{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "source": [
    ">**作者** : Fabian Pedregosa\n",
    "\n",
    "---\n",
    "**目的**\n",
    "- 从任意的精度评估表达式。\n",
    "- 在符号表达式上进行代数运算。\n",
    "- 用符号表达式进行基本的微积分任务 (极限、微分法和积分法)。\n",
    "- 求解多项式和超越方程。\n",
    "- 求解一些微分方程。\n",
    "\n",
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "为什么是SymPy? SymPy是符号数学的Python库。它的目的是成为Mathematica或Maple等系统的替代品，同时让代码尽可能简单并且可扩展。SymPy完全是用Python写的，并不需要外部的库。\n",
    "\n",
    "Sympy文档及库安装见http://www.sympy.org/\n",
    "\n",
    "---\n",
    "**章节内容**\n",
    "- SymPy第一步\n",
    "    - 使用SymPy作为计算器\n",
    "    - 练习\n",
    "    - 符号\n",
    "- 代数运算\n",
    "    - 展开\n",
    "    - 化简\n",
    "- 微积分\n",
    "    - 极限\n",
    "    - 微分法\n",
    "    - 序列扩展\n",
    "    - 积分法\n",
    "    - 练习\n",
    "- 方程求解\n",
    "    - 练习\n",
    "- 线性代数\n",
    "    - 矩阵\n",
    "    - 微分方程\n",
    "\n",
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "## 3.2.1 SymPy第一步\n",
    "\n",
    "### 3.2.1.1 使用SymPy作为计算器\n",
    "\n",
    "SymPy定义了三种数字类型：实数、有理数和整数。\n",
    "\n",
    "有理数类将有理数表征为两个整数对: 分子和分母，因此Rational(1,2)代表1/2, Rational(5,2)代表5/2等等:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sympy import *\n",
    "a = Rational(1,2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1/2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a*2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "SymPy在底层使用mpmath, 这使它可以用任意精度的算术进行计算。这样，一些特殊的常数，比如e, pi, oo (无限), 可以被作为符号处理并且可以以任意精度来评估:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "pi**2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pi**2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.14159265358979"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pi.evalf()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5.85987448204884"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(pi + exp(1)).evalf()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "如你所见，将表达式评估为浮点数。\n",
    "\n",
    "也有一个类代表数学的无限, 称为 oo:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "oo > 99999"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "oo"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "oo + 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3.2.1.2 练习\n",
    "\n",
    "- 计算 $\\sqrt{2}$ 小数点后一百位。\n",
    "- 用有理数算术计算1/2 + 1/3 in rational arithmetic.\n",
    "\n",
    "### 3.2.1.3 符号\n",
    "\n",
    "与其他计算机代数系统不同，在SymPy你需要显性声明符号变量:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sympy import *\n",
    "x = Symbol('x')\n",
    "y = Symbol('y')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "然后你可以计算他们:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2*x"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x + y + x - y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(x + y)**2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(x + y)**2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "符号可以使用一些Python操作符操作: +, -, \\*, \\*\\* (算术), &, |, ~ , >>, << (布尔逻辑)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "**打印**\n",
    "这里我们使用下列设置打印\n",
    "\n",
    "---"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "sympy.init_printing(use_unicode=False, wrap_line=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 3.2.2 代数运算\n",
    "\n",
    "SymPy可以进行强大的代数运算。我们将看一下最常使用的：展开和化简。\n",
    "\n",
    "### 3.2.2.1 展开\n",
    "\n",
    "使用这个模块展开代数表达式。它将试着密集的乘方和相乘:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "x**3 + 3*x**2*y + 3*x*y**2 + y**3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "expand((x + y)**3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "x**3 + 3*x**2*y + 3*x*y**2 + y**3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3*x*y**2 + 3*y*x**2 + x**3 + y**3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "可以通过关键词的形式使用更多的选项:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "re(x) + re(y) + I*im(x) + I*im(y)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "expand(x + y, complex=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "re(x) + re(y) + I*im(x) + I*im(y)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "I*im(x) + I*im(y) + re(x) + re(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-sin(x)*sin(y) + cos(x)*cos(y)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "expand(cos(x + y), trig=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-sin(x)*sin(y) + cos(x)*cos(y)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cos(x)*cos(y) - sin(x)*sin(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 3.2.2.2 化简\n",
    "\n",
    "如果可以将表达式转化为更简单的形式，可以使用化简:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "y + 1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "simplify((x + x*y) / x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "化简是一个模糊的术语，更准确的词应该是：powsimp (指数化简)、 trigsimp (三角表达式)、logcombine、radsimp一起。\n",
    "\n",
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "**练习**\n",
    "- 计算$(x+y)^6$的展开。\n",
    "- 化简三角表达式$ \\sin(x) / \\cos(x)$\n",
    "\n",
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "## 3.2.3 微积分\n",
    "\n",
    "### 3.2.3.1 极限\n",
    "\n",
    "在SymPy中使用极限很简单，允许语法limit(function, variable, point), 因此要计算f(x)类似$x \\rightarrow 0$, 你应该使用limit(f, x, 0):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "limit(sin(x)/x, x, 0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "你也可以计算一下在无限时候的极限:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "oo"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "limit(x, x, oo)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "limit(1/x, x, oo)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "limit(x**x, x, 0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3.2.3.2 微分法\n",
    "\n",
    "你可以使用`diff(func, var)`微分任何SymPy表达式。例如:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "cos(x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "diff(sin(x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2*cos(2*x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "diff(sin(2*x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tan(x)**2 + 1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "diff(tan(x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "你可以用下列方法检查是否正确:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tan(x)**2 + 1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "limit((tan(x+y) - tan(x))/y, y, 0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "可以用`diff(func, var, n)`方法来计算更高的导数:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2*cos(2*x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "diff(sin(2*x), x, 1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-4*sin(2*x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "diff(sin(2*x), x, 2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-8*cos(2*x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "diff(sin(2*x), x, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3.2.3.3 序列展开\n",
    "\n",
    "SymPy也知道如何计算一个表达式在一个点的Taylor序列。使用`series(expr, var)`:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1 - x**2/2 + x**4/24 + O(x**6)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "series(cos(x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1 + x**2/2 + 5*x**4/24 + O(x**6)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "series(1/cos(x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "**练习**\n",
    "\n",
    "计算$\\lim_{x\\rightarrow 0} \\sin(x)/x$\n",
    "\n",
    "计算`log(x)`对于x的导数。\n",
    "\n",
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "### 3.2.3.4 积分法\n",
    "\n",
    "SymPy支持超验基础和特殊函数的无限和有限积分，通过`integrate()` 功能, 使用了强大的扩展的Risch-Norman算法和启发式和模式匹配。你可以积分基本函数:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "x**6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(6*x**5, x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-cos(x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(sin(x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "x*log(x) - x"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(log(x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "x**2 + cosh(x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(2*x + sinh(x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "也可以很简单的处理特殊函数:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "sqrt(pi)*erf(x)**2/4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(exp(-x**2)*erf(x), x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "也可以计算一下有限积分:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(x**3, (x, -1, 1))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(sin(x), (x, 0, pi/2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(cos(x), (x, -pi/2, pi/2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "不标准积分也支持:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(exp(-x), (x, 0, oo))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "sqrt(pi)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integrate(exp(-x**2), (x, -oo, oo))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### 3.2.3.5 练习\n",
    "\n",
    "### 3.2.4 方程求解\n",
    "\n",
    "SymPy可以求解线性代数方程，一个或多个变量:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[-1, 1, -I, I]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "solve(x**4 - 1, x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "如你所见，第一个参数是假设等于0的表达式。它可以解一个很大的多项式方程，也可以有能力求解多个方程，可以将各自的多个变量作为元组以第二个参数给出:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{x: -3, y: 1}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "solve([x + 5*y - 2, -3*x + 6*y - 15], [x, y])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "也直接求解超越方程（有限的）:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[I*pi]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "solve(exp(x) + 1, x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "多项式方程的另一个应用是`factor`。`factor`将多项式因式分解为可化简的项，并且可以计算不同域的因式:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(x**2 - x - 1)*(x**2 + x - 1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f = x**4 - 3*x**2 + 1\n",
    "factor(f)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(x - 2)**2*(x + 2)**2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "factor(f, modulus=5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "SymPy也可以解布尔方程，即，判断一个布尔表达式是否满足。对于这个情况，我们可以使用`satisfiable`函数:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{x: True, y: True}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "satisfiable(x & y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "这告诉我们`(x & y)`是真，当x和y都是True的时候。如果一个表达式不是True，即它的任何参数值都无法使表达式为真，那么它将返回False:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "satisfiable(x & ~x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3.2.4.1 练习\n",
    "\n",
    "- 求解系统方程$x + y = 2$, $2\\cdot x + y = 0$\n",
    "- 是否存在布尔值，使$(~x | y) & (~y | x)$为真?\n",
    "\n",
    "### 3.2.5 线性代数\n",
    "\n",
    "#### 3.2.5.1 矩阵\n",
    "\n",
    "矩阵通过Matrix类的一个实例来创建:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Matrix([\n",
       "[1, 0],\n",
       "[0, 1]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from sympy import Matrix\n",
    "Matrix([[1,0], [0,1]])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "与NumPy数组不同，你也可以在里面放入符号:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Matrix([\n",
       "[1, x],\n",
       "[y, 1]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = Symbol('x')\n",
    "y = Symbol('y')\n",
    "A = Matrix([[1,x], [y,1]])\n",
    "A"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Matrix([\n",
       "[x*y + 1,     2*x],\n",
       "[    2*y, x*y + 1]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "A**2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3.2.5.2 微分方程\n",
    "\n",
    "SymPy可以解 (一些) 常规微分。要求解一个微分方程，使用`dsolve`。首先，通过传递cls=Function来创建一个未定义的符号函数:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f, g = symbols('f g', cls=Function)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "f 和 g是未定义函数。我们可以调用f(x), 并且它可以代表未知的函数:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "f(x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "f(x) + Derivative(f(x), x, x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f(x).diff(x, x) + f(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "f(x) == C1*sin(x) + C2*cos(x)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dsolve(f(x).diff(x, x) + f(x), f(x))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "关键词参数可以向这个函数传递，以便帮助确认是否找到最适合的解决系统。例如，你知道它是独立的方程，你可以使用关键词hint=’separable’来强制`dsolve`来将它作为独立方程来求解:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[f(x) == -asin(sqrt(C1/cos(x)**2 + 1)) + pi,\n",
       " f(x) == asin(sqrt(C1/cos(x)**2 + 1)) + pi,\n",
       " f(x) == -asin(sqrt(C1/cos(x)**2 + 1)),\n",
       " f(x) == asin(sqrt(C1/cos(x)**2 + 1))]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dsolve(sin(x)*cos(f(x)) + cos(x)*sin(f(x))*f(x).diff(x), f(x), hint='separable')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "**练习**\n",
    "- 求解Bernoulli微分方程\n",
    "\n",
    "    $x \\frac{d f(x)}{x} + f(x) - f(x)^2=0$\n",
    "- 使用hint=’Bernoulli’求解相同的公式。可以观察到什么?\n",
    "---"
   ]
  }
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