--- authors: - admin categories: - Python - Exploratory Data Analysis - Spatial Analysis - Cross-sectional Data - Spatial Autocorrelation (ESDA) draft: false featured: false date: "2024-03-01T00:00:00Z" external_link: "" image: caption: "" focal_point: Smart links: - icon: open-data icon_pack: ai name: "[Python] GoogleColab" url: https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1JHf8wPxSxBdKKhXaKQZUzhEpVznKGiep?usp=sharing - icon: open-data icon_pack: ai name: "Streamlit web app" url: https://esda101-bolivia339.streamlit.app/ - icon: markdown icon_pack: fab name: "MD version" url: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cmg777/starter-academic-v501/master/content/post/python_esda/index.md slides: summary: An interactive geocomputational notebook to study spatial clusters and outliers tags: - spatial - python - regional - exploratory data analysis - spatial spillovers title: Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) url_code: "" url_pdf: "" url_slides: "" url_video: "" --- # Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) of Regional Development This [interactive application](https://esda101-bolivia339.streamlit.app/) enables users to explore municipal development indicators across Bolivia. In particular, it offers: - 🗺️ Geographical data visualizations - 📈 Distribution and comparative analysis tools - 💾 Downloadable datasets - 🧮 Access to a cloud-based computational notebook on [Google Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1JHf8wPxSxBdKKhXaKQZUzhEpVznKGiep?usp=sharing) > ⚠️ This application is open source and still work in progress. Source code is available at: [github.com/cmg777/streamlit_esda101](https://github.com/cmg777/streamlit_esda101) --- ## 📚 Data Sources and Credits - Primary data source: [Municipal Atlas of the SDGs in Bolivia 2020.](https://sdsnbolivia.org/Atlas/) - Additional indicators for multiple years were sourced from the [GeoQuery project.](https://www.aiddata.org/geoquery) - Administrative boundaries from the [GeoBoundaries database](https://www.geoboundaries.org/) - Streamlit web app and computational notebook by [Carlos Mendez.](https://carlos-mendez.org) - Erick Gonzales and Pedro Leoni also colaborated in the organization of the data and the creation of the initial geospatial database **Citation**: Mendez, C. (2025, March 24). *Regional Development Indicators of Bolivia: A Dashboard for Exploratory Analysis* (Version 0.0.2) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15074864 --- ## 🌐 Context and Motivation Adopted in 2015, the **2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development** established 17 Sustainable Development Goals. While global metrics offer useful benchmarks, they often overlook subnational disparities—particularly in heterogeneous countries such as Bolivia. - 🇧🇴 Bolivia ranks **79/166** on the 2020 SDG Index (score: 69.3) - 🏘️ The *[Municipal Atlas of the SDGs in Bolivia 2020](http://atlas.sdsnbolivia.org)* reveals **intra-national disparities** comparable to **global inter-country variation** --- ## 📊 Development Index: Índice Municipal de Desarrollo Sostenible (IMDS) The **Municipal Sustainable Development Index (IMDS)** summarizes municipal performance using 62 indicators across 15 Sustainable Development Goals. However, systematic and reliable information on goals 12 and 14 were not available at the municipal level. ### 🎯 Methodological Criteria - ✅ Relevance to local Sustainable Development Goal targets - 📥 Data availability from official or trusted sources - 🌐 Full municipal coverage (339 municipalities) - 🕒 Data mostly from 2012–2019 - 🧮 Low redundancy between indicators --- ## 🗃️ Indicators by Sustainable Development Goal ### 🧱 Goal 1: No Poverty - Energy poverty rate (2012, INE) - Multidimensional Poverty Index (2013, UDAPE) - Unmet Basic Needs (2012, INE) - Access to basic services: water, sanitation, electricity (2012, INE) ### 🌾 Goal 2: Zero Hunger - Chronic malnutrition in children under five (2016, Ministry of Health) - Obesity prevalence in women (2016, Ministry of Health) - Average agricultural unit size (2013, Agricultural Census) - Tractor density per 1,000 farms (2013, Agricultural Census) ### 🏥 Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being - Infant and under-five mortality rates (2016, Ministry of Health) - Institutional birth coverage (2016, Ministry of Health) - Incidence of Chagas, HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue (2016, Ministry of Health) - Adolescent fertility rate (2016, Ministry of Health) ### 📚 Goal 4: Quality Education - Secondary school dropout rates, by gender (2016, Ministry of Education) - Adult literacy rate (2012, INE) - Share of population with higher education (2012, INE) - Share of qualified teachers, initial and secondary levels (2016, Ministry of Education) ### ⚖️ Goal 5: Gender Equality - Gender parity in education, labor participation, and poverty (2012–2016, INE and UDAPE) - *Note: Data on gender-based violence not available at municipal level* ### 💧 Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation - Access to potable water (2012, INE) - Access to sanitation services (2012, INE) - Proportion of treated wastewater (2015, Ministry of Environment) ### ⚡ Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy - Electricity coverage (2012, INE) - Per capita electricity consumption (2015, Ministry of Energy) - Use of clean cooking energy (2015, Ministry of Hydrocarbons) - CO₂ emissions per capita, energy-related (2015, international satellite data) ### 💼 Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - Share of non-functioning electricity meters (proxy for informality/unemployment) (2015, Ministry of Energy) - Labor force participation rate (2012, INE) - Youth not in education, employment, or training (NEET rate) (2015, Ministry of Labor) ### 🏗️ Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure - Internet access in households (2012, INE) - Mobile signal coverage (2015, telecommunications data) - Availability of urban infrastructure (2015, Ministry of Public Works) ### ⚖️ Goal 10: Reduced Inequality - Proxy measures: municipal differences in poverty and participation rates (2012–2016, INE and UDAPE) ### 🏘️ Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Urban housing adequacy (2012, INE) - Access to collective transportation (2015, Ministry of Transport) ### 🌍 Goal 13: Climate Action - Natural disaster resilience index (2015, Ministry of Environment) - CO₂ emissions and forest degradation (2015, satellite data) ### 🌳 Goal 15: Life on Land - Deforestation rates (2015, satellite data) - Biodiversity loss indicators (2015, Ministry of Environment) ### 🕊️ Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions - Birth registration coverage (2012, INE) - Crime and homicide rates (2015, Ministry of Government) - Corruption perceptions (2015, civil society organizations) ### 🤝 Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals - Municipal fiscal capacity (2015, Ministry of Economy) - Public investment per capita (2015, Ministry of Economy) --- ## ⚠️ Limitations and Future Work - No disaggregated data for Indigenous Territories (TIOC) - Many indicators based on 2012 Census; updates pending - Limited information for Goals 12 and 14 at municipal level - No indicators for educational quality (due to lack of standardized testing) - Gender violence data unavailable at municipal scale --- ## 🔗 Access - **Original website**: [atlas.sdsnbolivia.org](http://atlas.sdsnbolivia.org) - **Original Publication**: [sdsnbolivia.org/Atlas](http://www.sdsnbolivia.org/Atlas) - **Source Code of the Web App**: [github.com/cmg777/streamlit_esda101](https://github.com/cmg777/streamlit_esda101) - **Computational Notebook**: [Google Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1JHf8wPxSxBdKKhXaKQZUzhEpVznKGiep?usp=sharing)