{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
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"source": [
"# Relation Extraction Exercises\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"In the lecture we took a look at [four different types of relation extraction](chapters/relation_extraction.ipynb). In this exercise we will expand our understanding of those methods by improving on some of the issues we observed with the basic solutions presented in the lecture."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## <font color='green'>Setup 1</font>: Load Libraries"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
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"outputs": [],
"source": [
"%%capture\n",
"%load_ext autoreload\n",
"%autoreload 2\n",
"%matplotlib inline\n",
"# %cd .. \n",
"import sys\n",
"sys.path.append(\"../statnlpbook/\")\n",
"import math \n",
"import tfutil,ie"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## <font color='blue'>Task 1</font>: Shortest Path for Relation Extraction\n",
"\n",
"Recall that for all the presented relation extraction methods, we were interested in determining the relation between two entities.\n",
"A core component of all the relation extraction methods presented in the lecture was to determine the shortest path between those two entities. Features for the relation extraction model were then based on that shortest path. \n",
"\n",
"The solution to determining the shortest path presented in the lecture was to define it as the words occurring between the two entities. \n",
"\n",
"- What is a possible problem with this way of determining the shortest path?\n",
"- What is a better way of producing such a shortest path?\n",
"\n",
"- Improve the relation extraction methods by implementing an alternative shortest path extraction method, the old one is \"sentenceToShortPath(sent)\".\n",
"- Apply the new shortest path extraction method to the relation extraction methods presented with the lecture. \n",
" - Note that in order for this to work, the new shortest path extraction method will need to return a list of words which define the shortest path.\n",
"- Observe the differences between the old and new path shortening method.\n",
"\n",
"Hint: revisit the lecture materials on parsing."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## <font color='blue'>Task 2</font>: Shortest Path Features\n",
"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Recall that, in order to obtain features for supervised relation extraction, we transformed the shortest path between the two entities to word features using the built-in sklearn \"CountVectorizer()\". \n",
"\n",
"As discussed, this can lead to obtaining features which are too general (e.g. stopwords such as \"a\", \"of\"). A better approach would be to have features which are based on the syntax of the sentence.\n",
"\n",
"- Implement a method which, for each sentence, returns a syntactic representation of that sentence\n",
"- Narrow this syntactic representation down to words on the shortest path between the two entities\n",
"\n",
"Hint: if you have completed Task 1, you should already have a solution for those the two exercises above.\n",
"\n",
"- Use the syntactic representation as features for supervised learning. To do this, replace the \"featTransform()\" method. \n",
" - Note that you define the whole syntactic path as a feature, or split it into several words. \n",
" - For the latter, pass the syntactic path to the CountVectorizer() and set the n-gram range appropriately. It is set to \"1, 1\" by default, meaning it returns single words only. See the [sklearn documentation](http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.CountVectorizer.html) for the CountVectorizer.\n",
"- Use a combination of the syntactic representation and words as features. In the literature, this is typically referred to as \"lexico-syntactic features\". Proceed in the same way as for syntax-only features above.\n",
"- Observe the effect of choosing different features on the supervised relation extraction output."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## <font color='blue'>Task 2</font>: Helper Function\n",
"\n",
"The current state of the art parser is [SyntaxNet](https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/syntaxnet), also available as Docker container [here](http://www.whycouch.com/2016/07/how-to-install-and-use-syntaxnet-and.html).\n",
"It parses sentences into the [CoNLL-U format](http://universaldependencies.org/format.html).\n",
"\n",
"The relation extraction data is already parsed with this parser, and you can load it like so:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
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"outputs": [
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"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['1', 'demonstrates', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '5', 'nn', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '2', 'cc', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'clustering', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '2', 'conj', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'techniques', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '1', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '5', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'demonstrates', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'text', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '3', 'nn', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'mining', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '1', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '3', 'cc', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '3', 'conj', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'building', '_', 'VERB', 'VBG', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '1', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '2', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '4', 'nsubj', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '4', 'cop', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'able', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '6', 'aux', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'enhance', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '4', 'xcomp', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '6', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '4', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'we', '_', 'PRON', 'PRP', '_', '2', 'nsubj', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'propose', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '5', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'fully', '_', 'ADV', 'RB', '_', '5', 'amod', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '2', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '5', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', '3d', '_', 'NUM', 'CD', '_', '8', 'num', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['9', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '8', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['10', 'buildings', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '9', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
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"['4', 'two', '_', 'NUM', 'CD', '_', '5', 'num', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '3', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '7', 'aux', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'solve', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '5', 'infmod', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '9', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
"['9', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '7', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', 'NFP', '_', '4', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '4', 'cop', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'more', '_', 'ADV', 'RBR', '_', '4', 'advmod', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'capable', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '4', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '4', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'XXXXX', '_', 'X', 'UH', '_', '5', 'nn', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '1', 'cc', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'pso-based', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '4', 'amod', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'anfis', '_', '.', '$', '_', '1', 'conj', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'approaches', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '7', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'are', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '7', 'auxpass', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'proposed', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '9', 'aux', '_', '_']\n",
"['9', 'model', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '7', 'xcomp', '_', '_']\n",
"['10', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '9', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['11', 'in', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '9', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['12', 'affective', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '14', 'amod', '_', '_']\n",
"['13', 'product', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '14', 'nn', '_', '_']\n",
"['14', 'design', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '11', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
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"['2', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '1', 'cc', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'pso-based', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '4', 'amod', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'anfis', '_', '.', '$', '_', '1', 'conj', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'approaches', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '7', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'are', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '7', 'auxpass', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'proposed', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '9', 'aux', '_', '_']\n",
"['9', 'model', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '7', 'xcomp', '_', '_']\n",
"['10', 'customer', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '11', 'nn', '_', '_']\n",
"['11', 'satisfaction', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '9', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['12', 'in', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '11', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['13', 'affective', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '12', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['14', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '7', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', 'NFP', '_', '2', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'solved', '_', 'VERB', 'VBD', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '4', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '2', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '2', 'cc', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'obtained', '_', 'VERB', 'VBD', '_', '2', 'conj', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '10', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', 'optimal', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '9', 'amod', '_', '_']\n",
"['9', 'section', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '10', 'nn', '_', '_']\n",
"['10', 'shape', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '6', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', 'NFP', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '1', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'sizing', '_', 'VERB', 'VBG', '_', '2', 'pcomp', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '3', 'cc', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNP', '_', '3', 'conj', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '5', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'cable', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', '--', '_', '.', ':', '_', '5', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
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"['']\n",
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"['2', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '3', 'nn', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'model', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '5', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '5', 'auxpass', '_', '_']\n",
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"['']\n",
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"['4', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'swarm', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '6', 'amod', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'intelligence', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '4', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
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"['6', 'intelligence', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '4', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
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"['12', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '10', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
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"['2', 'propose', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'here', '_', 'ADV', 'RB', '_', '2', 'advmod', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '5', 'aux', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'use', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '2', 'xcomp', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'partially', '_', 'ADV', 'RB', '_', '7', 'advmod', '_', '_']\n",
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"['13', 'in', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '10', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['14', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '2', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
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"['3', '-LRB-', '_', '.', '-LRB-', '_', '2', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
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"['6', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '2', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
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"['10', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '13', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
"['11', 'two-stage', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '12', 'amod', '_', '_']\n",
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"['13', 'reducer', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '9', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
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"['15', 'introduced', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
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"['2', 'are', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '3', 'auxpass', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'used', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'to', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNP', '_', '4', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'between', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'parameters', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '7', 'cc', '_', '_']\n",
"['9', 'response', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '7', 'conj', '_', '_']\n",
"['10', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '7', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['11', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '12', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
"['12', 'model', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '10', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '2', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '4', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '4', 'auxpass', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'adopted', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['5', 'as', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '4', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '7', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
"['7', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '5', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['8', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '7', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
"['9', 'vns', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '8', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'XXXXX', '_', 'X', 'LS', '_', '2', 'nn', '_', '_']\n",
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"['8', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '7', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'rough', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '2', 'amod', '_', '_']\n",
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"['3', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '2', 'cc', '_', '_']\n",
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"['']\n",
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"['4', 'metrics', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '3', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
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"['11', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '3', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '4', 'det', '_', '_']\n",
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"['11', 'sites', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '8', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
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"['']\n",
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"['3', 'software', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '2', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
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"['9', 'listed', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n",
"['1', 'using', '_', 'VERB', 'VBG', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
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"['']\n",
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"['3', 'our', '_', 'PRON', 'PRP$', '_', '4', 'poss', '_', '_']\n",
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"['']\n",
"['1', 'smoothing', '_', 'VERB', 'VBG', '_', '4', 'csubj', '_', '_']\n",
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"['3', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '2', 'pobj', '_', '_']\n",
"['4', 'decreases', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
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"['']\n",
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"['5', 'using', '_', 'VERB', 'VBG', '_', '4', 'xcomp', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '5', 'dobj', '_', '_']\n",
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"['']\n",
"['1', 'huge', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '2', 'amod', '_', '_']\n",
"['2', 'impact', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']\n",
"['3', 'on', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '2', 'prep', '_', '_']\n",
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"['5', 'allowing', '_', 'VERB', 'VBG', '_', '3', 'pcomp', '_', '_']\n",
"['6', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '2', 'punct', '_', '_']\n",
"['']\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"def loadSyntRepr(path=\"../data/ie/ie_training_data.sents.parse\"):\n",
" file = open(path, \"r\")\n",
" \n",
" sents = []\n",
" s = []\n",
" for l in file:\n",
" l = l.strip()\n",
" data = l.split(\"\\t\")\n",
" print(data)\n",
" if len(data) < 10:\n",
" sents.append(s)\n",
" s = []\n",
" continue\n",
" \n",
" wid, token, lemma, upostag, xpostag, feats, head, deprel, deps, misc = data\n",
" s.append(data)\n",
" \n",
" if len(s) != 0:\n",
" sents.append(s)\n",
" \n",
" return sents\n",
" \n",
"sents = loadSyntRepr()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[[['1', 'demonstrates', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '5', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '2', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'clustering', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '2', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'techniques', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '1', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '5', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'demonstrates', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'text', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '3', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'mining', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '1', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '3', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '3', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'building', '_', 'VERB', 'VBG', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '1', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '2', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '4', 'nsubj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '4', 'cop', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'able', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '6', 'aux', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'enhance', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '4', 'xcomp', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '6', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '4', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'we', '_', 'PRON', 'PRP', '_', '2', 'nsubj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'propose', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '5', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'fully', '_', 'ADV', 'RB', '_', '5', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '2', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '5', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', '3d', '_', 'NUM', 'CD', '_', '8', 'num', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '8', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'buildings', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '9', 'pobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'this', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '2', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'paper', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '3', 'nsubj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'proposes', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'two', '_', 'NUM', 'CD', '_', '5', 'num', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '3', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '7', 'aux', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'solve', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '5', 'infmod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '9', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '7', 'dobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', 'NFP', '_', '4', 'punct', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '4', 'cop', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'more', '_', 'ADV', 'RBR', '_', '4', 'advmod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'capable', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '4', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '4', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'XXXXX', '_', 'X', 'UH', '_', '5', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '1', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'pso-based', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '4', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'anfis', '_', '.', '$', '_', '1', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'approaches', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '7', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'are', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '7', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'proposed', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '9', 'aux', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'model', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '7', 'xcomp', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '9', 'punct', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['11', 'in', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '9', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['12', 'affective', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '14', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['13', 'product', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '14', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['14', 'design', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '11', 'pobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'XXXXX', '_', 'X', 'UH', '_', '5', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '1', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'pso-based', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '4', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'anfis', '_', '.', '$', '_', '1', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'approaches', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '7', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'are', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '7', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'proposed', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '9', 'aux', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'model', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '7', 'xcomp', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'customer', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '11', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['11', 'satisfaction', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '9', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['12', 'in', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '11', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['13', 'affective', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '12', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['14', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '7', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', 'NFP', '_', '2', 'punct', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'solved', '_', 'VERB', 'VBD', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '4', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '2', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '2', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'obtained', '_', 'VERB', 'VBD', '_', '2', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '10', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'optimal', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '9', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'section', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '10', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'shape', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '6', 'dobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', 'NFP', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '1', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'sizing', '_', 'VERB', 'VBG', '_', '2', 'pcomp', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '3', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNP', '_', '3', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '5', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'cable', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', '--', '_', '.', ':', '_', '5', 'punct', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'truss', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '10', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'structures', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '3', 'dobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'an', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '3', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', ',', '_', '3', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'model', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '5', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '5', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'employed', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'to', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '5', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '5', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '``', '_', '2', 'nsubj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'assists', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '2', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '2', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '3', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'new', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '3', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'combination', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '10', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNP', '_', '8', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '5', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'chaos', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '5', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'theory', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '4', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '10', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'presented', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['11', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '10', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['12', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '10', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '3', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'new', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '3', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'combination', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '10', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'swarm', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '6', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'intelligence', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '4', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '6', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '6', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '10', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'presented', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['11', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '10', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['12', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '10', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '3', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'new', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '3', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'combination', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '10', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'swarm', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '6', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'intelligence', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '4', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '6', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '6', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '10', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'presented', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['11', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '10', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['12', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '10', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'we', '_', 'PRON', 'PRP', '_', '2', 'nsubj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'propose', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'here', '_', 'ADV', 'RB', '_', '2', 'advmod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '5', 'aux', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'use', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '2', 'xcomp', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'partially', '_', 'ADV', 'RB', '_', '7', 'advmod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'converged', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '8', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'data', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '5', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '10', 'aux', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'construct', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '5', 'xcomp', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['11', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '12', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['12', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '10', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['13', 'in', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '10', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['14', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '2', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '2', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '15', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', '-LRB-', '_', '.', '-LRB-', '_', '2', 'punct', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'ga', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '2', 'dep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', '-RRB-', '_', '.', '-RRB-', '_', '2', 'punct', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'for', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '2', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'automated', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '8', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNP', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '8', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '13', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['11', 'two-stage', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '12', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['12', 'speed', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '13', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['13', 'reducer', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '9', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['14', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '15', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['15', 'introduced', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', 'NFP', '_', '3', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'are', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '3', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'used', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'to', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNP', '_', '4', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'between', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '3', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'parameters', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '6', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '7', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'response', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '7', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '7', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['11', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '12', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['12', 'model', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '10', 'pobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '2', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '4', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '4', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'adopted', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'as', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '4', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '7', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '5', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'of', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '7', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'vns', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNS', '_', '8', 'pobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'XXXXX', '_', 'X', 'LS', '_', '2', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'application', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'on', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '2', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '3', 'pobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'grid', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '2', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'portioning', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '6', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'and', '_', 'CONJ', 'CC', '_', '2', 'cc', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', 'NFP', '_', '2', 'conj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'are', '_', 'VERB', 'VBP', '_', '6', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'used', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'to', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '6', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'XXXXX', '_', '.', '.', '_', '6', 'punct', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'a', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '3', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', 'new', '_', 'ADJ', 'JJ', '_', '3', 'amod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '5', 'nsubjpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', 'is', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '5', 'auxpass', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'proposed', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'to', '_', 'PRT', 'TO', '_', '7', 'aux', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'solve', '_', 'VERB', 'VB', '_', '5', 'xcomp', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'the', '_', 'DET', 'DT', '_', '9', 'det', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNP', '_', '7', 'dobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'associated', '_', 'VERB', 'VBN', '_', '9', 'partmod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['11', 'with', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '10', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['12', 'damage', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '13', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['13', 'assessment', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '11', 'pobj', '_', '_']],\n",
" [['1', 'XXXXX', '_', 'X', 'UH', '_', '5', 'nsubj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['2', '-LRB-', '_', '.', '-LRB-', '_', '1', 'punct', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['3', 'sa', '_', 'NOUN', 'NNP', '_', '1', 'dep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['4', '-RRB-', '_', '.', '-RRB-', '_', '1', 'punct', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['5', 'helps', '_', 'VERB', 'VBZ', '_', '0', 'ROOT', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['6', 'ivs', '_', 'ADV', 'RB', '_', '5', 'advmod', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['7', 'in', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '5', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['8', 'XXXXX', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '7', 'pobj', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['9', 'with', '_', 'ADP', 'IN', '_', '8', 'prep', '_', '_'],\n",
" ['10', 'time', '_', 'NOUN', 'NN', '_', '11', 'nn', '_', '_'],\n",
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