# Data dictionary - Converging to Convergence

Companion data for a hands-on Stata tutorial that reproduces the main findings of <strong>Kremer, Willis &amp; You (2021), &ldquo;Converging to Convergence.&rdquo;</strong> The analysis documents how the cross-country relationship between economic growth and initial income reversed &mdash; from <strong>divergence</strong> in the 1960s to <strong>unconditional convergence</strong> by the 2000s &mdash; and explains the shift through the convergence of growth correlates. It estimates beta-convergence (growth on initial log income) and sigma-convergence (the cross-country spread of log income), year-interacted rolling beta regressions, income-quartile and regional decompositions, and the omitted-variable-bias (OVB) identity that decomposes the gap between unconditional and conditional convergence as <code>&beta; &minus; &beta;* = &delta; &times; &lambda;</code>. The data are <strong>real</strong>: the authors&rsquo; replication panel combines Penn World Table 10.0 GDP with 50+ institutional, policy, geographic, and cultural correlates. The analysis is purely descriptive &mdash; it documents correlations and trends, not causal effects.


Companion data for the post <https://carlos-mendez.org/post/stata_convergence2/>. Each dataset ships as a labeled Stata `.dta` (v118) plus its source file. Generated by `build_data_dictionary.py`.

## Data sources

| Source | Provides | Reference / URL |
|---|---|---|
| Kremer, Willis &amp; You (2021) | Replicated study; the replication panel (main_data) and its variable set | Kremer, M., Willis, J., &amp; You, Y. (2021). Converging to Convergence. NBER Working Paper 29484. <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w29484" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.nber.org/papers/w29484</a> |
| Penn World Table 10.0 | Real GDP per capita levels and the 10-year forward growth rate (loggdp, loggdp_growth_10) | Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., &amp; Timmer, M. P. (2015). The Next Generation of the Penn World Table. American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182. <a href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/</a> |
| World Bank WDI | Most growth correlates (investment, inflation, schooling, credit, taxes, openness) and the country/region lookup (WDICountry) | World Bank, World Development Indicators. <a href="https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators</a> |
| Other correlate sources | Institutions, geography and culture correlates merged into the panel | Polity IV (democracy); Freedom House (political rights/civil liberties); Worldwide Governance Indicators; Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom; Hofstede VSM (culture); Acemoglu-Johnson-Robinson settler-mortality data; La Porta et al. (legal origin); Barro-Lee (schooling). |
| Method references | Convergence concepts and estimators | Barro (1991); Barro &amp; Sala-i-Martin (1992); Patel, Sandefur &amp; Subramanian (2021); Durlauf, Johnson &amp; Temple (2005). |

## Dataset links (GitHub)

| File | View on GitHub | Raw (load / download) |
|---|---|---|
| `main_data.dta` | [view](https://github.com/cmg777/starter-academic-v501/blob/master/content/post/stata_convergence2/data/main_data.dta) | [raw](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cmg777/starter-academic-v501/master/content/post/stata_convergence2/data/main_data.dta) |
| `WDICountry.dta` | [view](https://github.com/cmg777/starter-academic-v501/blob/master/content/post/stata_convergence2/data/WDICountry.dta) | [raw](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cmg777/starter-academic-v501/master/content/post/stata_convergence2/data/WDICountry.dta) |

## Load in code

```python
import pandas as pd
BASE = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cmg777/starter-academic-v501/master/content/post/stata_convergence2/data/"
df = pd.read_stata(BASE + "main_data.dta")
```

## Datasets

| File | Grain | Rows x Cols | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| `main_data` | country-year | 10,092 x 92 | Estimate beta/sigma convergence and the OVB decomposition (Kremer, Willis & You 2021). |
| `WDICountry` | country / aggregate | 263 x 30 | Reference lookup merged onto the panel by ISO3 code to attach region (Section 6.2 regional decomposition). |

## Cross-file variable index

| Variable | main_data | WDICountry |
|---|---|---|
| `FH_civil_liberties` | ● |  |
| `FH_political_rights` | ● |  |
| `VSM_individualism` | ● |  |
| `VSM_indulgence` | ● |  |
| `VSM_longterm` | ● |  |
| `VSM_masculinity` | ● |  |
| `VSM_power_dist` | ● |  |
| `VSM_uncertain_avoid` | ● |  |
| `WDI_GDP_pc` | ● |  |
| `WDI_credit` | ● |  |
| `WDI_primary` | ● |  |
| `WDI_secondary` | ● |  |
| `WDI_tertiary` | ● |  |
| `WGI_control_corruption` | ● |  |
| `WGI_gov_effectiveness` | ● |  |
| `WGI_pol_stability` | ● |  |
| `WGI_regulatory_quality` | ● |  |
| `WGI_rule_law` | ● |  |
| `alternative_conversion_factor` |  | ● |
| `autoc` | ● |  |
| `avelf` | ● |  |
| `avexpr` | ● |  |
| `balance_of_payments_manual_in_us` |  | ● |
| `barrolee2060` | ● |  |
| `businessfreedom` | ● |  |
| `code` | ● |  |
| `country` | ● |  |
| `country_code` |  | ● |
| `country_id` | ● |  |
| `credit` | ● |  |
| `currency_unit` |  | ● |
| `democ` | ● |  |
| `edes1975` | ● |  |
| `edugap` | ● |  |
| `euro1900` | ● |  |
| `external_debt_reporting_status` |  | ● |
| `financialfreedom` | ● |  |
| `fuel_exports` | ● |  |
| `fuel_mineral_exports` | ● |  |
| `g7089n` | ● |  |
| `goldm` | ● |  |
| `gov_spending` | ● |  |
| `government_accounting_concept` |  | ● |
| `governmentintegrity` | ● |  |
| `igov_rpppPercentofGDP` | ● |  |
| `imf_data_dissemination_standard` |  | ● |
| `inc_tax` | ● |  |
| `income_group` |  | ● |
| `inflation` | ● |  |
| `investment` | ● |  |
| `investmentfreedom` | ● |  |
| `ipriv_rpppPercentofGDP` | ● |  |
| `iron` | ● |  |
| `iso2_code` |  | ● |
| `laborparti` | ● |  |
| `landlock` | ● |  |
| `lat_abst` | ● |  |
| `latest_agricultural_census` |  | ● |
| `latest_household_survey` |  | ● |
| `latest_industrial_data` |  | ● |
| `latest_population_census` |  | ● |
| `latest_trade_data` |  | ● |
| `legor_fr` | ● |  |
| `legor_ge` | ● |  |
| `legor_sc` | ● |  |
| `legor_so` | ● |  |
| `legor_uk` | ● |  |
| `lending_category` |  | ● |
| `logcgdpo` | ● |  |
| `logem4` | ● |  |
| `loggdp` | ● |  |
| `loggdp_WDI` | ● |  |
| `loggdp_growth_10` | ● |  |
| `loggdp_pw` | ● |  |
| `logrgdpe` | ● |  |
| `logrgdpna` | ● |  |
| `logrgdpo` | ● |  |
| `logrgdpo_91` | ● |  |
| `long_name` |  | ● |
| `lt100km` | ● |  |
| `lvaw_garriga` | ● |  |
| `meantemp` | ● |  |
| `miliexp` | ● |  |
| `mineral_exports` | ● |  |
| `national_accounts_base_year` |  | ● |
| `national_accounts_reference_year` |  | ● |
| `oilres` | ● |  |
| `other_groups` |  | ● |
| `overallscore` | ● |  |
| `polity2` | ● |  |
| `population` | ● |  |
| `population_1900` | ● |  |
| `population_growth` | ● |  |
| `ppp_survey_year` |  | ● |
| `pri_inv` | ● |  |
| `propertyrights` | ● |  |
| `region` |  | ● |
| `resource_rents` | ● |  |
| `sev_tax` | ● |  |
| `short_name` |  | ● |
| `silv` | ● |  |
| `sna_price_valuation` |  | ● |
| `source_of_most_recent_income_and` |  | ● |
| `special_notes` |  | ● |
| `system_of_national_accounts` |  | ● |
| `system_of_trade` |  | ● |
| `table_name` |  | ● |
| `tariff_all_ew` | ● |  |
| `tariff_all_vw` | ● |  |
| `taxburden` | ● |  |
| `temp1` | ● |  |
| `temp2` | ● |  |
| `temp3` | ● |  |
| `temp4` | ● |  |
| `temp5` | ● |  |
| `totalscore` | ● |  |
| `tropics` | ● |  |
| `vital_registration_complete` |  | ● |
| `wb_2_code` |  | ● |
| `working_population_prop` | ● |  |
| `year` | ● |  |
| `zinc` | ● |  |

### `main_data`

| Variable | Label | Definition | Construction | Units | Source | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| `code` | Country code (ISO3) | Three-letter ISO country code; the panel identifier and the merge key to WDICountry. |  | ISO3 string | Replication panel / WDI | 174 codes |
| `legor_uk` | Legal origin - UK (dummy) | 1 if the country's legal system is of British (common-law) origin. |  | 0/1 | La Porta et al. (legal origin) |  |
| `legor_fr` | Legal origin - France (dummy) | 1 if the country's legal system is of French civil-law origin. |  | 0/1 | La Porta et al. (legal origin) |  |
| `legor_ge` | Legal origin - Germany (dummy) | 1 if the country's legal system is of German civil-law origin. |  | 0/1 | La Porta et al. (legal origin) |  |
| `legor_sc` | Legal origin - Scandinavia (dummy) | 1 if the country's legal system is of Scandinavian origin. |  | 0/1 | La Porta et al. (legal origin) |  |
| `legor_so` | Legal origin - Socialist (dummy) | 1 if the country's legal system is of socialist origin. |  | 0/1 | La Porta et al. (legal origin) |  |
| `euro1900` | European settlers, 1900 (share) | Share of European settlers around 1900. |  | 0-1 share | Historical sources |  |
| `logem4` | Log settler mortality | Log of early-settler mortality (Acemoglu-Johnson-Robinson institutions instrument). |  | log deaths per 1,000 | Acemoglu, Johnson & Robinson (2001) |  |
| `meantemp` | Mean temperature | Country mean temperature (long-run geographic correlate). |  | degrees Celsius | Geographic data |  |
| `lt100km` | Population within 100km of coast | Share of population living within 100km of the coast. |  | 0-1 share | Geographic data |  |
| `avelf` | Ethno-linguistic fractionalization | Index of ethno-linguistic fractionalization (probability two random people differ). |  | 0-1 index | Fractionalization data |  |
| `temp1` | Temperature indicator 1 | First of five temperature-zone indicators (geographic control). |  | 0-1 share | Geographic data |  |
| `temp2` | Temperature indicator 2 | Second of five temperature-zone indicators. |  | 0-1 share | Geographic data |  |
| `temp3` | Temperature indicator 3 | Third of five temperature-zone indicators. |  | 0-1 share | Geographic data |  |
| `temp4` | Temperature indicator 4 | Fourth of five temperature-zone indicators. |  | 0-1 share | Geographic data |  |
| `temp5` | Temperature indicator 5 | Fifth of five temperature-zone indicators. |  | 0-1 share | Geographic data |  |
| `edes1975` | European descent, 1975 (%) | Percent of population of European descent in 1975. |  | % | Historical sources |  |
| `landlock` | Landlocked (dummy) | 1 if the country is landlocked, else 0. |  | 0/1 | Geographic data |  |
| `goldm` | Natural resources - gold (dummy) | Indicator for significant gold endowment. |  | 0/1 | Geological resource data |  |
| `iron` | Natural resources - iron (dummy) | Indicator for significant iron endowment. |  | 0/1 | Geological resource data |  |
| `silv` | Natural resources - silver (dummy) | Indicator for significant silver endowment. |  | 0/1 | Geological resource data |  |
| `zinc` | Natural resources - zinc (dummy) | Indicator for significant zinc endowment. |  | 0/1 | Geological resource data |  |
| `oilres` | Natural resources - oil reserves | Oil-reserves endowment measure. |  | reserves measure | Geological resource data |  |
| `lat_abst` | Absolute latitude (0-1) | Absolute latitude of the country, scaled 0-1 (distance from the equator). |  | 0-1 (|lat|/90) | Geographic data |  |
| `avexpr` | Protection against expropriation risk | Average index of protection against expropriation risk (institutional quality). |  | 0-10 index | Acemoglu, Johnson & Robinson (2001) |  |
| `tropics` | Tropical climate share | Share of land area in tropical climate zones. |  | 0-1 share | Geographic data |  |
| `g7089n` | Growth in neighboring countries (1970-89) | Average growth of neighboring countries, 1970-1989 (spatial spillover control). |  | % per year | Replication panel (derived) |  |
| `VSM_power_dist` | Power Distance Index (Hofstede) | Hofstede culture dimension: acceptance of unequal power distribution. |  | 0-100 index | Hofstede VSM |  |
| `VSM_individualism` | Individualism Index (Hofstede) | Hofstede culture dimension: individualism vs. collectivism. |  | 0-100 index | Hofstede VSM |  |
| `VSM_masculinity` | Masculinity Index (Hofstede) | Hofstede culture dimension: masculinity vs. femininity. |  | 0-100 index | Hofstede VSM |  |
| `VSM_uncertain_avoid` | Uncertainty Avoidance Index (Hofstede) | Hofstede culture dimension: tolerance for uncertainty/ambiguity. |  | 0-100 index | Hofstede VSM |  |
| `VSM_indulgence` | Long-Term Orientation Index (Hofstede) | Hofstede culture dimension. NOTE: the embedded .dta labels for VSM_indulgence and VSM_longterm are swapped at source; this column is the long-term-orientation dimension. |  | 0-100 index | Hofstede VSM |  |
| `VSM_longterm` | Indulgence vs. Restraint Index (Hofstede) | Hofstede culture dimension. NOTE: the embedded .dta labels for VSM_longterm and VSM_indulgence are swapped at source; this column is the indulgence/restraint dimension. |  | 0-100 index | Hofstede VSM |  |
| `population_1900` | Population in 1900 (thousands) | Mid-year population around 1900 (historical control). |  | thousands | Historical demographic sources |  |
| `year` | Calendar year | Annual time index, 1960-2017. |  | year | Replication panel |  |
| `country` | Country name | Country name corresponding to the ISO3 code. |  | string | Replication panel |  |
| `inc_tax` | Taxes on income/profits/capital gains (% of revenue) | Share of government revenue from taxes on income, profits and capital gains. |  | % of revenue | World Bank WDI |  |
| `sev_tax` | Taxes on goods and services (% of revenue) | Share of government revenue from taxes on goods and services. |  | % of revenue | World Bank WDI |  |
| `credit` | Domestic credit by financial sector (% of GDP) | Domestic credit provided by the financial sector, share of GDP; financial-development correlate. |  | % of GDP | World Bank WDI |  |
| `WDI_credit` | Domestic credit, alt. (% of GDP) | Alternative WDI credit series used in the multivariate convergence set. (Embedded .dta label is a copy artifact.) |  | % of GDP | World Bank WDI |  |
| `WDI_GDP_pc` | GDP per capita (WDI, level) | GDP per capita level from World Bank WDI. |  | US$ | World Bank WDI |  |
| `miliexp` | Military expenditure (% of GDP) | Military spending as a share of GDP. |  | % of GDP | World Bank WDI |  |
| `gov_spending` | Government consumption (% of GDP) | General government final consumption expenditure as a share of GDP. |  | % of GDP | World Bank WDI |  |
| `WDI_secondary` | Secondary enrollment (% gross) | Gross secondary-school enrollment ratio. |  | % gross | World Bank WDI |  |
| `WDI_primary` | Primary enrollment (% gross) | Gross primary-school enrollment ratio. |  | % gross | World Bank WDI |  |
| `WDI_tertiary` | Tertiary enrollment (% gross) | Gross tertiary-school enrollment ratio. |  | % gross | World Bank WDI |  |
| `laborparti` | Labor force participation rate (%) | Total labor-force participation rate, population 15+ (modeled ILO estimate). |  | % of 15+ population | World Bank WDI / ILO |  |
| `tariff_all_ew` | Tariff rate, simple mean, all products (%) | Applied tariff rate, simple (equal-weighted) mean across all products. |  | % | World Bank WDI |  |
| `inflation` | Inflation (GDP deflator / CPI, annual %) | Annual inflation rate; a short-run macro-policy correlate. (Embedded .dta label is a copy artifact; the variable is inflation.) |  | % per year | World Bank WDI |  |
| `tariff_all_vw` | Tariff rate, weighted mean, all products (%) | Applied tariff rate, trade-weighted mean across all products. |  | % | World Bank WDI |  |
| `investment` | Gross capital formation (% of GDP) | Investment share of GDP; a Solow fundamental (steady-state determinant). |  | % of GDP | World Bank WDI |  |
| `working_population_prop` | Working-age population share (15-64, %) | Population aged 15-64 as a share of total. |  | % of total | World Bank WDI |  |
| `population_growth` | Population growth (annual %) | Annual rate of total-population growth; a Solow fundamental. |  | % per year | World Bank WDI |  |
| `population` | Population, total | Total population. |  | persons | World Bank WDI |  |
| `resource_rents` | Total natural-resource rents (% of GDP) | Sum of natural-resource rents as a share of GDP (cleaning threshold variable). |  | % of GDP | World Bank WDI |  |
| `fuel_exports` | Fuel exports (% of merchandise exports) | Fuel exports as a share of merchandise exports. |  | % of exports | World Bank WDI |  |
| `mineral_exports` | Ores & metals exports (% of merchandise exports) | Ores and metals exports as a share of merchandise exports. |  | % of exports | World Bank WDI |  |
| `fuel_mineral_exports` | Fuel + ore & metals exports (% of merch. exports) | Combined fuel and ores/metals exports as a share of merchandise exports. |  | % of exports | World Bank WDI |  |
| `lvaw_garriga` | Central bank independence (Garriga, weighted) | Central-bank-independence index, Garriga (2016), weighted version. |  | 0-1 index | Garriga (2016) |  |
| `barrolee2060` | Average years of schooling (Barro-Lee) | Mean years of schooling, population aged 20-60; the human-capital Solow fundamental. | (sum) w_yr_sch from the Barro-Lee dataset. | years | Barro-Lee |  |
| `edugap` | Education gender gap | Gap in schooling between men and women (used in the multivariate convergence set). |  | years | Barro-Lee (derived) |  |
| `overallscore` | Index of Economic Freedom (overall) | Heritage Foundation overall economic-freedom score. |  | 0-100 | Heritage Foundation |  |
| `propertyrights` | Property rights score | Heritage Foundation property-rights component. |  | 0-100 | Heritage Foundation |  |
| `governmentintegrity` | Government integrity score | Heritage Foundation government-integrity component. |  | 0-100 | Heritage Foundation |  |
| `taxburden` | Tax burden score | Heritage Foundation tax-burden component. |  | 0-100 | Heritage Foundation |  |
| `businessfreedom` | Business freedom score | Heritage Foundation business-freedom component. |  | 0-100 | Heritage Foundation |  |
| `investmentfreedom` | Investment freedom score | Heritage Foundation investment-freedom component. |  | 0-100 | Heritage Foundation |  |
| `financialfreedom` | Financial freedom score | Heritage Foundation financial-freedom component. |  | 0-100 | Heritage Foundation |  |
| `WGI_gov_effectiveness` | Government effectiveness (WGI) | Worldwide Governance Indicators: government-effectiveness estimate. |  | z-score (~ -2.5 to 2.5) | World Bank WGI |  |
| `WGI_regulatory_quality` | Regulatory quality (WGI) | Worldwide Governance Indicators: regulatory-quality estimate. |  | z-score (~ -2.5 to 2.5) | World Bank WGI |  |
| `WGI_rule_law` | Rule of law (WGI) | Worldwide Governance Indicators: rule-of-law estimate. |  | z-score (~ -2.5 to 2.5) | World Bank WGI |  |
| `WGI_control_corruption` | Control of corruption (WGI) | Worldwide Governance Indicators: control-of-corruption estimate. |  | z-score (~ -2.5 to 2.5) | World Bank WGI |  |
| `WGI_pol_stability` | Political stability & absence of violence (WGI) | Worldwide Governance Indicators: political-stability / absence-of-violence estimate. |  | z-score (~ -2.5 to 2.5) | World Bank WGI |  |
| `igov_rpppPercentofGDP` | Public investment (% of GDP) | General-government investment as a share of GDP (IMF igov_rppp). |  | % of GDP | IMF Investment & Capital Stock dataset |  |
| `ipriv_rpppPercentofGDP` | Private investment, IMF (% of GDP) | Private investment as a share of GDP (IMF ipriv_rppp). |  | % of GDP | IMF Investment & Capital Stock dataset |  |
| `pri_inv` | Private investment (% of GDP) | Private investment share of GDP (one of the 10 correlates in the fixed multivariate sample). |  | % of GDP | IMF Investment & Capital Stock dataset |  |
| `democ` | Institutionalized democracy (0-10) | Polity democracy sub-index. Special codes -66 (interruption), -77 (interregnum), -88 (transition) denote non-scores, not values. |  | 0-10 (+ Polity special codes) | Polity IV |  |
| `autoc` | Institutionalized autocracy (0-10) | Polity autocracy sub-index. Special codes -66/-77/-88 denote non-scores, not values. |  | 0-10 (+ Polity special codes) | Polity IV |  |
| `polity2` | Polity2 democracy score (-10..10) | Combined Polity score; the headline democracy correlate in the OVB worked example. Interpolated/analysis-ready (no special missing codes). |  | -10 (autocracy) to +10 (democracy) | Polity IV |  |
| `FH_political_rights` | Freedom House political rights (1-7) | Freedom House political-rights rating (1 = most free, 7 = least free); a short-run institutional correlate. |  | 1-7 rating | Freedom House |  |
| `FH_civil_liberties` | Freedom House civil liberties (1-7) | Freedom House civil-liberties rating (1 = most free, 7 = least free). |  | 1-7 rating | Freedom House |  |
| `totalscore` | Composite institutional score | Composite total score used as an auxiliary institutional measure. |  | score | Replication panel |  |
| `logrgdpna` | Log real GDP (national accounts) | Log real GDP per capita, PWT national-accounts growth series (rgdpna); base for the 10-year growth rate. |  | log US$ | Penn World Table 10.0 |  |
| `logcgdpo` | Log real GDP (output, current PPP) | Log real GDP per capita, PWT output-side series at current PPPs (cgdpo). |  | log US$ | Penn World Table 10.0 |  |
| `logrgdpo` | Log real GDP (output side) | Log real GDP per capita, PWT output-side series (rgdpo). |  | log US$ | Penn World Table 10.0 |  |
| `logrgdpe` | Log real GDP (expenditure side) | Log real GDP per capita, PWT expenditure-side series (rgdpe). |  | log US$ | Penn World Table 10.0 |  |
| `logrgdpo_91` | Log real GDP (output side, 1991 base) | Log real GDP per capita, PWT output-side series anchored to a 1991 base. |  | log US$ | Penn World Table 10.0 |  |
| `country_id` | Numeric country id | Numeric panel id (Stata egen group(code)); used as the panel/cluster unit. | group(code) | integer id | Derived (this study) |  |
| `loggdp_WDI` | Log GDP per capita (WDI) | Natural log of GDP per capita from World Bank WDI (alternative income series). |  | log US$ | World Bank WDI |  |
| `loggdp` | Log GDP per capita (PWT) | Natural log of real GDP per capita from Penn World Table 10.0; the initial-income regressor in convergence regressions. | log(GDPpc), PWT real GDP per capita (national-accounts series, logrgdpna). | log US$ (PPP) | Penn World Table 10.0 |  |
| `loggdp_pw` | Log GDP per capita (PWT variant) | Alternative log GDP-per-capita measure used in robustness checks. |  | log US$ | Penn World Table 10.0 |  |
| `loggdp_growth_10` | 10-year forward GDP-pc growth (annualized %) | Forward-looking 10-year annualized growth rate of GDP per capita; the main outcome variable. | 100 x (F10.logrgdpna - logrgdpna)/10 over a 10-year horizon (forward-looking; last usable year ~2007). | % per year | Penn World Table 10.0 (derived) |  |

| Variable | N | Miss% | Distinct | Min | Mean | Median | Max | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| `code` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 174 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `legor_uk` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `legor_fr` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `legor_ge` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `legor_sc` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `legor_so` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `euro1900` | 8,526 | 15.5 | 26 | 0 | 31.24 | 2.70 | 100.0 | 42.42 |
| `logem4` | 4,988 | 50.6 | 44 | 0.936 | 4.58 | 4.44 | 7.99 | 1.29 |
| `meantemp` | 3,480 | 65.5 | 56 | -0.200 | 23.13 | 24.47 | 29.30 | 4.92 |
| `lt100km` | 3,538 | 64.9 | 48 | 0 | 0.374 | 0.239 | 1.00 | 0.352 |
| `avelf` | 7,482 | 25.9 | 125 | 0 | 0.357 | 0.270 | 1.00 | 0.305 |
| `temp1` | 8,816 | 12.6 | 32 | -4.00 | 18.87 | 20.00 | 32.00 | 8.20 |
| `temp2` | 8,816 | 12.6 | 34 | -6.00 | 24.16 | 26.00 | 40.00 | 9.24 |
| `temp3` | 8,816 | 12.6 | 22 | 23.00 | 38.14 | 38.00 | 48.00 | 4.92 |
| `temp4` | 8,816 | 12.6 | 45 | -44.00 | -2.57 | 0 | 20.00 | 16.69 |
| `temp5` | 8,816 | 12.6 | 25 | 1.00 | 14.00 | 14.50 | 26.00 | 6.61 |
| `edes1975` | 8,642 | 14.4 | 21 | 0 | 33.02 | 1.00 | 100.0 | 43.71 |
| `landlock` | 8,990 | 10.9 | 2 | 0 | 0.200 | 0 | 1.00 | 0.400 |
| `goldm` | 8,816 | 12.6 | 6 | 0 | 0.441 | 0 | 47.00 | 3.91 |
| `iron` | 8,816 | 12.6 | 10 | 0 | 0.323 | 0 | 16.00 | 1.63 |
| `silv` | 8,816 | 12.6 | 4 | 0 | 0.362 | 0 | 13.00 | 1.99 |
| `zinc` | 8,816 | 12.6 | 10 | 0 | 0.507 | 0 | 15.00 | 2.06 |
| `oilres` | 8,526 | 15.5 | 63 | 0 | 117,084 | 0 | 4,500,000 | 523,284 |
| `lat_abst` | 8,990 | 10.9 | 94 | 0 | 0.294 | 0.256 | 0.722 | 0.192 |
| `avexpr` | 6,670 | 33.9 | 76 | 3.00 | 7.12 | 7.05 | 10.00 | 1.73 |
| `tropics` | 5,220 | 48.3 | 2 | 0 | 0.644 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.479 |
| `g7089n` | 5,162 | 48.9 | 88 | -3.36 | 1.47 | 1.76 | 6.78 | 1.72 |
| `VSM_power_dist` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 49 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `VSM_individualism` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 50 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `VSM_masculinity` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 47 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `VSM_uncertain_avoid` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 47 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `VSM_indulgence` | 5,104 | 49.4 | 83 | 0 | 46.04 | 46.35 | 100.0 | 23.66 |
| `VSM_longterm` | 5,104 | 49.4 | 82 | 0 | 44.87 | 42.86 | 100.00 | 22.02 |
| `population_1900` | 3,480 | 65.5 | 60 | 215.0 | 20,899 | 3,999.0 | 400,000 | 62,507 |
| `year` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 58 | 1960 | 1988.5 | 1988 | 2017 | 16.74 |
| `country` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 174 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `inc_tax` | 3,588 | 64.4 | 3,587 | -1.35 | 24.36 | 21.28 | 79.54 | 14.27 |
| `sev_tax` | 3,581 | 64.5 | 3,579 | 0.024 | 30.19 | 31.20 | 91.29 | 13.58 |
| `credit` | 6,843 | 32.2 | 6,843 | -114.7 | 49.38 | 34.56 | 347.5 | 48.71 |
| `WDI_credit` | 6,877 | 31.9 | 6,877 | 0.005 | 36.67 | 23.26 | 312.0 | 37.40 |
| `WDI_GDP_pc` | 7,869 | 22.0 | 7,869 | 131.6 | 9,963.2 | 3,209.5 | 113,682 | 15,213 |
| `miliexp` | 6,717 | 33.4 | 6,583 | 0 | 2.71 | 1.94 | 48.52 | 2.97 |
| `gov_spending` | 7,319 | 27.5 | 7,314 | 0 | 15.46 | 14.73 | 135.8 | 6.59 |
| `WDI_secondary` | 5,587 | 44.6 | 5,583 | 0 | 63.15 | 68.41 | 163.9 | 34.26 |
| `WDI_primary` | 6,546 | 35.1 | 6,544 | 2.83 | 95.65 | 100.7 | 173.8 | 22.54 |
| `WDI_tertiary` | 5,070 | 49.8 | 5,058 | 0 | 23.84 | 17.23 | 126.4 | 23.17 |
| `laborparti` | 4,844 | 52.0 | 4,510 | 36.95 | 62.43 | 61.97 | 90.63 | 10.23 |
| `tariff_all_ew` | 3,149 | 68.8 | 1,309 | 0 | 8.54 | 6.36 | 105.4 | 7.26 |
| `inflation` | 7,887 | 21.8 | 7,696 | -98.70 | 11.42 | 5.81 | 100.0 | 19.33 |
| `tariff_all_vw` | 3,149 | 68.8 | 1,280 | 0 | 6.92 | 4.50 | 421.5 | 10.38 |
| `investment` | 7,284 | 27.8 | 7,242 | -5.74 | 22.83 | 22.38 | 95.32 | 8.64 |
| `working_population_prop` | 9,968 | 1.2 | 9,968 | 45.63 | 58.89 | 57.97 | 85.87 | 6.97 |
| `population_growth` | 10,019 | 0.7 | 10,017 | -10.96 | 1.83 | 1.87 | 17.70 | 1.49 |
| `population` | 10,023 | 0.7 | 10,010 | 63,699 | 29,505,564 | 5,881,435 | 1,386,395,000 | 111,532,185 |
| `resource_rents` | 6,895 | 31.7 | 6,723 | 0 | 6.74 | 2.64 | 74.40 | 9.82 |
| `fuel_exports` | 5,935 | 41.2 | 5,772 | 0 | 15.04 | 2.87 | 722.8 | 30.26 |
| `mineral_exports` | 6,147 | 39.1 | 6,132 | 0 | 8.95 | 2.83 | 158.5 | 16.08 |
| `fuel_mineral_exports` | 5,891 | 41.6 | 5,877 | 0 | 23.98 | 10.21 | 788.4 | 33.48 |
| `lvaw_garriga` | 5,322 | 47.3 | 329 | 0.017 | 0.475 | 0.452 | 0.979 | 0.191 |
| `barrolee2060` | 7,480 | 25.9 | 1,496 | 0.013 | 6.16 | 6.03 | 13.56 | 3.46 |
| `edugap` | 7,480 | 25.9 | 1,496 | -2.19 | 0.816 | 0.700 | 4.15 | 0.946 |
| `overallscore` | 3,477 | 65.5 | 523 | 21.40 | 59.50 | 59.30 | 89.40 | 10.69 |
| `propertyrights` | 3,493 | 65.4 | 126 | 0 | 47.66 | 50.00 | 97.10 | 23.95 |
| `governmentintegrity` | 3,505 | 65.3 | 277 | 0 | 40.24 | 33.00 | 100.0 | 22.64 |
| `taxburden` | 3,491 | 65.4 | 604 | 29.80 | 72.44 | 74.40 | 100.0 | 14.24 |
| `businessfreedom` | 3,500 | 65.3 | 620 | 10.00 | 64.13 | 65.10 | 100.0 | 15.54 |
| `investmentfreedom` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 21 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `financialfreedom` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 11 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `WGI_gov_effectiveness` | 3,738 | 63.0 | 3,671 | -2.48 | -0.044 | -0.244 | 2.44 | 0.996 |
| `WGI_regulatory_quality` | 3,739 | 63.0 | 3,717 | -2.65 | -0.028 | -0.180 | 2.26 | 0.985 |
| `WGI_rule_law` | 3,763 | 62.7 | 3,763 | -2.61 | -0.105 | -0.331 | 2.10 | 1.000 |
| `WGI_control_corruption` | 3,758 | 62.8 | 3,752 | -1.87 | -0.071 | -0.340 | 2.47 | 1.01 |
| `WGI_pol_stability` | 3,743 | 62.9 | 3,706 | -3.31 | -0.136 | -0.051 | 1.76 | 0.977 |
| `igov_rpppPercentofGDP` | 8,735 | 13.4 | 8,726 | 2.59e-04 | 16.88 | 1.32 | 2,536.7 | 94.42 |
| `ipriv_rpppPercentofGDP` | 8,735 | 13.4 | 8,725 | 0.002 | 48.07 | 3.74 | 5,132.6 | 195.1 |
| `pri_inv` | 8,736 | 13.4 | 8,732 | 0.015 | 0.640 | 0.670 | 0.973 | 0.184 |
| `democ` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 15 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `autoc` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 15 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `polity2` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 22 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `FH_political_rights` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `FH_civil_liberties` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `totalscore` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 97 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `logrgdpna` | 8,328 | 17.5 | 8,323 | 5.51 | 8.79 | 8.81 | 12.23 | 1.23 |
| `logcgdpo` | 8,328 | 17.5 | 8,320 | 5.09 | 8.69 | 8.63 | 12.67 | 1.19 |
| `logrgdpo` | 8,328 | 17.5 | 8,325 | 5.37 | 8.71 | 8.67 | 12.62 | 1.19 |
| `logrgdpe` | 8,328 | 17.5 | 8,322 | 5.94 | 8.68 | 8.63 | 12.56 | 1.20 |
| `logrgdpo_91` | 8,280 | 18.0 | 8,273 | 4.88 | 8.60 | 8.56 | 12.46 | 1.18 |
| `country_id` | 10,092 | 0.0 | 174 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `loggdp_WDI` | 7,869 | 22.0 | 7,864 | 4.88 | 8.15 | 8.07 | 11.64 | 1.52 |
| `loggdp` | 8,328 | 17.5 | 8,325 | 5.37 | 8.71 | 8.67 | 12.62 | 1.19 |
| `loggdp_pw` | 8,308 | 17.7 | 8,304 | 5.94 | 9.25 | 9.21 | 13.07 | 1.10 |
| `loggdp_growth_10` | 6,888 | 31.7 | 6,871 | -12.34 | 1.96 | 1.98 | 22.13 | 2.79 |

### `WDICountry`

| Variable | Label | Definition | Construction | Units | Source | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| `country_code` | Country code (ISO3) | Three-letter ISO country code; the lookup key (matches main_data code). |  | ISO3 string | World Bank WDI | 263 rows |
| `short_name` | Short country name | Short display name of the economy. |  | string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `table_name` | Table country name | Name as used in WDI tables (drop-if-empty filter in the merge). |  | string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `long_name` | Official (long) country name | Full official name of the economy. |  | string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `iso2_code` | ISO 2-letter code | Two-letter ISO country code. |  | ISO2 string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `currency_unit` | Currency unit | Name of the national currency. |  | string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `special_notes` | Special notes | Free-text WDI notes about the economy. |  | string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `region` | World Bank region | WDI geographic region; the merged key used to build the four-way region_group (Section 6.2). Blank for aggregate rows. |  | region name | World Bank WDI |  |
| `income_group` | World Bank income group | WDI income classification (Low / Lower-middle / Upper-middle / High income). |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `wb_2_code` | World Bank 2-letter code | World Bank internal two-letter economy code. |  | string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `national_accounts_base_year` | National accounts base year | Base year of the national-accounts series. |  | year (string) | World Bank WDI |  |
| `national_accounts_reference_year` | National accounts reference year | Reference year for the national-accounts series. |  | year | World Bank WDI |  |
| `sna_price_valuation` | SNA price valuation | System-of-National-Accounts price-valuation basis. |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `lending_category` | World Bank lending category | IDA/IBRD/Blend lending category. |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `other_groups` | Other groups | Other World Bank groupings the economy belongs to (e.g. HIPC, EMU). |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `system_of_national_accounts` | System of National Accounts | SNA standard followed (e.g. 1993 SNA, 2008 SNA). |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `alternative_conversion_factor` | Alternative conversion factor | Periods using an alternative currency-conversion factor. |  | string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `ppp_survey_year` | PPP survey year | Year of the latest ICP purchasing-power-parity survey. |  | year | World Bank WDI |  |
| `balance_of_payments_manual_in_us` | Balance of Payments Manual in use | IMF BPM edition used for balance-of-payments data. |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `external_debt_reporting_status` | External debt reporting status | Status of the economy's external-debt reporting. |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `system_of_trade` | System of trade | General vs. special trade-recording system. |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `government_accounting_concept` | Government accounting concept | Budgetary vs. consolidated central-government accounting concept. |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `imf_data_dissemination_standard` | IMF data dissemination standard | IMF data-dissemination subscription (SDDS/GDDS/e-GDDS). |  | category | World Bank WDI |  |
| `latest_population_census` | Latest population census | Year of the latest population census. |  | year (string) | World Bank WDI |  |
| `latest_household_survey` | Latest household survey | Latest household survey (type and year). |  | string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `source_of_most_recent_income_and` | Source of most recent income/expenditure data | Survey source of the most recent income and expenditure data. |  | string | World Bank WDI |  |
| `vital_registration_complete` | Vital registration complete | Whether vital (births/deaths) registration is complete. |  | Yes/blank | World Bank WDI |  |
| `latest_agricultural_census` | Latest agricultural census | Year(s) of the latest agricultural census. |  | year (string) | World Bank WDI |  |
| `latest_industrial_data` | Latest industrial data (year) | Year of the latest industrial data. |  | year | World Bank WDI |  |
| `latest_trade_data` | Latest trade data (year) | Year of the latest trade data. |  | year | World Bank WDI |  |

| Variable | N | Miss% | Distinct | Min | Mean | Median | Max | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| `country_code` | 263 | 0.0 | 263 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `short_name` | 263 | 0.0 | 263 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `table_name` | 263 | 0.0 | 263 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `long_name` | 263 | 0.0 | 263 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `iso2_code` | 261 | 0.8 | 261 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `currency_unit` | 217 | 17.5 | 150 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `special_notes` | 94 | 64.3 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `region` | 217 | 17.5 | 7 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `income_group` | 217 | 17.5 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `wb_2_code` | 262 | 0.4 | 262 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `national_accounts_base_year` | 210 | 20.2 | 33 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `national_accounts_reference_year` | 70 | 73.4 | 14 | 2,000.0 | 2,012.8 | 2,015.0 | 2,019.0 | 3.83 |
| `sna_price_valuation` | 211 | 19.8 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `lending_category` | 144 | 45.2 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `other_groups` | 59 | 77.6 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `system_of_national_accounts` | 208 | 20.9 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `alternative_conversion_factor` | 47 | 82.1 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `ppp_survey_year` | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `balance_of_payments_manual_in_us` | 200 | 24.0 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `external_debt_reporting_status` | 119 | 54.8 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `system_of_trade` | 203 | 22.8 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `government_accounting_concept` | 158 | 39.9 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `imf_data_dissemination_standard` | 186 | 29.3 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `latest_population_census` | 214 | 18.6 | 38 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `latest_household_survey` | 152 | 42.2 | 75 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `source_of_most_recent_income_and` | 168 | 36.1 | 68 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `vital_registration_complete` | 120 | 54.4 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `latest_agricultural_census` | 128 | 51.3 | 30 | — | — | — | — | — |
| `latest_industrial_data` | 147 | 44.1 | 33 | 1,973.0 | 2,007.0 | 2,012.0 | 2,014.0 | 9.42 |
| `latest_trade_data` | 246 | 6.5 | 4 | 2,014.0 | 2,016.8 | 2,017.0 | 2,017.0 | 0.467 |

## Known limitations & caveats

- <strong>Descriptive, not causal.</strong> All regressions document cross-country correlations and trends; the OVB decomposition partitions observed correlations and does not establish causal effects.
- <strong>Unbalanced panel.</strong> The sample grows from 109 GDP-reporting countries in 1960 to ~160 by 1990 (decolonization, then post-Soviet states); changing composition can mechanically affect estimates.
- <strong>Pre-2008 endpoint.</strong> The 10-year forward growth rate is forward-looking, so the last usable year is 2007/2008 &mdash; the Global Financial Crisis, the post-GFC recovery, and COVID-19 are not covered.
- <strong>Small samples for some correlates.</strong> Culture (Hofstede VSM) and tariff variables have fewer than ~60 observations, limiting precision; coverage varies widely across the 90+ correlates.
- <strong>Polity coded missingness.</strong> The Polity series (<code>democ</code>, <code>autoc</code>) use special codes (&minus;66 interruption, &minus;77 interregnum, &minus;88 transition); treat these as missing, not as scores. <code>polity2</code> is the interpolated, analysis-ready version on a &minus;10&hellip;+10 scale.
- <strong>Normalization sensitivity.</strong> In the OVB exercises every correlate is divided by its 1985 standard deviation; the &delta;/&lambda; magnitudes (not signs) depend on this choice.

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*Generated by `build_data_dictionary.py`. Stata format: .dta v118.*
