Clustering Illusion Ontology
type: Ontology
created: 27-02-2024
creator: Salvatore Di Marzo
description: Clustering illusion part of the Cognitive Bias ontology
comment: The clustering illusion is a cognitive bias that involves perceiving patterns or clusters in random or unrelated data. People tend to see patterns where none actually exist, and this can lead to incorrect interpretations of information. This bias arises from the human brain's natural inclination to seek order and make sense of the world, individuals may perceive random events or data points as part of a meaningful pattern or trend. This can occur when there is no actual correlation or connection between the observed elements. The clustering illusion can impact decision-making and judgments, as individuals may base their conclusions on perceived patterns that are not statistically significant or meaningful.
has component: http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/icity/ActivitySpecification
has component: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
has component: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/modellingDH/odp_experience/master/owl/cp_experience.owl.rdfxml
has component: https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/
user story: Sarah, a regular lottery who enjoys testing her luck with weekly ticket purchases. Over the past month, Sarah notices a curious pattern emerging in the winning numbers of the local lottery. She observes that the winning numbers often consist of consecutive digits, such as 12, 13, 14, or alternating pairs like 5 and 7. Excited by this apparent pattern, Sarah starts to develop a theory that the lottery draws are not entirely random. She begins meticulously analysing past winning numbers, searching for more evidence to support her hypothesis. With each new draw, Sarah eagerly checks the results, hoping to uncover additional patterns or trends. As the weeks pass, Sarah becomes increasingly convinced that she has cracked the code to winning the lottery. She starts sharing her findings with friends and family, boasting about her newfound strategy for picking winning numbers. Some of her acquaintances start to believe in Sarah's theory, intrigued by the apparent predictability of the lottery draws. Sarah decides to invest more money into buying lottery tickets, confident that her strategy will lead to big wins. However, despite her efforts, Sarah's luck doesn't seem to improve. She continues to match only a few numbers here and there, never coming close to hitting the jackpot.

inActivity
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Assessing
  union of: BecomingAware
  union of: Pattern
  union of: People
  union of: PerceptionExperience
range: Class
  union of: Decision
  union of: Activity
comment: what activity/ies are affecting or affected by a certain engagement

isReflectionOn
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: HumanFeature
  union of: CognitiveConnection
  union of: Pattern
range: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: BecomingAware
  union of: PerceptionExperience
comment: Used to connect the subjective elements of an experience with the corresponding observation, which is extrapolated from the content being interacted with and in itself may not be including a critique.

producedObservation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: AmbiguousStimulus
  union of: Non-humanEntity
  union of: Variables
  union of: ExperiencerObj
range: Class
  union of: HumanFeature
  union of: CognitiveConnection
  union of: Pattern
comment: This property can be used to denote that something is (even indirectly, not necessary through direct reflection) responsible for the existence of an observation.

creates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Sequence
range: Class
  union of: Illusion
  union of: PerceptionExperience
comment: a property connecting the illusory effect created by the Perception of Pattern

involves
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Illusion
  union of: Activity
  union of: Event
  union of: PerceptionExperience
range: Class
  union of: Entity
  union of: AmbiguousStimulus
  union of: MemoryEncoding
  union of: Assistance
  union of: ExperiencerObj
comment: a property that links the cognitive process of creating the perception of an experience and the experience to which it is linked to.

Illusion
type: Class
disjoint with: Activity
disjoint with: ExperiencerObj
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: Person
comment: An illusion is a distortion of the senses, which can reveal how the mind normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Although illusions distort the human perception of reality, they are generally shared by most people. Illusions may occur with any of the human senses, but visual illusions (optical illusions) are the best-known and understood. The emphasis on visual illusions occurs because vision often dominates the other senses. For example, individuals watching a ventriloquist will perceive the voice is coming from the dummy since they are able to see the dummy mouth the words.

Activity
type: Class
disjoint with: ExperiencerObj
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: Person
comment: This is an abstract frame for durative activities, in which the Agent enters an ongoing state of the Activity, remains in this state for some Duration of Time, and leaves this state either by finishing or by stopping. The Agent's Activity should be intentional. This frame is intended mostly for the inheritance of common FEs, and to provide the frame structure for the beginning, ongoing, finish, or stop stage of an Activity, each of which constitutes a subframe of this frame. This frame should be compared to the Process frame.

ExperiencerObj
type: Class
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: Person
comment: Some phenomenon (the Stimulus) provokes a particular emotion in an Experiencer. Nightmare on Elm Street scared me silly.

Pattern
type: Class
disjoint with: Person
comment: This frame describes the interrelation of a collection of Entities; they may be physical entities or shapes in a recognizable configuration, a pattern of events, or a relation among abstract entities. The pattern is not the individual Entities nor the set of Entities, but an abstraction of their interrelations, as a gestalt. The Cougers are playing in a Wing-T formation tonight. The auditors noticed a suspicious pattern of withdrawals from the maintenance account . The digits of irrational numbers do not repeat in any kind of pattern.

People
type: Class
comment: This frame contains general words for Individuals, i.e. humans. The Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have an Age, Descriptor, Origin, Persistent_characteristic, or Ethnicity. A man from Phoenix was shot yesterday. She gave birth to a screaming babyyesterday. I study 16-year-old female adolescents. I am dating an African-American man. She comforted the terrified child. I always thought of him as a stupid man.