{
"metadata": {
"name": "",
"signature": "sha256:15a104c64c3b5c0dc4537181fe258b79b781e7ef13a4a53e47c2d7aad003af5e"
},
"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from IPython.core.display import Image\n",
"Image(url='http://labrosa.ee.columbia.edu/crucialpython/logo.png', width=600)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"html": [
""
],
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 1,
"text": [
""
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 1
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"One very good feature of MATLAB is that it is very easy for debugging, which is one of the main reason that many people still use MATLAB. Since correcting bugs is so important in coding, today we are going to share some python feature for debugging. "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 1,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Debug in python"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Some quick commands"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Assume we have a very simple piece of code"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import numpy as np\n",
"X = 1\n",
"Y = 'c'\n",
"Z = X+Y\n",
"A = 3\n",
"B = 4"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"ename": "TypeError",
"evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'",
"output_type": "pyerr",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mX\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 3\u001b[0m \u001b[0mY\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'c'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 4\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mZ\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mX\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m\u001b[0mY\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mA\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 6\u001b[0m \u001b[0mB\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 2
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"display variables"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"whos"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Variable Type Data/Info\n",
"----------------------------\n",
"Image type \n",
"X int 1\n",
"Y str c\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 3
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"locals()"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stderr",
"text": [
"/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/__init__.py:710: UserWarning: savefig.extension is deprecated and replaced with savefig.format; please use the latter.\n",
" warnings.warn(self.msg_depr % (key, alt))\n",
"/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/__init__.py:710: UserWarning: svg.embed_char_paths is deprecated and replaced with svg.fonttype; please use the latter.\n",
" warnings.warn(self.msg_depr % (key, alt))\n"
]
},
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 4,
"text": [
"{'ALLOW_THREADS': 1,\n",
" 'Annotation': matplotlib.text.Annotation,\n",
" 'Arrow': matplotlib.patches.Arrow,\n",
" 'Artist': matplotlib.artist.Artist,\n",
" 'AutoLocator': matplotlib.ticker.AutoLocator,\n",
" 'Axes': matplotlib.axes.Axes,\n",
" 'BUFSIZE': 8192,\n",
" 'Button': matplotlib.widgets.Button,\n",
" 'CLIP': 0,\n",
" 'Circle': matplotlib.patches.Circle,\n",
" 'ComplexWarning': numpy.core.numeric.ComplexWarning,\n",
" 'DAILY': 3,\n",
" 'DataSource': numpy.lib._datasource.DataSource,\n",
" 'DateFormatter': matplotlib.dates.DateFormatter,\n",
" 'DateLocator': matplotlib.dates.DateLocator,\n",
" 'DayLocator': matplotlib.dates.DayLocator,\n",
" 'ERR_CALL': 3,\n",
" 'ERR_DEFAULT': 0,\n",
" 'ERR_DEFAULT2': 521,\n",
" 'ERR_IGNORE': 0,\n",
" 'ERR_LOG': 5,\n",
" 'ERR_PRINT': 4,\n",
" 'ERR_RAISE': 2,\n",
" 'ERR_WARN': 1,\n",
" 'FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORT': 1,\n",
" 'FPE_DIVIDEBYZERO': 1,\n",
" 'FPE_INVALID': 8,\n",
" 'FPE_OVERFLOW': 2,\n",
" 'FPE_UNDERFLOW': 4,\n",
" 'FR': FR,\n",
" 'False_': False,\n",
" 'Figure': matplotlib.figure.Figure,\n",
" 'FigureCanvasBase': matplotlib.backend_bases.FigureCanvasBase,\n",
" 'FixedFormatter': matplotlib.ticker.FixedFormatter,\n",
" 'FixedLocator': matplotlib.ticker.FixedLocator,\n",
" 'FormatStrFormatter': matplotlib.ticker.FormatStrFormatter,\n",
" 'Formatter': matplotlib.ticker.Formatter,\n",
" 'FuncFormatter': matplotlib.ticker.FuncFormatter,\n",
" 'GridSpec': matplotlib.gridspec.GridSpec,\n",
" 'HOURLY': 4,\n",
" 'HourLocator': matplotlib.dates.HourLocator,\n",
" 'Image': IPython.core.display.Image,\n",
" 'In': ['',\n",
" u\"from IPython.core.display import Image\\nImage(url='http://labrosa.ee.columbia.edu/crucialpython/logo.png', width=600)\",\n",
" u\"import numpy as np\\nX = 1\\nY = 'c'\\nZ = X+Y\\nA = 3\\nB = 4\",\n",
" u\"get_ipython().magic(u'whos ')\",\n",
" u'locals()'],\n",
" 'IndexDateFormatter': matplotlib.dates.IndexDateFormatter,\n",
" 'IndexLocator': matplotlib.ticker.IndexLocator,\n",
" 'Inf': inf,\n",
" 'Infinity': inf,\n",
" 'LinAlgError': numpy.linalg.linalg.LinAlgError,\n",
" 'Line2D': matplotlib.lines.Line2D,\n",
" 'LinearLocator': matplotlib.ticker.LinearLocator,\n",
" 'Locator': matplotlib.ticker.Locator,\n",
" 'LogFormatter': matplotlib.ticker.LogFormatter,\n",
" 'LogFormatterExponent': matplotlib.ticker.LogFormatterExponent,\n",
" 'LogFormatterMathtext': matplotlib.ticker.LogFormatterMathtext,\n",
" 'LogLocator': matplotlib.ticker.LogLocator,\n",
" 'MAXDIMS': 32,\n",
" 'MINUTELY': 5,\n",
" 'MO': MO,\n",
" 'MONTHLY': 1,\n",
" 'MachAr': numpy.core.machar.MachAr,\n",
" 'MaxNLocator': matplotlib.ticker.MaxNLocator,\n",
" 'MinuteLocator': matplotlib.dates.MinuteLocator,\n",
" 'MonthLocator': matplotlib.dates.MonthLocator,\n",
" 'MultipleLocator': matplotlib.ticker.MultipleLocator,\n",
" 'NAN': nan,\n",
" 'NINF': -inf,\n",
" 'NZERO': -0.0,\n",
" 'NaN': nan,\n",
" 'Normalize': matplotlib.colors.Normalize,\n",
" 'NullFormatter': matplotlib.ticker.NullFormatter,\n",
" 'NullLocator': matplotlib.ticker.NullLocator,\n",
" 'Out': {1: },\n",
" 'PINF': inf,\n",
" 'PZERO': 0.0,\n",
" 'PackageLoader': numpy._import_tools.PackageLoader,\n",
" 'PolarAxes': matplotlib.projections.polar.PolarAxes,\n",
" 'Polygon': matplotlib.patches.Polygon,\n",
" 'RAISE': 2,\n",
" 'RRuleLocator': matplotlib.dates.RRuleLocator,\n",
" 'RankWarning': numpy.lib.polynomial.RankWarning,\n",
" 'Rectangle': matplotlib.patches.Rectangle,\n",
" 'SA': SA,\n",
" 'SECONDLY': 6,\n",
" 'SHIFT_DIVIDEBYZERO': 0,\n",
" 'SHIFT_INVALID': 9,\n",
" 'SHIFT_OVERFLOW': 3,\n",
" 'SHIFT_UNDERFLOW': 6,\n",
" 'SU': SU,\n",
" 'ScalarFormatter': matplotlib.ticker.ScalarFormatter,\n",
" 'ScalarType': (int,\n",
" float,\n",
" complex,\n",
" long,\n",
" bool,\n",
" str,\n",
" unicode,\n",
" buffer,\n",
" numpy.int16,\n",
" numpy.uint16,\n",
" numpy.unicode_,\n",
" numpy.float128,\n",
" numpy.datetime64,\n",
" numpy.int32,\n",
" numpy.uint32,\n",
" numpy.void,\n",
" numpy.complex64,\n",
" numpy.timedelta64,\n",
" numpy.int64,\n",
" numpy.uint64,\n",
" numpy.float16,\n",
" numpy.complex128,\n",
" numpy.int64,\n",
" numpy.uint64,\n",
" numpy.float32,\n",
" numpy.complex256,\n",
" numpy.bool_,\n",
" numpy.int8,\n",
" numpy.uint8,\n",
" numpy.string_,\n",
" numpy.float64,\n",
" numpy.object_),\n",
" 'SecondLocator': matplotlib.dates.SecondLocator,\n",
" 'Slider': matplotlib.widgets.Slider,\n",
" 'Subplot': matplotlib.axes.AxesSubplot,\n",
" 'SubplotTool': matplotlib.widgets.SubplotTool,\n",
" 'TH': TH,\n",
" 'TU': TU,\n",
" 'Tester': numpy.testing.nosetester.NoseTester,\n",
" 'Text': matplotlib.text.Text,\n",
" 'TickHelper': matplotlib.ticker.TickHelper,\n",
" 'True_': True,\n",
" 'UFUNC_BUFSIZE_DEFAULT': 8192,\n",
" 'UFUNC_PYVALS_NAME': 'UFUNC_PYVALS',\n",
" 'WE': WE,\n",
" 'WEEKLY': 2,\n",
" 'WRAP': 1,\n",
" 'WeekdayLocator': matplotlib.dates.WeekdayLocator,\n",
" 'Widget': matplotlib.widgets.Widget,\n",
" 'X': 1,\n",
" 'Y': 'c',\n",
" 'YEARLY': 0,\n",
" 'YearLocator': matplotlib.dates.YearLocator,\n",
" '_': ,\n",
" '_1': ,\n",
" '__': '',\n",
" '___': '',\n",
" '__builtin__': ,\n",
" '__builtins__': {'ArithmeticError': ArithmeticError,\n",
" 'AssertionError': AssertionError,\n",
" 'AttributeError': AttributeError,\n",
" 'BaseException': BaseException,\n",
" 'BufferError': BufferError,\n",
" 'BytesWarning': BytesWarning,\n",
" 'DeprecationWarning': DeprecationWarning,\n",
" 'EOFError': EOFError,\n",
" 'Ellipsis': Ellipsis,\n",
" 'EnvironmentError': EnvironmentError,\n",
" 'Exception': Exception,\n",
" 'False': False,\n",
" 'FloatingPointError': FloatingPointError,\n",
" 'FutureWarning': FutureWarning,\n",
" 'GeneratorExit': GeneratorExit,\n",
" 'IOError': IOError,\n",
" 'ImportError': ImportError,\n",
" 'ImportWarning': ImportWarning,\n",
" 'IndentationError': IndentationError,\n",
" 'IndexError': IndexError,\n",
" 'KeyError': KeyError,\n",
" 'KeyboardInterrupt': KeyboardInterrupt,\n",
" 'LookupError': LookupError,\n",
" 'MemoryError': MemoryError,\n",
" 'NameError': NameError,\n",
" 'None': None,\n",
" 'NotImplemented': NotImplemented,\n",
" 'NotImplementedError': NotImplementedError,\n",
" 'OSError': OSError,\n",
" 'OverflowError': OverflowError,\n",
" 'PendingDeprecationWarning': PendingDeprecationWarning,\n",
" 'ReferenceError': ReferenceError,\n",
" 'RuntimeError': RuntimeError,\n",
" 'RuntimeWarning': RuntimeWarning,\n",
" 'StandardError': StandardError,\n",
" 'StopIteration': StopIteration,\n",
" 'SyntaxError': SyntaxError,\n",
" 'SyntaxWarning': SyntaxWarning,\n",
" 'SystemError': SystemError,\n",
" 'SystemExit': SystemExit,\n",
" 'TabError': TabError,\n",
" 'True': True,\n",
" 'TypeError': TypeError,\n",
" 'UnboundLocalError': UnboundLocalError,\n",
" 'UnicodeDecodeError': UnicodeDecodeError,\n",
" 'UnicodeEncodeError': UnicodeEncodeError,\n",
" 'UnicodeError': UnicodeError,\n",
" 'UnicodeTranslateError': UnicodeTranslateError,\n",
" 'UnicodeWarning': UnicodeWarning,\n",
" 'UserWarning': UserWarning,\n",
" 'ValueError': ValueError,\n",
" 'Warning': Warning,\n",
" 'ZeroDivisionError': ZeroDivisionError,\n",
" '__IPYTHON__': True,\n",
" '__IPYTHON__active': 'Deprecated, check for __IPYTHON__',\n",
" '__debug__': True,\n",
" '__doc__': \"Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.\\n\\nNoteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.\",\n",
" '__import__': ,\n",
" '__name__': '__builtin__',\n",
" '__package__': None,\n",
" 'abs': ,\n",
" 'all': ,\n",
" 'any': ,\n",
" 'apply': ,\n",
" 'basestring': basestring,\n",
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" 'bool': bool,\n",
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" 'bytearray': bytearray,\n",
" 'bytes': str,\n",
" 'callable': ,\n",
" 'chr': ,\n",
" 'classmethod': classmethod,\n",
" 'cmp': ,\n",
" 'coerce': ,\n",
" 'compile': ,\n",
" 'complex': complex,\n",
" 'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2010 Python Software Foundation.\n",
" All Rights Reserved.\n",
" \n",
" Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.\n",
" All Rights Reserved.\n",
" \n",
" Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.\n",
" All Rights Reserved.\n",
" \n",
" Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.\n",
" All Rights Reserved.,\n",
" 'credits': Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands\n",
" for supporting Python development. See www.python.org for more information.,\n",
" 'delattr': ,\n",
" 'dict': dict,\n",
" 'dir': ,\n",
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" 'eval': ,\n",
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" 'file': file,\n",
" 'filter': ,\n",
" 'float': float,\n",
" 'format': ,\n",
" 'frozenset': frozenset,\n",
" 'get_ipython': >,\n",
" 'getattr': ,\n",
" 'globals': ,\n",
" 'hasattr': ,\n",
" 'hash': ,\n",
" 'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.,\n",
" 'hex': ,\n",
" 'id': ,\n",
" 'input': >,\n",
" 'int': int,\n",
" 'intern': ,\n",
" 'isinstance': ,\n",
" 'issubclass': ,\n",
" 'iter': ,\n",
" 'len': ,\n",
" 'license': Type license() to see the full license text,\n",
" 'list': list,\n",
" 'locals': ,\n",
" 'long': long,\n",
" 'map': ,\n",
" 'max': ,\n",
" 'memoryview': memoryview,\n",
" 'min': ,\n",
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" 'object': object,\n",
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" 'pow': ,\n",
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" 'property': property,\n",
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" 'reload': ,\n",
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" 'reversed': reversed,\n",
" 'round': ,\n",
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" 'setattr': ,\n",
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" '_dh': [u'/Users/zchuochen'],\n",
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" '_i1': u\"from IPython.core.display import Image\\nImage(url='http://labrosa.ee.columbia.edu/crucialpython/logo.png', width=600)\",\n",
" '_i2': u\"import numpy as np\\nX = 1\\nY = 'c'\\nZ = X+Y\\nA = 3\\nB = 4\",\n",
" '_i3': u'whos',\n",
" '_i4': u'locals()',\n",
" '_ih': ['',\n",
" u\"from IPython.core.display import Image\\nImage(url='http://labrosa.ee.columbia.edu/crucialpython/logo.png', width=600)\",\n",
" u\"import numpy as np\\nX = 1\\nY = 'c'\\nZ = X+Y\\nA = 3\\nB = 4\",\n",
" u\"get_ipython().magic(u'whos ')\",\n",
" u'locals()'],\n",
" '_ii': u\"import numpy as np\\nX = 1\\nY = 'c'\\nZ = X+Y\\nA = 3\\nB = 4\",\n",
" '_iii': u\"from IPython.core.display import Image\\nImage(url='http://labrosa.ee.columbia.edu/crucialpython/logo.png', width=600)\",\n",
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" numpy.int64: >,\n",
" numpy.int64: >,\n",
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" numpy.uint16: >,\n",
" numpy.uint32: >,\n",
" numpy.uint64: >,\n",
" numpy.uint64: >,\n",
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" numpy.unicode_: >,\n",
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" numpy.float16: >,\n",
" numpy.float32: >,\n",
" numpy.float64: >,\n",
" numpy.float128: >,\n",
" numpy.complex64: >,\n",
" numpy.complex128: >,\n",
" numpy.complex256: >,\n",
" numpy.object_: >,\n",
" numpy.datetime64: >,\n",
" numpy.timedelta64: >},\n",
" 'cbook': ,\n",
" 'cdouble': numpy.complex128,\n",
" 'ceil': ,\n",
" 'center_matrix': ,\n",
" 'cfloat': numpy.complex128,\n",
" 'char': ,\n",
" 'character': numpy.character,\n",
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" 'cholesky': ,\n",
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" 'cla': ,\n",
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" 'clongdouble': numpy.complex256,\n",
" 'clongfloat': numpy.complex256,\n",
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" 'colorbar': ,\n",
" 'colormaps': ,\n",
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" 'complex128': numpy.complex128,\n",
" 'complex256': numpy.complex256,\n",
" 'complex64': numpy.complex64,\n",
" 'complex_': numpy.complex128,\n",
" 'complexfloating': numpy.complexfloating,\n",
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" 'conjugate': ,\n",
" 'connect': ,\n",
" 'contour': ,\n",
" 'contourf': ,\n",
" 'convolve': ,\n",
" 'cool': ,\n",
" 'copper': ,\n",
" 'copy': ,\n",
" 'copysign': ,\n",
" 'copyto': ,\n",
" 'corrcoef': ,\n",
" 'correlate': ,\n",
" 'cos': ,\n",
" 'cosh': ,\n",
" 'count_nonzero': ,\n",
" 'cov': ,\n",
" 'cross': ,\n",
" 'csd': ,\n",
" 'csingle': numpy.complex64,\n",
" 'csv2rec': ,\n",
" 'ctypeslib': ,\n",
" 'cumprod': ,\n",
" 'cumproduct': ,\n",
" 'cumsum': ,\n",
" 'date2num': ,\n",
" 'datestr2num': ,\n",
" 'datetime': ,\n",
" 'datetime64': numpy.datetime64,\n",
" 'datetime_as_string': ,\n",
" 'datetime_data': ,\n",
" 'dedent': ,\n",
" 'deg2rad': ,\n",
" 'degrees': ,\n",
" 'delaxes': ,\n",
" 'delete': ,\n",
" 'demean': ,\n",
" 'deprecate': ,\n",
" 'deprecate_with_doc': >,\n",
" 'det': ,\n",
" 'detrend': ,\n",
" 'detrend_linear': ,\n",
" 'detrend_mean': ,\n",
" 'detrend_none': ,\n",
" 'diag': ,\n",
" 'diag_indices': ,\n",
" 'diag_indices_from': ,\n",
" 'diagflat': ,\n",
" 'diagonal': ,\n",
" 'diff': ,\n",
" 'digitize': ,\n",
" 'disconnect': ,\n",
" 'disp': ,\n",
" 'display': ,\n",
" 'dist': ,\n",
" 'dist_point_to_segment':