The Gamblers'Fallacy Ontology Bias
type: Ontology
created: 2024-02-20T00:00:00
creator: Corrado Consiglio
description: The Gamblers'Fallacy module of the Cognitive Bias Ontology
has component: Submissions:AffectedBy
has component: Submissions:Parameter
has component: Submissions:PartOf
has component: Submissions:Participation
has component: Submissions:Provenance
has component: Submissions:RecurrentEventSeries
has component: cognitivecharacteristics.html
scenarios: In a lottery, a person thinks that a certain number is more likely to be drawn next because it hasn't been drawn in a long time.
comment: The Gambler's Fallacy bias, also known as the Fallacy of the Maturity of Chances, is a cognitive bias that occurs when an individual believes that past events in a random or chance-based process can influence the likelihood of future events in the same process. It is a mistaken belief that, because a certain outcome has occurred frequently or infrequently in the past, the probability of that outcome occurring again in the future is somehow altered or "due" to happen.
has component: ontology

string
description: Define the relation between an entity (activity or event) and its produced outcome.

belief
type: ObjectProperty
domain: People
range: Class
  union of: Sequence
  union of: Belief.n.1
comment: An uncertain relation for competence representation. That means beliefs, persuasions or opinions, which can also be misconceptions. A Person who believes that a sequence of past events with the same outcome can change the probability of the outcome of the same event in the future

hasParticipant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isParticipantIn
domain: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Predicting
range: Class
  union of: PerceivedValidity
  union of: People
comment: inverse property of isParticipantIn

isParticipantIn
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: PerceivedValidity
  union of: People
range: Class
  union of: Activity
  union of: Predicting
comment: Define the participation of an entity in a process or an Activity

produces
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: MemoryEncoding
  union of: Deciding
  union of: Event
  union of: People
  union of: PerceptionExperience
  union of: Predicting
range: Class
  union of: Decision
  union of: Outcome
  union of: PerceivedValidity
  union of: Evidence
  union of: Expectation
  union of: Memory
comment: Define the relation between an entity (activity or event) and its produced outcome.

hasBiasedOpinion
type: ObjectProperty
domain: People
range: Class
  union of: Bias
  union of: Event
comment: A property connecting a Person who has a biased opinion about the possible outcome of a Future Event, such as a Random/Chance-based Occurrence, because he/she thinks that there is a correlation between this future event and a series of past events.

hasInfluence
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: influencedBy
domain: Class
  union of: Decision
  union of: Ignore
  union of: Pattern
  union of: Sequence
range: Class
  union of: Decision
  union of: Thing
  union of: PerceptionExperience
  union of: Probability
comment: A property connecting an Entity (Sequence) that affects in different ways another entity (Probability).

hasOutcome
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isOutcomeOf
domain: Class
  union of: MentalProperty
  union of: MemoryEncoding
  union of: Event
  union of: Sequence
range: Class
  union of: Outcome
  union of: Importance
comment: A property linking series of events to the same Outcome produced

isOutcomeOf
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Outcome
  union of: Importance
range: Class
  union of: MemoryEncoding
  union of: Event
  union of: Sequence
comment: Inverse property of HasOutcome property

FutureEvent
type: Class
subclass of: Event
description: This class represent an event that will happen in the next future.

NextRandomOccurence
type: Class
subclass of: FutureEvent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isPartOf
  some values from: Activity
description: This class represent an event that will happen in the next future and it is characterized by randomness.

Outcome
type: Class
disjoint with: Activity
disjoint with: Event
disjoint with: People
disjoint with: Probability
disjoint with: Sequence
description: This class represent the outcome of an event such as a RandomOccurence

ColorNumber
type: Class
subclass of: Outcome
description: A class representing a type of Outcome such as Colored Numbers

Activity
type: Class
disjoint with: Event
disjoint with: People
disjoint with: Probability
disjoint with: Sequence
description: This is an abstract frame for durative activities, in which the Agent enters an ongoing state of the Activity, remains in this state for some Duration of Time, and leaves this state either by finishing or by stopping. The Agent's Activity should be intentional. This frame is intended mostly for the inheritance of common FEs, and to provide the frame structure for the beginning, ongoing, finish, or stop stage of an Activity, each of which constitutes a subframe of this frame. This frame should be compared to the Process frame. In this case the frame represents an activity with random or chance-based outcomes in which a person is involved in.

Event
type: Class
disjoint with: People
disjoint with: Probability
disjoint with: Sequence
description: An Event takes place at a Place and Time. Big earthquakes only happen along plate boundaries. INI The party will take place on Sunday in the all-you-can-eat buffet.

People
type: Class
disjoint with: Probability
disjoint with: Sequence
description: This frame contains general words for Individuals, i.e. humans. The Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have an Age, Descriptor, Origin, Persistent_characteristic, or Ethnicity. A man from Phoenix was shot yesterday. She gave birth to a screaming baby yesterday. I study 16-year-old female adolescents. I am dating an African-American man. She comforted the terrified child. I always thought of him as a stupid man.

Probability
type: Class
disjoint with: Sequence
description: This frame characterizes the likelihood that a Hypothetical_event will happen as a position on a scale of impossible to inevitable. The likelihood can expressed as numerical Odds or a metaphorical representation of the Position on a scale. There's a 20 % chance that you'll succeed. The odds that he'll actually do it are one in a million.

Sequence
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: wasGeneratedBy
  some values from: Activity
description: The words in this frame describe entities that occur in some temporally-ordered sequence. The entities thus have some sort of relation between them that might be described by the Relative_time frame. However, at this time, this frame has no Frame Relation with that frame (though this is still under discussion). Additionally, it should be noted that the words in this frame have a metaphorical link to the words in Shape. Describe in detail the sequence of steps taken during an emergency. In this case this frame represent a sequence of temporally-ordered past events that have the same outcome

Player
type: Class
subclass of: People
description: A class for a player involved in an Activity such as a Lottery Draw.

Black Number
type: NamedIndividual
type: ColorNumber
comment: The outcome of the next number draw or past number draws. Black numbers and red numbers have the same probability of being extracted.

Lottery Draw
type: NamedIndividual
type: Activity
comment: an activity where numbers are of two different colours (black and red) and where only one number is extracted for each draw.

Lottery Player
type: NamedIndividual
type: Player
belief: Past Number Draw Series
is participant in: Lottery Draw
has biased opinion: Number Draw
comment: An human being that participates as a player to a lottery draw.

Number Draw
type: NamedIndividual
type: NextRandomOccurence
has parameter: Probability Level
is part of: Lottery Draw
produces: Black Number
produces: Red Number
comment: A number draw in a lottery is an event totally random where each number has the same probability of being extracted. In this case the outcome of the next number draw can be the same of the past number draws series or not. If in the past Number draws series the Outcome was Black and player believes that the probability of drawing a Black number in the next draw is lower so the next outcome will be Red, he/she is affected by the Gambler's Fallacy Bias. On the contrary, if he/she believes that the probability of drawing again a Black number is higher, he/she is affected by the Hot Outcome bias.

Past Number Draw Series
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sequence
was generated by: Lottery Draw
has outcome: Black Number
comment: An ordered sequence of past number draws that has the same outcome (black) will influence the judgment of the participant about the probability of the outcome in the next number draw.

Probability Level
type: NamedIndividual
type: Probability
influenced by: Past Number Draw Series
has parameter data value: High
has parameter data value: Low
comment: The level of probability that the outcome of the next number draw will be red or black can be higher or lower for the participant, depending on the outcomes of the previous number draws.

Red Number
type: NamedIndividual
type: ColorNumber
comment: The outcome of the next number draw or past number draws. Black numbers and red numbers have the same probability of being extracted