#!/usr/bin/env python

def r8_exp ( x ):

#*****************************************************************************80
#
## R8_EXP computes the exponential function, avoiding overflow and underflow.
#
#  Discussion:
#
#    For arguments of very large magnitude, the evaluation of the
#    exponential function can cause computational problems.  Some languages
#    and compilers may return an infinite value or a "Not-a-Number".  
#    An alternative, when dealing with a wide range of inputs, is simply
#    to truncate the calculation for arguments whose magnitude is too large.
#    Whether this is the right or convenient approach depends on the problem
#    you are dealing with, and whether or not you really need accurate
#    results for large magnitude inputs, or you just want your code to
#    stop crashing.
#
#  Licensing:
#
#    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
#
#  Modified:
#
#    19 September 2014
#
#  Author:
#
#    John Burkardt
#
#  Parameters:
#
#    Input, real X, the argument of the exponential function.
#
#    Output, real VALUE, the value of exp ( X ).
#
  from math import exp

  r8_huge = 1.0E+30
  r8_log_max = +69.0776
  r8_log_min = -69.0776

  if ( x <= r8_log_min ):
    value = 0.0
  elif ( x < r8_log_max ):
    value = exp ( x )
  else:
    value = r8_huge

  return value;