.000 g Distilled water 30.000 ml pH 7.0 Solution E: Na-lactate 1.000 g Na-pyruvate 1.000 g D-Mannitol 1.000 g D-Glucose 2.000 g Distilled water 50.000 ml pH 7.0 filter-sterilized Standard vitamin solution: See next page Standard vitamin solution: Riboflavin 10.000 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 50.000 mg Nicotinic acid 50.000 mg Pyridoxine-HCl 50.000 mg Ca-pantothenate 50.000 mg Biotin 0.100 mg Folic acid 0.200 mg Vitamin B12 1.000 mg Distilled water 100.000 ml H3P is a heterotrophic medium for growth, purity checking and isolation of a broad spectrum of aerobic bacteria (Ref. 3367). Solutions A, B, C and D are autoclaved separately for 15 min at 121˚C, cooled down to 50˚C and then mixed aseptically with filter-sterilized solution E (at 50˚C) and 5.0 ml of standard vitamin solution. The final pH of this medium should be 6.8 without adjustment. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, manganese chloride, sodium metavanadate, trace elements, ferric ammonium citrate, yeast extract, sodium acetate, sodium succinate, sodium malate, sodium lactate, sodium pyruvate, mannitol, glucose, and vitamins.
DSMZ Medium 428
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium427.pdf 427. MYKORRHIZA MEDIUM Malt extract 8.0 g Glucose 7.0 g Asparagine 0.5 g Casein hydrolysate 1.0 g KH2PO4 0.5 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of malt extract, glucose, asparagine, casein hydrolysate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, yeast extract, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 427
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium429.pdf 429. COLUMBIA BLOOD AGAR Columbia agar base supplemented with 4% horse blood. Rehydrate pellets of freeze-dried ampoules in liquid medium 545, 215 or 1 (see below). For rehydration of Helicobacter and Campylobacter spp., use medium 215 (brain heart infusion). 545. TRYPTONE SOYA BROTH (TSB) Peptone from casein 17.0 g Peptone from soymeal 3.0 g D(+)-Glucose 2.5 g NaCl 5.0 g K2HPO4 2.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. The same as Caso Bouillon (Merck or Oxoid, Germany). 215. BHI MEDIUM Brain Heart Infusion (Difco) 37.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml 1. NUTRIENT BROTH Peptone 5.0 g Meat extract 3.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to Columbia gar base, except horse blood is added.
DSMZ Medium 429
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium429b.pdf 429b. CHOCOLATE AGAR Mix autoclaved Columbia agar base solution with 10% horse or sheep blood, keep at 80˚C for 10 min. Mix well and pour plates after cooling to 50˚C. Rehydrate pellets of freeze-dried ampoules in liquid medium 220, 215 or 1. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to Columbia agar base, except horse blood or sheep blood is added.
DSMZ Medium 429b
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium429a.pdf 429a. COLUMBIA BLOOD AGAR WITH CHARCOAL Add 2 g/l activated charcoal to the columbia agar base solution before autoclaving. Add 4% horse blood after cooling to 50˚C. Swirl agar during suspending. To prevent dry agar surface, spread about 1 ml of sterile medium or water over the agar plates and briefly allow to soak into the agar before inoculation. Incubate Neisseria strains in a humid microaerobic atmosphere. Rehydrate pellets of freeze-dried ampoules in liquid medium 220, 215 or 1. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to Columbia agar base, except activated charcoal and horse blood are added.
DSMZ Medium 429a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium429d.pdf 429d. FRANCISELLA HALIOTICIDA MEDIUM Dissolve Columbia agar base in 70% artificial seawater and add additional 2 g agar per liter. Autoclave and mix solution with 4% horse or sheep blood after cooling to 50˚C. Add 1% glucose, 2 mM FeCl3 and 0.1% cysteine, mix well and pour plates. Rehydrate pellets of freeze-dried ampoules in liquid medium 220 or 215. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to Columbia agar base, except artificial seawater, horse blood or sheep blood, glucose, iron trichloride, and cysteine are addd. The concentration of agar is increased.
DSMZ Medium 429d
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium429c.pdf 429c. COLUMBIA-GLUCOSE-CYSTEINE-AGAR Mix autoclaved Columbia agar base solution with 4% horse or sheep blood. After cooling to 50˚C add 1% glucose and 0.1% cysteine, mix well and pour plates. Rehydrate pellets of freeze-dried ampoules in liquid medium 220 or 215. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to Columbia agar base, except horse blood or sheep blood is added. Gluose and cysteine are also added.
DSMZ Medium 429c
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium430.pdf 430. ECTOTHIORHODOSPIRA ABDELMALEKII MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.80 g NH4Cl 0.80 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.10 g NaCl 120.00 g Na2SO4 15.00 g NaHCO3 10.00 g Na2CO3 4 - 5.00g Vitamin solution VA * 1.00 ml Trace element solution SLA * 1.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.50 g Na-acetate 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 8.5, filter-sterilize and add appropriate amount of a sterile Na2S solution. *see medium 351 © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chlordie, sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, vitamins, trace elements, sodium sulfide, and sodium acetate.
DSMZ Medium 430
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium432.pdf 432. HALOBACTEROIDES ACETOETHYLICUS MEDIUM Use medium no. 144 supplemented with 100 g/l of NaCl. Sterilize glucose, yeast extract and sodium sulfide separately (autoclave under nitrogen atmosphere). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 144, except the sodium chloride concentration is increased.
DSMZ Medium 432
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium431.pdf 431. ECTOTHIORHODOSPIRA VACUOLATA MEDIUM KH2PO4 1.00 g NH4Cl 0.50 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.10 g NaHCO3 3.00 g NaCl 30.00 g Trace element solution SLA* 1.00 ml Vitamin solution VA* 1.00 ml Na2S x 9 H2O 0.05 g Na2S2O3 x 5 H2O 0.50 g Na-malate 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 8.7, filter sterilize and add appropriate amount of Na2S solution. * see medium 351 © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, trace elements, vitamins, sodium sulfide, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium malate.
DSMZ Medium 431
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium434.pdf 434. MARINOCOCCUS ALBUS - MEDIUM NaCl 81.000 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 7.000 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 9.600 g CaCl2 0.360 g KCl 2.000 g NaHCO3 0.060 g NaBr 0.026 g Proteose Peptone No. 3 5.000 g Yeast extract 10.000 g Glucose 1.000 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bromide, proteose peptone, yeast extract, and glucose.
DSMZ Medium 434
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium435.pdf 435. KDM-2 MEDIUM Peptone 10.0 g Yeast extract 0.5 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 1.0 g Agar 15.0 g Calf serum 200.0 ml Distilled water 800.0 ml Adjust pH to 6.5. Dissolve peptone, yeast extract and cysteine in 800 ml of distilled water. Adjust pH to 6.5 with NaOH. Add agar and dissolve by heating. Add 2 g/l activated charcoal to the agar base solution before autoclaving. After autoclaving, cool to 45°C and add serum. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of peptone, yeast extract, cysteine hydrochloride, agar, calf serum, and activated charcoal.
DSMZ Medium 435
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium438.pdf 438. BORDET-GENGOU-MEDIUM (DIFCO) Bordet-Gengou-Agar-Base supplemented with 15% horse blood. Rehydrate pellets of freeze-dried ampoules in liquid medium 220 or 1. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Bordet Gengou Agar base supplemented with horse blood.
DSMZ Medium 438
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium436.pdf 436. RUMINOCOCCUS ALBUS MEDIUM Tryptone 5.0 g Yeast extract 2.0 g Glucose 3.0 g Cellobiose 2.0 g Mineral solution 1 40.0 ml Mineral solution 2 40.0 ml Resazurin 1.0 mg Distilled water 920.0 ml Boil and cool under CO2. Under a gentle stream of CO2 add: Na2CO3 4.0 g Fatty acid mixture 1.0 ml Cysteine-HCl x H2O 500.0 mg Adjust pH to 7.0, distribute under N2 into appropriate vessels and sterilize. Mineral solution 1: K2HPO4 0.6 % Mineral solution 2: KH2PO4 0.6 % (NH4)2SO4 2.0 % NaCl 1.2 % MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 % CaCl2 x 7 H2O 0.16 % Fatty acid mixture: Isobutyric acid 10.0 ml Isovaleric acid 10.0 ml 2-Methylbutyric acid 10.0 ml Distilled water 70.0 ml Inoculate under CO2 and incubate at 37˚C. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of tryptone, yeast extract, glucose, cellobiose, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, resazurin, sodium carbonate, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and 2-methylbutyric acid, and cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 436
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium439.pdf 439. CASMAN-MEDIUM Casman-Agar-Base (Difco) supplemented with 5% sheep blood and 0.15% water-lysed sheep blood. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Casman Agar base supplemented with sheep blood and lysed blood solution.
DSMZ Medium 439
dsm 28890 is Desulfoplanes formicivorans
Similar to DSMZ Medium 383, except sodium formate and yeast extract are added.
DSMZ Medium 383.17
Defined organic solution comprised of a mixture of amino acids.
amino acid solution
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium412.pdf 412. ACETOMICROBIUM FAECALIS MEDIUM Trypticase peptone 2.000 g Yeast extract 2.000 g Glucose 4.000 g K2HPO4 0.225 g KH2PO4 0.255 g (NH4)2SO4 0.255 g NaCl 0.500 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.100 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.070 g Na-acetate 5.000 g Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.000 ml Trace element solution (see medium 141) 10.000 ml Resazurin 1.000 mg NaHCO3 6.000 g Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.500 g Distilled water 1000.000 ml Autoclave under 2 bar N2:CO2 (80:20). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
The pH of this medium should be about 6.7 given the ratios of potassium phosphate.
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase peptone, yeast extract, glucose, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium acetate, vitamins, trace elements, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, and cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 412
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium410.pdf 410. DESULFOVIBRIO MEDIUM (BRACKISH WATER) Solution A: K2HPO4 0.5 g NH4Cl 1.0 g Na2SO4 1.0 g NaCl 10.0 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.1 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.0 g Na-DL-lactate 2.0 g Yeast extract 1.0 g Resazurin 1.0 mg Distilled water 980.0 ml Solution B: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Solution C: Na-thioglycolate 0.1 g Ascorbic acid 0.1 g Distilled water 10.0 ml Bring solution A to the boil, then cool to room temperature while gassing with 100% N2 gas. Add solutions B and C, adjust pH to 7.8 with NaOH, and distribute under N2 gas in anoxic Hungate-type tubes. During distribution continuously swirl the medium to keep the grey precipitate suspended. Autoclave 15 min at 121˚C. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium lactate, yeast extract, resazurin, ferrous sulfate, sodium thioglycolate, and ascorbic acid. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 410
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium408.pdf 408. PY-GLUTAMATE MEDIUM Peptone (Difco) 10.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g Casamino acids 10.0 g L-Glutamic acid 20.0 g NH4Cl 2.0 g K2HPO4 x 3 H2O 2.0 g NaCl 25.0 g Trace elements solution (sse medium 141) 10.0 ml Resazurin 0.5 mg L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.5 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Dissolve ingredients (except cysteine), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 100% N2 gas. Add and dissolve cysteine, adjust pH to 7.0 and dispense medium under 100% N2 gas atmosphere in culture vessels and autoclave. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of peptone, yeast extract, casamino acids, L-glutamic acid, ammonium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, trace elements, resazurin, and L-cysteine hydrochloride. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 408
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium407.pdf 407. SYNTROPHOMONAS SD2 MEDIUM Solution A: Mineral solution (see medium 212) 50.00 ml Trace element solution SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Rumen fluid, clarified (see medium 1310) 50.00 ml Trypticase (BBL) 1.00 g Na2SO4 2.80 g Resazurin 1.00 mg Distilled water 790.00 ml Solution B: NaHCO3 3.50 g Distilled water 70.00 ml Solution C: Vitamin solution (see medium 503) 1.00 ml Solution D: Na-stearate 0.61 g Distilled water 20.00 ml Dissolve stearate by heating in water bath. Solution E: L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Solution F: Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 10.00 ml Add and dissolve ingredients of solution A, adjust pH to 7.2, bring to the boil, cool to room temperature under a stream of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture, then distribute under the same gas atmosphere in culture vials and autoclave. Solution B is filter-sterilized and then equilibrated with the 80% N2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for at least 15 min. Solution C is prepared under 100% N2 gas and sterilized by filtration. Solutions D, E and F are autoclaved under 100% N2 gas. To complete the medium, appropriate amounts of solutions B, C, D, E, and F are added to solution A. Adjust pH of final medium to 7.2. Note: Use 25 - 50% inoculum. Growth can be followed by the clearing of stearate. Maintain cultures at 25˚C. © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solution, trace elements, rumen fluid, trypticase (peptone), sodium sulfate, resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, sodium stearate, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 407
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium405.pdf 405. SP2 MEDIUM Casitone (Difco) 1.00 g Yeast extract (Difco) 0.20 g Na-acetate 0.02 g Agar (Difco), if necessary 15.00 g Sea water-natural or artificial 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 7.2. If natural sea water is used, the pH need not be adjusted. Artificial sea water: NaCl 24.70 g KCl 0.70 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 6.30 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 4.60 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 1.30 g NaHCO3 0.20 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml To prevent precipitation, CaCl2 and NaHCO3 are autoclaved each as separate stock solutions in 10 ml distilled water. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of casitone, yeast extract, sodium acette, agar, and natural seawater or artificial seawater.
DSMZ Medium 405
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium404.pdf 404. METHANOSPHAERA CUNICULI MEDIUM Mineral solution 1 (see below) 40.00 ml Mineral solution 2 (see below) 40.00 ml Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 x 7 H2O 2.00 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 mg Trace elements (see medium 141) 10.00 ml Na-acetate x 3 H2O 3.00 g Yeast extract 1.00 g Trypticase 1.00 g Resazurin 0.50 mg NaHCO3 3.00 g Methanol 5.00 ml Vitamin solution (see medium 141) 10.00 ml L-Cysteine-HCl x H2O 0.30 g Na2S x 9 H2O 0.30 g Distilled water 900.00 ml Dissolve ingredients (except bicarbonate, methanol, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide), bring medium to the boil, then cool to room temperature under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere. Add and dissolve bicarbonate and adjust pH to 7.0, then distribute under same gas atmosphere in anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials and autoclave. After sterilization add methanol, vitamins, cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas atmosphere. Vitamins are sterilized by filtration. Adjust pH of final medium to 7.0 – 7.2. After inoculation, pressurize culture bottles with sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 2 bar overpressure. Mineral solution 1: K2HPO4 6.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Mineral solution 2: KH2PO4 6.00 g (NH4)2SO4 6.00 g NaCl 12.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 2.60 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.16 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2014 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of mineral solutions, ferrous ammonium sulfate, nickel chloride, trace elements, sodium acetate, yeast extract, trypticase (peptone), resazurin, sodium bicarbonate, methanol, vitamins, L-cysteine hydrochloride, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 404
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium403.pdf 403. BSK-MEDIUM Solution A: CMRL 1066/10 x Glutamin (GIBCO 042-1545) 100.0 ml Proteose peptone No 2 (DIFCO 0121-01-3) 5.0 g Proteose tryptone (DIFCO 0123-01) 1.0 g Proteose yeastolate (TC) (DIFCO 5577-15) 1.0 g HEPES buffer (acid) (SIGMA H3375) 6.0 g Na-citrate 0.7 g Glucose (α-, D+) 3.0 g Na-pyruvate 0.8 g N-Acetylglucosamine 0.4 g MgCl2 x 6 H2O 0.3 g L-Glutamine 0.1 g Aqua bidest. filter-sterilized 900.0 ml Stir slowly at 4 - 10˚C for 3 hours, adjust pH to 7.6 with 5 M NaOH. Filter sterilize. Solution B: Dissolve 14.0 g gelatine in 200 ml bidest. water, autoclave 15 minutes at 115˚C. Solution C: Dissolve 50.05 g bovine serum albumine, fract. V (important: Sigma No A9647) in 143 ml bidest. water, or use BSA-solution Sigma A7409. Solution D: Rabbit serum, inactivated (GIBCO 037-06120M) 86.0 ml Combine the warm (37˚C) solutions A, B, C, D, and filter-sterilize the warm medium. Solution B can also be added after filtration. Alternatively, buy supplemented or un-supplemented BSK-H medium (Fa. Bio&SELL or Sigma) and supplement the medium according to manufacturer’s advice. Sterilize the mixed and warm (37˚C) medium by filtration. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of CMRL 1066 medium with glutamine, Proteose Peptone No. 2, Proteose Tryptone (Bacto Tryptone), Proteose Yeastolate (Bacto TC Yeastolate, or Yeastolate), HEPES, sodium citrate, D-glucose, sodium pyruvate, N-acetylglucosamine, magnesium chloride, L-glutamine, gelatin, bovine serum albumin, and rabbit serum.
DSMZ Medium 403
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium402.pdf 402. ALICYCLOBACILLUS MEDIUM Solution A: CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.25 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g (NH4)2 SO4 0.20 g Yeast extract 2.00 g Glucose 5.00 g KH2PO4 3.00 g Distilled water (for liquid medium) 1000.00 ml Distilled water (for solid medium) 500.00 ml Adjust pH to 4.0 Solution B: Trace element sol. SL-6 (see medium 27) 1.00 ml Solution C: Agar 15.00 g Distilled water 500.00 ml Sterilize separately. For liquid medium combine solution A (with 1000.0 ml distilled water) and solution B. For solid medium combine solution A (with 500 ml distilled water), solution B and solution C. For strains of A. cycloheptanicus add 5 g/l of yeast extract instead of 2 g/l. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, yeast extract, glucose, potassium phosphate, trace elements, and agar.
DSMZ Medium 402
http://www.oxoid.com/uk/blue/prod_detail/prod_detail.asp?pr=CM0271&org=153&c=uk&lang=EN BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2 Code: CM0271 An improved Blood Agar Base possessing enhanced nutritional properties suitable for the cultivation of fastidious pathogens and other micro-organisms. Typical Formula* gm/litre Proteose peptone 15.0 Liver digest 2.5 Yeast extract 5.0 Sodium chloride 5.0 Agar 12.0 pH 7.4 ± 0.2 @ 25°C * Adjusted as required to meet performance standards Directions Suspend 40g in 1 litre of distilled water. Bring to the boil to dissolve completely. Sterilise by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes. Cool to 45-50°C and add 7% sterile blood. Mix with gentle rotation and pour into sterile dishes or other containers. Description Oxoid Blood Agar Base No.2 was developed to meet the demand for an especially nutritious blood agar base which would permit the maximum recovery of delicate organisms without interfering with their haemolytic reactions. In comparison with fresh digest agar, Blood Agar Base No.2 may be shown to have equal or superior growth promoting properties and chromogenic bacteria grown on the Oxoid medium show enhanced pigment formation. Comparison with many other blood agars has shown that with Oxoid Blood Agar Base No.2 growth of many bacteria - especially the fastidious streptococci and pneumococci - is considerably improved, as shown by luxuriant and early colonial development. Oxoid Blood Agar Base No.2 is specified by the American Food and Drug Administration for the preparation of sheep blood agar1. Phillips2, described an improved medium for sporulation of Clostridium perfringens based on Blood Agar Base No.2 to which are added lysed horse blood, bile, sodium bicarbonate and quinoline. The medium induced significant sporulation in all of 100 strains of Clostridium perfringens isolated from human faeces.
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of proteose peptone, liver digest, yeast extract, sodium chloride, and agar.
Oxoid Blood Agar Base No. 2
A beef extract prepared from lean ground beef (chopped lean ground beef) and sodium hydroxide that has been treated using heating and filtration.
lean ground beef hydrolysate
A serum medium ingredient, derived from the serum (coagulated blood) from a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
rabbit serum
From: https://m.bdbiosciences.com/ca/cell-culture/media-supplements/media-supplements/ao-animal-origin/porcine/proteose-peptone-no-2/p/212120 BD Bacto™ Proteose Peptone No. 2 is an animal-origin, enzymatic digest of protein. Similar to BD Bacto™ Proteose Peptone, this supplement provides relatively high proteose content and varying concentrations of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, peptides of varying sizes, buffering capabilities, and nitrogen content. However, BD Bacto™ Proteose Peptone No. 2 contains only porcine origin protein. Customers have successfully used this supplement to produce toxin-based vaccines, such as Bordetella pertusis for human health and other animal health vaccines.
A Proteose Peptone made from only porcine (Sus scrofa) protein (muscle tissue).
Proteose Peptone No. 2
An inorganic salts solution comprised of potassium phosphate.
mineral solution 1 for DSMZ Medium 404
mineral solution 2 for DSMZ Medium 404
Wikipedia:Oatmeal Oatmeal is oat groats (i.e. grains) that have been ground, steel-cut, crushed, or rolled. Ground oats are also called 'white oats'. The term 'oatmeal' is also used in the U.S. and parts of Canada to mean oat porridge.
Rolled oats that have been ground or crushed or steel-cut.
oat meal
standard vitamin solution for DSMZ Medium 428
From: Bordet Gengou Agar Base (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Bordet Gengou Agar Base, with the addition of glycerol and sterile blood, is used in qualitative procedures for the detection and isolation of Bordetella pertussis from clinical specimens. Summary and Explanation Bordet Gengou Blood Agar is used in clinical laboratories as a method of diagnosing whooping cough. Bordetella pertussis, the etiologic agent of this disease, may be isolated from aspirated bronchial or nasopharyngeal secretions, perinasal swabs or, perhaps with greater difficulty due to the diversity of flora, from throat swabs.1 Bordet and Gengou introduced the medium in 1906 as a method of maintaining stock cultures.2 In 1934, Kendrick and Eldering replaced the 50% human or rabbit blood recommended in the original formulation with 15% sheep blood to make the medium more practical for laboratories to produce for routine clinical procedures.3 Principles of the Procedure Bordet Gengou Blood Agar contains potato infusion and glycerol to supply the nutrients necessary to support the growth of B. pertussis. Defibrinated animal blood supplies additional nutrients and enables the detection of hemolytic reactions, which aid in the identification of B. pertussis. Formula Difco™ Bordet Gengou Agar Base Approximate Formula* Per Liter Potato, Infusion from 125 g......................................... 4.5 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.5 g Agar.......................................................................... 20.0 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. Directions for Preparation from Dehydrated Product 1. Suspend 30 g of the powder in 1 L of purified water containing 10 g of glycerol. Mix thoroughly. 2. Heat with frequent agitation and boil for 1 minute to completely dissolve the powder. 3. Autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. 4. Aseptically add 15% sterile, defibrinated blood to the medium at 45-50°C. Mix well. 5. Test samples of the finished product for performance using stable, typical control cultures.
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of potato infusion, sodium chloride, agar, glycerol, and defibrinated blood.
Bordet Gengou Agar Base
Lysed blood solution where the blood is sheep's (Ovis aries) blood.
water-lysed sheep blood
corn starch
Prepared by lysing blood by adding water.
lysed blood solution
From: Casman Agar Base (Becton-Dickinson Difco and BBL Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd edition): Intended Use Casman Agar Base is used for the cultivation of fastidious pathogenic organisms, such as Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, from clinical specimens. Summary and Explanation Members of the genus Haemophilus are fastidious microorganisms that require the addition of X and/or V growth factors for in vitro cultivation.1 Neisseria are also fastidious microorganisms with complex growth requirements.2 In 1947, Casman described a blood-enriched medium prepared without an infusion of fresh meat for cultivation of Haemophilus and gonococci.1 The medium was developed to replace previous formulations that required time-consuming preparations of fresh and heated blood and fresh meat infusion to supply the nutrients necessary for the growth of these fastidious organisms.2,3 Casman found that nicotinamide interfered with the activity of an enzyme in blood that inactivates V factor (NAD). Using unheated human blood, he found that amount of nicotinamide required for good growth of H. influenzae was inhibitory to gonococci.2 Therefore, he reduced the nicotinamide to a level that allowed good growth of gonococci. Formula BBL™ Casman Agar Base Approximate Formula* Per Liter Pancreatic Digest of Casein........................................ 11.5 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue...................................... 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 3.5 g Beef Extract.................................................................. 3.0 g Nicotinamide................................................................ 0.05 g p-Aminobenzoic Acid................................................... 0.05 g Dextrose...................................................................... 0.5 g Cornstarch................................................................... 1.0 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 5.0 g Agar.......................................................................... 13.5 g *Adjusted and/or supplemented as required to meet performance criteria. Directions for Preparation from Dehydrated Product 1. Suspend 43 g of powder in 1 L of purified water. Mix thoroughly. 2. Heat with frequent agitation and boil for 1 minute to completely dissolve the powder. 3. Autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. 4. Cool to 45-50°C and add 5% sterile blood and 0.15% blood solution, made by lysing 1 part of blood with 3 parts of water. Alternatively, add 5% partially lysed blood. 5. Test samples of the finished product for performance using stable, typical control cultures.
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of pancreatic digest of casein (casitone), peptic digest of animal tissue, yeast extract (peptone), beef extract, nicotinamide, p-aminobenzoic acid, dextrose (D-glucose), cornstarch, sodium chloride, agar, and lysed blood solution.
Casman Agar Base
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium465a.pdf 465a. MINERAL MEDIUM WITH 2-HYDROXYBIPHENYL Prepare medium 465. Dissolve 2-hydroxybiphenyl in ethanol (50 g/l) and filter sterilize. Pipette a volume of this stock solution into a sterile culture vessel so that the final concentration of 2-hydroxybiphenyl will be 0.5 g/l medium. Let the ethanol evaporate under sterile conditions. Add medium 465. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 465, except 2-hydroxybiphenyl (biphenyl-2-ol) is added.
DSMZ Medium 465a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium464.pdf 464. PLATE COUNT AGAR Tryptone 5.0 g Yeast extract 2.5 g Dextrose 1.0 g Agar 15.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of tryptone, yeast extract, dextrose (D-glucose), and agar.
DSMZ Medium 464
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium463a.pdf 463a. EDTA-MEDIUM Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 0.41 g KH2PO4 0.26 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.40 g Trace element solution 1.00 ml Vitamin solution 1.00 ml Ethylenediamintetraacetic acid (EDTA), di- or trisodium salt 0.50 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml pH 8.0 Trace element solution: FeCl2 x 4 H2O 1.50 g ZnCl2 68.00 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 100.00 mg H3BO3 62.00 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 120.00 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 17.00 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 24.00 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 24.00 mg HCl, 0.05 molar 1000.00 ml Vitamin solution: Vitamin B12 50.00 mg Pantothenic acid 50.00 mg Riboflavin 50.00 mg Pyridoxamine-HCl 10.00 mg Biotin 20.00 mg Folic acid 20.00 mg Nicotinic acid 25.00 mg Nicotine amide 25.00 mg α-lipoic acid 50.00 mg p-aminobenzoic acid 50.00 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 50.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Stir for some hours, filter sterilize the solution. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, trace elements, vitamins, and EDTA.
DSMZ Medium 463a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium462a.pdf 462a. PLATES WITH FLUORANTHENE Pour plates of medium 462. Dissolve 2 mg/ml fluoranthene in acetone and spread 1 ml of this solution on the surface of every pre-dried plate. Allow the acetone to evaporate under sterile conditions. Inoculate as usual. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 462, except fluoranthene is added.
DSMZ Medium 462a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium463.pdf 463. NITRILOTRIACETATE MEDIUM Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 0.41 g KH2PO4 0.26 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.00 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.20 g Trace element solution 1.00 ml Vitamin solution 1.00 ml Nitrilotriacetate 1.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml pH 6.5 Trace element solution: FeCl2 x 4 H2O 1.50 g ZnCl2 68.00 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 100.00 mg H3BO3 62.00 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 120.00 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 17.00 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 24.00 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 24.00 mg HCl, 0.05 molar 1000.00 ml Vitamin solution: Vitamin B12 50.00 mg Pantothenic acid 50.00 mg Riboflavin 50.00 mg Pyridoxamine-HCl 10.00 mg Biotin 20.00 mg Folic acid 20.00 mg Nicotinic acid 25.00 mg Nicotine amide 25.00 mg α-lipoic acid 50.00 mg p-aminobenzoic acid 50.00 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 50.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Stir for some hours, filter sterilize the solution. © 2008 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, trace elements, vitamins, and sodium nitrilotriacetate.
DSMZ Medium 463
A trace elements solution comprised of ferrous chloride, zinc chloride, manganese chloride, boric acid, cobalt chloride, copper chloride, nickel chloride, sodium molybdate, and hydrogen chloride.
trace elements solution for DSMZ Medium 463
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium461c.pdf 461c. MINERAL MEDIUM WITH O-NITROPHENOL Dissolve 0.5 g o-nitrophenol per liter phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.5) and sterilize by filtration. Prepare and autoclave medium 461 (vitamins not necessary). Add 200 ml nitrophenol solution to 800 ml medium 461. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 461, except o-nitrophenol (2-nitrophenol) is added.
DSMZ Medium 461c
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium462.pdf 462. MINERAL MEDIUM (BRUNNER) WITH VITAMINS Na2HPO4 2.44 g KH2PO4 1.52 g (NH4)2SO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g Trace element sol. SL-4 (see below) 10.00 ml Vitamin solution (Schlegel, see below) 2.50 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.9. Rehydrate and cultivate lyophilized cells in the complex medium recommended for the specific strain (e.g. medium 1, 220 or 535). After this reactivation, cultivate in mineral medium 462 with the appropriate carbon source. Trace element solution SL-4: EDTA 0.50 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g Trace element solution SL-6 (see below) 100.00 ml Distilled water 900.00 ml Trace element solution SL-6: ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.03 g H3BO3 0.30 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.01 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.02 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Vitamin solution: p-Aminobenzoate 1.0 mg Biotin 0.2 mg Nicotinic acid 2.0 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 1.0 mg Ca-pantothenate 0.5 mg Pyridoxamine 5.0 mg Vitamin B12 2.0 mg Distilled water 100.0 ml © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, trace elements, and vitamins.
DSMZ Medium 462
A vitamin solution comprised of p-aminobenzoate (4-aminobenzoate), biotin, nicotinic acid, thiamine hydrochloride, calcium pantothenate, pyridoxamine, and vitamin B12 (cobalamin).
vitamin solution for DSMZ Medium 462
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium461b.pdf 461b. MINERAL MEDIUM WITH PYRROLIC ACID Dissolve 10 mol pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid per liter potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM; pH 7.2) and sterilize the solution by membrane filtration. Prepare and autoclave medium 461 (vitamins not necessary). Add 10 ml of pyrrolic acid solution per liter mineral medium. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Meidum 461, except pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and phosphate buffer are added.
DSMZ Medium 461b
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium461.pdf 461. MINERAL MEDIUM (NAGEL AND ANDREESEN) Distilled water 1000.00 ml Na2HPO4 x 2 H2O 1.45 g KH2PO4 0.25 g CaCl2 0.01 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g MnSO4 0.01 g NH4Cl 0.30 g NaCl 0.05 g Vitamin Solution 5.00 ml Trace element sol. SL-10 1.00 ml Dissolve and autoclave the phosphates separately. Add the vitamin solution and trace element solution after autoclaving. After mixing, pH should be 7.5. Rehydrate and cultivate the lyophilized cells in complex medium recommended for the specific strain (e.g. medium 1, 220 or 535) first. After this reactivation, cultivate on mineral medium 461 with the appropriate carbon source. Vitamin solution: Vitamin B12 50.00 mg Pantothenic acid 50.00 mg Riboflavin 50.00 mg Pyridoxamine-HCl 10.00 mg Biotin 20.00 mg Folic acid 20.00 mg Nicotinic acid 25.00 mg Nicotine amide 25.00 mg α-lipoic acid 50.00 mg p-aminobenzoic acid 50.00 mg Thiamine-HCl x 2 H2O 50.00 mg Distilled water 1000.00 ml Stir for some hours, filter sterilize the solution. Trace element solution SL-10: HCl (25%; 7.7 M) 10.00 ml FeCl2 x 4 H2O 1.50 g ZnCl2 70.00 mg MnCl2 x 4 H2O 100.00 mg H3BO3 6.00 mg CoCl2 x 6 H2O 190.00 mg CuCl2 x 2 H2O 2.00 mg NiCl2 x 6 H2O 24.00 mg Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 36.00 mg Distilled water 990.00 ml First dissolve FeCl2 in the HCl, then dilute in water, add and dissolve the other salts. Finally make up to 1000.0 ml. © 2010 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, vitamins, and trace elements.
DSMZ Medium 461
A vitamin solution comprised of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), pantothenic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxamine hydrochloride, biotin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, nicotine amide (nicotinamide), alpha-lipoic acid (lipoic acid), p-aminobenzoic acid (4-aminobenzoic acid), and thiamine hydrochloride.
vitamin solution for DSMZ Medium 461
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium461a.pdf 461a. MINERAL MEDIUM WITH QUINOLINE Prepare an emulsion of 3 g/l quinoline in 50 mM phosphate buffer by stirring or ultrasonication. Autoclave in a gas tight vessel. Add 100 ml of this emulsion to 1 l autoclaved medium 461. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 461, except quinoline is added.
DSMZ Medium 461a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium460.pdf 460. NITROGEN-FREE MEDIUM FOR PSEUDOMONAS STUTZERI K2HPO4 0.5 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.2 g NaCl 0.1 g Yeast extract 0.2 g FeCl3 x 6 H2O 15.0 mg DL-Na-malate 6.6 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Adjust pH to 7.0. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, yeast extract, ferric chloride, and sodium malate.
nitrogen-free medium for Pseudomonas stutzeri
DSMZ Medium 460
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium458.pdf 458. MEDIUM FOR BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS - PHENOL DEGRADING K2HPO4 0.50 g NH4Cl 1.00 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.02 g Yeast extract 0.20 g Casamino acids 0.10 g Distilled water 900.00 ml pH 7.4 Autoclave for 15 min. Add 1 ml of sterile SL-4 (see medium 14) and 100 ml of filter-sterilized phenol-solution (4.7g/l). © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate, yeast extract, casamino acids, trace elements, and phenol.
medium for Bacillus stearothermophilus - phenol degrading
phenol degrading medium for Bacillus stearothermophilus
DSMZ Medium 458
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium459.pdf 459. SUCROSE-PEPTONE-MEDIUM Peptone 20.0 g Sucrose 20.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of peptone and sucrose.
DSMZ Medium 459
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium457d.pdf 457d. MEDIUM WITH BIPHENYL Prepare medium 457. Make a stock solution of 10 g/l biphenyl in ethanol and filter sterilize it using a cellulose filter membrane. Add an aliquot of this stock solution to a sterile flask so that the final concentration will be 0.25 g/l biphenyl, and let the ethanol evaporate. Add sterile medium to the crystal-layered flask. Alternatively, add biphenyl crystals directly to the liquid medium or to the lid of inversely incubated petri dishes containing 457-agar medium. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 457, except biphenyl is added.
DSMZ Medium 457d
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium457c.pdf 457c. MEDIUM WITH CHLOROACRYLIC ACID Prepare medium 457. Make a stock solution of 4 g/l 3-chloroacrylic acid in water, neutralize and filter sterilize. Add 20 ml of this stock solution to 1 l of autoclaved medium. For better growth, 1 g/l glucose may be supplied additionally or instead of the chloroacrylic acid. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 457, except 3-chloroacrylic acid is added.
DSMZ Medium 457c
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium457b.pdf 457b. MEDIUM WITH FLUORANTHENE OR PHENANTHRENE For DSM 7526, prepare medium 457 with 200 mg/l Tween 80. Prepare a solution of 2 g/l fluoranthene in acetone and filter sterilize using a cellulose filter membrane. Add 1 ml of this stock solution to the sterilized culture flask. Let acetone evaporate. Add 20 ml medium to the flask. Alternatively, the direct addition of about 1-2 mg fluoranthene to the medium is possible. For DSM 13022, prepare medium 457 with 0.3 g/l casamino acids. Add phenanthrene instead of fluoranthene to the culture vessel. 0.1 ml phenanthrene stock solution in acetone (5 mg/ml) are used per flask. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
DSM 13022 is Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis
Similar to DSMZ Medium 457, except casamino acids and phenanthrene are added.
medium with fluoranthrene or phenanthrene
DSMZ Medium 457b.2
Similar to DSMZ Medium 457, except Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) and fluoranthene are added.
DSMZ Medium 457b.1
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium457a.pdf 457a. MINERAL MEDIUM WITH 2-CHLOROBENZOATE Dissolve 78.3 g/l 2-chlorobenzoic acid in water by slow addition of concentrated NaOH (pH should reach 7.4). Filter-sterilize the solution and add 10.0 ml per liter autoclaved medium 457. Adjust the pH of the final medium to 7.4. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 457, except 2-chlorobenzoic acid (neutralized with sodium hydroxide) is added.
DSMZ Medium 457a
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium456.pdf 456. KPL MEDIUM Lactic acid whey (see below) 1000.0 ml White table wine (see below) 140.0 ml Glucose 10.0 g Galactose 10.0 g Tween 80 1.0 ml Agar 15.0 g Adjust pH to 5.5 Lactic acid whey: Adjust 10% skim milk to pH 5.5 with lactic acid and heat at 100˚C for 30 minutes. Remove precipitate by filtration. For preparing broth medium, adjust filtrate to pH 7.0 with 2 N NaOH and heat at 100˚C for 30 minutes. Remove precipitate by filtration. Adjust filtrate to pH 5.5 with 2 N HCl. White table wine: Filter-sterilize and add to autoclaved basal medium. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of lactic acid whey, filtered white table wine, glucose, galactose, Tween 80 (polysorbate 80), and agar.
DSMZ Medium 456
An undefined organic chemical mixture formed by heating diluted skim milk and lactic acid, then filtered. The pH is increased with sodium hydroxide, sample heated and re-filtered. The final pH is then adjusted by adding HCl (hydrogen chloride).
lactic acid whey
An undefined organic chemical mixture derived from the juice of the wine grape (the fruit of Vitis vinifera), formed through the process of maceration (homogenization) and fermentation, followed by filtration.
filtered white table wine
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium457.pdf 457. MINERAL MEDIUM (BRUNNER) Na2HPO4 2.44 g KH2PO4 1.52 g (NH4)2SO4 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.05 g Trace element solution SL-4 (see below) 10.00 ml Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.9. Prepare a separate solution of the phosphates and autoclave separately. Combine the two solutions after cooling. Rehydrate and cultivate lyophilized cells in complex medium (e.g. medium 1, 220 or 535). After this reactivation, cultivate in mineral medium 457 with the appropriate carbon source. Trace element solution SL-4: EDTA 0.50 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.20 g Trace element solution SL-6 (see below) 100.00 ml Distilled water 900.00 ml Trace element solution SL-6: ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.03 g H3BO3 0.30 g CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.20 g CuCl2 x 2 H2O 0.01 g NiCl2 x 6 H2O 0.02 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.03 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, and trace elements.
DSMZ Medium 457
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium454.pdf 454. EBA MEDIUM KH2PO4 0.20 g NaCl 1.00 g KCl 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.50 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.15 g NH4Cl 0.25 g Trace element sol. SL-10 (see medium 320) 1.00 ml Resazurin 1.00 mg Na2SeO3 x 5 H2O 1.00 ml (0.26 g/ 1000 ml 10 mM NaOH) Glycine 2.00 g Distilled water 950.00 ml pH 7.2 to 7.4 Before inoculation add per 100 ml of medium: Biotin (10 mg/l) 0.20 ml (autoclave for 10 minutes under N2) NaHCO3 (84 g/l) 3.00 ml (autoclaved under CO2) Na2S (60 g/l) 1.00 ml (autoclaved under N2) © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
A minerals-salts, liquid culture medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, trace elements, resazurin, sodium selenite, glycine, biotin, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sulfide. Prepared under an atmosphere of dinitrogen and carbon dioxide.
DSMZ Medium 454
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium455.pdf 455. AMB MEDIUM Trypticase peptone 4.00 g Yeast extract 5.00 g Starch, soluble 1.00 g Meat infusion 25.00 g Glucose 5.00 g Cysteine 1.00 g CaCl2 0.01 g MgSO4 0.20 g (NH4)2SO4 1.00 g K2HPO4 15.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml pH: 6.9. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of trypticase peptone, yeast extract, soluble starch, meat infusion (meat extract), glucose, cysteine, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium phosphate.
DSMZ Medium 455
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium453.pdf 453. STANDARD I MEDIUM Peptone from meat 7.8 g Peptone from caseine 7.8 g Yeast extract 2.8 g NaCl 5.6 g D(+)-Glucose 1.0 g Distilled water 1000.0 ml Autoclave for 15 min at 121˚C. pH of the final medium is 7.5. © 2012 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of peptone from meat (meat peptone), peptone from casein (casitone), yeast extract, sodium chloride, and D-glucose.
DSMZ Medium 453
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium452.pdf 452. GLUCOSE MEDIUM (NAKAYAMA) Glucose 10.00 g Peptone 10.00 g Yeast extract 15.00 g Agar 10.00 g Distilled water 980.00 ml Solution A 10.00 ml Solution B 10.00 ml Solution C 1.00 ml Solution A: KH2PO4 0.50 g K2HPO4 0.50 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution B: MgSO4 x 7 H2O 3.00 g NaCl 0.10 g MnSO4 x 5 H2O 0.10 g CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.01 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Solution C: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.10 g Na3-Citrate 2.00 g Distilled water 100.00 ml Autoclave all solutions separately, final pH is 6.8. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, solid culture medium comprised of glucose, peptone, yeast extract, agar, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, manganese sulfate, coppersulfate, ferrous sulfate, and sodium citrate.
DSMZ Medium 452
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium449.pdf 449. M17 MEDIUM FOR LACTIC STREPTOCOCCI Peptone from casein 5.00 g Soya peptone 5.00 g Peptone bacteriological 5.00 g Yeast extract 2.50 g Ascorbic acid 0.50 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.25 g Na2-ß-glycerophosphate 19.00 g Lactose 5.00 g Distilled water 1000.00 ml Adjust pH to 6.9 ± 0.2. Lactose should be sterilized by filtration. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid culture medium comprised of peptone from casein (casitone), soya peptone (soy peptone), peptone bacteriological (peptone), yeast extract, ascorbic acid, magnesium sulfate, sodium glycerophosphate, and lactose.
DSMZ Medium 449
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium450.pdf 450. SUPPLEMENTED (ARGININE) M9 MEDIUM To medium 382 add 20 mg/l arginine. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
Similar to DSMZ Medium 382, except arginine is added.
DSMZ Medium 450
http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium441.pdf 441. DIAZOTROPHIC MEDIUM (RBA) Solution A: KH2PO4 0.100 g K2HPO4 0.900 g NaCl 0.100 g CaCl2 x 2 H2O 0.100 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 0.100 g Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 0.005 g NaVO3 x H2O 0.005 g MnSO4 x H2O 0.005 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.010 g Yeast extract 0.050 g Trace element sol. SL-6 (see medium 27) 3.000 ml Distilled water 950.000 ml Agar (if necessary) 15.000 g Adjust pH to 7.3. Solution B: Na2-succinate 1.000 g DL-Malate 2.000 g Na-pyruvate 1.000 g D-Mannitol 2.000 g D-Glucose 2.000 g Distilled water 50.000 ml Adjust pH to 7.3. Sterilize solution A separately at 121˚C for 15 min., cool to 50˚C and then mix aseptically with filter-sterilized solution B and 5.0 ml of filter-sterilized standard vitamin solution (see medium 428). RBA is an ammonium-free medium which has successfully been used for the isolation, growth and purity check of a broad spectrum of nitrogen fixing bacteria (Ref. 3363). For microaerophilic nitrogen-fixing bacteria use semisolid medium with 0.3% end concentration of agar and incubate the liquid cultures under 10% (v/v) air and 90% (v/v) N2. © 2007 DSMZ GmbH - All rights reserved
An organic-rich, liquid medium comprised of potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium molybdate, sodium metavanadate, manganese sulfate, ferrous sulfate, yeast extract, and trace elements. Prepared under an atmosphere of air and dinitrogen.
DSMZ Medium 441
DSMZ
DSM 24923 is Natranaerobaculum magadiense
Similar to DSMZ Medium 784, except ethanol is omitted and sodium thiosulfate is added.
DSMZ Medium 784.1
A cyanobacterial filament that is differentiated.
differentiated cyanobacterial filament
A colony comprised of a prokaryotic cells.
prokaryotic colony
Prokaryotic cell quality, where the cell is pigmented (in that it has a color imparted by a chemical pigment compound).
cell pigmentation
A prokaryotic cell quality, where the cell has intracellular granules.
cell granulation
Prokaryotic cell quality, where the cell has a distinctive size (width).
cell size quality
A prokaryotic cell part quality, where the cell contains thylakoids membranes.
thylakoid quality
Cell size quality, where the width of the cell is between 0.2 and 2 microns (um).
pico-sized
Cell size quality, where the width of the cell is between 2 and 20 microns (um).
nano-sized
Cell size quality, where the size of a prokaryotic cell is small enough to pass through a filter with a defined pore size.
filterability
A Berkefeld filterable cell size that is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with an intermediate pore size N (for Normal). Pore sizes average 0.43 microns in diameter.
Berkefeld N filterable cell size
A Berkefeld filterable cell size that is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with a smaller pore size V (for Viel). Pore sizes average 0.38 microns in diameter. This is the most common filter size used to study the filterability of microorganisms.
Berkefeld V filterable cell size
Cell size quality, where the cell has a filterable cell size that is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with a defined pore size (e.g. V, N, or W), the largest of which is 0.45 microns.
Berkefeld filterable cell size
A Berkefeld filterable cell size that is small enough to pass through a Berkefeld filter candle with a wider pore size W (for Wenig). Pore sizes average 0.45 microns in diameter.
Berkefeld W filterable cell size
A rapid commercial standardized kit containing 32 assays to distinguish streptococci and enterococci.
www.mediray.co.nz/.../om_biomerieux_test-kits_ot-32600_package_insert-32600.pdf "rapid ID 32 STREP is a standardized system for the identification of streptococci and enterococci, and those most common related organisms, in 4 hours, which uses 32 miniaturized enzymatic tests, as well as a specific database. The complete list of those organisms that it is possible to identify with this system is given in the Identification Table at the end of this package insert. Reading and interpretation are carried out automatically or manually."
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
2,4,6-trichlorophenol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2,4-dichlorophenol.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconate (2,5-didehydro-D-gluconic acid).
2,5-didehydro-D-gluconic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid).
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate (2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid).
2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconate (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid).
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconate acidification
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconate fermentation
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluconic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2,4,6-trichlorophenol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2,4,6-trichlorophenol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate caffeic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate (2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconate (2,5-didehydro-D-gluconic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2,5-didehydro-D-gluconic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2,4-dichlorophenol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
A rapid commercial standardized kit containing 32 assays to distinguish anaerobic bacteria.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection Volume 5, Issue 6, June 1999, Pages 319-326 Evaluation of the Rapid ID 32A system for identification of anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli, excluding the Bacteroides fragilis group. J Downes, A King, J Hardie, and I Phillips. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00150.x
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cadaverine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cadaverine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate butyrate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
butyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate butanone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
butanone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-hydroxy-L-proline as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-hydroxy-L-proline assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-coumarate (4-coumaric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-coumaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-chlorophenol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-chlorophenol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-aminobenzoate (4-aminobenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-aminobenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3-phenylpropionate (3-phenylpropionic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3-phenylpropionic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3-phenyllactate (3-phenyllactic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3-phenyllactic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate azelaate (azelaic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
azelaic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate (3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate assimilation
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3-coumarate (3-coumaric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3-coumaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3-aminobenzoate (3-aminobenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3-aminobenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid or 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid assimilation
3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-phenylethylamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-phenylethylamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-phenylethanol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-phenylethanol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-methylbutyrate (2-methylbutyric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-methylbutyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-methoxyethanol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-methoxyethanol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-ethoxyethanol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-ethoxyethanol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-deoxy-D-glucose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-coumarate (2-coumaric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-coumaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 2-aminopentanoic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
2-aminopentanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate isovanillin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
isovanillin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-aminopentanoic acid.
2-aminopentanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-coumarate (2-coumaric acid).
2-coumaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-deoxy-D-glucose.
2-deoxy-D-glucose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-ethoxyethanol.
2-ethoxyethanol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-hydroxybutyrate (2-hydroxybutyric acid).
2-hydroxybutyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-methoxyethanol.
2-methoxyethanol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-methylbutyrate (2-methylbutyric acid).
2-methylbutyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-oxobutanoate (2-oxobutanoic acid).
2-oxobutanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-oxoglutaric acid (2-oxoglutarate).
2-oxoglutaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-oxopentanoate (2-oxopentanoic acid).
2-oxopentanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-phenylethanol.
2-phenylethanol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2-phenylethylamine.
2-phenylethylamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 2'-deoxyadenosine.
2'-deoxyadenosine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid).
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid).
3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid).
3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (or 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prpanoate).
3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid acidification
3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid fermentation
3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid.
3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3-aminobenzoate (3-aminobenzoic acid).
3-aminobenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3-coumarate (3-coumaric acid).
3-coumaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate (3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid).
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate acidification
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate fermentation
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3-hydroxybenzoate (3-hydroxybenzoic acid).
3-hydroxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-hydroxybutyric acid).
3-hydroxybutyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3-O-methyl-D-glucose.
3-O-methyl-D-glucose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3-phenyllactate (3-phenyllactic acid).
3-phenyllactic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 3-phenylpropionate (3-phenylpropionic acid).
3-phenylpropionic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-aminobenzoate (4-aminobenzoic acid).
4-aminobenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-chlorophenol.
4-chlorophenol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-coumarate (4-coumaric acid).
4-coumaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-hydroxy-L-proline.
4-hydroxy-L-proline fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-hydroxybenzoic acid).
4-hydroxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-arginine.
L-arginine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-hydroxybutyrate (4-hydroxybutyric acid).
4-hydroxybutyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid).
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-methoxycinnamic acid.
4-methoxycinnamic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 4-oxopentanoate (4-oxopentanoic acid).
4-oxopentanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 5-aminopentanoate (5-aminopentanoic acid).
5-aminopentanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 5-oxoprolinate (5-oxoproline).
5-oxoproline fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose.
6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose acidification
6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose fermentation
6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment 6-O-acetyl-D-glucose.
6-O-acetyl-D-glucose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-cyclodextrin.
alpha-cyclodextrin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment acetamide.
acetamide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment acetate (acetic acid).
acetic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment acetoacetate (acetoacetic acid).
acetoacetic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment acetoin.
acetoin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment acetone.
acetone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aconitic acid (aconitate).
aconitic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment acrylate (acrylic acid).
acrylic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment adenine.
adenine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment adenosine.
adenosine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment adenosine 5'-monophosphate.
adenosine 5'-monophosphate acidification
adenosine 5'-monophosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment adipic acid (adipate).
adipic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment agar.
agar fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment agarose.
agarose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Ala-Gly.
Ala-Gly fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-alanyl-L-glutamic acid.
L-alanyl-L-glutamic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Ala-His.
Ala-His fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Ala-Thr.
Ala-Thr fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alanine.
alanine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alginate (alginic acid).
alginic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment allantoin.
allantoin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aminobenzoate (aminobenzoic acid).
aminobenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ammonium betaine.
ammonium betaine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment amylopectin.
amylopectin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment amylose.
amylose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment anthranilate.
anthranilic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment arabinitol.
arabinitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment arabinogalactan.
arabinogalactan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment arabinose.
arabinose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment arginine.
arginine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ascorbate (ascorbic acid).
ascorbic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment asparagine.
asparagine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aspartic acid (aspartate).
aspartic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment azelaate (azelaic acid).
azelaic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl D-galactoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-alanine (beta-alaninate).
beta-alanine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-cyclodextrin.
beta-cyclodextrin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-D-glucuronamide.
beta-D-glucuronamide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment benzoate (benzoic acid).
benzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment bromosuccinate (bromosuccinic acid).
bromosuccinic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment butan-1-ol.
butan-1-ol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate butane-2,3-dione as a sole source of carbon and energy.
butane-2,3-dione assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate butane-1,3-diol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
butane-1,3-diol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate butan-1-ol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
butan-1-ol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl D-glucoside.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate benzoate (benzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
benzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-alanine (beta-alaninate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
beta-alanine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl D-glucoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aspartic acid (aspartate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
aspartic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate asparagine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
asparagine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ascorbate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ascorbic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate arginine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
arginine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate arabinose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
arabinose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate arabinogalactan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
arabinogalactan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate arabinitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
arabinitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate anthranilate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
anthranilic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate amylose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
amylose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate amylopectin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
amylopectin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ammonium betaine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ammonium betaine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aminobenzoate (aminobenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
aminobenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate allantoin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
allantoin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alginate (alginic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alginic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alanine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alanine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate agarose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
agarose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate agar as a sole source of carbon and energy.
agar assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate phenylethylamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
phenylethylamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate adenine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
adenine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate acrylate (acrylic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
acrylic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate acetone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
acetone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate acetoin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
acetoin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate acetamide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
acetamide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 6-O-acetyl-D-glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
6-O-acetyl-D-glucose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate xylooligosaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
xylooligosaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 5-aminopentanoate (5-aminopentanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
5-aminopentanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-oxopentanoate (4-oxopentanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-oxopentanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate 4-methoxycinnamic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
4-methoxycinnamic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carboxymethylcellulose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carboxymethylcellulose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate catechol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
catechol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cellobiose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cellobiose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate chitin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
chitin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate chitosan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
chitosan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cholesterol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cholesterol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate choline as a sole source of carbon and energy.
choline assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cinnamate (cinnamic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cinnamic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cinnamyl alcohol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cinnamyl alcohol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate citrulline as a sole source of carbon and energy.
citrulline assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate coniferol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
coniferol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate coumarate (coumaric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
coumaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate creatine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
creatine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate creatinine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
creatinine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate crotonate (crotonic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
crotonic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate crystalline cellulose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
crystalline cellulose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate (1->3)-beta-D-glucan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
(1->3)-beta-D-glucan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cyclodextrin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cyclodextrin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cyclohexanecarboxylate (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cyclohexanecarboxylic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cyclohexanol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cyclohexanol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cysteine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cysteine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-cysteine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-cysteine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cystine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cystine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-cystine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-cystine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate dodecanoate (dodecanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
dodecanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate dimethylamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
dimethylamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate dimethyl sulfoxide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
dimethyl sulfoxide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate dimethyl sulfide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
dimethyl sulfide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate dihydroxyacetone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
dihydroxyacetone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate dextran as a sole source of carbon and energy.
dextran assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate deoxyribonucleic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
deoxyribonucleic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate assimilation
D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate assimilation
D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cytosine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cytosine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cyclohexanecarboxylate (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid).
cyclohexanecarboxylic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cyclohexanol.
cyclohexanol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cysteine.
cysteine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-cysteine.
L-cysteine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cystine.
cystine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-cystine.
L-cystine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate acidification
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate fermentation
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment (1->3)-beta-D-glucan.
(1->3)-beta-D-glucan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment crystalline cellulose.
crystalline cellulose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment crotonate (crotonic acid).
crotonic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment creatine.
creatine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment coniferol.
coniferol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment citrulline.
citrulline fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cis-aconitic acid (cis-aconitate).
cis-aconitic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cinnamyl alcohol.
cinnamyl alcohol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cinnamate (cinnamic acid).
cinnamic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment choline.
choline fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cholesterol.
cholesterol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment chitosan.
chitosan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment chitin.
chitin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-alanine.
L-alanine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-aspartic acid (L-aspartate).
L-aspartic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-aspartic acid (D-aspartate).
D-aspartic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-alanine.
D-alanine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate.
D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate acidification
D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate fermentation
D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cellobiose.
cellobiose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment catechol.
catechol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carnitine.
carnitine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carboxymethylcellulose.
carboxymethylcellulose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment caffeic acid (cis-caffeate or trans-caffeate).
caffeic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cadaverine.
cadaverine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment butyrate (butyric acid).
butyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment butanone.
butanone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment butane-2,3-dione.
butane-2,3-dione fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment butane-2,3-diol.
butane-2,3-diol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment butane-1,3-diol.
butane-1,3-diol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment gellan gum.
gellan gum fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment gelatin.
gelatin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment gallate (gallic acid).
gallic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-D-galacturonate (D-galacturonic acid).
alpha-D-galacturonic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment galacturonate (galacturonic acid).
galacturonic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-lyxose.
L-lyxose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment galactose.
galactose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-galactono-1,4-lactone.
L-galactono-1,4-lactone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment galactonolactone.
galactonolactone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment galactaric acid (galactarate).
galactaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment gamma-cyclodextrin.
gamma-cyclodextrin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment gamma-aminobutyrate (gamma-aminobutyric acid).
gamma-aminobutyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment fusidic acid (fusidate).
fusidic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment fumaric acid (fumarate).
fumaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment (R)-lactate.
(R)-lactic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment isovanillin.
isovanillin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment fucose.
fucose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-fructose 6-phosphate.
D-fructose 6-phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment fructose 6-phosphate.
fructose 6-phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment fructose.
fructose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment formate (formic acid).
formic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ferulate (ferulic acid).
ferulic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ethylene glycol.
ethylene glycol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ethanolamine.
ethanolamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ethanol.
ethanol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment erythrose.
erythrose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment dodecanoate (dodecanoic acid).
dodecanoic acid fermentation assay
An assay for the activity of beta-galactosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate resorufin-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Beta-galactosidase will cleave the substrate, producing resorufin, which is pink. A positive result is fluorescent pink/red-orange; a negative result is orange.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment dimethylamine.
dimethylamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment dimethyl sulfoxide.
dimethyl sulfoxide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment dimethyl sulfide.
dimethyl sulfide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment dihydroxyacetone.
dihydroxyacetone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment dextrin.
dextrin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment dextran.
dextran fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment deoxyribonucleic acid.
deoxyribonucleic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment decanoate (decanoic acid).
decanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-glucose 6-phosphate.
D-glucose 6-phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate.
D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate acidification
D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate fermentation
D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cytosine.
cytosine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate erythrose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
erythrose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate esculin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
esculin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ethanol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ethanol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ethylene glycol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ethylene glycol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ferulate (ferulic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ferulic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate fructose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
fructose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate fructose 6-phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
fructose 6-phosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate fucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
fucose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate fusidic acid (fusidate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
fusidic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate gamma-cyclodextrin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
gamma-cyclodextrin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate galactonolactone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
galactonolactone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate galactose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
galactose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate galacturonate (galacturonic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
galacturonic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate gallate (gallic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
gallic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate gellan gum as a sole source of carbon and energy.
gellan gum assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate Glu-Glu as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Glu-Glu assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glucaric acid (glucarate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glucaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glucitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glucitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate gluconate (gluconic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
gluconic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glucosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glucosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glucose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate rac-methyl lactate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
rac-methyl lactate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetylglucosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetylglucosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methylamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methylamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate.
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate acidification
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate fermentation
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glucoside.
glucoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glucosiduronic acid (alpha-D-glucosiduronate or beta-D-glucosiduronate).
glucosiduronic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glucuronate (glucuronic acid).
glucuronic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-glucuronate (D-glucuronic acid).
D-glucuronic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glutamic acid (glutamate).
glutamic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-glutamic acid (L-glutamate).
L-glutamic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment gamma-poly(L-glutamic acid).
gamma-poly(L-glutamic acid) acidification
gamma-poly(L-glutamic acid) fermentation
gamma-poly(L-glutamic acid) fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glutamine.
glutamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-glutamine.
L-glutamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glutarate (glutaric acid).
glutaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glutathione.
glutathione fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Gly-Asp.
Gly-Asp fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Gly-Glu.
Gly-Glu fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Gly-Pro.
Gly-Pro fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycerate (glyceric acid).
glyceric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycerol 1-phosphate.
glycerol 1-phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycine.
glycine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycine betaine.
glycine betaine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycolaldehyde.
glycolaldehyde fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycolate (glycolic acid).
glycolic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Gly-Gln.
Gly-Gln fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Gly-Met.
Gly-Met fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycyl-glycyl-glycine.
glycyl-glycyl-glycine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycylglycine.
glycylglycine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glyoxylate (glyoxylic acid).
glyoxylic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment guanidine.
guanidine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment guanine.
guanine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hemicellulose.
hemicellulose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hexadecanoate (hexadecanoic acid).
hexadecanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment trans-caffeate.
trans-caffeic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glucose.
glucose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glucosamine.
glucosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-gluconate (D-gluconic acid).
D-gluconic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cis-caffeate.
cis-caffeic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glucitol.
glucitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-glucaric acid (D-glucarate).
D-glucaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glucaric acid (glucarate).
glucaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Glu-Glu.
Glu-Glu fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate propane-1,3-diol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
propane-1,3-diol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate propane-1,2-diol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
propane-1,2-diol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate propan-2-ol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
propan-2-ol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate propan-1-ol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
propan-1-ol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate proline as a sole source of carbon and energy.
proline assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate polysorbate 60 as a sole source of carbon and energy.
polysorbate 60 assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hemicellulose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hemicellulose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate guanine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
guanine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate guanidine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
guanidine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycylglycine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glycylglycine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycyl-glycyl-glycine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glycyl-glycyl-glycine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycolate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glycolic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycolaldehyde as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glycolaldehyde assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycine betaine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glycine betaine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glycine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycerol 1-phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glycerol 1-phosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycerate (glyceric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glyceric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glutathione as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glutathione assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glutarate (glutaric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glutaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glutamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glutamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate gamma-poly(L-glutamic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
gamma-poly(L-glutamic acid) assimilation
gamma-poly(L-glutamic acid) assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glutamic acid (glutamate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glutamic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glucuronate (glucuronic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glucuronic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glucosiduronic acid (alpha-D-glucosiduronate or beta-D-glucosiduronate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glucosiduronic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glucoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glucoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment heptanoate (heptanoic acid).
heptanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hexanoate (hexanoic acid).
hexanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hippurate.
hippurate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment histidine.
histidine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-histidine.
L-histidine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hyaluronate (hyaluronic acid).
hyaluronic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hydantoin.
hydantoin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hydroxybenzoate (hydroxybenzoic acid).
hydroxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hydroxybutyric acid (hydroxybutyrate).
hydroxybutyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hydroxyproline.
hydroxyproline fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hydroxyquinoline.
hydroxyquinoline fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hypoxanthine.
hypoxanthine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment indole.
indole fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment indole-3-acetate (indole-3-acetic acid).
indole-3-acetic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment inosine.
inosine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment isoamylol.
isoamylol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment isobutanol.
isobutanol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment isobutyrate (isobutyric acid).
isobutyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment isocaproate (isocaproic acid).
isocaproic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment isocitric acid (isocitrate).
isocitric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment isoferulic acid.
isoferulic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment isoleucine.
isoleucine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-isoleucine.
L-isoleucine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment isovalerate (isovaleric acid).
isovaleric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment itaconic acid (itaconate).
itaconic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ketogluconate (ketogluconic acid).
ketogluconic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-aminobutyrate (alpha-aminobutyric acid).
alpha-aminobutyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment l-alaninamide.
l-alaninamide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lactamide.
lactamide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lactate (rac-lactic acid, or 2-hydroxypropanoic acid).
lactic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment (S)-lactate.
(S)-lactic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lactose.
lactose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-lactose.
alpha-lactose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lactulose.
lactulose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment laminarin.
laminarin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lecithin.
lecithin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Leu-Gly.
Leu-Gly fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment leucine.
leucine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-leucine.
L-leucine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lichenin.
lichenin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lignin.
lignin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lysine.
lysine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-lysine.
L-lysine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lyxose.
lyxose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methoxybenzoate (methoxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methoxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methoxybenzene as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methoxybenzene assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methionine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methionine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methanol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methanol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-lysine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-lysine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lysine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
lysine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lignin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
lignin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lichenin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
lichenin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate leucine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
leucine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate Leu-Gly as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Leu-Gly assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lecithin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
lecithin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate laminarin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
laminarin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lactose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
lactose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ketogluconate (ketogluconic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ketogluconic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate isovalerate (isovaleric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
isovaleric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-isoleucine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-isoleucine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate isoleucine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
isoleucine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate isoferulic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
isoferulic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate isocitric acid (isocitrate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
isocitric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate isocaproate (isocaproic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
isocaproic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate isobutyrate (isobutyric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
isobutyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate isobutanol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
isobutanol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate isoamylol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
isoamylol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate indole-3-acetate (indole-3-acetic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
indole-3-acetic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate indole as a sole source of carbon and energy.
indole assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hypoxanthine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hypoxanthine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hydroxyquinoline as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hydroxyquinoline assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hydroxybutyric acid (hydroxybutyrate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hydroxybutyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hydroxybenzoate (hydroxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hydroxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hydantoin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hydantoin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hyaluronate (hyaluronic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hyaluronic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate histidine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
histidine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hippurate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hippurate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hexanoate (hexanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hexanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hexadecanoate (hexadecanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hexadecanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate heptanoate (heptanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
heptanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment malate (malic acid).
malic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl D-galactoside.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment (S)-malate(2-) or (S)-malic acid.
(S)-malic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment maleate (maleic acid).
maleic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment maltitol.
maltitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment maltodextrin.
maltodextrin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment maltose.
maltose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment malvalic acid.
malvalic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment mannan.
mannan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment mannitol.
mannitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment mannose.
mannose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment mannoside.
mannoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment margarate (heptadecanoic acid).
heptadecanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment melibiose.
melibiose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment mesaconic acid (mesaconate).
mesaconic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (meso-2,6-diaminopimelate).
meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid acidification
meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid fermentation
meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment meso-tartaric acid (meso-tartrate).
meso-tartaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methanethiol.
methanethiol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methanol.
methanol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methionine.
methionine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-methionine.
L-methionine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methoxybenzene.
methoxybenzene fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methoxybenzoate (methoxybenzoic acid).
methoxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment rac-methyl lactate.
rac-methyl lactate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl (R)-lactate.
methyl (R)-lactate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl alpha-D-galactoside.
methyl alpha-D-galactoside acidification
methyl alpha-D-galactoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl beta-D-galactoside.
methyl beta-D-galactoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetylglucosamine.
N-acetylglucosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl pyruvate.
methyl pyruvate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methylamine.
methylamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl glucoside.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methylmalonic acid (methylmalonate).
methylmalonic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment monomethyl succinate.
monomethyl succinate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment myo-inositol.
myo-inositol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine.
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine acidification
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine fermentation
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine.
N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine acidification
N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine fermentation
N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid.
N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetylneuraminic acid (N-acetylneuraminate).
N-acetylneuraminic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-carbamoylglycine.
N-carbamoylglycine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-carbamoylsarcosine.
N-carbamoylsarcosine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-methyl-D-aspartic acid.
N-methyl-D-aspartic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-methyl-L-alanine.
N-methyl-L-alanine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-methylhydantoin.
N-methylhydantoin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-methylnicotinate (N-methylnicotinic acid).
N-methylnicotinic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N,N-dimethylethanolamine.
N,N-dimethylethanolamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N,N-dimethylglycine.
N,N-dimethylglycine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment nonanoate (nonanoic acid).
nonanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment o-cresol.
o-cresol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methanethiol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methanethiol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (meso-2,6-diaminopimelate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid assimilation
meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate mesaconic acid (mesaconate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
mesaconic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate melibiose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
melibiose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate margarate (heptadecanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
heptadecanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate mannoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
mannoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate mannose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
mannose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate mannitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
mannitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate malvalic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
malvalic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate maltose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
maltose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate maltodextrin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
maltodextrin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate maltitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
maltitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate maleate (maleic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
maleic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate malate (malic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
malic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-lyxose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-lyxose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lyxose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
lyxose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate polysorbate 20 as a sole source of carbon and energy.
polysorbate 20 assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate polysorbate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
polysorbate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate poly(hydroxybutyrate) or poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
poly(hydroxybutyrate) assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate polygalacturonates as a sole source of carbon and energy.
polygalacturonates assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl glucoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate picolinate (picolinic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
picolinic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate phthalic acid (phthalate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
phthalic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate phosphocholine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
phosphocholine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate phosphatidylcholine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
phosphatidylcholine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate phloroglucinol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
phloroglucinol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate phenylalanine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
phenylalanine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate phenol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
phenol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate perseitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
perseitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pentenoate (pentanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pentenoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pentan-1-ol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pentan-1-ol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pentadecanoate (pentadecanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pentadecanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate p-cresol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
p-cresol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate oxopentanoates (oxopentanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
oxopentanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate oxaloacetic acid (oxaloacetate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
oxaloacetic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate oxalate (oxalic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
oxalic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ornithine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ornithine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate oleic acid (oleate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
oleic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate octanol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
octanol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate octanoate (octanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
octanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate o-cresol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
o-cresol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate nonanoate (nonanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
nonanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N,N-dimethylglycine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N,N-dimethylglycine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N,N-dimethylethanolamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N,N-dimethylethanolamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-methylnicotinate (N-methylnicotinic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-methylnicotinic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-methylhydantoin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-methylhydantoin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-methyl-L-alanine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-methyl-L-alanine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-methyl-D-aspartic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-methyl-D-aspartic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-carbamoylsarcosine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-carbamoylsarcosine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-carbamoylglycine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-carbamoylglycine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine assimilation
N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methylmalonic acid (methylmalonate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methylmalonic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-lactose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
beta-lactose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment octanoate (octanoic acid).
octanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment octanol.
octanol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment oleic acid (oleate).
oleic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ornithine.
ornithine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-ornithine.
L-ornithine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment oxalate (oxalic acid).
oxalic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment oxaloacetic acid (oxaloacetate).
oxaloacetic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment oxopentanoates.
oxopentanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment p-cresol.
p-cresol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pectin.
pectin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pentadecanoate (pentadecanoic acid).
pentadecanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pentan-1-ol.
pentan-1-ol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pentenoate (pentanoic acid).
pentenoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment perseitol.
perseitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment phenol.
phenol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment trehalose.
trehalose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment salicyl alcohol.
salicyl alcohol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment rutin.
rutin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ribose.
ribose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ribitol.
ribitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment rhamnose.
rhamnose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment quinate (quinic acid).
quinic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-pyrrolysine.
L-pyrrolysine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pyrrolysine.
pyrrolysine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pyrogallol.
pyrogallol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pyrazinecarboxamide.
pyrazinecarboxamide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment putrescine.
putrescine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment purines.
purines fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-psicose.
D-psicose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment psicose.
psicose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment propionate (propionic acid).
propionic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment propanediol.
propanediol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment propane-1,3-diol.
propane-1,3-diol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment propane-1,2-diol.
propane-1,2-diol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment propan-2-ol.
propan-2-ol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment propan-1-ol.
propan-1-ol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-proline.
L-proline fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment proline.
proline fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment polysorbate 80.
polysorbate 80 fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment polysorbate 60.
polysorbate 60 fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment polysorbate 40.
polysorbate 40 fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment polysorbate 20.
polysorbate 20 fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment polysorbate.
polysorbate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment poly(hydroxybutyrate) or poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
poly(hydroxybutyrate) fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment polygalacturonates.
polygalacturonates fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment poly(ethylene glycol).
poly(ethylene glycol) fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment picolinate (picolinic acid).
picolinic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment phthalic acid (phthalate).
phthalic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment phosphocholine.
phosphocholine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment phosphatidylcholine.
phosphatidylcholine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment phloroglucinol.
phloroglucinol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-phenylalanine.
L-phenylalanine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment phenylalanine.
phenylalanine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment phenylacetate (phenylacetic acid).
phenylacetic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate propanediol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
propanediol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate psicose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
psicose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pullulan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pullulan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate purines as a sole source of carbon and energy.
purines assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pyrazinecarboxamide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pyrazinecarboxamide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pyrogallol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pyrogallol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pyrrolysine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pyrrolysine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-pyrrolysine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-pyrrolysine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate rhamnose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
rhamnose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-ribitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-ribitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ribose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ribose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate rutin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
rutin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate salicyl alcohol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
salicyl alcohol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate sarcosine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
sarcosine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate sedoheptulose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
sedoheptulose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate selenocysteine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
selenocysteine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate serine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
serine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate sorbose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
sorbose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate spermidine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
spermidine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate spermine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
spermine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate starch as a sole source of carbon and energy.
starch assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate sterculic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
sterculic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate syringate (syringic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
syringic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tagatose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tagatose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tartrate (tartaric acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tartaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tetradecanoate (tetradecanoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tetradecanoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate thioacetamide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
thioacetamide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate thiocyanate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
thiocyanate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate thioglycolic acid (or thioglycolate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
thioglycolic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate threonine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
threonine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate threose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
threose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate thymine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
thymine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate toluene as a sole source of carbon and energy.
toluene assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate trans-sinapate (trans-sinapic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
trans-sinapic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate xylene as a sole source of carbon and energy.
xylene assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate xylan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
xylan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate xanthine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
xanthine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate veratraldehyde as a sole source of carbon and energy.
veratraldehyde assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment trans-sinapate (trans-sinapic acid).
trans-sinapic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment trans-aconitic acid (trans-aconitate).
trans-aconitic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment toluene.
toluene fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment thymine.
thymine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment thymidine 5'-monophosphate.
thymidine 5'-monophosphate acidification
thymidine 5'-monophosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment thymidine.
thymidine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment threose.
threose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-threonine.
L-threonine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment threonine.
threonine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment thioglycolic acid (thioglycolate).
thioglycolic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment thiocyanate.
thiocyanate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment thioacetamide.
thioacetamide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tetradecanoate (tetradecanoic acid).
tetradecanoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tartrate (tartaric acid).
tartaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tagatose.
tagatose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment syringate (syringic acid).
syringic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment succinate (succinic acid).
succinic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment succinamic acid.
succinamic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment suberate (suberic acid).
suberic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment sterculic acid.
sterculic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment stachyose.
stachyose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment spermine.
spermine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment spermidine.
spermidine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment sorbose.
sorbose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-serine.
D-serine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-serine.
L-serine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment serine.
serine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment selenocysteine.
selenocysteine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment sedoheptulose.
sedoheptulose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment sedoheptulosan.
sedoheptulosan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment sebacate (sebacic acid).
sebacic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment sarcosine.
sarcosine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycerol phosphate.
glycerol phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tributyrin.
tributyrin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tricarballylate (tricarballylic acid).
tricarballylic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment trihydroxybenzoate (trihydroxybenzoic acid).
trihydroxybenzoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment trimethylamine.
trimethylamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tryptamine.
tryptamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tryptophan.
tryptophan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-tryptophan.
L-tryptophan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tyrosine.
tyrosine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-tyrosine.
L-tyrosine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment uracil.
uracil fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment urea.
urea fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment uric acid (urate).
uric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment uridine.
uridine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment UMP.
UMP fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment urocanate (urocanic acid).
urocanic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment valerate (valeric acid).
valeric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment valine.
valine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-valine.
L-valine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment vanillate (vanillic acid).
vanillic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment vanillin.
vanillin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment veratraldehyde.
veratraldehyde fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment xanthine.
xanthine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl mannoside.
methyl mannoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate vanillin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
vanillin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate vanillate (vanillic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
vanillic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate valine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
valine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate uric acid (urate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
uric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate urea as a sole source of carbon and energy.
urea assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate uracil as a sole source of carbon and energy.
uracil assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-tyrosine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-tyrosine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tyrosine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tyrosine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-tryptophan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-tryptophan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tryptophan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tryptophan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tryptamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tryptamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate trimethylamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
trimethylamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate trihydroxybenzoate (trihydroxybenzoic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
trihydroxybenzoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tricarballylate (tricarballylic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tricarballylic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tributyrin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tributyrin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate trehalose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
trehalose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate xylose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
xylose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl mannoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl mannoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl galactoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl galactoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetylgalactosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetylgalactosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetylmannosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetylmannosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-D-glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-D-glucose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment xylene.
xylene fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment xylooligosaccharide.
xylooligosaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment xylose.
xylose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl galactoside.
methyl galactoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetylgalactosamine.
N-acetylgalactosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetylmannosamine.
N-acetylmannosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-mannitol.
L-mannitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-D-mannoside.
alpha-D-mannoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycerol monophosphate.
glycerol monophosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-galactono-1,4-lactone.
D-galactono-1,4-lactone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glucuronolactone.
glucuronolactone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-D-glucose.
alpha-D-glucose fermentation assay
L-arabinitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate trans-caffeate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
trans-caffeic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cis-caffeate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cis-caffeic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-arabinose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-arabinose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-arabinitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-arabinitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate assimilation
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate (R)-lactate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
(R)-lactic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-lyxose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-lyxose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-mannitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-mannitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-D-mannoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-D-mannoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycerol monophosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glycerol monophosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-galacturonic acid (D-galacturonate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-galacturonic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-glucitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-glucitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-glucosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-glucosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-D-glucosamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
beta-D-glucosamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-glucoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-glucoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-glucoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
beta-glucoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glucuronolactone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glucuronolactone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-galactono-1,5-lactone.
D-galactono-1,5-lactone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment monounsaturated fatty acid.
monounsaturated fatty acid acidification
monounsaturated fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-D-fucose.
beta-D-fucose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-L-fucose.
beta-L-fucose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-L-fucose.
alpha-L-fucose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-galacturonic acid (D-galacturonate).
D-galacturonic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-glucitol.
L-glucitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-glucosamine.
D-glucosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-D-glucosamine.
beta-D-glucosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-glucoside.
alpha-glucoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-glucoside.
beta-glucoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-citrulline as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-citrulline assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-D-fructofuranose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
beta-D-fructofuranose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-D-fructofuranose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-D-fructofuranose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-fructose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-fructose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-D-fucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
beta-D-fucose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate beta-L-fucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
beta-L-fucose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-L-fucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-L-fucose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-galactono-1,5-lactone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-galactono-1,5-lactone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-galactono-1,4-lactone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-galactono-1,4-lactone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-fructose.
L-fructose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-D-fructofuranose.
alpha-D-fructofuranose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment beta-D-fructofuranose.
beta-D-fructofuranose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-citrulline.
L-citrulline fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment creatinine.
creatinine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment long-chain fatty acid.
long-chain fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment branched-chain fatty acid.
branched-chain fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hydroxy fatty acid.
hydroxy fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment medium-chain fatty acid.
medium-chain fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment short-chain fatty acid.
short-chain fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment straight-chain fatty acid.
straight-chain fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment unsaturated fatty acid.
unsaturated fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment fatty acid.
fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl-branched fatty acid.
methyl-branched fatty acid acidification
methyl-branched fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cyclic fatty acid.
cyclic fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cyclopropeny fatty acid.
cyclopropeny fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment nitrogen-containing fatty acid.
nitrogen-containing fatty acid acidification
nitrogen-containing fatty acid fermentation
nitrogen-containing fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-asparagine.
L-asparagine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate unsaturated fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
unsaturated fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate straight-chain fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
straight-chain fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate short-chain fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
short-chain fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate medium-chain fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
medium-chain fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hydroxy fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hydroxy fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate branched-chain fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
branched-chain fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate long-chain fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
long-chain fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate monounsaturated fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
monounsaturated fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl-branched fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl-branched fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cyclic fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cyclic fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cyclopropeny fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cyclopropeny fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate nitrogen-containing fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
nitrogen-containing fatty acid assimilation
nitrogen-containing fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate oxo fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
oxo fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate saturated fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
saturated fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methylbutyric acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methylbutyric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lipoic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
lipoic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate straight-chain saturated fatty acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid assimilation
straight-chain saturated fatty acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment oxo fatty acid.
oxo fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment saturated fatty acid.
saturated fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methylbutyric acid.
methylbutyric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lipoic acid.
lipoic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carbohydrate.
carbohydrate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alditol.
alditol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hexitol.
hexitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pentitol.
pentitol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tetritol.
tetritol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment polysaccharide derivative.
polysaccharide derivative fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl glycoside.
methyl glycoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid acidification
straight-chain saturated fatty acid fermentation
straight-chain saturated fatty acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carbohydrate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carbohydrate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alditol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alditol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hexitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hexitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pentitol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pentitol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tetritol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tetritol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aromatic ether as a sole source of carbon and energy.
aromatic ether assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate dimethoxybenzene as a sole source of carbon and energy.
dimethoxybenzene assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate monomethoxybenzene as a sole source of carbon and energy.
monomethoxybenzene assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carbohydrate acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carbohydrate acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aldaric acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
aldaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment soluble starch.
soluble starch fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment polysaccharide.
polysaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment trisaccharide.
trisaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment raffinose family oligosaccharide.
raffinose family oligosaccharide acidification
raffinose family oligosaccharide fermentation
raffinose family oligosaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment maltooligosaccharide.
maltooligosaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment disaccharide.
disaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cyclic oligosaccharide.
cyclic oligosaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment oligosaccharide.
oligosaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment diketoaldonic acid.
diketoaldonic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment deoxy sugar.
deoxy sugar fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ketoaldonic acid.
ketoaldonic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment uronic acid.
uronic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hexaric acid.
hexaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tetraric acid.
tetraric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hexonic acid.
hexonic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aldonic acid.
aldonic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aldaric acid.
aldaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carbohydrate acid.
carbohydrate acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment monomethoxybenzene.
monomethoxybenzene fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment dimethoxybenzene.
dimethoxybenzene fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aromatic ether.
aromatic ether fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aldonic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
aldonic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hexonic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hexonic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tetraric acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tetraric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hexaric acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hexaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate uronic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
uronic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ketoaldonic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ketoaldonic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate deoxy sugar as a sole source of carbon and energy.
deoxy sugar assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate diketoaldonic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
diketoaldonic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate oligosaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
oligosaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cyclic oligosaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cyclic oligosaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate disaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
disaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate maltooligosaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
maltooligosaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate raffinose family oligosaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
raffinose family oligosaccharide assimilation
raffinose family oligosaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate trisaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
trisaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate polysaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
polysaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate inulobiose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
inulobiose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate soluble starch as a sole source of carbon and energy.
soluble starch assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate monosaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
monosaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aldohexose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
aldohexose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aldose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
aldose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aldotetrose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
aldotetrose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ahydro sugar as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ahydro sugar assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hexose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hexose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pentose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pentose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carbohydrate derivative as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carbohydrate derivative assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alditol phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alditol phosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate amino sugar as a sole source of carbon and energy.
amino sugar assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carbohydrate acid derivative as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carbohydrate acid derivative assimilation
carbohydrate acid derivative assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carbohydrate lactone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carbohydrate lactone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carbohydrate phosphate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carbohydrate phosphate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate glycoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
glycoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate disaccharide derivative as a sole source of carbon and energy.
disaccharide derivative assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate monosaccharide derivative as a sole source of carbon and energy.
monosaccharide derivative assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment disaccharide derivative.
disaccharide derivative fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment glycoside.
glycoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carbohydrate phosphate.
carbohydrate phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carbohydrate lactone.
carbohydrate lactone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carbohydrate acid derivative.
carbohydrate acid derivative acidification
carbohydrate acid derivative fermentation
carbohydrate acid derivative fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment amino sugar.
amino sugar fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alditol phosphate.
alditol phosphate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pentose.
pentose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hexose.
hexose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ahydro sugar.
ahydro sugar fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aldotetrose.
aldotetrose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aldose.
aldose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aldohexose.
aldohexose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment monosaccharide.
monosaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl glycoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl glycoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate hexoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
hexoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate galactoside as a sole source of carbon and energy.
galactoside assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate polysaccharide derivative as a sole source of carbon and energy.
polysaccharide derivative assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate aminoglycan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
aminoglycan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carbohydrate sulfate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carbohydrate sulfate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate nucleobase as a sole source of carbon and energy.
nucleobase assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate quinolines as a sole source of carbon and energy.
quinolines assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate proteinogenic amino acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
proteinogenic amino acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate organonitrogen compound as a sole source of carbon and energy.
organonitrogen compound assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment monosaccharide derivative.
monosaccharide derivative fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment aminoglycan.
aminoglycan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carbohydrate sulfate.
carbohydrate sulfate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment organonitrogen compound.
organonitrogen compound fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment proteinogenic amino acid.
proteinogenic amino acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment quinolines.
quinolines fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment nucleobase.
nucleobase fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lactam.
lactam fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment galactoside.
galactoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment hexoside.
hexoside fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lactam as a sole source of carbon and energy.
lactam assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate pyrimidines as a sole source of carbon and energy.
pyrimidines assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate amino acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
amino acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carboxylic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carboxylic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate organosulfur compound as a sole source of carbon and energy.
organosulfur compound assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate organochlorine compound as a sole source of carbon and energy.
organochlorine compound assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate benzenes as a sole source of carbon and energy.
benzenes assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate phenols as a sole source of carbon and energy.
phenols assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate cinnamic acids as a sole source of carbon and energy.
cinnamic acids assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate polyol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
polyol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alcohol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alcohol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate lipid as a sole source of carbon and energy.
lipid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate benzoic acids as a sole source of carbon and energy.
benzoic acids assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate amino acid derivative as a sole source of carbon and energy.
amino acid derivative assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate carboxamide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
carboxamide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment pyrimidines.
pyrimidines fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment amino acid.
amino acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carboxylic acid.
carboxylic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment ketone.
ketone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment exopolysaccharide.
exopolysaccharide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment biomacromolecule.
biomacromolecule fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment information biomacromolecule.
information biomacromolecule acidification
information biomacromolecule fermentation
information biomacromolecule fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment phenylethylamine.
phenylethylamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment organic amino compound.
organic amino compound fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment amine.
amine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment peptide.
peptide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment carboxamide.
carboxamide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment amino acid derivative.
amino acid derivative fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment benzoic acids.
benzoic acids fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment lipid.
lipid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alcohol.
alcohol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment polyol.
polyol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment cinnamic acids.
cinnamic acids fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment phenols.
phenols fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment benzenes.
benzenes fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment organochlorine compound.
organochlorine compound fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment organosulfur compound.
organosulfur compound fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate peptide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
peptide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-tartaric acid (D-tartrate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-tartaric acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate talose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
talose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-talose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-talose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-sorbose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-sorbose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-ribose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-ribose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate alpha-L-rhamnopyranose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
alpha-L-rhamnopyranose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methylamines as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methylamines assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate amine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
amine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate organic amino compound as a sole source of carbon and energy.
organic amino compound assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-rhamnose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-rhamnose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate information biomacromolecule as a sole source of carbon and energy.
information biomacromolecule assimilation
information biomacromolecule assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate biomacromolecule as a sole source of carbon and energy.
biomacromolecule assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate exopolysaccharide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
exopolysaccharide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate ketone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
ketone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methylamines.
methylamines fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment alpha-L-rhamnopyranose.
alpha-L-rhamnopyranose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-rhamnose.
D-rhamnose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
N-acetyl-D-mannosamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment mixture.
mixture fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganize to metabolize a mixture.
mixture metabolic assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-threonine.
D-threonine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-tartartic acid (L-tartrate).
L-tartartic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-tartaric acid (D-tartrate).
D-tartaric acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment talose.
talose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-talose.
D-talose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment D-sorbose.
D-sorbose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment L-ribose.
L-ribose fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-tartartic acid (L-tartrate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-tartartic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate D-threonine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
D-threonine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate L-xylose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
L-xylose assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to metabolize (oxidize, reduce, or ferment) a chemical entity as a sole source of carbon and/or energy.
chemical entity metabolic assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate mixture as a sole source of carbon and energy.
mixture assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate undefined organic chemical mixture as a sole source of carbon and energy.
undefined organic chemical mixture assimilation
undefined organic chemical mixture assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate yeast extract as a sole source of carbon and energy.
yeast extract assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate tryptone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
tryptone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate Trypticase peptone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Trypticase peptone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate soy peptone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
soy peptone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate proteose peptone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
proteose peptone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate protein as a sole source of carbon and energy.
protein assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate peptone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
peptone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment diol.
diol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment chopped meat.
chopped meat fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment peptone substrates.
peptone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment protein.
protein fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment proteose peptone.
proteose peptone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment soy peptone.
soy peptone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment Trypticase peptone.
Trypticase peptone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment tryptone.
tryptone fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment yeast extract.
yeast extract fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment undefined organic chemical mixture.
undefined organic chemical mixture acidification
undefined organic chemical mixture fermentation
undefined organic chemical mixture fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate chopped meat as a sole source of carbon and energy.
chopped meat assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate diol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
diol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate casitone as a sole source of carbon and energy.
casitone assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate casein hydrolysate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
casein hydrolysate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate casein as a sole source of carbon and energy.
casein assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate benzyl alcohol as a sole source of carbon and energy.
benzyl alcohol assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate benzene as a sole source of carbon and energy.
benzene assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment nicotinate (nicotinic acid).
nicotinate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment orotic acid (orotate).
orotic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment salicylic acid (salicylate).
salicylic acid fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment sorbic acid (sorbate).
sorbic acid fermentation assay
An assay for the activity of alpha-mannosidase in a microorganism. An assay for alpha-mannosidase activity using 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-alpha-L-mannoside. Alpha-mannosidase will cleave the substrate, producing 6-bromo-2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (a bromo subsituted azo dye) that is purple in color.
alpha-mannosidase assay with BrNaphthol
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment casein.
casein fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment casein hydrolysate.
casein hydrolysate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment casitone.
casitone fermentation assay
An assay for the activity of beta-glucuronidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate resorufin-beta-D-glucuronide. Beta-glucuronidase will cleave the substrate, producing resorufin, which is pink. A positive result is fluorescent pink/red-orange; a negative result is orange.
Uses the substrate L-proline 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide at pH 7.5. Proline arylamidase activity (which could be from proline aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
L-proline arylamidase assay using methoxy-NA
The purpose of this assay is to determine if a microbial isolate is capable of metabolizing arginine under anaerobic conditions. When arginine is metabolized, the pH of the medium increases due to the accumulation of ammonia and organic amines (e.g. putrescine). This turns color of the pH indicator (e.g. bromcresol purple, cresol red) to red/orange. A positive test yields a red/orange color; a negative test is yellow. Arginine dihydrolase (arginine deiminase) catalyzes the reaction: L-arginine + H2O <=> L-citrulline + NH3a
L-arginine dihydrolase assay
Chymotrypsin assay that uses the substrate N-glutaryl-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide. Trypsin activity will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is purple in color.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that measures the activity of gamma glutamyl transferase.
An assay for the activity of beta-D-fucosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates.
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay. Proline arylamidase activity (which could be from proline aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing a colored product.
An L-arginine arylamidase assay that uses the substrate L-arginine-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (L-arginine-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide) at pH 7.5. Arginine arylamidase activity (which could be from arginine aminopeptidase as well as other dipeptidase enzymes) will cleave the substrate, releasing 2-naphthylamide. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate that is orange in color. A positive reaction is orange; a negative reaction is colorless.
L-arginine arylamidase assay using methoxy-NA
An alpha-amino acid arylamidase assay that assays for L-arginine arylamidase activity.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of beta-mannosidase in a microorganism.
An assay for the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity (catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues from oligosaccharides) will cleave the substrate, producing 6-bromo-2-naphthol. When reacted with Fast Blue BB it forms a colored insoluble precipitate (an azo dye) that is brown in color.
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase assay with BrNaphthol
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of beta-mannosidase in a microorganism using the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-mannopyranoside. beta-Mannosidase activity (catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides) will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
An L-arabinosidase assay for the activity of L-arabinofuranosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates which carries out the hydrolysis of terminal L-arabinofuranoside residues in alpha-L-arabinofuranosides.
A carbohydrate hydrolysis assay for the activity of L-arabinosidase in a microorganism using various chromogenic substrates which carries out the hydrolysis of terminal L-arabinoside residues in L-arabinosides.
An amino acid arylamidase assay that measures the activity of gamma glutamyl transferase using L-glutamic acid gamma-(4-nitroanilide). Gamma-glutamyl transferase activity cleaves the substrate, releasing p-nitroaniline which is bright yellow in color. A positive test is yellow; a negative test is colorless.
gamma glutamyl transferase assay using nitroanilide
An amino acid arylamidase assay that measures the activity of gamma glutamyl transferase using L-glutamic acid gamma-(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide). Gamma-glutamyl transferase activity cleaves the substrate, releasing 3-carboxy-4-nitroaniline which is bright yellow in color. A positive test is yellow; a negative test is colorless.
gamma glutamyl transferase assay using carboxy-nitroanilide
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate bovine serum albumin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
bovine serum albumin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate diphenylamine as a sole source of carbon and energy.
diphenylamine assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate fibrin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
fibrin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate fucoidan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
fucoidan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate galactan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
galactan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate galactomannan as a sole source of carbon and energy.
galactomannan assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate methyl-3,4-dimethoxycinnamate (methyl-3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
methyl-3,4-dimethoxycinnamate assimilation
methyl-3,4-dimethoxycinnamate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate naphthalene as a sole source of carbon and energy.
naphthalene assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate nicotinate (nicotinic acid) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
nicotinate assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate orotic acid (orotate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
orotic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate salicylic acid (salicylate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
salicylic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment naphthalene.
naphthalene fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment methyl-3,4-dimethoxycinnamate (methyl-3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid).
methyl-3,4-dimethoxycinnamate acidification
methyl-3,4-dimethoxycinnamate fermentation
methyl-3,4-dimethoxycinnamate fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment galactomannan.
galactomannan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment galactan.
galactan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment fucoidan.
fucoidan fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment fibrin.
fibrin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment diphenylamine.
diphenylamine fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment bovine serum albumin.
bovine serum albumin fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment benzyl alcohol.
benzyl alcohol fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment benzene.
benzene fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate sorbic acid (sorbate) as a sole source of carbon and energy.
sorbic acid assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate soya extract as a sole source of carbon and energy.
soya extract assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate trimethylamine N-oxide as a sole source of carbon and energy.
trimethylamine N-oxide assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate benzenoid aromatic compound as a sole source of carbon and energy.
benzenoid aromatic compound assimilation
benzenoid aromatic compound assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate organic aromatic compound as a sole source of carbon and energy.
organic aromatic compound assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate keratin as a sole source of carbon and energy.
keratin assimilation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to assimilate xxx as a sole source of carbon and energy.
xxx assimilation assay
An assay for the activity of beta-glucosidase in a microorganism. Uses the substrate resorufin-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Beta-glucosidase will cleave the substrate, producing resorufin, which is pink. A positive result is fluorescent pink/red-orange; a negative result is orange.
beta-glucosidase with resorufin
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment soya extract.
soya extract fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment trimethylamine N-oxide.
trimethylamine N-oxide fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment benzenoid aromatic compound.
benzenoid aromatic compound acidification
benzenoid aromatic compound fermentation
benzenoid aromatic compound fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment organic aromatic compound.
organic aromatic compound fermentation assay
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment xxx.
xxx fermentation assay
Alkaline phosphatase assay that uses the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside-2-CHA (para-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside-2-CHA). Under alkaline conditions, alkaline phosphatase will cleave the substrate, producing 4-nitrophenol which is yellow. A positive result is yellow; a negative result is colorless.
alkaline phosphatase assay using pNP-CHA
Assays for the ability of a microorganism to ferment keratin.
keratin fermentation assay
pubchem term is: 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde
isovanillin-8
6-bromo-2-naphthyl alpha-D-mannoside-9
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-fucoside-8
cyclohexyl ammonium salt, e.g. http://www.melford.co.uk/index.php?sid=396401522&t=sub_pages&cat=39
4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside-2-CHA-8
4-nitroaniline-8
resorufin-beta-D-glucuronide-8
resorufin-beta-D-glucopyranoside-8
resorufin-beta-D-galactopyranoside-8
resorufin-8
N-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide-8
L-proline 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide-8
L-arginine 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide-8
6-bromo-2-naphthyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide-8
pubchem term is 5-Amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
3-carboxy-4-nitroaniline-8
temp2
temp3
temp4
temp5
temp6
temp7
temp8
temp9
L-glutamic acid gamma-(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide)-8
L-glutamic acid gamma-(4-nitroanilide)-8
L-proline 4-nitroanilide-8
temp13
temp14
temp15
temp16
temp17
temp18
temp19
temp20
The ozone layer is a layer of gases in the stratosphere which contains high concentrations of ozone gas relative to other parts of the atmosphere.
"The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is only about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically"- Wikipedia:Ozone_layer
ozone layer
This could be made into an inferred class, rather than having asserted subclasses.
atmospheric layer
A boundary layer is a layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant enough to distort the surrounding non-viscous flow.
boundary layer
The ionosphere is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere which extends from about 60 to 1,000 kilometers above the planetary surface and is ionised by solar radiation. It includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.
ionosphere
The exosphere is an atmospheric layer where molecules are gravitationally bound to a planetary body, but where their density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere.
exosphere
A glaze ice layer is a smooth, transparent and homogeneous ice layer which coats some surface and which is formed when freezing rain or drizzle hits that surface.
glaze ice layer
eutrophic lake
mass of biological material
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Unit of cell width defined as an integer number of cells (i.e. 2 cells' width or 3 cells' width).
Wikipedia: pH In chemistry, pH (/piːˈeɪtʃ/) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. It is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the hydrogen ion. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline or basic. Pure water is neutral, being neither an acid nor a base. Contrary to popular belief, the pH value can be less than 0 or greater than 14 for very strong acids and bases respectively.[1]
The log of the hydrogen ion concentration.
Unit of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth.
Micrometers (or microns), a measurement of length, 10^-6 of a meter.
A measurement of concentration of solution in weight per 100 g (w/w), or in weight per 100 mL (w/v).
axiom holds for all times