Anecdotal Fallacy ontology
type: Ontology
created: 27/02/2024
creator: Salvatore Di Marzo
description: Anecdotal fallacy part of the Cognitive Bias Ontology
comment: The anecdotal fallacy, also known as the anecdotal evidence or personal anecdote fallacy, occurs when someone relies on personal experiences or isolated examples instead of considering a broader range of evidence or statistical data. This bias involves drawing conclusions based on a single or a few examples rather than looking at the larger picture. While anecdotes can be powerful and emotionally compelling, they are not necessarily representative of the general reality or the overall trend. It's important to recognize that individual experiences can vary widely, and relying solely on anecdotes may lead to inaccurate or biased conclusions.
hascomponent: http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/icity/ActivitySpecification
hascomponent: http://purl.org/ontology/cco/core#
hascomponent: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
hascomponent: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/modellingDH/odp_experience/master/owl/cp_experience.owl.rdfxml
hascomponent: https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/
user story: As a health-conscious individual, I want to adopt a new diet plan, so that I can achieve my weight loss goals. I will start researching different diet plans available in the market. I come across a testimonial from a friend who claims to have lost a significant amount of weight using the "SuperShred" diet plan. Intrigued by the success story, I decide to follow the "SuperShred" diet plan based on my friend's positive experience. I diligently adhere to the diet plan for a month, documenting my meals and progress. At the end of the month, I notice a minimal change in my weight, and I share my experience with others, advocating for the effectiveness of the "SuperShred" diet. However, I fail to consider that individual responses to diet plans can vary, and factors such as metabolism, lifestyle, and overall health play a significant role. Without consulting broader nutritional guidelines or seeking professional advice, I continue promoting the "SuperShred" diet solely based on my personal experience. Over time, I encounter challenges or negative effects that were not apparent in the short term, but I attribute these solely to individual variations rather than considering a more comprehensive understanding of nutrition.

inActivity
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Assessing
  union of: BecomingAware
  union of: Pattern
  union of: People
  union of: PerceptionExperience
range: Class
  union of: Decision
  union of: Activity
comment: What activity/ies are affecting or affected by a certain engagement

includes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Bias
  union of: Outcome
  union of: Activity
  union of: Event
range: Class
  union of: MemoryGap
  union of: CognitiveConnection
  union of: Evidence
  union of: Pattern
  union of: PerceptionExperience
comment: A relation of mereological nature that connects a given observation with the activity that originates them: it strengthens the argument that observations are always active processes from a cognitive standpoint, regardless of how conscious they may be. A standard mereological property from another content pattern may be used in lieu of this one and therefore aligned with it.

isEngagedIn
type: ObjectProperty
domain: People
range: Class
  union of: Action
  union of: MentalProperty
  union of: Activity
  union of: Assessing
  union of: BecomingAware
  union of: Deciding
  union of: Event
  union of: PerceptionExperience
  union of: Predicting
comment: Because an activity may engage other participants than the one performing it, engagements are in general considered individual rather than collective, therefore each participants has their own engagement and only some of them will be conscious and/or documented.

producedObservation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: AmbiguousStimulus
  union of: Non-humanEntity
  union of: Variables
  union of: ExperiencerObj
range: Class
  union of: HumanFeature
  union of: CognitiveConnection
  union of: Pattern
comment: This property can be used to denote that something is (even indirectly, not necessary through direct reflection) responsible for the existence of an observation.

belief
type: ObjectProperty
domain: People
range: Class
  union of: Sequence
  union of: Belief.n.1
comment: An uncertain relation for competence representation. That means beliefs, persuasions or opinions, which can also be misconceptions. A Person who believes that a sequence of past events with the same outcome can change the probability of the outcome of the same event in the future

creates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Sequence
range: Class
  union of: Illusion
  union of: PerceptionExperience
comment: a property connecting the illusory effect created by the Perception of Pattern

involves
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Illusion
  union of: Activity
  union of: Event
  union of: PerceptionExperience
range: Class
  union of: Entity
  union of: AmbiguousStimulus
  union of: MemoryEncoding
  union of: Assistance
  union of: ExperiencerObj
comment: a property that links the cognitive process of creating the perception of an experience and the experience to which it is linked to.

Activity
type: Class
disjoint with: ExperiencerObj
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: PerceptionExperience
disjoint with: Sequence
disjoint with: Person
comment: This is an abstract frame for durative activities, in which the Agent enters an ongoing state of the Activity, remains in this state for some Duration of Time, and leaves this state either by finishing or by stopping. The Agent's Activity should be intentional. This frame is intended mostly for the inheritance of common FEs, and to provide the frame structure for the beginning, ongoing, finish, or stop stage of an Activity, each of which constitutes a subframe of this frame. This frame should be compared to the Process frame.

ExperiencerObj
type: Class
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: PerceptionExperience
disjoint with: Sequence
disjoint with: Person
comment: Some phenomenon (the Stimulus) provokes a particular emotion in an Experiencer. Nightmare on Elm Street scared me silly.

Pattern
type: Class
disjoint with: PerceptionExperience
disjoint with: Sequence
disjoint with: Person
comment: This frame describes the interrelation of a collection of Entities; they may be physical entities or shapes in a recognizable configuration, a pattern of events, or a relation among abstract entities. The pattern is not the individual Entities nor the set of Entities, but an abstraction of their interrelations, as a gestalt. The Cougers are playing in a Wing-T formation tonight. The auditors noticed a suspicious pattern of withdrawals from the maintenance account . The digits of irrational numbers do not repeat in any kind of pattern.

People
type: Class
comment: This frame contains general words for Individuals, i.e. humans. The Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have an Age, Descriptor, Origin, Persistent_characteristic, or Ethnicity. A man from Phoenix was shot yesterday. She gave birth to a screaming babyyesterday. I study 16-year-old female adolescents. I am dating an African-American man. She comforted the terrified child. I always thought of him as a stupid man.

PerceptionExperience
type: Class
disjoint with: Sequence
disjoint with: Person
comment: This frame contains perception words whose Perceivers have perceptual experiences that they do not necessarily intend to. For this reason we call the Perceiver role Perceiver_passive. Comparing the Perception_experience frame to the Perception_active frame, we note that for some modalities there are different lexical items in each frame. For instance, whereas Perception_experience has see, Perception_active has look at. For other sense modalities, we find the same lexical items in both frames. To illustrate, consider the verb smell where I smell something rotten exemplifies its Perception_experience use and Smell this to see if it's fresh exemplifies its Perception_active sense. This frame also includes words which are not specific to any sense modality, including detect, perceive, perception, sense.

Sequence
type: Class
disjoint with: Person
comment: The words in this frame describe entities that occur in some temporally-ordered sequence. The entities thus have some sort of relation between them that might be described by the Relative_time frame. However, at this time, this frame has no Frame Relation with that frame (though this is still under discussion). Additionally, it should be noted that the words in this frame have a metaphorical link to the words in Shape. Describe in detail the sequence of steps taken during an emergency.