Illusory of Correlation Bias Ontology
type: Ontology
created: February 2024
creator: Corrado Consiglio
description: The Illusory of Correlation module of the Cognitive Bias Ontology
has component: Submissions:PartOf
has component: Submissions:Experience & Observation
has component: ontology
scenarios: Superstitions: A baseball player believes that wearing a specific pair of socks during a winning game brings good luck. However, the socks have no impact on the game's outcome, yet the player associates wearing them with success.
comment: Illusory correlation bias refers to the tendency of individuals to perceive a relationship between two variables even when no such relationship exists or when the relationship is much weaker than assumed. This bias often occurs when people incorrectly associate two events or characteristics because they occur together in a particular pattern or sequence, leading to the erroneous belief that there is a causal connection between them.

hasEffect
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Cognitive Connection
  union of: Pattern
range: Illusion
comment: A property linking an Entity (a perceived correlation between two variables in a pattern or a perceived pattern due to any kind of external stimulus) and the illusory effect that this Entity produce.

isPerceivedAs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Assistance
  union of: Becoming Aware
  union of: Belief.n.1
range: Pattern
comment: a property that links a person 's cognitive process of being aware of something like a trend while he/she is doing an activity and what is perceived as part of the trend.

Illusion
type: Class
disjoint with: Variables
disjoint with: Activity
disjoint with: Becoming Aware
disjoint with: Cognitive Connection
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: People
description: An illusion is a distortion of the senses, which can reveal how the mind normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Although illusions distort the human perception of reality, they are generally shared by most people. Illusions may occur with any of the human senses, but visual illusions (optical illusions) are the best-known and understood. The emphasis on visual illusions occurs because vision often dominates the other senses. For example, individuals watching a ventriloquist will perceive the voice is coming from the dummy since they are able to see the dummy mouth the words.

Variable Entity 1
type: Class
subclass of: Variables
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isPartOf
  some values from: Variables Pattern
disjoint with: Variable Entity 2
description: A class for one one of the two variables that are perceived as correlated.

Variable Entity 2
type: Class
subclass of: Variables
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isPartOf
  some values from: Variables Pattern
description: A class for one one of the two variables that are perceived as correlated.

Variables
type: Class
disjoint with: Activity
disjoint with: Becoming Aware
disjoint with: Cognitive Connection
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: People
description: A class representing all the possible variables or attributes that individuals mistakenly perceive to be correlated.

Variables Pattern
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Pattern
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: hasPart
    some values from: Variable Entity 1
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: hasPart
    some values from: Variable Entity 2
subclass of: RecognizablePattern
description: An class and its individual representing the type of pattern recognized by an human agent as part of a trend, in this case a pattern where two elements often appear together.

Activity
type: Class
disjoint with: Becoming Aware
disjoint with: Cognitive Connection
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: People
description: This is an abstract frame for durative activities, in which the Agent enters an ongoing state of the Activity, remains in this state for some Duration of Time, and leaves this state either by finishing or by stopping. The Agent's Activity should be intentional. This frame is intended mostly for the inheritance of common FEs, and to provide the frame structure for the beginning, ongoing, finish, or stop stage of an Activity, each of which constitutes a subframe of this frame. This frame should be compared to the Process frame. In this case is a class representing an activity affected by a certain cognitive process (Becoming Aware of something).

Becoming Aware
type: Class
disjoint with: Cognitive Connection
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: People
description: Words in this frame have to do with a Cognizer adding some Phenomenon to their model of the world. They are similar to Coming-to-believe words, except the latter generally involve reasoning from Evidence. The words in this frame take direct objects that denote entities in the world, and indicate awareness of those entities, without necessarily giving any information about the content of the Cognizer's belief or knowledge. These words also resemble perception words, since creatures often become aware of things by perceiving them. Later that night, they found the barely-alive victim inside the Red Hall estate flat. Almost immediately, the police discovered the wrought-iron crypt gate swinging open. In the bag on the tableI could vaguely discern two bottles of wine and several cartons of cakes and other goodies. People passing through recognize it from afar, by the clouds of coal dust darkening the air. General Grammatical Observations: Passive forms of the verbs in this frame can occur with extraposed clauses expressing Phenomenon: That year it was discovered that consumers preferred the older model. It is not always recognized how much work goes into a dinner party.

Cognitive Connection
type: Class
disjoint with: Pattern
disjoint with: People
description: A concept, Concept_1, is related causally or collocationally to another concept, Concept_2, by means of some Evidence. They may be related only under certain Circumstances or from a certain Point_of_view. The two concepts may be expressed collectively as associated Concepts. Any cognizer is deprofiled.

Pattern
type: Class
disjoint with: People
description: This frame describes the interrelation of a collection of Entities; they may be physical entities or shapes in a recognizable configuration, a pattern of events, or a relation among abstract entities. The pattern is not the individual Entities nor the set of Entities, but an abstraction of their interrelations, as a gestalt. The Cougers are playing in a Wing-T formation tonight. The auditors noticed a suspicious pattern of withdrawals from the maintenance account . The digits of irrational numbers do not repeat in any kind of pattern.

People
type: Class
description: This frame contains general words for Individuals, i.e. humans. The Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have an Age, Descriptor, Origin, Persistent_characteristic, or Ethnicity. A man from Phoenix was shot yesterday. She gave birth to a screaming baby yesterday. I study 16-year-old female adolescents. I am dating an African-American man. She comforted the terrified child. I always thought of him as a stupid man.

Player
type: Class
subclass of: People
description: A class for a player such as a Baseball_Player engaged in a cognitive process during an Activity.

Baseball Match
type: NamedIndividual
type: Activity
includes: Variables Correlation
comment: An individual representing the activity in which the person's cognitive process of becoming aware takes place.

Baseball Player
type: NamedIndividual
type: Player
is engaged in: Trend Awareness
comment: an individual representing the type of person involved in the Illusory Correlation Bias, in this case a baseball player.

Illusion Effect
type: NamedIndividual
type: Illusion
comment: An individual representing the conseguent illusory effect made by the correlation perceived between the variables.

Trend Awareness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Becoming Aware
in activity: Baseball Match
is perceived as: VariablesPattern
comment: An individual representing the person's cognitive process of becoming aware of something.

Variables Correlation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cognitive Connection
is reflection on: Trend Awareness
has effect: Illusion Effect
comment: An individual representing the possible correlation between the variables of the pattern detected as part of a trend.

Victories
type: NamedIndividual
type: Variable Entity 2
produced observation: Variables Correlation
comment: One of the variables that occur together as part of a pattern.

Pair of socks
type: NamedIndividual
type: Variable Entity 1
produced observation: Variables Correlation
comment: One of the variables that occur together as part of a pattern.