Informal term to use when presenting to end-users
A relationship between two classes (terms). Relationships between classes are expressed in terms of relations on underlying instances.
this relation was superfluous, so it has been obsoleted
C adjacent to C' if and only if: given any instance c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that: c' instantiates C' at time t and c and c' are in spatial proximity
Note that adjacent_to as thus defined is not a symmetric relation, in contrast to its instance-level counterpart. For it can be the case that Cs are in general such as to be adjacent to instances of C1 while no analogous statement holds for C1s in general in relation to instances of C. Examples are: nuclear membrane adjacent_to cytoplasm; seminal vesicle adjacent_to urinary bladder; ovary adjacent_to parietal pelvic peritoneum
A relation between an entity and a dependent continuant; the reciprocal relation of inheres_in
C contained_in C' if and only if: given any instance c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that: c' instantiates C' at time t and c located_in c' at t, and it is not the case that c *overlaps* c' at t. (c' is a conduit or cavity.)
Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition):
Derivation on the instance level (*derives_from*) holds between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a biologically significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. We say that one class C derives_from class C' if instances of C are connected to instances of C' via some chain of instance-level derivation relations. Example: osteocyte derives_from osteoblast. Formally: C derives_immediately_from C' if and only if: given any c and any t, if c instantiates C at time t, then there is some c' and some t', such that c' instantiates C' at t' and t' earlier-than t and c *derives_from* c'. C derives_from C' if and only if: there is an chain of immediate derivation relations connecting C to C'.
Derivation as a relation between instances. The temporal relation of derivation is more complex. Transformation, on the instance level, is just the relation of identity: each adult is identical to some child existing at some earlier time. Derivation on the instance-level is a relation holding between non-identicals. More precisely, it holds between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a biologically significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. Thus we will have axioms to the effect that from c derives_from c1 we can infer that c and c1 are not identical and that there is some instant of time t such that c1 exists only prior to and c only subsequent to t. We will also be able to infer that the spatial region occupied by c as it begins to exist at t overlaps with the spatial region occupied by c1 as it ceases to exist in the same instant.
As for has_participant, but with the additional condition that the component instance is causally active in the relevant process
Relation between an independent continuant and a function.
See reasons for obsoletion of improper_part_of
P has_participant C if and only if: given any process p that instantiates P there is some continuant c, and some time t, such that: c instantiates C at t and c participates in p at t
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
A relation between an entity and a quality. For types: E has_quality Q iff: for any eEt, exists qQt such that q inheres_in e at t. For instances: e has_quality q at t iff q inheres_in e at t and q instance-of Quality.
A relation between a continuant C and a role R. The reciprocal relation of role_of.
not inverse of vector_of. D has_vector V = def for all d and all times t, if d instance_of D at t2, then there exists some v at t1 such that v instance_of V at t1 and d has_vector v at t2 and t1 earlier t2
As for part_of, with the additional constraint that subject and object may be identical
OBSOLETE. The definition is "As for part_of, with the additional constraint that subject and object may be identical". However, part_of is already reflexive, therefore improper_part_of is identical to part_of. If read differently, as "improper_part_of is part_of but not proper_part_of",improper_part_of becomes identity. So, improper_part_of is either identical to part_of or to identity, and not an intuitive synonym for either of them. [Robert Hoehndorf]
A relation between an instance and a class. For components: a primitive relation between a component instance and a class which it instantiates at a specific time. For processes: a primitive relation, between a process instance and a class which it instantiates, holding independently of time
The instance_of relationship is considered axiomatic by the obo file format specification; ie it is taken for granted. The is_a relation is still included in this ontology for completeness
C integral_part_of C' if and only if: C part_of C' AND C' has_part C
C located_in C' if and only if: given any c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that: c' instantiates C' at time t and c *located_in* c'. (Here *located_in* is the instance-level location relation.)
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
For continuants: C part_of C' if and only if: given any c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that c' instantiates C' at time t, and c *part_of* c' at t. For processes: P part_of P' if and only if: given any p that instantiates P at a time t, there is some p' such that p' instantiates P' at time t, and p *part_of* p' at t. (Here *part_of* is the instance-level part-relation.)
Parthood as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation p part_of p1 is illustrated in assertions such as: this instance of rhodopsin mediated phototransduction part_of this instance of visual perception. This relation satisfies at least the following standard axioms of mereology: reflexivity (for all p, p part_of p); anti-symmetry (for all p, p1, if p part_of p1 and p1 part_of p then p and p1 are identical); and transitivity (for all p, p1, p2, if p part_of p1 and p1 part_of p2, then p part_of p2). Analogous axioms hold also for parthood as a relation between spatial regions. For parthood as a relation between continuants, these axioms need to be modified to take account of the incorporation of a temporal argument. Thus for example the axiom of transitivity for continuants will assert that if c part_of c1 at t and c1 part_of c2 at t, then also c part_of c2 at t. Parthood as a relation between classes: To define part_of as a relation between classes we again need to distinguish the two cases of continuants and processes, even though the explicit reference to instants of time now falls away. For continuants, we have C part_of C1 if and only if any instance of C at any time is an instance-level part of some instance of C1 at that time, as for example in: cell nucleus part_ of cell.
P preceded_by P' if and only if: given any process p that instantiates P at a time t, there is some process p' such that p' instantiates P' at time t', and t' is earlier than t.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
As for part_of, with the additional constraint that subject and object are distinct
Relation between two classes, in which instances retain their identity yet change their classification by virtue of some kind of transformation. Formally: C transformation_of C' if and only if given any c and any t, if c instantiates C at time t, then for some t', c instantiates C' at t' and t' earlier t, and there is no t2 such that c instantiates C at t2 and c instantiates C' at t2.
When an embryonic oenocyte (a type of insect cell) is transformed into a larval oenocyte, one and the same continuant entity preserves its identity while instantiating distinct classes at distinct times. The class-level relation transformation_of obtains between continuant classes C and C1 wherever each instance of the class C is such as to have existed at some earlier time as an instance of the distinct class C1 (see Figure 2 in paper). This relation is illustrated first of all at the molecular level of granularity by the relation between mature RNA and the pre-RNA from which it is processed, or between (UV-induced) thymine-dimer and thymine dinucleotide. At coarser levels of granularity it is illustrated by the transformations involved in the creation of red blood cells, for example, from reticulocyte to erythrocyte, and by processes of development, for example, from larva to pupa, or from (post-gastrular) embryo to fetus or from child to adult. It is also manifest in pathological transformations, for example, of normal colon into carcinomatous colon. In each such case, one and the same continuant entity instantiates distinct classes at different times in virtue of phenotypic changes.
A substance intended to sterilize any organism.
Examples of chemosterilants for insects include apholate and metepa. [VSMO:Authors].
A growth regulator that inhibits the life cycle of an insect.
Examples of growth regulators for insects include pyriproxyfen, methoprene, and novaluron. [VSMO:Authors].
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
A long-lasting insecticidal net is a factory-treated mosquito net made with netting material that has insecticide incorporated within or bound around the fibres. The net must retain its effective biological activity without re-treatment for at least 20 WHO standard washes under laboratory conditions and three years of recommended use under field conditions.
The list of synonyms contains a number of commercially available LLINs and their manufacturer and/or distributor. A long-lasting insecticidal net can be used to protect against a wide range of insect vectors. [VSMO:Authors].
A conventionally treated net is a mosquito net that has been treated by dipping in a WHO-recommended insecticide. To ensure its continued insecticidal effect, the net should be re-treated after three washes, or at least once a year.
Conventionally treated insecticidal net can be used to protect against a wide range of insect vectors. [VSMO:Authors].
The banana-shaped motile stage of Plasmodium that the zygote develops into. It moves out of the blood bolus through the peritrophic membrane and through the midgut epithelium reaching the basal lamina surrounding the midgut.
The stage of developing structure that an ookinete develops into upon reaching, and resting st the basal lamina of the midgut. Sporozoites are produced through endomitosis in the developing oocyst.
A blood stage of Plasmodium that, upon transfer to a mosquito with a blood meal, will undergo further development giving rise to gametes.
The stage of Plasmodium that has been released into the mosquito haemocoel after the rupture of the oocyst. It reaches and penetrates the salivary gland where it stays until transfered into a vertebrate host through a blood meal. It then rapidly invades hepatocytes and is no longer observed in the host.
The stage produced through the fusion of male and female gametes.
A developmental stage of the Plasmodium life cycle found within the erythrocyte.
A merozoite produced in the liver of the vertebrate host.
The stage of a sporozoan cell that reproduces by schizogony, producing a varied number of daughter trophozoites or merozoites.
A collective name for Plasmodium parasites of the relapsing kind that found in the liver of the vertebrate host but have arrested their development.
A life cycle stage of Plasmodium transferred into a mosquito with a blood meal into the midgut, that will undergo further development giving rise to gametes.
A developmental stage that arises from the schizogony of a parent cell in an erythrocyte that may continue the asexual or enter the sexual phase of the Plasmodium life cycle.
A schizont produced in the liver of the vertebrate host.
A substance acting as an insecticide synergist.
A substance often used as a synergist for insecticides.
A chemical substance that acts as an insecticide synergist.
dipropyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-7-methylnaphtho[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxole-5,6-dicarboxylate
The sulphur analog of a ketone that can have the role of an insecticide synergist.
(RS)-2-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-methylethyl octyl sulfoxide
Wire or cloth mesh used to prevent insects from entering a building or landing on a potential food source.
In the scope of vector management is carries the function of a personal protection measure against vectors in that it prevents entry by arthropods and thus reduces indoor vector biting of humans. [VSMO:Authors].
Clothes worn in order to prevent mosquitoes from biting.
Protective clothing can be used to prevent bites by a wide range of arthropod vectors, including ticks and different types of insects. [VSMO:Authors].
A role borne by pathogen in virtue of the fact that it or one of its products is sufficiently close to an organism towards which it has the pathogenic disposition to allow realization of the pathogenic disposition.
A quality that inheres in an organism population and is the infection incidence proportion per unit time.
Also referred to as infection rate. [VSMO:authors]
A quality that inheres in an organism population and is the estimated number of organisms in the population infected with an infectious agent at a specified time.
This refers to the estimate not the actual infected individuals.
An infection that has as part virus particles located in the blood.
An infection that has as part bacteria located in the blood.
An aggregate of organisms of the same species.
The organism population may be delineated by spatio-temporal proximity or by demographic criteria such as age. [VSMO:Authors].
A chemical substance which is being used as insecticide.
isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl)salicylate
Bacillus thurigiensis var. israelensis toxin
Bacillus thurigiensis var. sphaericus toxin
Bacillus thurigiensis var. aizawai toxin
Bacillus thurigiensis var. kurstaki toxin
Bacillus thurigiensis var. tenebrionensis toxin
A chemical substance with the ability to kill insects.
A chemical substance which is able to kill insects.
A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
A planned process with the objective to produce information about some evaluant.
Example of usage: Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house.
A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material.
PCR is the process in which a DNA polymerase is used to amplify a piece of DNA by in vitro enzymatic replication. As PCR progresses, the DNA thus generated is itself used as a template for replication. This sets in motion a chain reaction in which the DNA template is exponentially amplified.
A planned process with the objective of obtaining a specimen.
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
A protocol application in which an organism is intentionally put to death.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population that only produces gametes that can be fertilised by male gametes.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population whose sex organs contain only male gametes.
The number of time that a viviparous organism has given birth.
Vaccination is: an 'administering substance in vivo' that involves in adding vaccine into a host (e.g., human, mouse) in vivo with the intent to invoke a protective immune response.
Vaccination process that occurs in oral route.
The process of material separation to recover the fraction of a pathogenic microorganism of a given taxon from an input material COMMENT: This can be achieved by growing a pathogenic organism for some period of time in a suitable medium, culture or laboratory animal host. This method often is complemented by additional confirmation by other identification methods. One benefit of pathogen isolation is that it demonstrates the presence of a viable pathogen in the source material or animal.
The inactive first metamorphic stage (egg) of the arthopod life cycle.
The final, reproductive stage (adult female or male) of the arthropod life cycle. COMMENT: The female may or may not be parasitic (mites), may engage in blood feeding and oviposition on a single occasion (hard ticks), or may engage in blood feeding and ovipositionon multiple occasions (ametabolous insects, holometabolous insects, paurometabolous insects, and soft ticks).
A chemical compound that can be used to enhance the killing efficacy of an insecticide formulation.
A planned process with the objective to produce information about some evaluant with the purpose of, if justified by the information gathered, managing, directing, or protecting.
A planned process where activities are organized and coordinated with the objective of accomplishing a goal COMMENT: Examples of management goals are to reduce contact between vectors and pathogen reservoirs or between vectors and humans or domestic animals.
Any protozoan of the Phylum Apicomplexa. COMMENT: Apicomplexans are eucaryotic alveolates.
The biological process comprised of a single metamorphic stage (life stage) or its sub-stages.
Quality in the form of an approximation of the value, number, quantity, or extent of one or several types of objects.
Quality of individual arthropod which defines its pathogen infection status.
Aggregate of microorganisms in the form of bacteria of a given taxon that are present within an individual organism.
A material with a definite chemical composition.
A pharmaceutically active chemical substance used for killing pests (including insects, mites and ticks serving as vectors of human pathogens).
The process of gathering arthropods from an aquatic environment.
A role borne by an organism in virtue of having a killing disposition toward a targeted pest.
The role is realized in the killing and/or population reduction of a target pest organisms.
A tabanid fly of Genus Tabanus with the species designation of lineola. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Elaeophora schneideri
An approximation of infection in a group of organisms.
An approximation of the abundance of one or several types of objects.
Hybomitra is a Genus in Family Tabanidae.
A process aiming to reduce the number of arthropods capable of serving as pathogen vectors.
Object that can be used to complete a process. COMMENT: Examples of processes where equipment is used include collection of arthropods and broadcast of a pesticide.
Equipment used in the process of collecting arthropods.
Equipment used in the process of managing arthropods capable of serving as pathogen vectors by killing them or preventing vector-host contact.
A tabanid fly of Genus Hybomitra with the species designation of aatos. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Elaeophora schneideri
An assay to produce information about the form and structure of an organism or its parts.
Invertebrate animal belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda. COMMENT: Also called arthropod.
Insecta is a Class within Phylum Arthropoda.
Ceratopogonidae is a Family in Order Diptera. COMMENT: Also called biting midges.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Getah virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in horses. Occurs in Asia and Australia.
A planned process with the objective to keep something from coming to harm.
The function of a substance realized when it kills pests. COMMENT: In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.
The function of a device or substance realized when it prevents pests from approaching an air volume or settling on a treated substrate.
A manufacture material designed to be worn on the body.
An assay to produce information about an immunologically reactive substance.
An assay to produce information about some genetic material.
An assay to produce information about some whole organism.
Ixodidae is a Family in Order Acari. COMMENT: Also called hard ticks.
Argasidae is a Family in Order Acari. COMMENT: Also called soft ticks.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Bwamba virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Belongs to the Bwamba Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Includes the subtype Pongola virus. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Africa.
Trombiculidae is a Family in Order Acari. COMMENT: Also called trombiculid mites.
An organism of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size.
Any microorganism of a domain - the superkingdom of Bacteria - of prokaryotic round, spiral, or rod shaped single celled microorganisms. COMMENT: Bacteria may lack cell walls or are gram positive or gram negative if they have cell walls.
Any protozoan of the Order Kinetoplastida. COMMENT: Kinetoplasts are eucaryotic Euglenozoa.
Any microorganism of a domain - the superkingdom of viruses - of submicroscopic infective agents that are regarded either as extremely simple microorganisms or as extremely complex molecules.
Object aggregate in the form of microorganisms of a given taxon.
Pathogen surveillance process aiming to determine the prevalence or rate of examined vertebrates of a given taxon that are infected with a pathogen of a given taxon.
estimation of pathogen infection prevalence or rate in vertebrates
Quality of individual arthropod in the form of the number of bacteria of a given taxon that are present within an individual arthropod.
The number of parasites of a given taxon that are present within an individual arthropod.
The number of sporozoites of a given parasite taxon that are present within an individual arthropod. COMMENT: Often measured as the total number of sporozoites present in the salivary glands of a single infected arthropod.
Quality of individual arthropod in the form of the number of viral particles of a given taxon that are present within an individual arthropod.
Hepatozoon is a Genus of Phylum Apicomplexa. COMMENT: Hepatozoon is a Genus in the Family Hepatozoidae of Order Eucoccidiorida.
Pathogen surveillance process aiming to determine the quantity of vertebrates of a given taxon that are infected with a pathogen of a given taxon.
estimation of the quantity of infected vertebrates
Any microorganism of a domain - the superkingdom of Eukaryota - whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. COMMENT: The eucaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes are located.
An infection that has as part parasites located in the blood.
An infection that has as part gametocytes located in the blood.
An apicomplexan of Genus Hepatozoon with the species designation of canis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (hepatozoonosis) in dogs. Occurs worldwide.
Change of the physical environment of a home or other building with the goal to reduce the number of arthropods capable of serving as pathogen vectors.
Object aggregate in the form of a group of arthropods of a given taxon.
Process to detect a pathogenic organism. COMMENT: Pathogen detection includes testing of samples with PCR, ELISA and other methods.
Process to quantify the numbers of off-host individuals of an arthropod species based on a dimensionless abundance measure. COMMENT: Abundance is a dimensionless, relative quantity used to describe the number of vector individuals in one population compared to those in another population. It is used most commonly for the human-biting life stages of the vectors (adults for insect vectors and larvae, nymphs or adults for tick vectors) but also can be used to quantify immatures in aquatic samples (for example dips for mosquito larvae). Examples include abundance of a mosquito vector per trap night, abundance of a mosquito vector per home examined using pyrethrum spray catch, abundance of mosquito larvae per dip and abundance of a tick vector per man-hour of drag sampling.
estimation of off -host arthropod abundance
Process to quantify the numbers of off-host individuals of an arthropod species based on a density measure of individuals per unit area, unit length, or unit volume. COMMENT: An examples is the density of a tick species per 100 square meters.
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host arthropods, which quantifies their absolute density per unit area, unit length, or unit volume. COMMENT: Measuring absolute density is essential for the proper construction of life budgets but often is very difficult and work intensive.
An apicomplexan of Genus Hepatozoon with the species designation of americanum. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (hepatozoonosis) in dogs. Occurs in North America.
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host arthropods, which quantifies their relative density per unit area, unit length, or unit volume based on a standard collection method. COMMENT: Commonly used as an alternative to absolute density. An example of a relative density measure is the number of host-seeking ticks of a given taxon and life stage collected per 100 square meters of sampling the vegetation using a standard tick drag.
Measure relating to enumeration of an aggregate of arthropods.
measure relating to enumeration of aggregate of arthropods
Measure relating to aggregate of arthropod eggs, which quantifies their relative number based on a standard collection method. COMMENT: Oviposition traps can be used to estimate how commonly egg laying females are present. Due to skip oviposition in some species, it may be prudent to restrict data analyses to ovitraps being positive or negative for eggs rather using numbers of eggs.
abundance estimate for arthropod eggs off-host
Abundance estimate for arthropod eggs, which quantifies the percentage of examined ovitraps that contain eggs.
prevalence of ovitraps with mosquito eggs
Measure relating to aggregate of mosquito immatures, which quantifies their relative number based on a standard collection method. COMMENT: These estimates are typically based on removal sampling. One example is the number of mosquito larvae collected per dip with a standard dipper. Several indices have been developed for abundance of immatures of mosquito species that exploit water holding containers as larval development sites, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. This includes the traditional Stegomyia indices and more recently developed pupal indices. Stated reasons for using pupal indices include that (i) absolute counts of pupae are feasible in most domestic settings, (ii) larval indices do not account for variable mortality of the larval stage (based on crowding, variable food supply etc) which can impact container productivity, whereas pupal mortality is slight and less variable, and (iii) the number of pupae per person is highly positively correlated with the number of adult mosquitoes per person.
abundance estimate for mosquito immatures
Abundance measure for arthropod immatures, designated the breteau index (BI), which denotes the number of containers positive for larvae, pupae or immatures per 100 examined premises. COMMENT: Using larvae as the example, the BI is calculated as: number of containers with larvae/number of premises examined*100.
Abundance measure for arthropod immatures, designated the container index (CI), which denotes the percentage of water-holding containers positive for larvae, pupae or immatures. COMMENT: Using larvae as the example, the CI is calculated as: number of containers with larvae/number of water-holding containers*100.
Abundance measure for arthropod immatures, designated the house index (HI), which denotes the percentage of houses examined with containers positive for larvae, pupae or immatures. COMMENT: Using larvae as the example, the HI is calculated as: number of premises with larvae/number of premises visited*100.
Abundance measure for arthropod pupae, which is designated pupae per hectare and calculated as the total number of pupae collected divided by the total area in hectares for examined premises.
Abundance measure for arthropod pupae, which is designated pupae per person and calculated as the total number of pupae collected divided by the total number of residents for examined premises.
Abundance measure for arthropod pupae, which is designated the pupal index and calculated as the total number of pupae collected divided by the number of premises visited and then multiplied by factor of 100.
A protection process with the objective of preventing arthropod bites.
Estimate relating to aggregate of arthropods on-host, which is calculated as the number of arthropods divided by the number of infested hosts.
intensity of host infestation by arthropods
Measure relating to aggregate of arthropods on-host, which is calculated as the total number of arthropods divided by the total number of hosts examined. COMMENT: Also called mean density per host or population intensity.
On-host abundance measure for an aggregate of fleas which is calculated as the average number of fleas of a given taxon on a given vertebrate host taxon. COMMENT: A specific flea index greater than 1 for the Yersinia pestis flea vector Xenopsylla cheopis on rats is considered a dangerously high infestation level potentially resulting in a rat plague epizootic.
Estimate relating to aggregate of arthropods on-host, which is calculated as the percentage of all examined hosts that are infested by arthropods.
prevalence of host infestation by arthropods
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of cuspidata. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A group of spatially clustered individuals of a given arthropod species.
A group of individuals of a given arthropod species among which there are no barriers to mating or to gene flow.
Pathogen surveillance process aiming to determine the approximate number of arthropods that are infected with a particular pathogen. COMMENT: Prevalence, rate or quantity of arthropods of a given taxon that are infected with a pathogen of a given taxon, and the efficiency with which the arthropods transmit the pathogen to susceptible vertebrate hosts.
estimation of pathogen infection in arthropods
Pathogen surveillance process aiming to determine the prevalence or rate of examined arthropods of a given taxon that are infected with a pathogen of a given taxon.
estimation of pathogen infection prevalence or rate in arthropods
Infection rate based on testing for presence of a given pathogen in pooled samples of multiple individuals. COMMENT: When the infection rate can be assumed to be very low, testing for presence of the pathogen often is accomplished using samples containing multiple pooled individuals. This is common practice for surveillance of arboviruses in mosquitoes. For example, testing for West Nile virus commonly is done with pools containing up to 50 female mosquitoes.
Variation of infection rate for pooled samples, designated the minimum infection rate (MIR), which is based on the assumption that each pool testing positive for the pathogen contains only a single infected individual. COMMENT: Used commonly for insects and typically expressed as infection rate per 1,000 individuals. The minimum infection rate is problematic when pool size is large or infection rate is high.
Variation of infection rate for pooled samples, designated the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE), which accounts for variable pool sizes in the rate calculation. COMMENT: Used commonly for insects and typically expressed as infection rate per 1,000 individuals. Can be calculated using the Excel Add In PooledInfRate, version 3.0 which was developed by Brad Biggerstaf of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA).
maximum likelihood estimate infection rate
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of innocens. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon simondi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of fallisi. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe. Vector of: Leucocytozoon simondi
Pathogen surveillance process aiming to determine the quantity of arthropods of a given taxon that are infected with a pathogen of a given taxon.
estimation of the quantity of infected arthropods
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host arthropods, which refers to the number of individuals in one population estimated to be infected with a given pathogen as compared to those in another population. COMMENT: Abundance of infected arthropods commonly is calculated as the abundance of the arthropod times the pathogen infection rate determined for a subset of the collected arthropods. Examples include abundance of infected mosquitoes per trap night and abundance of infected ticks per hour of drag sampling.
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host arthropods of Order Acari (ticks or mites), which refers to the relative density of infected individuals, expressed as infected ticks per unit area or distance to encounter an infected tick.
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host arthropods, which refers to the estimated number of individuals per unit area, unit length, or unit volume that are infected with a given pathogen. COMMENT: Density of infected arthropods commonly is calculated as the relative density of the arthropod times the pathogen infection rate determined for a subset of the collected arthropods. Examples include density of infected ticks per 100 square meters.
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host arthropods, designated the entomological risk index, which refers to their abundance or relative density. COMMENT: The term entomological risk index (ERI) has been used for quantification of the abundance or relative density of infected ticks. The entomological risk index can be calculated as tick abundance (per unit time of sampling) or r tick relative density (per unit area) times the pathogen infection rate. It is expressed as infected ticks per minute of sampling (abundance) or infected ticks per 100 square meter sampled (relative density).
Measure relating to aggregate of arthropods, designated the vector index, which refers to the abundance of pathogen-infected individuals. COMMENT: The term Vector Index has come into use for surveillance of mosquitoes in the United States for viruses such as West Nile virus. The Vector Index is a variation on abundance of infected arthropods and aims to quantify the average number of infected mosquitoes collected per trap night. The Vector Index typically is calculated as the mean abundance of female mosquitoes of a given taxon collected per trap night times the estimated proportion of tested females that are infected with the pathogen of interest.
Examination of a mosquito for the presence of internal parasites in the form of filarial worms. COMMENT: An infection with filarial worms may be used, based on the parasite life stage present, to determine the minimum number of days the mosquito has survived after ingesting infective blood.
determination of infection with filarial worm
Quality of arthropod species, which refers to the intrinsic ability of the species to biologically transmit a pathogen.
Measure relating to aggregate of arthropods, which refers to how efficiently a pathogen is transmitted by infected vectors of a given arthropod species. COMMENT: Needs to account for the extrinsic incubation period in vectors that take multiple blood meals in a single life stage (such as female fleas, reduviid bugs, mosquitoes or sand flies) or for transstadial passage of the pathogen from one life stage to the next for hard ticks (ixodid ticks) which take only a single blood meal per life stage. Because the terminology is poorly harmonized between different vectors, a breakdown by vector group is presented.
Measure of vector efficiency developed for mosquito vectors and applicable also to other insect vectors.
Measure for vector efficiency of insects, designated the basic reproductive rate (R0), which refers to the transmissibility or spreading potential of an infectious agent in a population of insect vectors or vertebrates. COMMENT: In the case of insect vectors, it is defined as the average number of infected vectors in a totally susceptible population during a defined time period. Conceptually, R0 = b x k x D, where b is the infectivity rate of the vector, k is the number of potentially infectious contacts the average infected vector has per unit time and D is the duration of infectivity (infectious period) of the vector. If R0 < 1, then every new generation of infection will affect fewer individuals, and eventually the disease agent will disappear from the vector population.
basic reproductive rate for infected insect vector
Measure for vector efficiency of insects, designated the entomological inoculation rate (EIR), which estimates the number of infectious bites received per day by a human or, equivalently, the human biting rate (the number of bites per person per day by vectors) multiplied by the fraction of vectors that are infectious (infectivity rate).
Measure for vector efficiency of insects which refers to the proportion of insect vectors that are infectious, i.e. capable of transmitting a given pathogen while feeding. COMMENT: In mosquitoes, this rate often is approximated by examination of salivary glands or heads rather than by the more accurate but far more work intensive methods of feeding mosquitoes on susceptible hosts or examining expelled saliva.
Insect vector infectivity rate which refers specifically to sporozoites of protozoan parasites.
Measure for vector efficiency of insects which refers to the average number of potentially infective bites that will ultimately be delivered by all the vectors feeding on a single infectious host in 1 day. COMMENT: Basically, vectorial capacity is the product of three components: feeding, survival rate and the length of the extrinsic incubation period. Vectorial capacity commonly is expressed by Macdonalds equation.
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of croxtoni. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon smithi
Measure of vector efficiency developed for hard tick vectors.
Measure for vector efficiency of hard ticks which refers to the proportion of ticks of a given species that are infectious, i.e. capable of transmitting a given pathogen while feeding on a susceptible host.
The efficiency with which a pathogen is transmitted from a tick of a given species and life stage to a particular vertebrate species.
Measure for vector efficiency of hard ticks which refers to the absolute contribution made by a particular tick species to the natural prevalence of infection with a given pathogen among susceptible vertebrates in a certain area. COMMENT: Determination of the vector capacity of a given tick species should include quantitative data on its abundance or density, the percentage of infected ticks, the likelihood that an infected tick transmits the pathogen, and tick infestation rates of susceptible hosts.
The proportional contribution made by a particular tick species to the natural prevalence among susceptible vertebrates in a certain area in relation to that of other examined tick species.
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host arthropods, designated the host blood index, which is defined as the proportion of examined arthropods containing blood from a given vertebrate host species.
Host blood index relating specifically to human blood.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Tensaw virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in North America.
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host arthropods, designated the feeding index (FI), which adjusts the host blood index or human blood index by accounting for the density of available vertebrate hosts of different taxa, host size, and temporal and spatial concurrence between the host and the vector.
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host arthropods, designated the forage ratio (FR), which adjusts the host blood index or human blood index by accounting for the number of available vertebrate hosts of different taxa.
Pathogen surveillance process aiming to determine the approximate number of vertebrates that are infected with a particular pathogen.
estimation of pathogen infection in vertebrates
Measure relating to host blood within an aggregate of arthropods.
measure relating to host blood in aggregate of arthropods
Estimate which refers to the average number of pathogens per infected individual.
Measure relating to infection within an aggregate of arthropods.
measure relating to infection in aggregate of arthropods
Measure relating to aggregate of vertebrates, which refers to the efficiency with which a pathogen is transmitted from infected vertebrates to feeding arthropods of a given taxon. COMMENT: Typically determined by xenodiagnosis where previously uninfected arthropods are fed upon infected vertebrates.
Host infectivity measure which refers to the proportion of arthropods of a given species and life stage that become infected while feeding on infected hosts. COMMENT: Most commonly used in relation to hard ticks.
Measure relating to aggregate of vertebrates, which refers to the absolute contribution made by a particular amplification/reservoir host species to the natural prevalence of infection with a given pathogen among vectors in a certain area. COMMENT: Determination of the amplification/reservoir host capacity of a given vertebrate species should include quantitative data on its density, its infectivity to feeding vectors, the duration of the infective period, how frequently it is fed upon by vectors and, in the case of ticks, feeding success and molting success.
Amplification/reservoir host capacity measure which refers to the proportional contribution of a particular amplification/reservoir host species to the natural prevalence of infection with a given pathogen among vectors in a certain area in relation to other examined amplification/reservoir host species. COMMENT: Also referred to as reservoir potential, For tick-borne pathogens, relative amplification/reservoir host capacity has minimally been based on data for host density, host infectivity, and mean abundance of ticks per host.
relative amplification/reservoir host capacity
The process of taxonomically identifying a pathogenic organism.
An assay to detect or taxonomically identify target antigens. COMMENT: This method can be used for detection or taxonomic identification of pathogens in either vertebrates or arthropods. One weakness of this method is that it does not conclusively demonstrate the presence of a viable pathogen in the source material.
Taxonomic identification based on morphological features. COMMENT: This method can be used for detection or taxonomic identification of pathogens in either vertebrates or arthropods. This method may or may not conclusively demonstrate the presence of a viable pathogen in the source material depending on the pathogen examined, eg, with respect to motile versus non-motile pathogens. The method also can be used to taxonomically identify arthropods.
Management with the goal of preventing bites by arthropods of species that may serve as pathogen vectors. COMMENT: Vector management can be achieved by: (i) reducing abundance of arthropods which are capable of serving as pathogen vectors, (ii) reducing abundance of infected or infectious arthropods, (iii) preventing contact between infected/infectious arthropods and humans or other vertebrates, or (iv) preventing contact between arthropods which are capable of serving as pathogen vectors and infectious humans or other vertebrates.
Use of a biological organism or a byproduct of a biological organism (biological pesticide) to reduce the number of arthropods capable of serving as pathogen vectors. COMMENT: Numerous different biological control agents can be used to reduce populations of arthropod vectors. These include bacteria (for example Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis to control mosquito immatures), viruses (for example densoviruses to control mosquitoes), fungi (for example Metahizum anisopliae to control ixodid ticks), nematodes (for example Steinernema carpocapsae to control ixodid ticks), insect parasitoids (for example the parasitoid wasp Ixodiphagus hookeri which lays its eggs in ixodid ticks), invertebrate predators (for example Mesocyclops spp. crustaceans used to control mosquito immatures), and vertebrate predators (for example different species of fish used to control mosquito immatures). Other examples are the use of Wolbachia bacteria to reduce the life span of mosquito vectors and reduce the abundance of infectious females.
Use of a chemical pesticide to reduce the number of arthropods capable of serving as pathogen vectors. COMMENT: Use of a chemical agent to (i) reduce abundance of arthropods capable of serving as pathogen vectors, (ii) prevent contact between infected/infectious arthropods and humans or other vertebrates, or (iii) prevent contact between arthropods and infectious humans or other vertebrates.
Change of the outdoor physical environment with the goal to reduce the number of arthropods capable of serving as pathogen vectors COMMENT: Examples include draining of mosquito larval habitat for anophelines, removal of artificial containers serving as larval development sites for Aedes aegypti, or brush removal to remove habitat for hard ticks.
A surveillance process aiming to produce information about one or several objects, in the form of arthropods, which have the role of serving as biological pathogen vectors. COMMENT: Process to determine: (i) if a given arthropod species, the individuals of which are capable of serving as pathogen vectors, is present and how commonly it occurs; or (ii) specific characteristics of the arthropod. Such a process can provide information on risk for exposure to vectors and vector-borne pathogens.
Process to quantify the number of individuals of an arthropod species.
Process to quantify the numbers of individuals of an arthropod species while they are off-host (not in contact with a host).
determination of off-host arthropod abundance
Process to quantify the numbers of individuals of an arthropod species while they are on-host (in direct contact with a host).
determination of on-host arthropod abundance
The process of estimating the age of a mosquito.
Process of determining the vertebrate taxon which was the source of the blood meal contained in an arthropod. COMMENT: Used, for example, to assess the proportion of arthropods of a given species that feed on humans or on vertebrates serving as important pathogen amplification/reservoir hosts.
identification of source of blood meal in arthropod
Process of estimating the distance an individual arthropod has moved during a given time period.
Process aiming to determine whether, and to what extent, a collection of individuals are resistant to a pesticide. COMMENT: Test methods used to assess pesticide resistance in arthropods include bioassays, biochemical assays and molecular assays.
Equipment used to collect the eggs of an arthropod.
equipment for collection of arthropod eggs
The process of taxonomically identifying an organism.
Management process with the purpose of reducing contact between arthropods and pathogen reservoirs. Comment: This can be achieved by reducing the abundance of vertebrates capable of serving as blood hosts for arthropod species capable of serving as pathogen vectors or directly as pathogen reservoirs or (ii) reducing the abundance of infected vertebrate reservoirs.
A process with the objective of eliminating pathogen infections by administering a antimicrobial substance in vivo.
Process where a vertebrate is treated with an antimicrobial substance to eliminate a pathogen infection.
Vaccination process in which a needle is used to deliver the vaccine.
A planned process with the objective to reduce the abundance of vertebrates within a geographic area.
[VSMO:Authors] It can be user to reduce the number of blood hosts for arthropod species capable of serving as pathogen vectors or directly as pathogen reservoirs.
Reduction of vertebrate population within a given geographic area by killing of animals.
Reduction of vertebrate population within a given geographic area by exclusion of animals through fencing.
A surveillance process aiming to produce information about one or several objects, in the form of vertebrate animals, which have the role of serving as hosts for arthropod ectoparasites or for pathogens.
Aggregate of microorganisms in the form of parasites of a given taxon that are present within an individual organism.
Life stage of Plasmodium that can be encountered in an arthropod.
The biological process of a parasite of the Genus Plasmodium completing its life cycle, including the different metamorphic stages (life stages).
Deinocerites is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
Examination of a mosquito for the presence of internal parasites in the form of Plasmodium. COMMENT: An infection with malaria parasites may be used, based on the parasite life stage present, to determine the minimum number of days the mosquito has survived after ingesting infective blood.
determination of infection with malarial parasite
Screening material treated with a pesticide substance to prevent vectors from contacting humans or domestic animals by erecting a physical barrier and by killing action.
Life stage of Plasmodium that occurs in the blood of the vertebrate.
erythrocytic life stage of Plasmodium in vertebrate
Life stage of Plasmodium that occurs outside of the blood of the vertebrate.
exoerythrocytic life stage of Plasmodium in vertebrate
Quality that refers to a single arthropod individual.
Female insect that contains a fresh blood meal or other meal but that has not yet reached the gonotrophic status of half gravid.
Female insect that has reached the gonotrophic status of gravid.
Female insect that does not contain fresh blood or other food substance and is neither half gravid nor gravid.
Quality of individual arthropod which defines feeding and gonotrophic status of a female mosquito according to the classification by Sella's stage for blood and ovaries.
Quality of individual arthropod which defines the reproductive status of a female insect.
Female that has reproduced on a single occasion.
Female that has reproduced on multiple occasions.
Female insect that contains a fresh blood meal or other meal or is half gravid or gravid.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Usutu virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Africa and Europe.
Any malaria parasite of the genus Plasmodium which infects humans and causes human malaria: COMMENT: Plasmodium of human includes Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax. Human malaria also can be caused on rare occasions by Plasmodium knowlesi, which occurs naturally in monkeys.
The biological process of an arthropod completing its life cycle, including the different metamorphic stages (life stages).
Life course of insect which has an ametabolous metamorphosis (lacks external metamorphosis). COMMENT: Ametabolous insects include lice. Life stages include egg, nymph (multiple instars), and adult.
The immature life stage (nymph) of arthropods that hatches from the egg or follows upon the larval stage and precedes the adult stage. COMMENT: Terrestrial stage for arthropods serving as pathogen vectors. The nymph may or may not be parasitic (mites), may engage in blood feeding and oviposition on a single occasion (hard ticks), or may engage in blood feeding and ovipositionon multiple occasions (ametabolous insects, paurometabolous insects, and soft ticks).
The process of collecting arthropods by means of spraying a pyrethrum-based product. COMMENT: Used extensively for indoor collection of anopheline mosquitoes.
Life course of insect which has a holometabolous (complete) metamorphosis. COMMENT: Holometabolous insects include dipterans (biting midges, blackflies, mosquitoes, phlebotomine sandflies and tsetse flies) and fleas. Life stages include egg, larva (multiple instars), pupa, and adult.
The immature life stage (larva) of holometabolous insects that hatches from the egg and precedes the immature pupal stage. COMMENT: Larvae of holometabolous insect vectors may be aquatic to semiaquatic (biting midges, blackflies, mosquitoes) or terrestrial (fleas, phlebotomine sandflies and the third larval instar of tsetse flies for which first and second larval instars develop within the female). The larva does not engage in blood feeding.
The first developmental stage of a mosquito larva, following upon the hatch of the egg.
The second developmental stage of a mosquito larva, following upon the molt of the first instar larva.
The third developmental stage of a mosquito larva, following upon the molt of the second instar larva.
The immature life stage (pupa) of holometabolous insects that follows upon the larval stage and precedes the adult stage. COMMENT: The pupa may be aquatic to semiaquatic (dipteran vectors) or terrestrial (fleas) and does not engage in blood feeding.
Quality that refers to a species of arthropod.
Life course of insect which has a paurometabolous (gradual) metamorphosis. COMMENT: Paurometabolous insect vectors include true bugs. Life stages include egg, nymph (multiple instars), and adult.
Quality that refers to a single vertebrate individual.
Life course of an arachnid with the taxonomic classification of tick. COMMENT: Life stages include egg, larva, nymph, and adult.
The fourth and final developmental stage of a mosquito larva, following upon the molt of the third instar larva.
The process of applying a repellent substance to the skin. COMMENT: Numerous different naturally or synthetically derived chemical compounds can be used as repellents on skin to prevent arthropods from contacting humans.
Quality of individual vertebrate which defines its pathogen infection status.
Life course of tick belonging to Family Ixodidae (hard ticks). COMMENT: Life stages include egg, larva, nymph, and adult.
Life course of tick belonging to Family Argasidae (soft ticks). COMMENT: Life stages include egg, larva, nymph (multiple sub-stages), and adult.
Life course of an arachnid with the taxonomic classification of mite. COMMENT: Life stages include egg, larva, nymph, and adult. The larval stage is the primary vector of pathogens.
Quality of individual arthropod which defines the sequential number of generations since an original field collection.
Aggregate of individuals in a parental generation. COMMENT: For arthropods, in the form of (1) field-collected adults or (2) adults raised from field-collected eggs or immatures.
First filial generation resulting from interbreeding of the F0 parental generation.
Second filial generation resulting from interbreeding of the F1 generation.
Third filial generation resulting from interbreeding of the F2 generation.
Quality of individual adult arthropod which distinguishes between female and male.
Quality, in the form of a measure, which refers to a group of arthropods.
measure relating to aggregate of arthropods
Individual which carries one or several pathogenic microorganisms in some part(s) of its body. COMMENT: An infected arthropod may or may not be able to transmit pathogens while feeding depending on where in its body pathogens are present; and an infected vertebrate may or may not be able to transmit pathogens to feeding arthropods.
Individual which carries one or several pathogenic microorganisms in numbers that allows for transmission. COMMENT: Including an arthropod which carries one or several pathogenic microorganisms in a part of its body that allows for transmission to a vertebrate host while the arthropod is feeding; and a vertebrate which carries one or several pathogenic microorganisms in numbers that allows for transmission to feeding arthropods.
Quality relating to how a pesticide is formulated for distribution.
Quality of pesticide formulation which refers to the physical characteristic of how the pesticide is formulated for distribution. COMMENT: The active ingredient (AI) of a pesticide is very rarely used in pure form; it is rather broadcast in a low concentration formulation that combines the AI with other substances (adjuvants, wetting agents, adhesives, spreaders, synergists, etc) that improves the performance of the formulation.
physical characteristic of pesticide formulation
Pesticide formulation which is distributed in an encapsulated form to produce a slow release of the active ingredient. COMMENT: The active ingredient is enclosed in a capsule or microcapsule of a material such as polyamide, neoprene, polyvinal dichloride or polyester. Once applied, the active ingredient can diffuse from the matrix.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed in the form of a dust and where an inert carrier is used to disperse the active ingredient. COMMENT: Examples of inert carriers include talc, fine clay, or diatomaceous earth. Dusts penetrate dense foliage better than sprays, and also are less likely to damage plants. Dusts usually have a shorter residual effect than other formulations.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed in the form of granules and where an inert carrier is used to disperse the active ingredient. COMMENT: Examples of inert carriers include porous materials such as clay, corn cobs, and walnut shells. Granules are much larger than dust particles and therefore are less prone to drift.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed in the form of a solid material containing the active ingredient.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed as a solid material in the form of a bait cube containing the active ingredient. COMMENT: Bait cubes are edible or attractive substances containing a pesticide active ingredient. Examples include oral baits offered to rodents in order to control infestations of ectoparasites such as fleas and ticks.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed as a solid material in the form of a briquette containing the active ingredient. COMMENT: Briquettes may, for example, be designed for floating on water surfaces for slow-release of the active ingredient contained within the briquette.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed as a solid material in the form of a coil which releases the active ingredient when it is burned.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed as a solid material in the form of a mat which releases the active ingredient when it is heated.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed as a solid material in the form of a paper which releases the active ingredient at room temperature or when it is burned.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed as a solid material in the form of a plastic which releases the active ingredient at room temperature or when it is heated.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed as a solid material in the form of a tablet which releases the active ingredient when it is placed in water.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed in the form of a soluble powder mixed with water. COMMENT: Pesticide soluble powders form a true solution when mixed with water. Although soluble powders contain wetting agents, they contain no solvents and therefore are less likely to cause plant injury than are emulsifiable sprays containing solvents. Constant agitation is necessary when using this formulation; otherwise, particles settle on the bottom of the spray tank.
Pesticide formulation which is distributed in the form of a wettable powder mixed with water. COMMENT: Pesticide wettable powders form a suspension rather than a true solution when mixed with water. Although wettable powders contain wetting agents, they contain no solvents and therefore are less likely to cause plant injury than are emulsifiable sprays containing solvents. Constant agitation is necessary when using this formulation; otherwise, particles settle on the bottom of the spray tank.
Pesticide formulation in which the active ingredient is diluted with a solvent to form a solution, i.e., a mixture of a solid and a liquid where the solid never settles out. COMMENT: Solutions used for pesticide control can be water-based or oil-based and broadcast by different means including as ultra-low volume (ULV) sprays.
Pesticide solution in which the active ingredient is dispersed in very small droplets (less than 50 micrometers in diameter) via a pressurized system as an aerosol spray. COMMENT: Also referred to as space spray, fog or mist.
Pesticide aerosol spray for which oil or petroleum is used as the solvent.
Pesticide aerosol spray for which water is used as the solvent.
Pesticide solution in which the active ingredient and an emulsifying agent are dissolved in an organic solvent that can then be mixed with water. COMMENT: After the water and solvent evaporate from a sprayed surface, the remaining insecticide adheres to the sprayed surface.
Pesticide formulation in which the active ingredient is diluted with a solvent to form a suspension, i.e., a heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of the solvent-like phase at some point in time after their introduction.
Pesticide suspension in which an active ingredient that can be formulated only as a solid or a semisolid is ground and mixed with a liquid to form a suspension referred to as flowable. COMMENT: Flowables can be added to water and need only moderate agitation to mix.
Quality of pesticide formulation which refers to how rapidly the active ingredient is released from the distributed formulation.
Quality of pesticide formulation which refers to a rapid release of the active ingredient after the pesticide formulation is distributed. COMMENT: Examples of rapid release pesticide formulations include dusts, granules, powders, and aerosol sprays.
rapid release rate of pesticide formulation
Quality of pesticide formulation which refers to a slow release of the active ingredient after the pesticide formulation is distributed. COMMENT: A slow release pesticide formulation blends an active ingredient with a material from which it will evaporate or be released at a controlled rate over time. Examples of slow release pesticide formulations include solid materials containing active ingredient (bait cube, briquette, coil, paper, plastic, etc) and microencapsulation of active ingredient in a material such as polyamide, neoprene, polyvinal dichloride or polyester.
slow release rate of pesticide formulation
Aggregate of microorganisms in the form of virus particles of a given taxon that are present within an individual organism.
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human.
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a flea vector.
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a louse vector.
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a phlebotomine sandfly vector.
bacterial phlebotomine sandfly borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a hard tick vector.
bacterial hard tick borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a soft tick vector.
bacterial soft tick borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a mite vector.
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal.
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a flea vector.
bacterial flea borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a hard tick vector.
bacterial hard tick borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a bacterial pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a soft tick vector.
bacterial soft tick borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human.
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a mosquito vector.
protozoan mosquito borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a phlebotomine sandfly vector.
protozoan phlebotomine sandfly borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a true bug vector.
protozoan true bug borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a tsetse fly vector.
protozoan tsetse fly borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a hard tick vector.
protozoan hard tick borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal.
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a biting midge vector.
protozoan biting midge borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a blackfly vector.
protozoan blackfly borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a mosquito vector.
protozoan mosquito borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a phlebotomine sandfly vector.
protozoan phlebotomine sandfly borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a true bug vector.
protozoan true bug borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a tsetse fly vector.
protozoan tsetse fly borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a protozoan pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a hard tick vector.
protozoan hard tick borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human.
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a biting midge vector.
viral biting midge borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a mosquito vector.
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a phlebotomine sandfly vector.
viral phlebotomine sandfly borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a hard tick vector.
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal.
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a biting midge vector.
viral biting midge borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a mosquito vector.
viral mosquito borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a phlebotomine sandfly vector.
viral phlebotomine sandfly borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a hard tick vector.
viral hard tick borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a soft tick vector.
viral soft tick borne pathogen of domestic animal
Function of conferring resistance in an arthropod to one or several pesticides.
An enzyme that confers resistance in an arthropod to one or several pesticides. COMMENT: Examples of resistance conferring enzymes include acetylcholinesterase, Glutathione-S-Transferase, alpha-esterase, beta-esterase, mixed function oxidases, and epsilon Glutathione-S-Transferase.
A point mutation that confers resistance in an arthropod to one or several pesticides.
resistance conferring point mutation function
A role borne by an aquatic habitat in virtue of supporting the development of mosquito immatures (larval and pupal stages). COMMENT: Mosquito larval habitats include natural water sources ranging in size from small puddles to shallow parts of large water bodies, water sources generated through agricultural irrigation (for example rice fields), and water-holding artificial containers ranging in size from small bottles and cans to large water storage tanks.
A role borne by an aquatic habitat in virtue of supporting the development of Anopheles immatures (larval and pupal stages).
A role borne by an aquatic habitat in virtue of supporting the development of Aedes immatures (larval and pupal stages). COMMENT: This can include bodies of shallow surface water or, for some container-inhabiting species such as Aedes aegypti, water in artificial or natural containers.
Tool which has the role of being used to (i) reduce abundance of arthropod species capable of serving as pathogen vectors, (ii) reduce abundance of infected vectors, (iii) prevent contact between infected vectors and humans or other vertebrates, or (iv) prevent contact between individuals of species capable of serving as pathogen vectors and infectious humans or other vertebrates.
A role borne by an alga in virtue of having a killing disposition toward a targeted pest. COMMENT: Examples of algal control agents for arthropods include Sargassum swartzii and Chondria dasyphylla which can be used to kill mosquito (Anopheles) immatures.
A role borne by a bacterium in virtue of having a killing disposition toward a targeted pest. COMMENT: One example of a bacterial control agent for arthropods is Bacillus thuringiensis which is commonly used to kill mosquito immatures. Another example is the use of Wolbachia bacteria to reduce the life span of mosquito vectors and thus reduce the abundance of infectious females.
A role borne by a fungus in virtue of having a killing disposition toward a targeted pest. COMMENT: Examples of fungal control agents for arthropods include Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae which can be used to kill hard ticks and mosquitoes.
A role borne by a nematode in virtue of having a killing disposition toward a targeted pest. COMMENT: Examples of nematode control agents for arthropods include species of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis which can be used to kill hard ticks.
A role borne by an insect parasitoid in virtue of having a killing disposition toward a targeted pest. COMMENT: One example of an insect parasitoid control agent for arthropods is the wasp Hunterellus hookeri which parasitizes hard ticks.
Measure relating to aggregate of off-host adult arthropods, which quantifies their relative number.
abundance estimate for adult arthropods off-host
A role borne by a predator in virtue of having a killing disposition toward a targeted pest. COMMENT: Examples of predator control agents for arthropods include fish and Mesocyclops copepods which can be used to control mosquito immatures.
A role borne by a virus in virtue of having a killing disposition toward a targeted pest. COMMENT: One example of a viral control agent for arthropods is densovirus which can be used to kill mosquitoes.
A chemical substance intended to kill pests derived from organisms. COMMENT: Examples include compounds extracted from plant material, such as seeds or leaves, or directly released when the plant material is crushed or burned.
The function of a natural derived chemical compound realized when it repels pests. COMMENT: Examples include compounds extracted from plant material, such as seeds or leaves, or directly released when the plant material is crushed or burned.
Synthetic chemical compound used to control living organisms.
Equipment in the form of a rapid test capable of detecting a given pathogen in samples containing one or several arthropod species capable of serving as pathogen vectors or material from vertebrate species capable of serving as pathogen reservoirs/amplification hosts. COMMENT: Examples include Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) for malaria parasites and the VecTest for West Nile virus.
The function of a synthetic chemical compound realized when it repels pests.
Vector management tool in the form of a measure that changes the physical environment with the goal to reduce the abundance of arthropod species capable of serving as pathogen vectors or prevent contact between individuals of species capable of serving as pathogen vectors and humans or other vertebrates. COMMENT: Examples include draining of water sources serving as mosquito larval habitat and brush removal to reduce suitable habitat for host-seeking ticks.
The function of a tool realized when it prevents contact between individuals of arthropod species capable of serving as pathogen vectors and humans.
Equipment in the form of a device to control indoor temperature. COMMENT: Can have the role of a personal protection measure against vectors in that it reduces the need for keeping windows and doors open and thus prevents entry by arthropods.
Clothing treated with a repellent substance to prevent vectors from contacting humans by erecting a physical barrier and by repellent action.
Screening material that prevents intrusion of vectors by erecting a physical barrier that the vector cannot penetrate and by repelling vectors with a repellent applied to the screening material.
Repellent-treated screening material in the form of a curtain to prevent vectors from contacting humans or domestic animals.
Repellent-treated screening material in the form of a net to prevent vectors from contacting humans or domestic animals.
Repellent-treated screening material in the form of a screen to prevent vectors from contacting humans or domestic animals.
The function of a device realized when it can detect the presence of arthropods.
Arthropod surveillance tool that is used to determine the abundance of one or several species capable of serving as a pathogen vector while on (in direct contact with) a vertebrate host. COMMENTS: Examples of such tools include a flea comb or a drop-off cage to collect attached ectoparasites as they detach from the host.
surveillance tool to determine on-host arthropod abundance
Arthropod surveillance tool that is used to determine the abundance of one or several species capable of serving as a pathogen vector while off (not in contact with) a vertebrate host. COMMENTS: Examples of such tools include a tick drag or a CDC light trap to capture host-seeking adult flying arthropods.
surveillance tool to determine off-host arthropod abundance
Pesticide-treated screening material in the form of a screen to prevent vectors from contacting humans or domestic animals.
The function of a device realized when it determines the killing efectivenes of a pesticide on a target pest. COMMENT: The WHO plastic bioassay cone is an example of such a tool.
This function is carry out by tools used to determine the efficacy of a pesticide to kill individuals of an arthropod species.
pesticide efficacy determination function
Tool that is used to determine pesticide resistance in an arthropod species. COMMENT: Pesticide-impregnated paper from WHO for use in a standard bioassay system to measure resistance is an example of such a tool.
pesticide resistance determination function
A role borne by an arthropod species in virtue of that it can transmit (serve as a vector of) a paralytic toxin that may cause paralysis in the host upon which it is feeding.
A role borne by an insect species in virtue of that it can transmit (serve as a vector of) a paralytic toxin that may cause paralysis in the host upon which it is feeding.
A role borne by a tick species in virtue of that it can transmit (serve as a vector of) a paralytic toxin that may cause paralysis in the host upon which it is feeding. COMMENTS: Examples of tick vectors of paralytic toxins include Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes holocyclus.
The function of a device realized when it becomes part of a trap.
Tool which has the function of being used to (i) reduce abundance of vertebrates of species capable of serving as blood meal hosts for species of arthropods capable of serving as pathogen vectors, (ii) reduce abundance of vertebrates capable of serving as pathogen reservoirs/amplification hosts or (iii) reduce abundance of pathogen-infected vertebrates.
Vertebrate management tool that is broadly used to reduce the abundance of vertebrates of species that may serve as pathogen reservoirs/amplification hosts or blood meal hosts for species of arthropods capable of serving as pathogen vectors. COMMENT: A rodent trap with killing action is an example of such a tool. Another example is a deer fence, which results in local reduction of deer abundance.
Vertebrate management tool that is specifically used to reduce the abundance of pathogen-infected vertebrates. COMMENT: A bait-cube containing an oral vaccine against a given pathogen is an example of such a tool.
tool for reduction of infected vertebrates
Tool which has the function of being used for surveillance of presence and abundance of one or several vertebrate species. COMMENT: Examples of such tools include various traps to capture vertebrates.
Abundance estimate for adult arthropods off-host, which quantifies their relative abundance based on a standard collection method. COMMENT: Can include a single or multiple sampling occasions. Examples include the number of adult ticks collected per hour of drag sampling or the number of adult mosquitoes collected per trap night.
abundance estimate for adult arthropods based on removal sampling
Pesticide-treated screening material in the form of a net to prevent vectors from contacting humans or domestic animals. COMMENT: Includes insectide-treated nets (sometimes referred to as bednets) used to protect sleeping areas.
Temporal interval referring to the period of time required for a process of an arthropod.
Process of quantifying the proportion of arthropods which survive over a 24-hour period. COMMENT: The daily vector survival rate, p in Macdonalds equation for vectorial capacity, is an important component to determine pathogen transmission intensity. A variety of techniques have been developed to determine daily survival rate of insect vectors, especially mosquitoes.
Estimation of the daily survival rate of the adult stage (typically female) of a mosquito vector. Various methods have been developed to estimate daily survival rate based on changes over time in the proportion of marked vectors or vectors of a certain physiological state, for example newly emerged green colored females, parous females or females at a certain stage in their gonotrophic cycle. Numerous methods have been developed to estimate daily survival rates of immatures, especially for species that develop in aquatic habitats such as artificial containers that readily can be monitored and where all immatures can be counted. This has resulted in development of detailed life tables for some species such as Aedes aegypti.
estimation of daily arthropod survival rate
Temporal interval of arthropod in the form of the generational period, which is the continuous temporal interval required for an arthropod to complete its life cycle. COMMENT: Typically used in the context of the average time required for a group (cohort) of arthropods of a given species to complete their life cycles. Insects commonly are multivoltine, with several generations in a single year. The generation time of insect vectors often is strongly influenced by ambient temperature, with generation times being shortened as the temperature increases. In contrast to insects, hard ticks typically require more than a single year to complete their life cycle, which includes taking blood meals in the larval, nymphal and adult (female) life stages.
Temporal interval of arthropod in the form of the reproductive period, which is the continuous temporal interval that starts when an adult has emerged and is physically ready to mate and ends when the adult no longer is capable of mating and, in the case of females, egg maturation and oviposition COMMENT: The arthropod reproductive period may include one or several reproductive cycles. For example, hard ticks lay eggs once in a single batch and then perish. For arthropods with multiple reproductive cycles, the length of the cycles can vary with temperature and time needed to locate blood meal hosts or find sites to deposit eggs. The length of the reproductive cycle is an important determinant for the growth rate of populations of insects with multiple generations within a single active season.
The reproductive period for arthropods classified as insects is the continuous temporal interval that starts when an adult insect has emerged and is physically ready to mate and ends when the adult insect no longer is capable of mating and, in the case of females, egg maturation and oviposition COMMENT: The time between oviposition of separate egg batches within the insect reproductive period include not only the time needed for egg development but also the time needed to locate host(s) to take a complete blood meal and the time needed to locate site(s) for egg deposition and to lay the eggs.
The continuous temporal interval that starts when a female insect has emerged and is physically ready to mate and ends with her first oviposition event.
Temporal interval of arthropod in the form of the activity period, which is the continuous temporal interval during which an arthropod is physically active. COMMENT: Includes diel and seasonal activity periods.
Arthropod activity period in the form of a continuous temporal interval within the 24 hour diel cycle.
A continuous temporal interval within the diel 24 hour period during which an arthropod species detaches from a vertebrate host in greatest numbers. COMMENT: This relates primarily to ticks where counts of individuals on a vertebrate host can be influenced by the time of day the host is examined. This is because some tick species have a distinct diurnal pattern of detachment (drop off) from the host, for example to coincide with the time the host is resting in a burrow or nest.
peak diel period of arthropod detachment from host
A continuous temporal interval within the diel 24 hour period during which the number of actively host-seeking individuals of an arthropod species is greatest. COMMENT: This can refer to a single continuous temporal interval within the diel 24 hour period or to more than one continuous temporal intervals (for example for insects with peak host-seeking activity during dawn and dusk). Most insect species have distinct diel peaks in host-seeking activity that comprise a limited number of hours of the 24 hour cycle. This can be to avoid unfavorable conditions, for example by staying inactive during very hot day time hours, or to match the diel host-seeking activity with the active period of important blood meal hosts. Basic knowledge of local diel activity patterns of a vector is a prerequisite for effective vector surveillance.
peak diel activity period of host-seeking arthropod
Arthropod activity period in the form of a continuous temporal interval within a 12 month period. COMMENT: In many settings, arthropods are active during part of the year (typically the warm part of the year) and inactive during other parts of the year (typically the cold part of the year). In settings with favorable year-round conditions, arthropods can be active throughout the year.
A continuous temporal interval within the seasonal activity period during which an arthropod species reaches its highest numbers. COMMENT: Many vector species exhibit seasonality in their activity period over the year, often with distinct seasonal peaks in their numbers. This is related to inactivity during times of the year with conditions that are unfavorable for host seeking, development , or reproduction. In temperate climates, the seasonal activity period often coincides with the warm part of the year. In subtropical and tropical climates, the seasonal activity period more commonly is related to rainfall patterns. A single vector species with a broad geographical distribution that includes substantial climate variability may exhibit variation in the timing of peak seasonal activity in different part of its range. In the case of ticks, different life stages of a given tick vector often have distinctly different seasonal activity periods. Basic knowledge of local seasonal activity patterns of a vector is a prerequisite for effective vector surveillance.
seasonal period of peak activity of arthropod
Temporal interval referring to the period of time required for a process of a pathogenic microorganism within an arthropod.
temporal interval of pathogen in arthropod
The continuous temporal interval starting with the ingestion of a pathogen during an infectious blood meal and ending with the arthropod gaining the capability to transmit the ingested pathogen. COMMENT: The EIP, n in Macdonalds equation for vectorial capacity, is an important component to determine pathogen transmission intensity. In insect vectors, the EIP is influenced by ambient temperature, being shortened as the temperature increases. The EIP is not meaningful in hard ticks because they take a single blood meal in each active life stage and the molting process lasts for weeks to months, often accompanied by a period of diapause preceding or following the molt.
The continuous temporal interval starting with the end of the extrinsic incubation period and ending when the arthropod no longer is capable of pathogen transmission. COMMENT: The length of the infectious period, 1/(-lnp) in Macdonalds equation for vectorial capacity, is a critical determinant for intensity of pathogen transmission, especially for vectors that take multiple blood meals and thus can infect multiple vertebrate hosts. New control methods are being explored for mosquito vectors of malaria parasites and dengue virus to specifically shorten the infectious period of the life of a female.
Temporal interval referring to the period of time required for a process of a pathogenic microorganism within a vertebrate.
temporal interval of pathogen in vertebrate
The continuous temporal interval starting with the exposure of a vertebrate to a pathogen and ending with the appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease produced by the pathogen. COMMENT: It is important to note that a vertebrate may be infectious, capable of infecting a feeding vector, before symptoms develop.
The continuous temporal interval starting with a vertebrate becoming capable of infecting a feeding arthropod with a given pathogen and ending with the vertebrate losing the capacity to infect a feeding arthropod. COMMENT: Vertebrates may become infectious before symptoms of disease develop. The infectious period can be very short, days to weeks as for West Nile virus in birds, or last for the remainder of the life of the host, as for the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) in some rodent species.
An assay to detect or taxonomically identify target antibodies. COMMENT: This method can be used for detection or taxonomic identification of pathogens in vertebrates but not in arthropods. One weakness of this method is that it does not conclusively demonstrate the presence of a viable pathogen in the source material.
Delivery of pesticide sprays to the air or to an aquatic or terrestrial environment.
Localized delivery of pesticides by distribution of small or larger objects that contain a pesticide. COMMENT: Examples include distribution of pesticide-treated fabrics and other materials.
Distribution of a pesticide with short-lived killing activity.
Distribution of a pesticide with residual killing activity.
The process of wearing clothing treated with a repellent substance. COMMENT: Numerous different naturally or synthetically derived chemical compounds can be used as repellents on clothing to prevent arthropods from contacting humans.
Chemical repellent obtained from natural naturally occurring sources. COMMENT: Numerous different naturally derived chemical compounds (for example citronella oil) can be used as repellents to prevent vectors from contacting humans.
Chemical repellent that keeps organisms away. COMMENT: Numerous different synthetically derived chemical compounds (for example DEET) can be used as repellents to prevent vectors from contacting humans.
The process of gathering insects capable of flight while they are still (not in motion).
collection of resting insects capable of flight
Protection against arthropod bites that relates to use by, and protection for, a single human.
personal protection against arthropod bites
A planned process with the objective to control indoor temperature. COMMENT: Can protect against vectors in that it reduces the need for keeping windows and doors open and thus prevents entry by arthropods.
The process of using screens to cover openings in a building. COMMENT: Can protect against vectors in that it prevents entry by arthropods and thus reduces indoor vector biting of humans.
Protection against arthropod bites through the use of a device which produces a stimulus that drives away arthropods. COMMENT: Various non chemical methods have been developed to discourage mosquitoes and other arthropods from contacting humans, including use of devices producing noise or electricity.
The process of wearing clothing that provides a physical barrier to the environment. COMMENT: Clothing can help prevent contact between arthropods and humans. One example is tucking your socks and shirt into your pants to force a hard tick to crawl a longer distance before encountering skin; this increases the chance that the tick will either be brushed off your pants or be discovered and removed, especially if the clothing is light colored and provides contrast with the darker tick. Protection can be enhanced by adding a pesticide to the clothing.
The process of delivering pesticides with the intention of killing a target species. COMMMENT: Invertebrate pests include insects, which can be killed with insecticidal pesticides (insecticides), and ticks and mites, which can be killed with acaricidal pesticides (acaricides).
Space spraying that forms droplets by heating up a pesticide mixture. COMMENT: The active ingredient used in thermal fogs is diluted in a carrier liquid, which is usually oil-based. Hot gas is used to heat the pesticide spray, decreasing the viscosity of the oil carrier, and vaporizing it. When it leaves the nozzle the vapor hits colder air and condenses to form a dense white cloud of fog. The hot emission gas is obtained from engine exhaust, friction plate/engine exhaust or from a pulse jet engine.
Space spraying that forms droplets by the mechanical breaking up of the pesticide mixture. COMMENT: Mechanical break up is achieved by passing the spray mixture through high-pressure nozzles or by passing a slow stream of the mixture through a high-velocity vortex of air. The spray droplets are generated without any external heat. With cold fogs the volume of spray is kept to a minimum.
Oil-based pesticide aerosol spray distributed as an ultra-low volume (ULV) spray dispersed from specialized equipment.
oil-based ultra-low volume pesticide aerosol spray
Water-based pesticide aerosol spray distributed as an ultra-low volume (ULV) spray dispersed from specialized equipment.
water-based ultra-low volume pesticide aerosol spray
A bacterium of Genus Anaplasma with the species designation of bovis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine anaplasmosis) in cattle. Occurs in Asia and Africa.
Borrelia is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Borrelia is a Genus in Family Spirochaetaceae of Order Spirochaetales.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of burgdorferi. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease) in humans and domestic animals including dogs. Member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. Occurs in Europe, North America, and Asia.
Plasmodium is a Genus of Phylum Apicomplexa. COMMENT: Plasmodium is a Genus in Order Haemospororida.
An apicomplexan of Genus Plasmodium with the species designation of falciparum. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (malaria) in humans. Occurs worldwide.
Flavivirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Flaviviridae.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of West Nile virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Includes the serotype Kunjin virus. Causes disease (West Nile fever, West Nile neuroinvasive disease) in humans and domestic animals including horses. Occurs in Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of pacificus. COMMENT: Also called the western black-legged tick. Occurs in North America. Vector of: Anaplasma phagocytophilum Babesia duncani Borrelia bissettii Borrelia burgdorferi
A group of arthropods collected within a defined geographic area within a defined time period.
Diptera is an Order in Class Insecta. COMMENT: Also called two-winged flies.
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of imicola. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Europe and Asia. Vector of: African horse sickness virus bluetongue virus equine encephalosis virus Suspected vector of: Akabane virus bovine ephemeral fever virus Palyam virus
Culicidae is a Family in Order Diptera. COMMENT: Also called mosquitoes.
Glossinidae is a Family in Order Diptera. COMMENT: Also called tsetse flies.
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of austeni. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma simiae
Psychodidae is aFamily in Order Diptera. COMMENT: Also called phlebotomine sandflies.
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of ariasi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
Simuliidae is a Family in Order Diptera. COMMENT: Also called blackflies.
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of damnosum. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium damnosum complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca ochengi Onchocerca volvulus
Simulium hamedense Higazi, Boakye, Wilson, Mahmoud, Baroka, Mukhtar & Unnasch
Heteroptera is an Order in Class Insecta. COMMENT: Also called true bugs.
Reduviidae is a Family in Order Heteroptera. COMMENT: Also called assassin bugs.
Phthiraptera is an Order in Class Insecta. COMMENT: Also called lice.
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of hermsi. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Borrelia hermsii
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of parkeri. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Borrelia parkeri Royal Farm virus (Karshi virus)
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of turicata. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: African swine fever virus Borrelia turicatae Coxiella burnetii
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of moubata. COMMENT: Also called the African tampan. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Aegyptianella pullorum African swine fever virus Borrelia anserina Borrelia duttonii Coxiella burnetii
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of aegypti. COMMENT: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Bunyamwera virus chikungunya virus Dengue virus Dirofilaria immitis Dirofilaria repens Ilesha virus Ilheus virus Marituba virus Mayaro virus Mucambo virus o'nyong-nyong virus Oriboca virus Plasmodium gallinaceum Rift Valley fever virus Ross River virus Semliki Forest virus Setaria digitata Sindbis virus snowshoe hare virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana serotype) Wesselsbron virus West Nile virus Wuchereria bancrofti yellow fever virus Zika virus
Stegomyia calopus var. canariensis Pittaluga
Stegomyia fasciata var. atritarsis Edwards
Stegomyia fasciata var. luciensis Theobald
Stegomyia fasciata var. queenslandensis Theobald
Anopheles is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of gambiae. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and the Middle East. Vector of: o'nyong-nyong virus Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Plasmodium gallinaceum Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of stephensi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Plasmodium gallinaceum Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles stephensi var. mysorensis Sweet and Rao
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of albimanus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: chikungunya virus Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Semliki Forest virus Sindbis virus Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles argyrotarsis ssp. albipes Theobald
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of coriaceus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: African swine fever virus Suspected vector of: Borrelia coriaceae
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of erraticus. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Africa. Vector of: African swine fever virus Borrelia crocidurae Borrelia hispanica Coxiella burnetii
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of porcinus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Includes the subspecies Ornithodoros porcinus porcinus, Ornithodoros porcinus avivora, and Ornithodoros porcinus domesticus. Vector of: African swine fever virus
Pediculidae is a Family in Order Phthiraptera.
A louse of Genus Pediculus with the species designation of humanus. COMMENT: Also called the human body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) or human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis). Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Bartonella quintana Borrelia recurrentis Rickettsia conorii Rickettsia prowazekii Rickettsia rickettsia
Siphonaptera is an Order in Class Insecta. COMMENT: Also called fleas.
Pulicidae is a Family in Order Siphonaptera.
Arachnida is a Class within Phylum Arthropoda.
Acari is an Order in Class Arachnida. COMMENT: Also called acarines. Includes mites and ticks.
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of arenicola. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
Arthropod aggregate in the form of external parasites regardless of taxon present on a single vertebrate.
ectoparasitic arthropod load of vertebrate
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of pipiens. COMMENT: Includes the subspecies Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens pallens. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis Dirofilaria repens Ilheus virus Japanese encephalitis virus Rift Valley fever virus Setaria digitata St. Louis encephalitis virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus Wuchereria bancrofti
Culex autogenicus ssp. sternopallidus Roubaud
Culex autogenicus ssp. sternopunctatus Roubaud
Culex bicolor var. quasimodestus Theobald
Culex quinquefasciatus dipseticus Dyar and Knab
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of quinquefasciatus. COMMENT: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Dirofilaria immitis Ilheus virus Japanese encephalitis virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Oropouche virus Ross River virus Setaria digitata Sindbis virus St. Louis encephalitis virus Wesselsbron virus West Nile virus Wuchereria bancrofti Suspected vector of: bovine ephemeral fever virus
Culex fatigans ssp. luteoannulatus Theobald
Culex fatigans ssp. nigrirostris Enderlein
Culex fatigans ssp. trilineatus Theobald
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of americanum. COMMENT: Also called the lone star tick. Occurs in North America. Vector of: Coxiella burnetii Cytauxzoon felis Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Ehrlichia ewingii Francisella tularensis Suspected vector of: Borrelia lonestari Rickettsia parkeri Rickettsia rickettsii
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of cajennense. COMMENT: Also called the cayenne tick. Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Ehrlichia ruminantium Rickettsia rickettsii Theileria equi
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of variegatum. COMMENT: Also called the tropical bont tick. Occurs in Africa and the Caribbean. Vector of: Coxiella burnetii Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Dugbe virus Ehrlichia ruminantium Nairobi sheep disease virus Rickettsia africae Rickettsia conorii Theileria mutans Theileria ovis Theileria velifera Thogoto virus
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of andersoni. COMMENT: Also called the Rocky Mountain wood tick. Occurs in North America. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Anaplasma ovis Colorado tick fever virus Coxiella burnetii Francisella tularensis Powassan virus Rickettsia rickettsii
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of variabilis. COMMENT: Also called the American dog tick. Occurs in North America. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Anaplasma ovis Babesia caballi Cytauxzoon felis Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Francisella tularensis Rickettsia rickettsii Theileria equi
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of ricinus. COMMENT: Also called the common sheep tick or the castor bean tick. Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Anaplasma phagocytophilum Babesia bovis Babesia divergens Babesia jakimovi Babesia microti Bartonella henselae Borrelia afzelii Borrelia bissettii Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia garinii Borrelia lusitaniae Borrelia spielmanii Borrelia valaisiana Coxiella burnetii Eyach virus Francisella tularensis Langat virus louping ill virus Rickettsia conorii Rickettsia helvetica tick-borne encephalitis virus Suspected vector of: Babesia venatorum
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of scapularis. COMMENT: Also called the black-legged tick or the deer tick. Occurs in North America. Vector of: Anaplasma phagocytophilum Babesia microti Borrelia burgdorferi Francisella tularensis Powassan virus
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of holocyclus. COMMENT: Also called the Australian paraysis tick. Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Coxiella burnetii Rickettsia australis
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of sanguineus. COMMENT: Also called the brown dog tick. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: African horse sickness virus Anaplasma marginale Anaplasma platys Babesia caballi Babesia canis Babesia conradae Babesia gibsoni Babesia perroncitoi Babesia trautmanni Coxiella burnetii Dugbe virus Ehrlichia canis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Ehrlichia ewingii Francisella tularensis Hepatozoon americanum Hepatozoon canis Nairobi sheep disease virus Rickettsia conorii Rickettsia rickettsii Rickettsia sibirica Theileria equi Theileria parva
A biting midge of Genus Forcipomyia with the species designation of townsvillensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Onchocerca cervicalis
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of albopictus. COMMENT: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: chikungunya virus dengue virus Dirofilaria immitis Dirofilaria repens eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Jamestown Canyon virus Japanese encephalitis virus La Crosse virus Mayaro virus Rift Valley fever virus Ross River virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus yellow fever virus
Stegomyia scutellaris ssp. samarensis Ludlow
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of atropalpus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Europe. Vector of: Plasmodium gallinaceum Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of cantator. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis Rift Valley fever virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of erythrothorax. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Central America. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus St. Louis encephalitis virus West Nile virus
Pseudotaeniorhynchus quasigelidus var. arabiensis Theobald
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of nigripalpus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Plasmodium hermani Rift Valley fever virus St. Louis encephalitis West Nile virus
Culex flavipes var. biocellatus Theobald
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of restuans. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Central America. Vector of: St. Louis encephalitis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of tarsalis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Ilheus virus Japanese encephalitis virus Rift Valley fever virus St. Louis encephalitis virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus Suspected vector of: Cache Valley virus
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of argyritarsis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of darlingi. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles darlingi var. paulistensis Galvao
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of neivai. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Suspected vector of: Guaroa virus
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of aztecus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles maculipennis ssp. aztecus Hoffmann
Collection of vertebrates by means of a trap to determine which species are present and how commonly they occur. COMMENT: Can include mark-release-recapture to determine the abundance of a vertebrate species through a mark-release-recapture index.
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of freeborni. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Anopheles maculipennis ssp. freeborni Aitken
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of pseudopunctipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of punctimacula. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of quadrimaculatus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Cache Valley virus Dirofilaria immitis eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Semliki Forest virus Tensaw virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
The process of gathering arthropods from a vertebrate host. COMMENT: Direct collection of ectoparasitic arthropods (for example hard ticks or fleas) from their vertebrate hosts is used to determine on-host abundance.
collection of arthropods from vertebrate host
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of triseriatus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: chikungunya virus dengue virus Dirofilaria immitis Everglades virus La Crosse virus Rift Valley fever virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus Suspected vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of canadensis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Jamestown Canyon virus Rift Valley fever virus snowshoe hare virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus Suspected vector of: La Crosse virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of dorsalis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America, Europe, and Asia. Vector of: California encephalitis virus Jamestown Canyon virus Japanese encephalitis virus West Nile virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus Suspected vector of: Cache Valley virus (suspected vector)
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of infirmatus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis trivittatus virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of melanimon. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: California encephalitis virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus West Nile virus Suspected vector of: Cache Valley virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of scapularis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Ilheus virus Mayaro virus Wuchereria bancrofti yellow fever virus
Ochlerotatus confirmatus Lynch Arribalzaga
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of trivittatus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis trivittatus virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of japonicus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America, Europe and Asia. Vector of: eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Japanese encephalitis virus La Crosse virus West Nile virus
Aedes bisanensis Suzuki, Tanimura, Miyagawa and Murata
Coquillettidia is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Coquillettidia with the species designation of perturbans. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Cache Valley virus eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Jamestown Canyon virus West Nile virus
Psorophora is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Psorophora with the species designation of ferox. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Ilheus virus Mucambo virus (subtype IIIC virus) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus Suspected vector of: wyeomyia virus
Janthinosoma sayi var. jamaicensis Theobald
Mansonia is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of titillans. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti Suspected vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Culiseta is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Culiseta with the species designation of melanura. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Highlands J virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Culiseta with the species designation of inornata. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Cache Valley virus California encephalitis virus Jamestown Canyon virus Japanese encephalitis virus snowshoe hare virus West Nile virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of vexans. COMMENT: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Cache Valley virus Dirofilaria immitis eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Getah virus Japanese encephalitis virus Rift Valley fever virus Setaria labiatopapillosa St. Louis encephalitis virus Tahyna virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus Suspected vector of: Wesselsbron virus
The biological process of reproduction conducted by an arthropod.
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of atroparvus. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles atroparvus race cambournaci Roubaud and Treillard
Anopheles maculipennis var. atroparvus Van Thiel
Anopheles maculipennis var. fallax Roubaud
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of claviger. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles algeriensis var. turkestani Shingarev
Anopheles bifurcatus var. missiroli Del Vecchio
Anopheles claviger var. pollutus Canamares
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of messeae. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles claviger var. messeae Falleroni
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of sacharovi. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of arabiensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and the Middle East. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of moucheti. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of multicolor. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of pulcherrimus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Cellia pulcherrimus var. atropotenae Lindtrop
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of sergentii. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles macmahoni var. barkhuusi Giaquinto-Mira
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of superpictus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles superpictus var. berestnevi Shingarev
Anopheles superpictus var. vassilievii Portschinsky
Pyretophorus cardamatisi Newstead and Carter
Pyretophorus superpictus var. macedoniensis Cot and Hovasse
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of antennatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of bitaeniorhynchus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Vector of: Sindbis virus West Nile virus Wuchereria bancrofti
Taeniorhynchus ager var. ethiopicus Edwards.
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of gelidus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Japanese encephalitis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of sitiens. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus chikungunya virus Japanese encephalitis virus Ross River virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus Wuchereria bancrofti
Culicelsa annulirostris var. milni Taylor
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of tritaeniorhynchus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Vector of: Getah virus Japanese encephalitis virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus
Culex tritaeniorhynchus var. siamensis Barraud and Christophers
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of univittatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Europe. Vector of: Sindbis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of uniformis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Bunyamwera virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Ross River virus Wuchereria bancrofti
Panoplites africanus var. reversus Theobald
A mosquito of Genus Coquillettidia with the species designation of fuscopennata. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of funestus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: o'nyong-nyong virus Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles funestus var. anisochloros Theobald
Anopheles funestus var. subumbrosa Theobald
Anopheles funestus var. umbrosa Theobald
Anopheles imerinensis Monier and Treillard
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of melas. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of merus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of nili. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles funesta var. nigra Christophers
The process of deploying a pesticide-impregnated plastic sheet. COMMENT: Can be used to prevent intrusion of vectors into an indoor environment or temporary shelter.
use of pesticide-impregnated plastic sheet
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of africanus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: chikungunya virus dengue virus yellow fever virus Suspected vector of: Orungo virus (suspected vector) Rift Valley fever virus (suspected vector) Zika virus (suspected vector)
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of mcintoshi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Australia. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus Wesselsbron virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of furcifer. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: chikungunya virus dengue virus yellow fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of taylori. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: chikungunya virus yellow fever virus Suspected vector of: dengue virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of albifasciatus. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: western equine encephalomyelitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of taeniorhynchus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Cache Valley virus Dirofilaria immitis Everglades virus Rift Valley fever virus St. Louis encephalitis virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus Wuchereria bancrofti
Powered trap, developed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and designated the CDC light trap, which combines a visual light attractant and short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods, and which can be enhanced with an olfactory attractant. COMMENT: The original model was made from a 1-ft length of 3 1/4 inch internal diameter plexiglas tubing, slotted on each side to receive a metal bracket. A 4.5-V d.c. motor was mounted on the bracket and a 2 5/8 inches two-bladed fan made from plastic or aluminum was fixed on its spindle. A 4-V torch bulb was mounted directly above the motor at the top of the trap body. The motor and light-bulb drew 0.15 A each. A detachable wire mesh screen was placed over the entrance of the trap body to exclude large insects. A fine cloth mesh bag with a long narrow neck was fitted to the end of the trap body to receive the catch. Finally, a large plastic or metal flat cover was placed above the trap to protect it from rain when used outdoors. There have been many changes to the original design of the CDC trap, some of the most important involve substituting 1.5-V D-cell torch batteries, or 1.25-V nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries, or more recently a 6-V gel-cell battery, for the original motorcycle battery. Other changes include the employment of much more efficient miniature motors and 4- bladed or multi-bladed fans to ensure a better flow of air through the trap, incorporation of automatic timers to switch traps on and off, segregating mechanisms for sorting the catch into time-intervals, and frequently the use of less powerful lights, such as grain of wheat bulbs, although this is usually accompanied by supplementation with dry ice.
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of bellator. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of cruzii. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of albitarsis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles albitarsis ssp. imperfectus Correa and Ramos
Anopheles albitarsis var. limai Galvao and Lane
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of aquasalis. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles aquasalis var. guarauno Anduze
Anopheles deltaorinoquensis Cova Garcia, Pulido and Amarista
Anopheles oswaldoi var. guarujaensis Ramos
Anopheles tarsimaculatus var. aquasalis Curry
A commonly used and commercially available version of the CDC light trap.
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of braziliensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and the Caribbean. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Haemagogus is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Haemagogus with the species designation of leucocelaenus. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and the Caribbean. Vector of: yellow fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Haemagogus with the species designation of janthinomys. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: yellow fever virus Suspected vector of: Mayaro virus
Haemagogus capricornii ssp. petrocchiae Martinez, Carcavallo, and Prosen
Haemagogus spegazzinii ssp. falco Kumm, Osorno-Mesa, and Boshell-Manrique
Haemagogus uriartei var. obscurescens Martini
A mosquito of Genus Haemagogus with the species designation of spegazzinii. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: yellow fever virus
Haemagogus uriartei Shannon and Del Ponte
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of fijiensis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of kochi. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Japanese encephalitis virus West Nile virus Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of oceanicus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Brugia malayi Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of poicilius. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of samoanus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of togoi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and North America. Vector of: Brugia malayi chikungunya virus Semliki Forest virus Setaria digitata Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of normanensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Gan Gan virus Kokobera virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Ross River virus Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of vigilax. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus chikungunya virus Dirofilaria immitis Gan Gan virus Japanese encephalitis virus Kokobera virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Rift Valley fever virus Ross River virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus Wuchereria bancrofti yellow fever virus Suspected vector of: bovine ephemeral fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of cooki. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti Suspected vector of: dengue virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of polynesiensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: chikungunya virus dengue vrius Ross River virus Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of scutellaris. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: dengue virus Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of bancroftii. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: Murray Valley encephalitis virus Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Sindbis virus Wuchereria bancrofti Suspected vector of: bovine ephemeral fever virus
Powered trap, designated the standard New Jersey light trap, which combines a visual light attractant and short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The New Jersey trap consists of a 12-inch vertical metal cylinder, 9 inches in diameter which is covered by a conical metal roof 16 inches in diameter, supported 2 inches from the top of the cylinder by three equally spaced metal struts (3 1/16 inches x 1 1/4 inches). These struts are attached to the outside of the cylinder and extend 8 inches beyond it to form legs. In later models the body was lengthened and the legs eliminated. A 25-W light-bulb is inserted into a socket fixed to the underside of the apex of the conical roof. The entrance to the cylinder is usually covered with a mesh horizontal screen to exclude large insects. Mosquitoes attracted to the light are drawn into the cylinder by an 8-inch diameter fan mounted near the top of the cylinder. A removable funnel of 16-wire mesh is placed within the cylinder just below the fan to guide the catch down into a collecting jar, which is usually screwed into position. This jar is frequently charged with a killing agent.
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of campestris. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of donaldi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of labranchiae. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Europe. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles claviger var. labranchiae Falleroni
Anopheles maculipennis ssp. pergusae Missiroli
Anopheles maculipennis ssp. sicaulti Roubaud
Powered trap, designated the AMSS light trap, which combines a visual light attractant and short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods, and which can be enhanced with an olfactory attractant. COMMENT: The AMSS (or SSAM) is essentially an improved CDC light-trap. The 6-V d.c. motor is a Mabuchi RF510T, chosen because it gives optimum rev./min over a wide range of operating voltages. The light-bulb is either a Chicago Miniature Lamp No.503 or 1490, chosen because they have a long life and relatively high light output. The battery of choice is a gel-cell 6-V, 7.5-Amphr rechargeable sealed battery, which provides a relatively constant operating voltage for a long time. A 14-inch diameter aluminum pizza pan is used as a lid. A light cell automatically switches the lamp and fan on at dusk, while at dawn increasing light switches the lamp off, but the fan continues to run, thus preventing mosquitoes from escaping.
U.S. Army Miniature Solid State light trap
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of letifer. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of nigerrimus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles sinensis ssp. indiensis Theobald
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of sinensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Setaria digitata Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of whartoni. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of aconitus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of annularis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Nyssorhynchus fuliginosus var. adiei James and Liston
Nyssorhynchus fuliginosus var. nagpori James and Liston
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of flavirostris. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Myzomyia aconita var. merak (cohesia) Mangkoewinoto
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of fluviatilis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles funestus var. arabica Christophers and Chand
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of jeyporiensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles aconitus var. tonkinensis Toumanoff
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of karwari. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of koliensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Coquillettidia with the species designation of crassipes. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Plasmodium gallinaceum
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of annulirostris. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus chikungunya virus Dirofilaria immitis Gan Gan virus Japanese encephalitis virus Kokobera virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Rift Valley fever virus Ross River virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus Wuchereria bancrofti Suspected vector of: bovine ephemeral fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of vishnui. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Japanese encephalitis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of annulata. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Brugia malayi
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of bonneae. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Brugia malayi
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of dives. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of indiana. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Wuchereria bancrofti
Armigeres is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Armigeres with the species designation of obturbans. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: dengue virus Setaria digitata
A soft tick of Genus Argas with the species designation of persicus. COMMENT: Also called fowl tick, poultry tick, or adobe tick. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Aegyptianella pullorum Anaplasma marginale Borrelia anserina Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of marginatus. COMMENT: Also called the ornate sheep tick. Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Anaplasma ovis Babesia caballi Babesia canis Babesia divergens Babesia ovis Coxiella burnetii Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Francisella tularensis Langat virus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus Rickettsia conorii Rickettsia sibirica Rickettsia slovaca Theileria equi Theileria ovis tick-borne encephalitis virus
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of occidentalis. COMMENT: Also called the Pacific Coast tick. Occurs in North America. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Anaplasma ovis Francisella tularensis Suspected vector of: Colorado tick fever virus Rickettsia rickettsii
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of cookei. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Powassan virus
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of persulcatus. COMMENT: Also called the taiga tick. Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Anaplasma phagocytophilum Babesia divergens Borrelia afzelii Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia garinii Francisella tularensis Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus Powassan virus tick-borne encephalitis virus
Ixodes maslovi Emeljanova and Kozlovskaya
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of spinipalpis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Borrelia bissettii Borrelia burgdorferi
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of appendiculatus. COMMENT: Also called the African brown ear tick. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Anaplasma bovis Babesia bigemina Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Dugbe virus Nairobi sheep disease virus Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia conorii Theileria parva Theileria taurotragi Thogoto virus
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of bursa. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Babesia bigemina Babesia bovis Babesia caballi Babesia motasi Babesia ovis Coxeiella burnetii Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Nairobi sheep disease virus Theileria equi Theileria parva Suspected vector of: Theileria ovis
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of capensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Theileria parva
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of evertsi. COMMENT: Includes the subspecies Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi and Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus. Occurs in Africa and the Middle East. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Babesia bigemina Babesia ovis Borrelia theileri Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Rickettsia conorii Theileria equi Theileria mutans Theileria ovis Theileria parva Theileria separata
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of pulchellus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Nairobi sheep disease virus Rickettsia conorii Theileria equi Theileria taurotragi
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of hebraeum. COMMENT: Also called the bont tick. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Ehrlichia ruminantium Rickettsia africae Rickettsia conorii Theileria mutans Theileria velifera
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of maculatum. COMMENT: Also called the Gulf Coast tick. Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Ehrlichia ruminantium Hepatozoon americanum Suspected vector of: Rickettsia parkeri
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of longicornis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Babesia gibsoni Babesia ovata Coxiella burnetii Rickettsia japonica Theileria buffeli Theileria uilenbergi Suspected vector of: Hepatozoon canis
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of punctata. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Vector of: Anaplasma centrale Anaplasma marginale Babesia bigemina Babesia major Babesia motasi Rickettsia sibirica Theileria buffeli Theileria mutans Theileria ovis tick-borne encephalitis virus
A hard tick of Genus Hyalomma with the species designation of truncatum. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Babesia caballi Coxiella burnetii Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Rickettsia conorii Theileria annulata Theileria equi Theileria parva
A hard tick of Genus Hyalomma with the species designation of anatolicum. COMMENT: Also called the small Anatolian hyalomma. Includes the subspecies Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum. Occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Babesia caballi Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Theileria annulata Theileria equi Theileria lestoquardi Theileria ovis
A hard tick of Genus Hyalomma with the species designation of impressum. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of akamushi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of pavlovskyi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of deliense. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of fletcheri. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of brevitarsis. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia and Asia. Vector of: Akabane virus bluetongue virus Suspected vector of: bovine ephemeral fever virus epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus Shuni virus (Aino virus)
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of furens. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of grahamii. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Mansonella perstans Mansonella streptocerca
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of longiductus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania donovani Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of sichuanensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of argentipes. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Chandipura virus Leishmania donovani
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of smirnovi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of mongolensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leishmania donovani Leishmania major
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of sergenti. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania aethiopica Leishmania killicki Leishmania tropica Suspected vector of: Leishmania major
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of papatasi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Vector of: Chandipura virus Leishmania killicki Leishmania major sandfly fever virus
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of salehi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leishmania major
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of trapidoi. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania panamensis sandfly fever virus vesicular stomatitis virus
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of hartmanni. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Leishmania colombiensis Leishmania panamensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of peruensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Bartonella bacilliformis Leishmania peruviana
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of diabolica. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leishmania mexicana
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of gomezi. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America, South America and the Caribbean. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania colombiensis Leishmania panamensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of longipalpis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Leishmania amazonensis Leishmania chagasi Leishmania infantum Leishmania mexicana vesicular stomatitis virus
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of migonei. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Suspected vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of anduzei. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Leishmania guyanensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of flaviscutellata. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and the Caribbean. Vector of: Leishmania amazonensis Leishmania pifanoi
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of intermedia. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of umbratilis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Changuinola virus Leishmania guyanensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of whitmani. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania guyanensis Leishmania shawi
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of ylephiletor. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania mexicana Leishmania panamensis sandfly fever virus vesicular stomatitis virus
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of pessoai. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of amazonensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania naiffi
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of ayrozai. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania naiffi
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of complexa. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of llanosmartinsi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of brasiliensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatoma brasiliensis macromelasoma Galvao
Triatoma brasiliensis melanica Neiva & Lent
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of dimidiata. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Conorhinus dimidiatus maculipennis Champion
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of infestans. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatoma infestans erythrophthalmus Noe & & Silva
A reduviid bug of Genus Panstrongylus with the species designation of megistus. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Panstrongylus megistus leucofasciatus Lucena
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of dengue virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Includes the subtypes dengue virus-1, dengue virus-2, dengue virus-3 and dengue virus-4. Causes disease (dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever) in humans. Occurs in Australia, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the South Pacific.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Japanese encephalitis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (Japanese encephalitis) in humans and domestic animals such as pigs and horses. Occurs in Asia and Australia.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Kyasanur Forest disease virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by ticks. Causes disease (Kyasanur Forest disease) in humans. Occurs in Asia.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Includes the subtype Alfuy virus. Causes disease (Murray Valley encephalitis) in humans. Occurs in Australia and New Guinea.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of St. Louis encephalitis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (St. Louis encephalitis) in humans. Occurs in the Americas.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of tick-borne encephalitis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus include the far eastern subtype, the Siberian subtype, and the European subtype. Other subtype breakdowns include Central European encephalitis virus and Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus. Causes disease (tick-borne encephalitis) in humans. Occurs in Europe and Asia.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of yellow fever virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (yellow fever) in humans. Occurs in Australia, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of opok. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: chikungunya virus dengue virus Suspected vector of: Orungo virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of luteocephalus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: chikungunya virus dengue virus yellow fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of cordellieri. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: chikungunya virus
The immature life stage (larva) of an acarine that hatches from the egg and precedes the immature nymphal stage. COMMENT: Terrestrial stage for acarines serving as pathogen vectors. The larva may feed on lymph and tissue detritus (mites), may engage in blood feeding and oviposition on a single occasion (hard ticks), or may engage in blood feeding and ovipositionon multiple occasions (soft ticks).
Pesticide-treated screening material in the form of a curtain to prevent vectors from contacting humans or domestic animals.
Clothing treated with a pesticide substance to prevent vectors from contacting humans by erecting a physical barrier and by killing action.
The continuous temporal interval that starts when a female insect has completed one oviposition event and ends when she has completed a subsequent oviposition event.
The process of wearing clothing treated with a pesticide substance. COMMENT: Numerous different naturally or synthetically derived chemical compounds can be used as repellents on clothing to prevent arthropods from contacting humans.
The process of deploying a pesticide-impregnated emanator. COMMENT: Various materials, including plastic or resin, can be treated with pesticide and then used as an emanator that releases the pesticide.
The combined biological processes of host location, blood-feeding, egg maturation, and oviposition.
The process of deploying a pesticide-impregnated curtain. COMMENT: Can be used to prevent intrusion of vectors into an indoor environment.
The process of deploying a pesticide-impregnated net. COMMENT: Can be used to prevent vectors from biting resting/sleeping humans.
Asfivirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Asfarviridae.
A virus of Genus Asfivirus with the designation of African swine fever virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by soft ticks. Causes disease (African swine fever) in swine. Occurs in Africa, southern Europe, and the Caribbean.
The process of deploying a pesticide-impregnated screen. COMMENT: Can be used to prevent intrusion of vectors into an indoor environment.
Alphavirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Togaviridae.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (eastern equine encephalomyelitis) in humans and horses and other equines. Occurs in the Americas.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (western equine encephalomyelitis) in humans and horses and other equines. Occurs in the Americas.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Highlands J virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes mild disease in humans and horses and other equines. Occurs in North America.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (Venezuelan equine encephalitis) in humans and horses and other equines. Occurs in the Americas.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of chikungunya virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (chikungunya) in humans. Occurs in Asia, Africa, and the South Pacific.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of o'nyong-nyong virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (o'nyong-nyong) in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Ross River virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (Ross River virus disease) in humans. Occurs in Australia, New Guinea, and the South Pacific.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Sindbis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Includes the subtype called Ockelbo virus. Causes disease (Sindbis virus disease) in humans. Occurs in Asia, Australia, Africa, and Europe.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Barmah Forest virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (Barmah Forest virus disease) in humans. Occurs in Australia.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Wesselsbron virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in sheep and milder disease in horses, pigs, camels, and also humans. Occurs in Africa.
A virus of Genus Coltivirus with the designation of Eyach virus. COMMENT: Presumably transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Europe.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Also spread by contact with infected water or through handling of virus reservoirs such as muskrats. Causes disease (Omsk hemorrhagic fever) in humans. Occurs in Asia.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of louping ill virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (louping ill) in humans and domestic animals including sheep, horses, and goats. Occurs in Europe.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Powassan virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Includes the subtype of deer tick virus. Causes disease (Powassan virus disease) in humans. Occurs in North America and Asia.
Orthobunyavirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Bunyaviridae.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Bunyamwera virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Belongs to the Bunyamwera Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Includes the subtype Germiston virus. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Cache Valley virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Belongs to the Bunyamwera Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Causes disease in humans, cattle, and sheep. Occurs in North America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of California encephalitis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Belongs to the California Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Includes the subtype Inkoo virus. Causes disease (California encephalitis) in humans. Occurs in North America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Jamestown Canyon virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Belongs to the California Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in North America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of La Crosse virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Belongs to the California Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Causes disease (La Crosse encephalitis) in humans. Occurs in North America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of snowshoe hare virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Belongs to the California Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in North America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Tahyna virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Europe, Asia and Africa.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of trivittatus virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in North America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Oropouche virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes and biting midges. Belongs to the Simbu Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Causes disease (Oropouche fever) in humans. Occurs in South America.
Nairovirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Bunyaviridae.
A virus of Genus Nairovirus with the designation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) in humans (severe disease) and domestic animals such as cattle and sheep (mild disease). Occurs in Asia, Europe, and Africa.
A virus of Genus Nairovirus with the designation of Nairobi sheep disease virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Nairobi sheep disease) in humans and domestic animals (sheep and goats). Occurs in Africa.
Phlebovirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Bunyaviridae.
A virus of Genus Phlebovirus with the designation of Rift Valley fever virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes severe disease (Rift Valley fever) in humans, sheep and cattle, and less severe disease in other domestic animals such as horses, goats, pigs and camels. Occurs in Africa and the Middle East.
A virus of Genus Phlebovirus with the designation of sandfly fever virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Subtypes of sandfly fever virus include Naples and Sicilian in the Old World and Candiru, Chagres and Punta Toro in the New World. Causes disease (sandfly fever, phlebotomus fever, papatasi fever) in humans. Occurs in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and Central Asia.
Orbivirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Reoviridae.
A virus of Genus Orbivirus with the designation of bluetongue virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (bluetongue) in sheep and, to some extent, cattle. Occurs in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Australia.
A virus of Genus Orbivirus with the designation of African horse sickness virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (African horse sickness) in horses, donkeys, and mules. Occurs in Africa, Asia, and southern Europe.
A virus of Genus Orbivirus with the designation of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (epizootic hemorrhagic disease) in deer and, on rare occasions, cattle and sheep. Occurs in Africa, Asia, North America, and Australia.
A virus of Genus Orbivirus with the designation of equine encephalosis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (equine encephalosis) in horses. Occurs in Africa.
A virus of Genus Orbivirus with the designation of Palyam virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Includes the serotypes of Kasba and Chuzan. Causes disease (Palyam virus disease) in cattle. Occurs in Africa and Japan.
Vesiculovirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Rhabdoviridae.
Ephemerovirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Rhabdoviridae.
A virus of Genus Ephemerovirus with the designation of bovine ephemeral fever virus. COMMENT: Presumably transmitted by mosquitoes and/or biting midges. Causes disease (bovine ephemeral fever) in cattle. Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Australia.
Coltivirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Reoviridae.
A virus of Genus Vesiculovirus with the designation of vesicular stomatitis virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies, biting midges, and blackflies. Includes the serotypes New Jersey, Indiana, and Alagoas. Causes disease (vesicular stomatitis) in cattle, horses and pigs. Occurs in the Americas.
A virus of Genus Coltivirus with the designation of Colorado tick fever virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Colorado tick fever) in humans. Occurs in North America.
Leucocytozoon is a Genus of Phylum Apicomplexa. COMMENT: Leucocytozoon is a Genus in Order Haemospororida.
An apicomplexan of Genus Plasmodium with the species designation of gallinaceum. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (avian malaria) in poultry. Occurs in Asia.
Babesia is a Genus of Phylum Apicomplexa. COMMENT: Piroplasmids in Family Babesiidae.
Theileria is a Genus of Phylum Apicomplexa. COMMENT: Piroplasmids in Family Theileriidae.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of microti. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (theileriosis) in humans. Occurs in North America, and Europe.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of divergens. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (babesiosis) in cattle and, on rare occasions, in humans. Occurs in Europe.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of annulata. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (tropical theileriosis) in cattle. Occurs in Africa and Asia.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of aethiopica. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in Africa.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of parva. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (East Coast fever) in cattle. Recognized subtypes of Theileria parva include: Theileria parva parva, Theileria parva bovis and Theileria parva lawrenci. Occurs in Africa.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of bigemina. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine babesiosis) in cattle. Occur in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Plasmodium with the species designation of vivax. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (malaria) in humans. Occurs worldwide.
An apicomplexan of Genus Plasmodium with the species designation of ovale. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (malaria) in humans. Occurs worldwide.
An apicomplexan of Genus Plasmodium with the species designation of malariae. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (malaria) in humans. Occurs worldwide.
An apicomplexan of Genus Plasmodium with the species designation of durae. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (avian malaria) in poultry including turkeys. Occurs in Africa and North America.
An apicomplexan of Genus Plasmodium with the species designation of knowlesi. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (malaria) in humans on rare occasions. Plasmodium knowlesi occurs naturally in monkeys. Occurs in Asia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of bovis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine babesiosis) in cattle. Occurs in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of major. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine babesiosis) in cattle. Occurs in Europe and Africa.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of jakimovi. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine babesiosis) in cattle. Occurs in Asia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of ovata. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine babesiosis) in cattle. Occurs in Asia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of occultans. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine babesiosis) in cattle. Occurs in Africa.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of caballi. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (equine babesiosis) in horses and other equines. Occurs worldwide.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of equi. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (equine theileriosis) in horses and other equines. Occurs worldwide.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of canis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (canine babesiosis) in dogs. Includes the subtypes Babesia canis canis, Babesia canis rossi and Babesia canis vogeli. Occurs in southern Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of gibsoni. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (canine babesiosis) in dogs. Includes the subtypes rossi found in South Africa, vogeli found in North America and Europe, and canis found in Europe.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of motasi. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (babesiosis) in sheep and goats. Occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of ovis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (babesiosis) in sheep and goats. Occurs in southern Europe, Africa, and Asia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of trautmani. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (babesiosis) in pigs. Occurs in southern Europe, Africa, and Asia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of ovis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (theileriosis) in sheep. Occurs worldwide.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of taurotragi COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine theileriosis) in cattle. Occurs in Africa.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of velifera. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine theileriosis) in cattle. Occurs in Africa.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of buffeli. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine theileriosis) in cattle. Occurs in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of separata. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (theileriosis) in sheep and goats. Occurs in Europe and Africa.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of donovani. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans and dogs. Occurs in Africa and Asia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of mutans. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine theileriosis) in cattle. Occurs in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and the Caribbean.
Leishmania is a Genus of Order Kinetoplastida. COMMENT: Leishmania is a Genus in Family Trypanosomatidae.
Trypanosoma is a Genus of Order Kinetoplastida. COMMENT: Trypanosoma is a Genus in Family Trypanosomatidae.
Powered trap, designated the EVS light trap, which combines a visual light attractant and short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods, and which can be enhanced with an olfactory attractant. COMMENT: The top part of the encephalitis virus surveillance trap (EVS) consists of a 1-gal paint tin painted black on the outside and lined inside with polyurethane foam. About 1.45 kg of dry ice is placed in the tin after which a plastic snap-on polyethylene lid closes it. Four to six holes punctured in the bottom of the tin allow carbon dioxide to flow downwards over the lower part of the trap, which consists of a vertical plastic plate having holders for two 1.5-V dry cell batteries that power a Mabuchi RE-260 motor (about 5000 rev./min) and a subminiature 1.5-V, 70 mA grain-of-wheat light-bulb. The fan was originally a two-bladed plastic propeller that was boiled for a few minutes to soften the plastic, and while still hot the two blades were twisted to increase their pitch to about 45°, after which it was held under cold water so that it set to this configuration. Later models, however, had a simple fan blade cut from sheet metal. The blade is mounted upside down on the spindle of the motor, which is fixed inside a 7-cm long piece of 7.6-cm diameter plastic tubing. A switch near the batteries on the vertical section of plastic allows the trap to be turned on and off.
Powered trap, designated the Kimsey and Chaniotis trap, which combines a visual light attractant with short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Kimsey and Chaniotis found that in Panamanian forests rain spoilt the catches of insects when any of the standard designs of light-traps were used, and moreover metal parts corroded and caused frequent electrical failure. To overcome these difficulties they designed a completely new trap made almost entirely of transparent plexiglas and consisting of three principal parts. The trap head (A), in which there is a standard CDC light-trap motor and four-bladed plastic fan, is mounted under the rain cover (20.32-cm diameter). A vertical 5-cm baffle (c) positioned below the fan and across the trap prevents vortexing and so reduces damage to the catch. The middle holding cage (B) is made of a 20.32-cm length of 15.24-cm diameter plexiglas, and has a fine mesh screen (i) fitted at the top. The light-bulb (h) is maintained below the disc (bb) of the bottom part (C) of the trap. This disc and central entrance chimney (I) are painted black to prevent light diffusing up through the trap. Insects attracted to the light source are sucked up by the fan through the small chimney into the trap body, where they are retained.
Powered trap, designated the Pfuntner light trap, which combines a visual light attractant and short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods, and which can be enhanced with an olfactory attractant. COMMENT: Pfuntner modified the EVS trap to obtain larger samples. The main modifications were that the short plastic cylinder larger samples. The main modifications were that the short plastic cylinder housing the motor and fan was increased in diameter from 7.6 to 10.8 cm. The batteries were fixed to a cylindrical metal disc above the cylinder, and the mesh screen over the cylinder was omitted. A 10.2-cm Thimboe-Drome propeller was mounted onto a Mabuchi RE-26 motor, but apparently any 1.5-3.0-V d.c. motor can be used. As in some models of the EVS trap, the blades were twisted to a 45° pitch. The light source was a sub-miniature 25-mA bulb. A cloth collecting bag was fixed to the end of the plastic cylinder. This part of the trap is, as in the EVS trap, suspended under a 1-gal capacity tin containing dry ice, which flows out through four 6.4-mm diameter holes drilled in its bottom. An optional extra is a light sensitive phototransistor wired into an electronic time-circuit to automatically switch the trap on at dusk and off at dawn.
Powered trap, designated the updraft light trap, which combines a visual light attractant and short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: A disadvantage of conventional light-traps having a fan below the light is that despite the presence of a screen, large unwanted insects tend to drop down on the catch and cause damage. To try to overcome this problem laboratory experiments were conducted with a trap having a horizontal 4-W black fluorescent light tube and a 6-V d.c. motor fitted with aluminum fan blades mounted above the light source. Air was sucked upwards and expelled at right angles, through the collecting cage. The ultraviolet light-trap of Wilton consists of a 4-W blacklight fluorescent tube (peak radiation about 3650 Å) operated from a 12-V car battery through an inverter and a 6-V d.c. motor with a 2-bladed fan connected through a 75 ohm resistor to the same battery. A 1.2-cm square mesh screen is placed behind the lamp. The collection cage consists of Tubeguaz stretched over two 10-in wooden embroidery hoops held apart by three 7-in long metal struts. The trap is constructed so that it can operate as a downdraft trap with the light above, or by inverting it as an updraft trap with the light below.
Powered trap, designated the Monks Wood trap, which combines a visual light attractant with short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Light is provided by a 23-cm 6-W fluorescent tube mounted vertically between three white plastic or metal baffles. Light tubes giving either ultraviolet or white light with emissions of different spectral power distributions can be used. These tubes consume only 0.5 A and have a life of about 5000 h. They operate through a transistor ballast (inverter) from a 12-V d.c. battery. The baffles housing the tube are slotted into a 19-cm length of clear acrylic 10-cm diameter tubing. A removable wire mesh screen is held in position at the entrance of the trap body by a metal ring secured by three small clips. A detachable metal cover rests on top of the baffles to protect it against rain. Suction to draw mosquitoes into the trap is provided by either a 6-V motor connected to a resistor or by a 12-V motor. A netting bag similar in shape to that used with the CDC trap, but differing in that the top and upper sections of its walls are made of cotton cloth not netting, is fitted to the trap body. A slit like opening in the middle extends along a third of its circumference to allow damp cotton wool, or plastic foam sponge covered with filter paper, to be placed over the floor of the bag to help keep the catch alive overnight. The edges of the slit opening are covered with Velcro. A small transistorized photosensitized light cell, which permits the trap to be automatically switched on and off around sunset and sunrise, can be incorporated into the top of the metal box housing the ballast. To prevent the catch escaping when the trap is automatically switched off, a smooth 11-cm diameter plastic funnel can be inserted into the base of the neck of the bag. A small switch on the ballast box permits the operator to choose between manual or automatic operation.
Powered trap, designated the counter-flow geometry trap, which combines an olfactory attractant with short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The counter-flow geometry trap operates on the principle of producing two air streams flowing in opposite directions. A downward flow produces a plume of carbon dioxide or other attractants from the bottom of the trap. Mosquitoes are attracted to the CO2 odor plume and are caught in an updraft generated by a second fan. The original trap was constructed from a clear PVC pretzel container, modified by removing the bottom and adding a mounting flange and a 10.16-cm diameter × 17.78-cm length of PVC thin-walled pipe. A 5.08 cm diameter × 30.48 cm length of PVC pipe was fitted inside the larger diameter pipe, extending 7.62 cm beyond each end of the 10.16-cm pipe. An 80-mm fan was attached to the top of the PVC container. A 40-mm fan was mounted so as to seal the 5.08-cm tube from the outer container and produce a downwards airflow which exits from the bottom of the 5.08 cm pipe. A tube with an inner diameter of 0.32 cm passes through the outer container and into the side of the 5.08 cm pipe, above the 10.16 cm pipe, and provides an entrance port for CO2 to enrich the exit plume produced by the 40-mm fan. A small lid was attached above the 80-mm fan to prevent rain damage to the fan and to the mosquito collection. The CFG trap was hung from a pole so that the bottom of the attractant plume was approximately 50 cm above ground level.
Powered trap, designated the Haufe and Burgess trap, which combines a visual color attractant with short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Haufe and Burgess considered that the failure to collect mosquitoes with light-traps in subarctic regions of Canada was due to the natural high light intensity of the nights and the absence of periods of total darkness in their working area. For these reasons they designed traps that relied on a strong visual attraction. A fan is mounted about midway in a vertical metal cylinder, which is painted with 12 spiral 1 5/8-in wide black and white stripes. A horizontal disc considerably larger than the diameter of the cylinder is mounted above it to leave a small slit like entrance gap. A circular opening slightly smaller than the diameter of the cylinder is cut from the middle of the disc to allow a free flow of air through the middle of the disc down into the cylinder and out at the base. The disc is painted on both surfaces with 12 black and white stripes, which are expanded distally and taper towards the middle. Both cylinder and disc are rotated by a fan belt from a small motor mounted near the base of the trap. Mosquitoes attracted to the trap fly towards the black and white stripes on the cylinder, and their inwardly spiraling movement guides them to the top where they are prevented from overshooting by the disc. They eventually fly through the gap between the disc and cylinder, and get sucked down into the trap and collected in a suitable net or killing bottle. Alternatively, the catch can be collected in a removable magazine into which a number of small discs drop at pre-determined time intervals thus enabling the catch to be divided into hourly samples.
Powered trap, designated the Fay-Prince trap, which combines a visual color attractant with short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: It is well known that female Aedes aegypti are attracted more to dark than light objects and that shiny surfaces are more attractive than dull ones. The Fay-Prince trap has an upper part, which is wind orientated, and a lower fixed part. The upper part consists of an aluminum trapezoid, 17 1/2 inches high. A recessed shelf, 2 3/4 inches deep and 2 1/4 inches thick, is pushed to the rear of the trapezoid. A 4-inch diameter semi-circle is cut from the center of the front edge of this shelf. The rear end of the aluminum trapezoid above the shelf is covered with a transparent plastic window. This upper part of the trap is suspended by a wire attached to its middle. It has adjustable sliding panels to its front edge to counterbalance it and allow it to swing freely. The fixed part of the trap consists of a 6-inch high, 3 1/2-inch diameter, metal cylinder fixed by a hose clamp to a horizontal support. A 4.5-V d.c. motor with 3 1/8-inch fan blades is mounted within the cylinder to draw mosquitoes down into a CDC collecting bag tied underneath. The recessed shelf, outside of the metal cylinder and upper half of its inside are painted gloss black. The rest of the trap, including the 6-V battery, is painted white.
A morphological assay to determine the size of the ampulla in a female mosquito. COMMENT: The ampulla at the anterior end of the common oviduct increases in size during oviposition and does not return to its original size afterwards. Thus comparative measurements of the diameter of the ampulla could be used to differentiate between nulliparous and parous females.
A morphological assay to measure the daily deposition of cuticle on the skeletal apodemes (cuticular growth rings) on a mosquito. COMMENT: Daily deposition of cuticle on the skeletal apodemes can be used for age determination in mosquitoes.
A morphological assay to measure cuticular hydrocarbons of a mosquito. COMMENT: Relative abundance of specific cuticular hydrocarbons has been used for age determination in mosquitoes, for example Aedes aegypti.
A morphological assay to assess external wear of a mosquito. COMMENT: Prior to the 1930s the degree of wear or rubbing on the wings was widely used to distinguish between old and young mosquitoes. However, the usefulness of external wear, and the body part most likely to be informative in this respect, needs to be determined for each species of interest.
Use of DNA finger printing techniques to identify a blood source. COMMENT: Has been used to determine which individual humans provided mosquito blood meals.
Estimation of the age of an individual based on the expression of specific genes. COMMENT: Gene expression profiles are being explored as means for mosquito age predictions.
A morphological assay to assess the appearance of the granular basal bodies of the ovaries of a female mosquito. COMMENT: Examining intact ovaries and recording the changes in the appearance of granular material in the ovariole sacs and contracted dilatations, and the presence or absence of globules in the ovarian sheath, has been used to age grade mosquitoes. For example, ovarioles with only diffuse granulation are 1-parous, those with discrete masses of compact granulations occurring singly or in pairs are 2-parous.
determination of granular basal bodies of ovaries
A morphological assay to examine a mosquito for presence of meconium in the stomach. COMMENT: Freshly emerged adults of both sexes have a yellowish-brown to greenish colored waste product in the stomach, termed meconium (billiverdin and/or insectoverdin). However, as it is rapidly excreted, usually before or shortly after initial activity, it is of limited use in detecting nullipars or young males.
A morphological assay to examine ovariolar dilatations in a female mosquito. COMMENT: This method (also called Polovodova's method) requires considerable dissection and interpretation skills, but is capable of distinguishing between nulliparous and parous females, and also allows determination of the numbers of separate egg batches laid.
Examination of a mosquito for the presence of internal parasites. COMMENT: A parasite infection may be used, based on the parasite life stage present, to determine the minimum number of days the mosquito has survived after ingesting infective blood.
determination of infection with internal parasite
Examination of a mosquito for the presence of aquatic ectoparasitic mites. COMMENT: Larvae of water mites sometimes parasitize mosquitoes, and it has been suggested that since they leave female mosquitoes at the time of oviposition their presence indicate nulliparity. However, although these mites are predominantly found on nulliparous females they have occasionally been reported on parous mosquitoes.
determination of presence of aquatic ectoparasitic mites
A morphological assay to examine a mosquito to determine the quantity of pteridine pigments present. COMMENT: The increase with age of the quantity of several pigments in various structures of insects can sometimes be used to age grade them. The most widely known pigments associated with age are fluorescent substances called pteridines, which are degradation products of purine metabolism that function as light filters in eyes, as sexual coloration pigments or as enzyme cofactors.
A morphological assay to determine the rotation of the genitalia of a male mosquito. COMMENT: Newly emerged male mosquitoes may be recognized by the incomplete rotation of their genitalia. The time taken for various degrees of rotation can be experimentally determined in the field or laboratory.
determination of rotation of male genitalia
A morphological assay of a female mosquito to assess the terminations of the fine tracheoles covering the ovaries with the purpose of finding if they are tightly coiled into skeins of the ovaries. COMMENT: The terminations of the fine tracheoles covering the ovaries are tightly coiled into skeins in females with ovaries that have not developed, but become stretched and uncoiled as the ovaries develop. This uncoiling is an irreversible change, so that the presence of skeins indicates nulliparity. This is a very simple method that demands no great dissecting skill and has become a routine and successful procedure that is widely used to determine the proportion of parous mosquitoes. The method consists of dissecting out the ovaries in tap or distilled water (not saline) placing a line of 10-15 paired ovaries on a microscope slide and allowing them to dry out. So long as slides are protected against ants, cockroaches and other scavengers they can be kept more or less indefinitely before examination.
The terminations of the fine tracheoles covering the ovaries are tightly coiled into skeins in females with ovaries that have not developed, but become stretched and uncoiled as the ovaries develop. This uncoiling is an irreversible change, so that the presence of skeins indicates nulliparity. This is a very simple method that demands no great dissecting skill and has become a routine and successful procedure that is widely used to determine the proportion of parous mosquitoes. The method consists of dissecting out the ovaries in tap or distilled water (not saline) placing a line of 10-15 paired ovaries on a microscope slide and allowing them to dry out. So long as slides are protected against ants, cockroaches and other scavengers they can be kept more or less indefinitely before examination.
determination of tracheation of the ovaries
Use of enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify a blood source. COMMENT: One of the most commonly used blood-meal identification methods for arthropods.
Use of cytochrome b DNA to identify a blood source. COMMENT: Cytochrome b is a useful marker for identifying blood meals as it is present in high copy number as a mitochondrial gene and demonstrates sufficient genetic variation at the primary sequence level to permit reliable identification of vertebrate taxa.
species identification by cytochrome b DNA
Use of histological methods to identify a blood source. COMMENT: Histological methods can be used to identify mixed blood meals in arthropods. Useful histological parameters for identifying multiple blood meals include: the peritrophic membrane, a zone of digested blood surrounding undigested blood, the presence of the remnants of a previous fully digested blood meal, and distinct physical separation of blood meals.
histological based blood meal identification
The process of introducing a distinguishing characteristic (mark) on an individual arthropod. COMMENT: Used in mark-release-recapture studies.
The process of capturing and marking an individual animal and then releasing and recapturing it. COMMENT: Mark-release-recapture is the most commonly used method to determine how far an arthropod may disperse in the environment.
Marking with a laser. COMMENT: Laser marking has been used to mark beetles and may prove useful also to mark arthropods with heavily sclerotised exoskeletons.
Marking with a radioactive material. COMMENT: Radioactive materials may be used to mark arthropods, for example through ingestion of a blood meal containing a radioactive material such as Rubidium.
Marking with a colored substance. COMMENT: Arthropods can be marked with a variety of colored substances. This is most commonly done through topical application of colored dusts, pigments, paints, inks or dyes. Adult mosquitoes also have been fed soluble dyes, usually in sugar solution. This type of marking is often used in mark-release-recapture studies. Another use is for "self-marking" of emerging mosquito adults in mark-recapture studies.
Process to quantify a closed insect population without immigration or emigration.
estimation of size of closed insect population
Process to quantify an open insect population where immigration or emigration may occur.
estimation of size of open insect population
The process of marking and recapturing an individual animal. COMMENT: Dispersal of an arthropod can be estimated through mark-recapture if it can be marked before or while it is emerging in a motile life stage. An example is self-marking of emerging mosquito adults.
Abundance estimate, designated the weighted mean Lincoln Index, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: This method extends the Lincoln Index to include a series of daily estimates of population size. Those based on days when the numbers of recaptured marked individuals is large will be more realistic in estimating what the actual population size is than daily estimates based on low recapture numbers. It therefore is appropriate to calculate a weighted mean for the estimate of the number of individuals in the population.
Abundance estimate, designated Skalski's relative abundance, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: Mark-recapture techniques are not only used to estimate absolute population size, but sometimes to measure proportional abundance, such as comparison of population levels in time or place, or to record changes in levels. For instance the ratio (K) of mosquito abundance in one population (N2) to that of another (N1) can be obtained as K = N2/N1. Skalski and colleagues presented two alternative methods for obtaining confidence intervals of estimated K values for paired populations obtained by single mark-recapture methods.
Abundance estimate, designated the Schnabel censuses, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: Schnabel censuses are maximum-likelihood methods to estimate population size in closed populations when there are two or more periods of capture.
Abundance estimate, designated the Lincoln / Petersen-Lincoln Index, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: Lincoln is usually credited with developing the method for estimating population size in which a known number of individuals are marked and returned to the parent population, prior to resampling, and hence the method is most frequently referred to as the Lincoln index. The principle behind the method is that a known number of individuals are caught, marked and then returned to the population. After a suitable interval to allow mixing a second population sample is taken and the numbers of marked and unmarked individuals recorded. The ratio of the number of marked individuals in the second sample to the total number in the second sample (both marked and unmarked) will be the same as the ratio of marked individuals released from the original capture to the total population. The simplest population estimates (P) are obtained from a single marking occasion and the use of the Lincoln Index to analyze the recaptures: P = an/r where P = the estimate of the number of individuals in the population, a = total number marked in the first sample, n = total number of individuals in the second sample, and r = total recaptures.
Abundance estimate, designated the modified Lincoln Index, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: This is a Bayesian modification of the Lincoln Index: P = (an+AB)/r+B where P, a, n and r are as defined in the Lincoln Index, B is a mathematical variable, and A is a prior guess by the investigator of the probable population size.
Abundance estimate, designated Bailey's triple catch estimate, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: Bailey introduced a deterministic maximum likelihood techniques into the analysis of mark recapture data, facilitating the calculation of variances of estimates. Essentially, the idea is that the population is sampled on three distinct occasions. On the first occasion arthropods are caught, marked, and released, on the second occasion arthropods are caught and both unmarked and marked ones given another distinctive mark and released, and finally on the third occasion arthropods are caught and the number of types of mark recorded. The intervals between marking must be sufficient for marked individuals to completely mix with the population, but not too long that a high proportion of marked individuals may die. From an analysis of the numbers of marked and unmarked arthropods caught on the second and third occasions an estimate of the size of the population on the second sampling day can be obtained.
Abundance estimate, designated Fisher and Ford's estimate, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: This deterministic technique relies on a series of markings and recaptures, and is frequently referred to as the trellis method, because the mark recapture data are tabulated as a trellis diagram. Essentially the process involves making a series of Petersen- Lincoln index estimates working backwards from recapture to release date. A constant survival rate that best fits the data must be determined by trial and error.
Abundance estimate, designated Jackson's estimate, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: Jackson introduced two new deterministic concepts, the 'positive' and 'negative' methods. Positive method. In the positive method the loss ratio is calculated for a specific release day across all release groups. A large number of individuals are caught and marked on a single occasion and are subsequently recaptured on a series of occasions. Marked individuals are recorded at each recapture and all, or most of them are then released to avoid reducing the numbers of marked individuals available for future recapture. This gives information on the changes in the proportions of marked to unmarked individuals on each sampling occasion. Extrapolation of mark-recapture data gives an estimate of the number of recaptures that would have been obtained if sampling had occurred directly after marking, assuming of course that marked individuals had mixed with the unmarked population. Negative method. Marked and unmarked individuals should theoretically have a common loss rate, due to mortality or emigration. Any difference between the proportional recovery of marked individuals from two successive releases on different dates on a subsequent recapture occasion, should indicate the degree of change that occurred in the first marked group of individuals during the period between the two markings and releases. Working on this principle Jackson devised his 'negative' method, which estimates the loss ratio from the subsequent daily percentage losses for two release groups. In this method a series of catches are made in which individuals are marked and released, but only on the last catch are the recaptures of marked individuals and the number of marks on them recorded. An advantage of this method is that careful classification of individuals according to marks is only required on the final sampling occasion.
Abundance estimate, designated Leslie's estimate, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: Three deterministic methods (A, B, & C) were proposed and maximum likelihood equations used to estimate the death rate of a population which was assumed to remain constant over the sampling period. In Method A individuals are classified on each sampling occasion according to the number of marks they have received, so that a single recaptured individual with multiple marks is entered several times in the recapture table. In Method B the recaptures are grouped according to the date on which they were last marked and all other marks are ignored. This approach results in no loss of information and the method should give better estimates of the survival rates.
Abundance estimate, designated MacLeod's estimate, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: MacLeod's deterministic method, derived from the Lincoln Index, attempts to overcome the problem that the loss rate of marked vectors is not constant over time.
Abundance estimate based on ratio changes resulting from the removal of individuals. COMMENT: Change in ratio removal methods (for example Kelker's selective removal method) exploit natural differences in appearance between different classes of the vector population, most commonly sexual dimorphism. The proportions of the two sexes in the population is determined, followed by removal of a known number of one of the sexes. The new ratio between the sexes in the population is determined afresh and the total population can then be estimated from the change in ratio between the two sexes.
Abundance estimate, designated Manly and Parr's estimate, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: Manly and Parr introduced a stochastic method for estimating sampling intensity in mark-recapture studies, from which population size can be estimated. A number of catches are made on different occasions and individuals are marked with a different colored paint, or the same color in a different position, on each day of marking, i.e. date-specific marking. The time interval between the sampling dates need not be constant and the only assumption is that sampling is random. An advantage of the method is that it does not assume that mortality is independent of age.
Abundance estimate, designated the stochastic model of Jolly and Seber, which is based on mark-recapture data. COMMENT: Stochastic models for open populations in which there are simultaneous births and deaths and possibly immigration and emigration were proposed by Darroch and independently by Seber and Jolly; in all procedures population parameters are estimated by maximum-likelihood. Jolly's method is almost identical with that of Seber but has the advantage that allowances are made for individuals killed after recapture, and not released. The basic assumptions are that: (i) on any sampling occasion all vectors in the population have the same probability of capture and all those caught have the same probability of being released again, irrespective of the previous capture history of the vector; (ii) the survival rate between day i and day i + 1 is the same for all individuals in the population, independent of age; and (iii) emigration is permanent and thus is equivalent to death.
Equipment used to collect immature aquatic stages (larva, pupa) of an arthropod.
equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures
Trap for adult flying arthropods designed to capture specimens while they are emerging as adults and then hold them in place for some period of time.
Trap for adult flying arthropods designed to capture females while they are gravid and searching for an oviposition site for their eggs, and then hold them in place for some period of time.
Trap for adult flying arthropods designed to capture host-seeking specimens and then hold them in place for some period of time.
Shelter for adult flying arthropods designed to provide a resting environment from which they can be readily collected. COMMENT: Most commonly used to collect mosquitoes.
trap or shelter for resting adult arthropods
Pesticide-treated screening material in the form of a plastic sheet to prevent vectors from contacting humans or domestic animals.
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of africana. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Bunyamwera virus chikungunya virus Rift Valley fever virus
Equipment used in the process of aircraft-based vector management.
aircraft-based vector management equipment
Equipment used in the process of ground-based vector management.
ground-based vector management equipment
Aircraft-based vector management equipment in the form of a cold fogger. COMMENT: Both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters have been used to apply cold fogs. Conventional low-volume nozzles (e.g. flat fan) have been used on fixed wing aircraft to create fine sprays, using moderate or high pressures. However, the droplet spectrum is generally poor so preference is given to the use of rotary atomizers or very-high-pressure systems. A rotary atomizer has a cylindrical metal gauze rotated at high speed by an electric motor or by fan blades rotated by the forward speed of the aircraft. The pitch of the blades is adjustable so that the rotational speed of the atomizer can be set in relation to the aircraft speed. In addition to the centrifugal force producing droplets, air shear breaks the liquid into smaller droplets.
Aircraft-based vector management equipment in the form of a thermal fogger. COMMENT: For aircraft application of thermal fogs the diluted insecticide formulation is fed into the aircraft exhaust. The exhaust is adapted with vanes to swirl the fog droplets as they are formed. The application of thermal fogs by aircraft has been very limited.
Pesticide-treated trap that kills a vector or prevents eggs from hatching or immatures from reaching the adult stage.
Chemical-free vector management equipment in the form of a contraption that produces a physical irritant to prevent vectors from contacting humans or domestic animals.
Equipment used in the process of managing vectors through the broadcast of pesticide.
Material containing a pesticide that is applied topically to a vector when it contacts the material.
pesticide-treated material for direct vector contact
Equipment for management of vertebrate hosts that consists of a material treated with a pesticide that is topically applied to a vertebrate ectoparasite host when it contacts the material. COMMENT: Examples include cotton-balls treated with acaricide to kill ticks attached to rodent pathogen reservoirs and rollers treated with acaricide in the 4-poster design aiming to kill ticks on deer which contact the rollers while they feed on the 4-poster contraption's bait station.
pesticide-treated material for topical contact
Equipment for management of vertebrate hosts that consists of a bait treated with a pesticide that, when ingested by a vertebrate, acts to kill ectoparasites feeding on or attached to the animal.
The 4-poster deer self-treatment device contains a pesticide-treated material for topical contact in the form of rollers treated with acaricide that is topically applied to the head and neck areas of the deer while they reach for the food in the station. COMMENT: The 4-poster deer self-treatment device typically is baited with whole kernel corn).
A tube-shaped contraption that contains a pesticide-treated material for topical contact in the form of a pesticide dust. COMMENT: Typically in the form of a small tube that contains a food bait and a mechanism for applying an acaricide dust to kill attached ectoparasites, for example by forcing the rodent to contact a dusted part of the contraption before it reaches the food.
Pesticide-treated material for topical contact that can serve as nesting material. COMMENT: Cotton-balls treated with acaricide have been offered to rodent pathogen reservoirs as nesting material (typically through placing the cotton-balls in a cardboard tube) with the aim to kill ectoparasites attached to the rodents and disrupt pathogen transmission.
Equipment that is used to deliver residual sprays or space sprays to kill vectors.
residual spraying and space spraying equipment
Equipment that is used to deliver solid pesticide material.
solid pesticide material application equipment
Equipment used to release vapors of embedded pesticides at ambient temperature. COMMENT: Includes plastics or resins treated with pesticide, for example metofluthrin.
A solid material containing an insecticide that is released when the coil is heated.
Equipment that is plugged into an electric socket and slowly releases a vaporized pesticide when heated.
Equipment in the form of a pressurized spray can used to deliver pesticide aerosol. COMMENT: The spray can contains a concentrate of the pesticide in an organic solvent or water together with a liquefied or compressed gas propellant.
Equipment used to deliver cold or thermal fogs. COMMENT: Refers to foggers that are held by hand or mounted on a ground-based vehicle. Fogs are also called aerosols and fall, together with mists, under the broader heading of space sprays. Fogs contain droplets less than 50 micrometers in diameter which remain airborne for a prolonged period of time. The fogger may have a blower to project droplets over a short distance but due to the droplet size in a fog, dispersal is dominated by natural air movement in the atmosphere.
Equipment used to deliver a mist. COMMENT: Mists fall, together with fogs, under the broader heading of space sprays. Mists contain droplets of 50-100 micrometers in diameter (less than 10% of the volume of a mist should contain droplets less than 30 micrometers in diameter) which remain airborne for a prolonged period of time. A mister can also be called a mistblower.
Equipment used to deliver sprays that produce a residual deposit on a sprayed surface.
Manually operated equipment used to deliver sprays that produce a residual deposit on a sprayed surface.
Power-operated equipment used to deliver sprays that produce a residual deposit on a sprayed surface.
A powered sprayer carried as a backpack/knapsack. COMMENT: Uses a two-stroke engine and a small pump.
A powered sprayer mounted on a trailer, tractor, truck, or other vehicle. COMMENT: Uses a two-or four-stroke engine-driven pump.
Manually operated sprayer in which the container with the pesticide also works as a pressurized air chamber impelling the liquid to the nozzle. COMMENT: Any of the range of hydraulic energy nozzles can be used with this type of sprayer.
Manually operated sprayer in the form of a simple piston-operated pump.
Piston pump sprayer which is used by drawing liquid from a container on the backward stroke and then forcing it through the nozzle on the forward stroke. COMMENT: Capacity of 0.5-1 liter. Used for small-scale spot treatments.
Piston pump sprayer operating with a slide action.
Piston pump sprayer where the lower end has to be immersed in a separate open bucket when the sprayer is operated. COMMENT: Usually one person is employed to pump while a second person directs the lance which is at the end of a hose up to 6 meters in length.
Small compression sprayer that is light enough to be carried in the hand. COMMENT: The volume typically is 1 liter or less.
Larger compression sprayer carried as a backpack/knapsack. COMMENT: Capacity in the range of 15 liters. This sprayer has either a piston or diaphragm pump which is operated continuously by a lever.
lever-operated knapsack compression sprayer
lever-operated backpack-carried compression sprayer
A smaller version of the lever-operated backpack compression sprayer that typically is carried by a single strap over one shoulder.
Backpack/knapsack-carried equipment used to deliver a mist. COMMENT: The power source typically is a two-stroke engine. The mist-blower uses a high-velocity air-stream to project mist-sized droplets over at least 5 m from the nozzle. The pesticide container typically has a capacity of 10 liters.
Hand-carried equipment used to deliver a mist.
Ground vehicle-mounted equipment used to deliver a mist.
Manual mister in the form of a small piston pump.
Small mister equipped with a 12-volt DC motor. COMMENT: Operated by batteries to drive a plastic disc to deliver a mist, typically through a centrifugal energy nozzle. The pesticide container typically has a capacity of 0.5-1 liter.
Equipment used to deliver a cold fog. COMMENT: Refers to cold foggers that are held by hand or mounted on a ground-based vehicle. A cold fog is created by atomization of a liquid without heat through mechanical breaking up of the spray mixture, either by passing it through high-pressure nozzles or by passing a slow stream of the mixture through a high-velocity vortex of air.
Equipment used to deliver a thermal fog. COMMENT: Refers to thermal foggers that are held by hand or mounted on a ground-based vehicle. A thermal fog is created using a high temperature to vaporize the spray liquid, which then condenses to form a fog with droplets having a diameter less than 50 micrometers. A thermal fog using an oil-based liquid forms a dense white opaque cloud of droplets that reduces visibility. An adjuvant is added to water-miscible formulations to increase the visibility of the fog.
Hand-or backpack-carried portable equipment used to deliver a cold fog. COMMENT: Typically powered with a two-stroke engine or electricity. Flow rates are 1-4 liters per hour.
Equipment mounted on a ground-based vehicle and used to deliver a cold fog. COMMENT: The power source, typically a four-stroke engine, is mounted on a ground vehicle such as a trailer or truck. Flow rates are in the range of 0.5 litre per minute.
Hand-or backpack-carried portable equipment used to deliver a thermal fog.
Equipment mounted on a ground-based vehicle and used to deliver a thermal fog. COMMENT: The power source, a pulse-jet engine or four-stroke engine, is mounted on a ground vehicle. Delivery rates may reach 10 liters per minute with larger models.
Hand- or backpack-carried thermal fogger which operates with a two-stroke engine driving a friction plate inside the pesticide tank.
Hand- or backpack-carried thermal fogger which operates with a pulse jet engine.
Equipment for management of vertebrate hosts that consists of a bait treated with a vaccine against a given pathogen and ingested by a vertebrate.
A non-powered, free-standing trap that attracts and kills host-seeking tsetse flies. COMMENT: The trap typically includes the color blue (which is attractive to tsetse flies) and is treated with insecticide to kill the flies as they contact the material. Chemical attractants also are used to increase the attractiveness of the trap.
lethal trap for host-seeking tsetse flies
Insecticide-treated lethal oviposition trap with the characteristic of being biodegradable. COMMENT: The biodegradable nature of the trap prevents it from becoming a container habitat for immatures when the pesticide has been diluted or completely washed out by repeated rainfall.
biodegradable insecticide-treated lethal ovitrap
Lethal insecticide-treated trap for tsetse flies with a characteristic biconical shape. COMMENT: Combines blue and black color.
Lethal insecticide-treated trap for tsetse flies with the characteristic shape of a single cone. COMMENT: Combines blue and black color.
Lethal insecticide-treated trap for tsetse flies with the characteristic shape of a pyramid. COMMENT: Combines blue and black color.
Lethal insecticide-treated trap for tsetse flies consisting of a flat insecticide-treated screen mounted on a pivot. COMMENT: Includes attractive colors (such as blue) and be treated with chemical attractants.
Equipment used to deliver solid materials in the form of a dust.
Equipment used to deliver solid materials in the form of granules.
A duster that is operated without a power source.
A duster operated with a power source. COMMENT: The power source can be an engine or battery.
Larger duster mounted as a backpack/knapsack with a manually operated simple, paddle-type fan to blow dust metered from the container holding the dust through a discharge tube.
Equipment in which dust is put into a container which then is closed and air is pumped to produce pressure to force dust through a discharge duct.
Hand-carried equipment in which small bellows or piston pumps are used to inject a puff of air into the container holding the dust so that a small quantity of dust is expelled through an opening as a cloud of particles.
A larger duster, mounted as a backpack/knapsack, with a power source to operate the fan. COMMENT: A powered mist-blower can be used for this purpose by replacing the narrow tubing for liquid spray with a wider delivery tube.
A granule applicator operated without a power source.
A granule applicator operated with a power source. COMMENT: The power source can be an engine or battery.
A shoulder-slung granule applicator. COMMENT: Adapted from simple seeding equipment (the horn seeder). Can be used to distribute granules up to 7 meters distant.
A larger granule applicator, mounted as a backpack/knapsack, with a power source to operate the fan. COMMENT: A powered mist-blower can be used for this purpose by replacing the narrow tubing for liquid spray with a wider delivery tube.
backpack-carried powered granule applicator
Physical irritant device that produces noise to repel vectors.
Physical irritant device that produces an electric charge to repel vectors.
Equipment used in the process of managing vertebrate species of which individual animals may serve as blood-feeding hosts or pathogen reservoir or amplification hosts. COMMENT: May include a material containing a pesticide that is applied topically to a vertebrate animal contacting the material or ingested by the animal, or a vaccine that is ingested by the animal.
equipment for management of vertebrate hosts
Quality of a vector management material in the form of a net.
Quality of a mosquito net which refers to the shape in which it is configured for deployment.
Chemical-free vector management equipment in the form of a material that can be used to deny vectors access to humans or domestic animals. COMMENT: Can include clothing, nets and screens acting as physical barriers to vector-human contact.
Mosquito net configured for deployment in a circular shape. COMMENT: Circular, or conical, nets are often preferred because they can be hung from a single support. The top is suspended by a loop attached to a sleeved hoop.
Mosquito net configured for deployment in the shape of a hammock. COMMENT: Special mosquito nets are available for hammocks; these are similar to rectangular nets but have sleeves for the hammock ropes at each end. To prevent mosquitos biting from below, the hammock is made of impenetrable material which also provides insulation from the cold.
Mosquito net configured for deployment in a rectangular shape. COMMENT: A rectangular net typically is used over a bed or sleeping mat. It is suspended from four or more loops along the upper edges, and can be provided with an overlapping entrance flap on one of the long sides to facilitate entering or leaving without pulling out the part of the net tucked in under the mattress.
Mosquito net configured for deployment in a wedge shape. COMMENT: The head end of a wedge-shaped net is suspended by a loop attached to a sleeved wooden bar. It can be hung from any suitable fixing point above the head of the bed or sleeping place. The foot end must be firmly tucked under the mattress or otherwise secured.
Equipment that is free of chemicals and used in the process of managing vectors.
chemical-free vector management equipment
Pesticide-treated equipment used in the process of managing vectors.
pesticide-treated vector management equipment
Repellent-treated equipment used in the process of managing vectors.
repellent-treated vector management equipment
Chemical-free vector management equipment in the form of a lethal oviposition trap. COMMENT: This type of trap is useful for insect vectors that deposit their eggs in artificial containers, such as the mosquito Aedes aegypti.
The process of gathering arthropod specimens.
The process of gathering insects in the adult life stage capable of flight.
collection of the adult flying stage of insects
The process of gathering arthropods not capable of flight from a terrestrial environment.
The process of gathering arthropod eggs.
The process of collecting adult flying insects as they emerge from the immature phase to the adult phase.
The process of gathering gravid female flying insects while they are searching for oviposition sites to deposit their eggs.
collection of gravid female flying insects
The process of gathering flying insects while they are searching for a food source in the form of a blood meal host.
collection of host-seeking flying insects
The process of gathering flying insects while they are landing on a physical surface. COMMENT: For example, while they are landing on a human bait.
Abundance estimate for adult arthropods off-host, which is based on removal of arthropods and subsequent re-examination to estimate ratio change.
abundance estimate for adult arthropods based on ratio change
Trap for emerging adult arthropods, in the form of a trap that floats on an open water surface and captures adults that emerge from the water surface enclosed by the trap.
floating emergence trap for an open water surface
Trap for emerging adult arthropods, in the form of a trap to enclose a defined opening to a water source and capture adults that emerge from the water surface. COMMENT: Used, for example, to capture adults emerging from crab holes, tree holes or septic tanks.
emergence trap enclosing a defined opening to a water source
Trap for emerging adult arthropods, in the form of a trap that is positioned above an open water surface and captures adults that emerge from the water surface.
emergence trap suspended over an open water surface
Box-shaped floating emergence trap to collect emerging adult arthropods from an open water surface. COMMENT: Several different floating box traps have been developed. One example is given below: Morgan designed a floating box trap aiming to minimize shadows cast on the water and to reduce wave damage to the catch. The trap consists of a white painted narrow wooden framework supporting a plastic mesh collecting cage having a clear plexiglas roof. Plexiglas panels at the sides and a submerged apron of plexiglas reduce wave action; the apron also retains floating larval and pupal exuviae. Service later modified the trap by adding a cloth sleeve in the roof for the insertion of an aspirator.
Cone-shaped floating emergence trap to collect emerging adult arthropods from an open water surface. COMMENT: Several different floating conical traps have been developed. One example is given below: The modified version of Mundie's trap consists of a conical framework made of aluminum, or some other light alloy, having a 40 cm diameter base and is covered with white mosquito netting. The trap includes an inverted glass collecting jar with a small plastic funnel taped into its entrance and pushed into the trap's 8 cm diameter apical opening. The trap's three main struts extend horizontally and support two round floats. The trap is designed so that the base of the cone is just submerged.
Pyramid-shaped floating emergence trap to collect emerging adult arthropods from an open water surface. COMMENT: Several different floating pyramidal traps have been developed. Two examples are given below: (1) Bradley examined the emergence of North American Anopheles by using a 3-foot square pyramidal floating trap that is anchored to overhanging vegetation; (2) Aubin later developed a pyramidal trap that consists of an 18-cm high, truncated pyramid of 3-mm plexiglas with a 25-cm square base supported on a styrofoam framework. An 8.5-cm square plexiglas plate with a large hole (5.8 cm) removed from its center is glued on top of the pyramid. The cap of a wide-mouth 8-oz glass jar with a 4-cm diameter hole removed from the center is fixed within the hole in the plexiglas plate. A plastic funnel is glued to the inside of this cap to both guide mosquitoes into the collecting jar and to retain the 25 ml of formalin that are poured around the edges of the cap. The collecting jar is then screwed into position.
Emergence trap used to collect adult arthropods emerging from a crab hole. COMMENT: Evans designed a trap to specifically catch mosquitoes emerging from holes made by crabs or crawfish. The trap consists of a large Mason jar with an inverted waxed paper cone inserted into its mouth and fixed over an 8-inch copper mesh cylinder, which has the other end placed in the entrance of a crab or crawfish hole. The main purpose of the cylinder is to raise the collecting bottle from the ground to prevent submersion when the area is flooded.
Emergence trap used to collect adult arthropods emerging from a sewage pit or tank. COMMENT: Traps have been designed specifically to catch mosquitoes emerging from cesspits, septic tanks or underground sewage systems. An example of a trap developed for cesspits is given below. The trap is a 45 cm galvanized framework cube covered with mosquito netting and provided with a cord handle. The base of the trap consists of a galvanized sheet extending 6 cm on two opposite sides. A 30 cm tall inverted mesh cone is placed over a 25 cm diameter hole cut from the floor of the trap. The apical opening of the cone is 2.5 cm in diameter. A sleeve in one side of the cage enables mosquitoes to be removed with an aspirator.
Emergence trap used to collect adult arthropods emerging from a tree hole. COMMENT: Emergence traps were developed by Yates to obtain regular samples of emerging mosquitoes breeding in tree-holes. One example of such a trap follows: a glass collecting bottle (9-cm high and 7-cm in diameter) with an inverted plastic cone taped into the mouth and slipped into a spring collar. The small end of a mesh conical sleeve is glued onto the inside of the collar while the other end is tacked round the tree-hole with either drawing pins or staples.
Emergence trap in the form of a hanging mosquito net suspended over an open water surface to collect emerging adult arthropods. COMMENT: Mosquito nets can be used to sample emerging adults. The nets can be suspended by string from tree branches or from vertical poles or a wooden frame in shallow water.
Box-shaped emergence trap suspended over an open water surface to collect emerging adult arthropods COMMENT: Several different non-floating box traps have been developed. Examples are given below: (1) Kimerle and Anderson developed a box-like trap with three sides and roof of clear plastic and the remaining side of 'Nitex' screening. The trap is staked with the bottom edge about 3 inches below the water surface. A strong plastic base plate is slotted into grooves near the bottom of the trap to enclose adults before it is removed from the water; (2) Bidlingmayer placed 4-foot square bottomless cages over vegetation so that the lower edges were submerged. Adult mosquitoes were removed through a small cloth screen; (3) Armstrong constructed a box emergence trap consisting of a four-sided wire mesh enclosure which is thrust into the water with about a foot or more of the cage projecting above the water. A horizontal cloth roof is placed on top of the cage.
Cone-shaped emergence trap suspended over an open water surface to collect emerging adult arthropods COMMENT: Several different non-floating conical emergence traps have been developed. Examples are given below: (1) Corbet designed a conical trap specifically for sampling mosquitoes emerging from shallow water. His trap consists of a 19 1/2 inch high aluminum cone, having a basal diameter of 14 inches and an apical 5 inch opening, covered with colored saran mesh supported on four 18 inch long struts. A petri dish is tightly secured by a sprung cord over the top opening of the trap, which is provided with a rubber or plastic foam collar to ensure a tight fit. Insects in the trap are viewed from above through the glass petri dish and are collected by inserting the long, curved, pliable copper collecting piece of a specifically designed aspirator through a slit in a double-rubber seal fixed into the netting of the trap. The trap is maintained with its bottom rim about 3 cm below the water surface by seating the trap on adjustable sliding brackets fixed to three rod-like legs. As the water level fluctuates trap height is adjusted, but when the water depth falls to about 5 cm the trap can be moved to a deeper part of the habitat; (2) Pritchard and Scholefield developed another cone trap in which the cone itself acts as the collecting vessel. A 1-m pointed metal stake is passed through the center of a 25 cm diameter aluminum alloy rim, the position of which on the stake can be adjusted by a clamp screw.
Cylinder-shaped emergence trap suspended over an open water surface to collect emerging adult arthropods COMMENT: Non-floating cylindrical emergence traps for shallow water can be made of large copper mesh screen cylinders with open ends fastened to two stakes. Each cylinder is provided with a removable screen cover. Emerging mosquitoes are collected by carefully lifting a small section of the netting and aspirating out the mosquitoes. They also can be constructed using domestic 2-gallon capacity buckets, with a part of their sides removed and covered with plastic netting. The buckets are inverted over water and held in position by wire thrust into the bottom mud.
Pyramid-shaped emergence trap suspended over an open water surface to collect emerging adult arthropods COMMENT: Several different non-floating pyramidal traps have been developed. Examples are given below: (1) James and Smith developed a trap consisting of a 3-foot square wooden framework mounted on four pointed stakes driven into the mud to partially submerge the cage. The short upright sides of the cage are of mesh screening. Adults were collected in an inverted glass bottle placed over the apical opening; (2) other developed traps consist of wooden or aluminum pyramidal frames of different sizes covered with plastic netting or nylon screening; (3) one pyramidal trap for use in ditches was described that consist of natural colored plastic mesh screening glued onto a pyramidal frame made of light alloy, 5 feet high and having a 4-foot square base. This cage rests on the bottom of a ditch but is raised about 2-3 feet each morning by pulling on a nylon cord attached to its apex and passed over a horizontal cross-bar. The collector stoops down and enters the cage to collect the mosquitoes with an aspirator.
Triangular shaped emergence trap suspended over an open water surface to collect emerging adult arthropods COMMENT: Ettinger described a collapsible triangular prism-shaped trap that rests on the bottom of shallow waters. The two rectangular sides (31.5 x 47.3 cm) are made of aluminum and flat aluminum strips are used to fix netting to cover these frames. The triangular sides (31.5 x 47.3 x 47.3 cm) are formed of netting reinforced along the bottom with a strip of rubber tape. The trap, which is held open by bolting two strips of aluminum to the frame, encloses 0.1 cubic m of water.
Equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures, in the form of a container to collect a water sample that may contain immatures or a device to directly collect the immatures from the water. COMMENT: A dipper is a commonly used tool for collecting larvae and pupae from their aquatic development sites. Dippers vary in size, shape and the material they are constructed from. A variety of utensils have been used as dippers, e.g. soup ladles, rectangular enamel pie dishes, photographic trays, frying pans, plastic or enamel bowls, household metal strainers and spoons. Volumes of water collected by the dipper can vary from 100 ml to more than 1 liter depending on the specific dipper used. Dippers can be equipped with plastic or metal screen bottoms, or customized with long handles to increase their reach.
Equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures, in the form of a concentrator device to concentrate the catch from multiple water samples. COMMENT: Immatures collected from a number of dips are frequently pooled, and various simple devices have been designed to strain the larvae from the water of the samples to concentrate the catch. An obvious disadvantage of any method that combines catches from several samples is that the variances cannot be calculated. To overcome this and to reduce the time needed to remove the catch from dippers, Earle constructed an automatic device for collecting aquatic specimens, termed ADCAS. A 6 inch diameter metal funnel is soldered into the top of a 7 inch high metal cylinder. The 1 inch diameter opening at the opposite end of the funnel is soldered to a metal screw cap of a bottle of about 120 ml capacity. Two rectangular 1 x 2 1/4 in openings are cut from the sides of the funnel and covered with 96 mesh screen. A 7/16 in hole is drilled into the side of the funnel and a copper inverted U-tube acting as a siphon is inserted, with one end placed inside the collecting bottle. A removable cylinder of 96 mesh screen 9/16 inches diameter is soldered onto a bronze collar, which is screwed on to the threaded end of the copper siphon. Four bronze wire vertical guards are soldered around the outside of the cylinder to help protect it from damage. A removable 6 1/2 in diameter sieve made from about 8 mesh gauze is also constructed. Successive samples collected by a dipper are poured through the funnel and when the collecting bottle fills up the siphon automatically lowers the water in the bottle to the level of its intake. The coarse circular sieve can be placed over the top of the funnel to exclude stones and debris. Others have produced simpler concentrators, for example the concentrator of Warren and Eddleman which basically consists of a 1 gallon white plastic bottle with one end removed and replaced with a 1/8 mesh sieve. Another example is Hagstrum who used the very simple procedure of pouring the contents from 10 dips through a muslin cloth, which was then tied up and placed in 5% formaldehyde.
Equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures, in the form of a large or small collection net drawn through the water to sample aquatic immatures. COMMENT: The net typically is mounted on a frame and attached to a handle to increase the reach. Can be used to sample relatively large habitats, e.g. borrow pits, ponds and marshes.
Equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures, in the form of a cylindrical, rectangular or square area sampler, the sides of which contain the immatures while they are being collected. COMMENT: Samplers covering a known area have been used to collect immatures in shallow water.
The standard pint dipper for immatures has a water-holding capacity of 473 ml. COMMENT: The water-holding capacity may vary from 390 to 500 ml, although it usually is given as 473 ml.
Dual cylinder area sampler with internal cones for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures designed by Roberts and Scanlon. COMMENT: This sampler consists of two plexiglas cylinders. The larger one is 5 inches in diameter and 11 13/16 inches tall, while the smaller is 4 7/16 inches in diameter, 12 inches tall and has an inverted plastic cone with a 67 degree slope inserted into the bottom end. A weighted rubber stopper is secured to a length of nylon string attached to a plastic rod, which is placed across the opening at the opposite end of the cylinder. In use, after the larger cylinder has been firmly thrust into the bottom of a pool, the smaller cylinder is inserted and carefully pushed down to the bottom. After a predetermined time to allow mosquito larvae enclosed by the cylinders to pass through the smaller opening of the cone, the stopper is pulled up to seal the inner cylinder. This is then withdrawn and trapped larvae emptied into a dish and sorted.
Single cylinder area sampler with internal funnel for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures designed by Downing. COMMENT: This sampler consists of a plastic outer open-ended cylinder with height graduations in inches marked on the outside. A slightly smaller cylinder with an inverted funnel attached to the base is pushed down and into the outer cylinder. After an appropriate exposure period, a rubber bung is inserted into the funnel. The cylinder is then pulled out by a wooden dowel handle fixed across its top, and the contents tipped into a white tray for sorting. The water surface sampled is 18 square inches.
Single cylinder area sampler with internal trapping-vessel for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures designed by Enfield and Pritchard. COMMENT: This sampler consists of a 10- or 20-cm diameter PVC cylinder and a galvanized so-called trapping-vessel fitting inside the cylinder. The trapping-vessel is lowered within the cylinder with a polythene funnel fitted at the bottom in the raised position. The water level should be just above the inner funnel. Larvae swim through the gap between the inner funnel and an outer funnel to the water surface, but do not swim back again. After 20 to 60 min the inner polythene funnel is lowered to close the gap between it and the outer funnel, and then the trapping vessel is withdrawn from the PVC cylinder. Larvae can be filtered off and counted, or preserved.
Single cylinder area sampler for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures designed by Taylor. COMMENT: Taylor constructed a sampler comprising of a 33 cm long, 12.0 cm internal diameter plexiglas cylinder with a serrated steel band extending 3 cm on the lower end. There is a similar length of plexiglas 10.5 cm in diameter with the bottom closed with two discs of plexiglas in between which is sandwiched a rubber ring that forms a seal with the outer cylinder. A 3.6 cm diameter hole is made in this "rubber sandwich" which is bevelled on the lower side to facilitate water flowing into the cylinder, and bevelled into the middle on the interior rim to facilitate seating of a rubber stopper mounted at the end of a steel rod. To operate, the outer cylinder is thrust into the bottom substrate and then the inner cylinder is pushed down so that the water enters through the bottom hole. The rubber stopper is then pushed into the hole and the sample poured through a 10 cm funnel mounted over a screen cylinder (6 cm x 2.5 cm).
Equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures, in the form of a floating trap consisting of a floating frame of a given size within which immatures can be collected.
Floating trap equipped with an inverted funnel that guides the immatures up into a trapping chamber where they are contained until the trap is checked.
Equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures, in the form of a submerged light-trap. COMMENT: Have been used in limited trials to collect immatures. A very simple aquatic light-trap designed by Husbands consists of a wide mouthed screw-cap glass jar having a translucent plastic funnel retained in its mouth by a screw-on metal ring of the cap. Illumination is by a 6 V torch bulb suspended inside a test tube inserted through a 15 mm diameter hole drilled in the bottom of the jar. The trap can be operated from a dry cell battery. The trap is two-thirds filled with water and either suspended in the water by a rope or supported by floats; a cork soaked in chloroform is placed in the bottle to kill the catch. Later modifications to aquatic light traps include use of betalights or chemical light sticks.
Powered aquatic light trap combined with an adhesive to collect immatures through sticky action.
Equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures, in the form of a hand-held plastic pipette. COMMENT: Used to collect immatures from different types of small water sources such as tree holes, leaf axils etc.
Equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures, in the form of a powered pump. COMMENT: Pumping action can be used to collect water potentially containing immatures from various water sources. For example, Morris devised an apparatus comprising of a probe, a pump, a sieve and a connecting hose. The probe is a 30 inch length of 0.5 inch diameter electrical conduit with four 3/4 inch holes drilled perpendicular to each other near the end. This end section of the conduit is enclosed in a 2 inch diameter 10 inch long sleeve of 18 gauge stainless steel perforated with numerous 5/16 inch holes acting as a coarse filter. The end of the conduit is closed with a bolt-on conical cap. A length of garden hose connects the upper part of the conduit to a 12-V self-priming pump operated from a 12-V car battery. About 4.24 gallons of water are sucked up per minute. Water is pumped up into an inverted 8 inch diameter metal funnel having a 350 mesh nylon sieve attached to the bottom. The narrow end of the funnel is placed in a 1-quart jar, and material deposited on the sieve flushed through the jar.
Equipment for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures, in the form of a hand-operated pump used to collect water potentially containing immatures. COMMENT: Used, for example, to collect immatures from tires or from underground natural water sources or storm drains. Water is sucked up through the shaft by pulling up the handle, after which the pump must be withdrawn quickly from the habitat and the collected column of water allowed to drain into a bowl or through a fine sieve. The water will drain out of the pump by gravity.
Single cylinder area sampler with internal cone for collection of aquatic arthropod immatures designed by Bidlingmayer. COMMENT: Bidlingmayer's larval trap consists of two parts. One part is a galvanized cylinder fitted with pair of handles. The other part is inserted in the cylinder. The simplest is a metal cone with a apical opening and a basal so that it is a sliding fit within the cylinder. A metal cylinder is placed over the cone and riveted in position. The alternative insert for the trap consists of a cylinder with floor about 4 inches from the base and composes of a series of small pyramids (14 complete' partially complete pyramids) with a base of 3.5 inch square. Each small pyramid has an apical opening. The outer cylinder is thrust into the mud and enclosed plants pulled up and vigorously shaken in the water within the cylinder. All pieces of plant, either rooted or free floating, are removed. After 5-10 min, either type of insert is pushed down into the cylinder until its opening is about 1-2 inches below the water surface. Larvae surface and pass through the single cone, or pyramids, and are trapped in the space above the opening surrounding the insert. The trap can be left in position for 24 h, or removed sooner so long as sufficient time has been allowed for the larvae to surface. Larvae are recovered from the trap by baling or siphoning out the water surrounding the cone, or pyramids. The water can be emptied into a white dish and the larvae collected. A more rapid larval recovery might be obtained if the contents were sieved and floated in saturated magnesium sulphate.
Equipment used to collect immatures or adults of a ground-based arthropod.
equipment for collection of ground-based arthropods
Equipment used to collect the adult flying stage of an arthropod.
equipment for collection of adult flying arthropods
Equipment for collection of arthropod eggs, in the form of a trap to collect eggs deposited by gravid females. COMMENT: A variety of different oviposition traps (ovitraps) to collect eggs from arthropods that lay their eggs in containers have been developed. This includes lethal ovitraps that incorporate a sticky substance to capture and kill the female and/or an insecticide to kill the female or the developing larvae. A basic ovitrap consists of a simple container (for example a glass jar, plastic container, or a cut up part of a tire) holding water (sometimes enhanced with a hay infusion to increase its attractiveness to the female) and a substrate for the female to deposit the eggs on (for example a "paddle" made of hardboard or balsa or a wooden tongue depressor).
Oviposition trap which incorporates an action to kill egg-laying females or developing immatures, or to prevent emerging adults from escaping the ovitrap.
Oviposition trap which does not include a specific killing action. COMMENT: This type of oviposition trap can become a larval development habitat if not attended to.
Chemical-free lethal oviposition trap with killing action through a sticky substance to "trap" and kill ovipositing females.
Chemical-free lethal oviposition trap with killing action through netting to prevent emerging adults from escaping the trap.
Oviposition trap with killing action containing one or several insecticides to kill ovipositing females and developing immatures
insecticide-treated lethal oviposition trap
Oviposition trap with killing action containing one or several insecticides, and a sticky substance, to kill ovipositing females and developing immatures.
insecticide-treated and sticky lethal oviposition trap
Equipment in the form of a trap for collection of gravid females and the eggs they deposit. COMMENT: The primary purpose of a gravid trap is to collect gravid females but it also can be used to collect deposited eggs.
A powered gravid trap with water and sods of earth as the attractant to capture gravid females through the use of a CDC light-trap. COMMENT: Surgeoner and Helson built a trap consisting of an 84-cm diameter plastic inflatable paddling pool, the middle of which was placed in a hole so that when filled with water the depth at the centre was about 23 cm. The pool was lined with sods of earth, and 40 ml n-capric (decanoic) acid diluted in 15 ml of ethanol was added to improve the attractiveness of the water as a Culex oviposition site. A 30-cm metal container, 26 cm high and weighted with stones was placed in the centre of the pool, having the rim of the container about 3 cm above the water. A CDC light-trap with the collecting bag replaced by a pint-sized plastic container with two 3 x 2 cm windows and bottom covered with netting was placed on the stones. The lid of the CDC trap was about 6 cm above the water.
An open powered gravid trap which uses suction combined with a hay infusion attractant to capture gravid females. COMMENT: The original trap CDC gravid trap (or gravid trap of Reiter) consists of a 3 inch diameter PVC inlet tube housing a 6 V motor, as used in CDC traps, on which is mounted a four-bladed 3 inch counter-clockwise fan. The inlet tube is clamped between two vertical wooden boards that fit over a black plastic box (18.5 x 14.0 x 6.5 inches). A plastic 12 inch long PVC chimney slots into the upper end of the inlet tube. The top half consists of three struts that fit into and support a netting collecting bag. For this the middle of the collecting bag is reinforced with a circular patch of denim cloth. The oviposition attractant is made by adding 1 lb of hay and 1 oz each of dried brewer's yeast and lactalbumen powder to 30 gallons of tap water. This infusion is allowed to mature for 5 days. This original gravid mosquito trap of Reiter suffers from certain limitations, namely up to 10% of the catch of adults is damaged by passing through the fan blades, and adults tend to die of desiccation.
An enclosed powered gravid trap which uses suction combined with a hay infusion attractant to capture gravid females. COMMENT: Reiter redesigned his original gravid trap to consist of a rectangular box 41 cm long, 27 cm high and 13 cm wide made of 1.1 cm plywood. The trap is composed of an upper, middle and lower compartment held together with suitcase latches. The upper part is 11 cm high and has a carrying handle screwed on the top, and a small shelf inside on which batteries are placed. The 4 cm high middle compartment has an 8 mesh per cm screen fastened across the entire top. The lower compartment, 12 cm high, has solid ends that extend down 13 cm and support the trap when it is not resting on the oviposition pan. A 6 V CDC-type motor and a 4 bladed 7.6 cm diameter fan is mounted in a bracket that fits into a 9 cm slot cut in an 18 cm length of 7.6 cm diameter PVC tubing. Dry ice or an anaesthetic is placed on the screen top of the middle compartment to anaesthetize or kill the catch. The two compartments are then tipped upside down and mosquitoes that have fallen onto the screen are removed.
A non-powered gravid trap equipped with water and a synthetic attractant to capture gravid females on an adhesive card. COMMENT: MosquiTRAP consists of a 1 liter black plastic cylinder filled with water, oviposition attractant and an adhesive card to capture the gravid female.
A non-powered gravid trap with water as the sole attractant to capture gravid females inside the trap. COMMENT: Adultrap was designed to capture gravid Aedes aegypti females during oviposition, using water as its principal attractant. Water remains confined in a compartment at the bottom of the trap that cannot be reached by trapped mosquitoes, avoiding egg laying. A large hole on the top is the principal entrance of attracted females, which become trapped in an interior chamber.
Equipment for collection of arthropod eggs, in the form of a large or small net drawn through the water to collects aquatic eggs or egg rafts. COMMENT: The fine mesh collection net typically is mounted on a frame that is attached to a handle to increase the reach.
Equipment for collection of arthropod eggs, in the form of a device to take a water sample that potentially contains aquatic eggs or egg rafts, or to directly collect egg rafts. COMMENT: Dippers are made from various utensils (for example a plastic container, soup ladle, or sieve) and can be attached to a handle to increase the reach.
Equipment for collection of arthropod eggs, in the form of a contraption used to collect eggs from a soil sample.
A soil sample egg extractor in the form of a soil washing machine designed by Horsfall. COMMENT: Horsfall described a method of wet sieving to remove eggs of floodwater mosquitoes from soil samples. Samples are removed from oviposition sites by a cutting square. This consists of a sharpened metal band bent into a 6 inch square fixed to a wooden square with a handle on top. It is pushed into the ground to a depth of about 1 inch and the sample cut from the soil below with a spade after which it is placed in a bag and taken to the laboratory. The sod of soil is then placed in the inner of three concentric cylindrical metal screens, having 4, 8 and 18 meshes per inch respectively. The lower halves of these cylinders are immersed in a water bath. A central shaft runs through the middle of the inner cylinder and when its handle is turned the three cylindrical sieves rotate and pass through the water bath. This treatment breaks up the soil sample in the sieves and flushes the eggs, and other comparatively small particles, through into the water bath. A bottom tap on the water bath is then opened and the contents empty into the first of three metal sieves (40, 60 and 100 mesh/inch) placed one above the other. A strong jet of water washes the eggs through the top two sieves onto the screen of the bottom sieve, from which they are washed on to a small cylindrical fine mesh transfer screen. Further separation from soil particles is achieved by flotation.
A soil sample egg extractor in the form of a soil washing machine designed by Salt-Hollick. COMMENT: The Salt-Hollick machine is available commercially as a standard piece of equipment used by soil zoologists to extract nematodes from soil samples. The machine includes 7 and 2.5 mm sieves mounted above each other, in which the sample is washed, and a settling can under the sieves to collect particles washed through the finer sieve. The sample is then tipped into a Ladell can which has a 0.2 mm phosphor bronze mesh screen at the bottom. After the water has drained through the Ladell can, it is closed up and the contents are re-suspended in a suitable solution to retrieve the desired samples (such as eggs).
Equipment for collection of adult flying arthropods, in the form of a device that captures arthropods in a chamber through suction action. COMMENT: For active arthropod collection only (does not work in the absence of a human collector). A variety of manually operated and powered aspirators have been developed to collect the adult stage of a flying vector as it is resting on a surface or moving around. These aspirators range from simple oral aspirators to large powered aspirators for outdoor use (sometimes referred to as suction sweepers).
Aspirator that does not require a power source to be operated. COMMENT: A variety of non-powered aspirators have been developed to collect the adult stage of an air-borne vector as it is resting on a surface or moving around.
A manually operated aspirator where the suction needed to move the arthropod into the capture chamber is generated through pressing a bulb and then releasing it. COMMENT: This overcomes the potential problem with inhaling dust and dirt when using an oral aspirator.
Small, hand-held collection net for adult arthropods. COMMENT: Can be successfully used to catch resting or flying adult arthropods. The net typically is mounted on a frame that is attached to a handle to increase the reach.
Equipment for collection of adult flying arthropods, in the form of a tube that is used to actively capture the arthropod. COMMENT: For active arthropod collection only (does not work in the absence of a human collector). A plastic or glass tube can be put over the resting vector and the open end can be plugged with a piece of cotton wool. If the cotton wool is pushed down to confine the vector to the end of the tube, several individuals isolated by cotton wool plugs can be collected in each tube.
Aspirator that requires a power source to be operated. COMMENT: A variety of powered aspirators have been developed to collect the adult stage of an air-borne vector as it is resting on a surface or moving around. Some of these are referred to as suction sweepers.
Cylinder-shaped shelter made from bamboo mattress and thatch for resting adult arthropods, designed by Khin Maung. COMMENT: Khin Maung made a resting shelter by rolling a bamboo mattress (6 x 4 ft) into a hollow cylinder, standing it vertically and covering the top with thatch.
Powered, backpack-carried aspirator (suction sweeper) to collect arthropods designed by Meyer. COMMENT: Meyer found the aspirators of Davis-Gould and Nasci unsuitable, mainly because of their size and/or lack of power, and designed a lightweight more powerful machine termed the AFS (Arbovirus Field Station) sweeper. Basically it consists of a lightweight L-shaped metal backpack adapted to hold a plywood platform (8 x 13 inches) supporting two 6 V rechargeable gel cell batteries. These are connected in series to deliver 12 V at a minimum of 16 A, which is needed to operate the blower for about 1 h. The blower is a 12 V Dayton model (2C646) and is mounted underneath the plywood platform on the horizontal section of the backpack. Air displacement of the blower is about 2.12 cubic meters per minute, which represents improved suction over most previous battery operated aspirators. The suction tube is composed of various sections of 4 inch diameter black PVC piping (as used by plumbers and called ABS tubing), and about 4 feet of 4 inch diameter automobile defroster hose, making altogether a tube about 8 feet long. Mosquitoes are sucked into a 1 pint sized paper carton having a nylon-screened bottom which is inserted where the handle section and nozzle join. This collection carton can be rapidly removed, its lid placed on and a new carton inserted. A screen of netting is inserted over the collecting tube to prevent leaves and twigs being sucked into the collection carton.
Powered aspirator to collect arthropods designed by Nasci. COMMENT: To address some of the disadvantages of the D-vac machine in terms of weight, noise, and cost, Nasci constructed an aspirator from locally available materials that was some seven times cheaper, and weighed less than 5 kg. It consists of sheet metal (aluminium) rolled round to form a 61 inch long and 34.3 cm diameter tube. A 12 V motor with a 25 cm fan blade is mounted on a 14 cm square piece of plywood screwed onto a 34.3 cm length of 4 x10-cm strip of wood rounded at the ends to fit into the base of the metal tube. Transparent sheet plastic is rolled and bolted to form a 61 cm and 34.3 cm diameter tube which can be inserted 10.1 cm into the metal tube. A D-vac collecting bag is folded over the other end of the plastic tube and held in position by S-shaped clips attached to large rubber bands. Two metal gate handles are fixed on the metal cylinder. Wire from the motor passes to a push button switch on the metal tube and then to two 6 V gel batteries connected in series, which will power the aspirator for at least 6 hr.
Powered aspirator (suction sweeper) to collect arthropods designed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COMMENT: In the CDC suction sweeper, suction is provided by a 3-4.5 V motor, operating from a 6-V battery. A 3-inch diameter two-blade aluminium propeller is fixed to a motor housed in a 3 1/2 inch outside diameter 4 inch length of clear cast acrylic tubing. The basal 3/8 inch of a 1 inch wide, 3 1/2 inch inner diameter ring of acrylic plastic is cemented over the opposite end of the fan housing. A pint-sized cardboard carton, 3 3/8 inches in outer diameter, with the bottom end removed and covered with no. 24 nylon mesh, is seated within the in projecting 5/8 inch rim of this plastic ring. This comprises the removable collection chamber. A collecting tube made from acrylic tubing of the same shape and size as the fan housing is fitted to the top of the cardboard carton by a similar 1 inch wide 3 1/2 inch inside diameter ring of plastic. A 15-inch length of 1inch aluminium angle is fitted along the outside of the complete collecting unit, being permanently fastened to the fan housing by a circular metal ring and to the collecting tube by elastic bands. The 3 inch length of angle that extends from the back of the fan housing is riveted to a 24 inch long handle of 1inch diameter aluminium tubing. After mosquitoes have been collected the motor is kept running while the front tube is removed and a lid is placed on the cardboard carton, which is then removed and replaced with another. The original aim was to collect mosquitoes resting amongst vegetation by slowly moving the apparatus backwards and forwards in a sweeping motion, hence its name. The motor, however, provides insufficient suction for this and the machine is more usually used as a powered aspirator for collecting mosquitoes resting in shelters and traps.
Powered aspirator to collect arthropods designed by Davis and Gould. COMMENT: This small portable, battery-operated aspirator was developed to collect mosquitoes resting amongst vegetation. It consists of four basic parts, a collecting tube, a collecting chamber, a housing for the collecting chamber and a fan unit. The collecting tube consists of a a 36 inch length of 3 1/2 inch diameter plastic water pipe. Half-inch wire mesh can be taped over the entrance to prevent leaves and large insects being sucked up. This tube fits into a 3 1/2 inch metal sleeve fitted to the hinged lid of the aluminum collecting chamber housing, which is 8 inches in diameter and length. A 1 gallon paper ice cream carton with bottom replaced with nylon netting and with an 18 inch length of 6 inch wide surgical stockinette taped around the other end forms the collecting cage and is inserted into the aluminium housing. The free end of the stockinette is slipped over the section of the collecting tube that extends about 4 inches through the metal sleeve in the lid of the metal housing. Suction is provided by a `squirrel cage' fan blower from a Volkswagen car heater unit. The blower fan operates from a 6 V motor cycle battery which can be attached to a belt worn by the operator.
Powered aspirator (suction sweeper) to collect arthropods designed by Dietrick. COMMENT: The portable and commercially available mechanical suction of Dietrick (D-vac) has a large diameter suction hose. It operates from a single-cylinder, air-cooled, two-cycle petrol engine. By altering the engine throttle, air displacement can be varied from about 500 to 1500 square feet per minute. Total weight is about 27 lb. A flexible wire ribbed canvas air ducting is connected to the fan intake. The other end is joined by a tapering plastic-coated nylon ducting to a fibre glass collecting head. A fine 18-in long tapered organdie bag, into which the insects are sucked, is positioned within the fibre glass collecting head.
Powered aspirator to collect arthropods designed by Perdew and Meek. COMMENT: Perdew and Meek argued that their aspirator, made by modifying a commercial cordless broom blower, provides greater suction and requires less modification than many previous battery powered aspirators. The basic equipment is a blower-type broom that consists of a plastic body incorporating a fan and a motor, and in its handle rechargeable cadmium batteries, and an extension tube tapered and curved distally. To convert the broom into an aspirator the wires to the motor are reversed and the tapered end of the extension tube cut off. Two rigid plastic tapered beakers (474 ml) having a minimum 9 cm inner diameter at the top are required. To make an elongated version of the aspirator a selected length of the bottom of the plastic cup is cut off to leave a 6.9 cm opening that can be glued to the inside of the extension tube. A 473-ml paper cup has a 6.4 cm diameter hole cut from both its lid and its bottom, and both holes covered with screening of suitably sized mesh. This forms the collection carton, and without its lid, is pushed tightly into the plastic cup stuck in the end of the extension tube. This extended version of the aspirator is 118 cm long. A shorter (65 cm) version can be made by cutting the bottom from a similar plastic cup to leave a 7.4 cm diameter opening. After two opposing rectangles are cut out the cup is fitted over the end of the main body of the cordless broom and secured with four screws. The paper cup (collection carton) is fitted into the end of the plastic cup, the extension tube is not used. After using either the extended or short aspirator the screened lid is pushed on the paper cup, which is then removed and replaced with another. The aspirator can operate efficiently for about 45 min, with a minimum air flow of 21 cubic meters per minute.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which a non-human animal bait is used as the primary attractant.
Powered aspirator (suction sweeper) to collect arthropods designed by de Freitas. COMMENT: The mechanical suction sweeper of de Freitas is composed of three main parts: plastic tubing carrying on its lower side a side port made of the same material; a nylon netting sleeve and a collecting chamber made from mesh wire screening. A small motor, such as used in CDC light-traps, having an eight-bladed propeller mounted at the rear is positioned within the upper section of the plastic tubing. The tube's opening is covered with mesh wire to prevent mosquitoes entering. These are collected through the lower side port which is covered with 2 X 2 screening to prevent leaves and other debris being sucked in. The complete machine is suspended underneath a wooden handle. The motor is wired through an on/off switch to a 3-V power supply consisting of torch batteries or a rechargeable wet cell battery attached to the belt of the operator.
Powered aspirator (suction sweeper) to collect arthropods designed by Garcia. COMMENT: A long torch provides both a convenient handle and housing for five 1.5 V dry cell batteries which are needed to power a small fan placed at the rear of a metal cylinder mounted on brackets beneath the torch. A small conical section forms the intake and is a sliding fit over the cylindrical chamber. A detachable fine muslin collecting bag is tied on to an inner metal tube projecting from the conical section. A metal cap covered with fine mesh is placed over the end of the intake to prevent mosquitoes escaping when the collecting bag is withdrawn from the cylinder. Mosquitoes are sucked into the collecting bag which is tied across with string and removed.
Powered aspirator (suction sweeper) to collect arthropods designed by Kay COMMENT: Kay made an aspirator from a 1 m length of 10 cm diameter PVC drain pipe. A 12 V motor drawing 37 W and a fan are powered by a 9 Amphr motorcycle battery carried in a bag on the hip. The velocity of air through the intake is 5 m/s and mosquitoes are collected in terylene bags inserted into the intake of the PVC tubing. These bags can be secured with rubber bands. This aspirator is similar to that of Davis and Gould but is simpler in that the enlarged holding cage is omitted.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which a human is used as the primary attractant.
Non-powered trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Elliott, which encloses a whole building and captures arthropods that attempt to exit the building. COMMENT: Because many houses have walls made of loose-fitting bamboo or matting, the collection of vectors in exit traps fitted to windows or doors, or even by veranda traps, is inefficient. To overcome these problems Elliott devised a technique by which a house was completely encircled from the lower edge of the roof to the ground with a nylon mosquito netting curtain. The curtain was raised for the first 30 min of each hour to allow ingress of vectors and then vectors resting on the inside and outside surfaces of the netting collected.
Black panel indoor shelter for resting adult arthropods designed by Edman. COMMENT: This resting box consists of two 90 cm x 30 cm flat cardboard panels arranged in a cross design. All surfaces are covered with black muslin cloth.
Collection net with a descending mode of action to capture adult arthropods attracted to animal or human bait. COMMENT: The drop net cage commonly takes the form of a cylindrical or bell-shaped tube of cloth weighted along the bottom edge with a metal hoop and rolled up and suspended just above the head of the collector. A cord causes the net to descend rapidly to enclose the bait and the vector.
Powered, backpack-carried aspirator to collect arthropods designed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COMMENT: Clark modified the AFS sweeper as follows to achieve the CDC backpack aspirator (which is available commercially): the shelf for the 6 V batteries was removed; a 3/8 inch thick piece of plywood, with a hole for the exhaust, was attached to the base of the frame; the blower position was changed to the operator's right side; the net-covered collecting carton was placed at the end of the collecting tube, rather than the middle; the blower was rotated 90 degrees so that the exhaust was directed downwards; the 6-V batteries were replaced with a single 12-V motorcycle battery; a wire mesh battery compartment was added.
Tall indoor box-shaped black shelter for resting adult arthropods designed by Edman. COMMENT: This resting box consists of a medium-weight brown cardboard box 90 cm tall x 30 cm wide x 30 cm deep, from which a 50 cm x 30 cm section is cut from the center of one of the long sides. All surfaces are covered with black muslin cloth.
Box-shaped and earth-lined shelter for resting adult arthropods designed by Russell and Santiago. COMMENT: Russell and Santiago made a resting box shelter consisting of a 3 ft long and 2 ft square, or larger, wooden framework with a 1 inch thick layer of soil held in place against the inside walls and roof by 16-mesh/inch screening. There is no bottom to the trap, which is placed directly on the ground. A black cloth hangs down over the entrance to within about 1/2 ft of the ground. Drip cans full of water keep the earth lining the box moist.
Pot-shaped shelter made from wood fiber for resting adult arthropods, designed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COMMENT: Commercially available, nestable, fiber plant-pots were used by Komar to sample resting mosquito vectors. The pots used were constructed from recycled wood pulp, formed into hollow, truncated pyramids, 28 cm high, with a 28 x 28 cm square open end, tapering to a 15 x 15 cm closed end.
Shelter for resting adult arthropods made from a wooden keg. COMMENT: This shelter consists of an ordinary, untreated wooden barrel-shaped nail keg with the lid removed, placed on its side on the ground in a deeply shaded area, especially near the edge of larval habitats. Its entrance should be protected from wind and the sun by siting the keg at the base of a tree, alongside or under a log, under bushes or amongst scrub vegetation.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, which functions without an animal bait, does not include a power source, is fitted to a building, and captures arthropods as they attempt to enter and/or exit the building. COMMENT: A variety of entry or exit traps fitted to a building, most commonly in a window opening, or enclosing a part of or even the entire building have been developed to catch vectors as they are entering and exiting in search of a blood meal host. Some of these traps can be used either as entry or exit traps depending on how they are installed. However, much smaller numbers usually are caught in entry, as compared to exit, traps clearly showing that they are not very efficient in sampling mosquitoes entering buildings.
unpowered entry/exit trap fitted to a building
Shelter for resting adult arthropods made from a black plastic trash bag. COMMENT: Service made a resting shelter by placing a black trash bag over a 1 ft cube wire frame, leaving the bag partially open to form an entrance. Cotton wool soaked in water was placed in the bag to increase humidity.
Shelter for resting adult arthropods in the form of a plastic tent. COMMENT: Plastic tents made from tough white transparent plastic sheeting and pulled over a 1.5-m high metal or wooden frame have been used to facilitate collection of resting vectors. An area of 3 x 3 m is enclosed by the plastic tent. The interior becomes very humid and hot, and this results in mosquitoes flying out from their resting places within the tent and settling on the tent walls or roof where they can be collected.
Shelter for resting adult arthropods in the form of a wooden privy. COMMENT: Schoof constructed 6 ft high wooden structures with 3 square ft bases and overhanging wooden roofs, which he placed in cool dark places near larval habitats and termed anopheline houses. Snow modified this as a wooden framework 6.5 ft high with a 4 square ft base and with the roof and four sides covered with weatherproof cellulose board (Celotex). The inner surfaces are lined with a moisture proof backing of black asphalt-like material. Each side is composed of four panels, any of which can be removed to either leave an open space or provide an opening for a Bates type ingress baffle.
Shelter for resting adult arthropods in the form of a wooden box which is painted black on the outside and red on the inside. COMMENT: The original red box shelter, developed by Goodwin, is a wooden box open at one end and measuring 1 cubic feet, and 2 feet deep. It is painted dull black on the outside and red on the inside.
Box-shaped shelter for resting adult arthropods made from red cloth and designed by Breeland and Glasgow. COMMENT: Breeland and Glasgow devised a cheaper, lighter and more portable version of the red box shelter. A 52 inch length of red broadcloth which is 36 inches wide is folded down the middle and stitched across at each end, so that when the material is cut between the middle seams two sacks are formed. Each sack is stapled to a 1 square foot unpainted wooden frame, which is nailed to a tree. The sack is held out horizontally by tying the ends with string to a convenient tree or stake.
Shelter in the form of a wooden box covered with black plastic for resting adult arthropods, designed by Charlwood. COMMENT: This resting box consists of a 2-m long, 1-m wide, 1.5-m high wooden frame covered with black plastic with an exit trap fitted on one side and another on top.
Shelter for resting adult arthropods in the form of a plywood box which is painted gray on the outside and black on the inside and contains a red textile collecting bag, and was designed by Edman. COMMENT: This resting box consists of a plywood box 30 inches long, 18 inches wide and 12 inches high, painted matt grey on the outside and matt black inside. A red cotton collecting bag slightly smaller in width and height than the box but 8 inches longer was put in the box and held in position by placing elastic loops sewn at the bottom four corners over hooks screwed into the bottom of the box. The open end of the cloth bag which projected from the box was folded back over its opening, and secured by elastic tape threaded through its end seam. A plywood concave frame, painted matt grey outside and matt black inside, with a 28 x 52 inch opening tapering to a 10 x 16 base is placed just inside the opening of the box. Mosquitoes are collected from the box by first carefully withdrawing the concave frame and then pulling the turned over end section of the collecting bag from the box and closing it.
Shelter made from a cardboard carton for resting adult arthropods, designed by Kay. COMMENT: Kay used brown cardboard cartons (33 x 27 x 25 cm) which had the top flaps folded and tapered to form an ingress aperture as outdoor resting boxes. The boxes were stacked in groups of 10 to 25 on top of each other. In the dry season wet cheese cloth was sometimes introduced into the boxes, while during the wet season they were sheltered against rain.
Trap in the form of a hut in which a human is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods.
Shelter made from a plastic refuse container for resting adult arthropods, designed by Weathersbee. COMMENT: A portable resting unit that consists of a 113.5 liter plastic refuse container (72.3 x 41.9 x 80.6 cm) placed on its side on the ground to the front entrance of which is attached a tent-like 3 ft extension made from a sheet of black plastic (3 x 5 ft). The narrower end is fixed with waterproof insulating tape to the refuse box, while cord threaded through holes along the narrower end is fixed with waterproof insulating tape to the refuse box, while cord threaded through holes along the ridge of the plastic tent and its two sloping ends were attached to a center dowel. Two large nails passed through loops in the cord from the sloping ends and secured the canopy to the ground.
Trap in the form of a tent in which a human is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Different types of tents baited with humans have been used to collect host-seeking vectors. The orange tent method of Trpis consists of one or more people sitting in an orange colored canvas gable-type tent (about 2 m x 2 m x 2 m) which has one end wide open. All mosquitoes entering the tent are captured.
Walk-in sized box shelter for resting adult arthropods which is painted red both on the outside and inside. COMMENT: Nelson and Spadoni developed a large (6 ft tall, 4 ft wide, 6 ft deep) box painted red inside and out and called a walk-in red box. This was later modified by Meyer to have a curtain that can be pulled across the entrance when a person enters to aspirate the catch. The walk-in red box generally traps more mosquitoes than the smaller red box shelter.
Pipe-shaped shelter for resting adult arthropods. COMMENT: Nelson developed an artificial rodent burrow termed the pipe trap for collecting resting mosquito vectors. The device consists of three parts, a pipe, a plunger and a collecting carton. The pipe consists of a 91 cm length of 18.5 cm outside diameter asbestos-cement sewer pipe, both ends of which taper to 16.2 cm in diameter. The pipe absorbs moisture. The plunger is a 91 cm length of 4.76 mm steel rod having a 14 cm wooden disc fixed at the end, to which is glued a piece of 16.5 cm diameter foam rubber. The collecting component consists of a 16.5 cm long, 3.8 litre cardboard carton. The bottom is removed and a 30.5 cm length of tubular stockinette is taped over the outside of the carton. The other end (top) is removed or modified so that the sleeve section of a CDC collecting bag is fitted over the end. Alternatively a sleeve of stockinette or mosquito netting is fixed over the top end of the carton. A hole is dug in the ground and the pipe inserted at an angle of 20-25 degrees from the horizontal so that about 7.5 cm projects from the hole. The piston-like plunger is pushed down to the bottom of the pipe. The following day any mosquitoes that have rested in the pipe are removed, by firstly fitting the stockinette sleeve on the bottom of the carton over the end of the pipe. The collector then reaches through the top sleeve and slowly pulls up the plunger, while squeezing the top sleeve to prevent mosquitoes escaping. When the foam rubber disc is flush with the end of the pipe the stockinette tube is eased off the pipe and pinched off across the face of the disc. The carton is then slipped off from the rod and both ends tied. The trap is then reset by pushing the plunger down to the bottom of the pipe.
Non-powered trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Muirhead-Thomson, which is fitted to a window of a building and captures arthropods as they attempt to or exit the window. COMMENT: The original Muirhead-Thomson exit trap consists of cage made from a 1 ft cube framework of wire covered with white mosquito netting. One side is inverted to form an entrance funnel narrowing to about a 1/4 inch diameter opening. The funnel was supported within the cage by string tied from its narrow end to the four corners of the trap. One or two small cloth sleeves incorporated in the sides of the cage enabled aspirators to be inserted to remove the catch. The trap is usually placed in the middle of a piece of black cloth which is secured over a window. A large proportion of the vectors which seek to leave the building at dawn are attracted by light entering the window, and are consequently caught in window traps as they try to escape.
Indoor black shelter for resting adult arthropods designed by Edman. COMMENT: Three designs of an indoor resting box for Aedes aegypti were developed. This included a panel design and tall and short box designs.
Collection net with a descending mode of action to capture adult arthropods from vegetation. COMMENT: In one variation of a drop net cage, four vertical poles are driven into the ground, taking care not to disturb the vegetation between them, and a net (or tent) is then suspended from the poles. The sides are then quickly pulled down and vectors collected from within the resulting "net cage". Other variations include netting attached to light wooden frames that are put over vegetation; vectors are agitated by smoke etc and then aspirated from the netting.
Small hand-carried powered aspirator to collect arthropods. COMMENT: Various small hand-carried and battery-operated aspirators have been developed, including ones modified from various hand-held vacuum cleaners.
Collecting tube with killing action. COMMENT: A collecting tube can be made into a killing collecting tube by placing cut-up pieces of rubber bands or bicycle inner tube in the bottom and flooding them with chloroform. After allowing the fluid to be soaked up and pouring the excess away, a layer of absorbent cotton wool is inserted, which is then covered with 1-2 layers of white blotting or filter paper.
A manually operated aspirator where the suction needed to move the arthropod into the capture chamber is generated through inhalation. COMMENT: The simplest and most widely used type of oral aspirator (also referred to as mouth aspirators or pooters) is made from a 30-45 cm length of 8-12 mm internal diameter plastic or glass tubing. A piece of mosquito netting is taped either directly over one end, or over a short piece of smaller diameter tubing, which is inserted into the end of the larger tubing. A 50 cm length of rubber or pliable plastic tubing is slipped over the end of the glass tubing, and a small section of plastic or glass tubing is inserted into the opposite end to form a mouth piece. Several mosquitoes can be sucked up into the aspirator before they are gently blown into a suitable storage container. Aspirators with reservoirs can be used to reduce the likelihood of mosquitoes escaping and to enable larger numbers to be collected before the aspirators need emptying. In these aspirators the collecting tube has to be removed before the adults can be extracted.
Trap made from netting in which a human is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: A basic net trap with human bait can consist of a large net 10 ft long and both 7 ft wide and high with a 3-ft wide flap on each longer side which is rolled up to leave two entrances. A person enters the net around sunset and sleeps enclosed within a smaller protective net. Attracted vectors are then collected from within the net in the morning after the flaps are closed. The original design has undergone various modifications to suit specific purposes, especially with regards to the entrances by which mosquitoes enter the trap. Very often a single door like opening is used and sometimes one or more sides of the net are partly rolled up and pinned or tucked into place, or a horizontal slit made. Alternatively, the entire net can be raised a few inches from the ground to give access to hungry vectors.
Trap made from netting in which a large non-human animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Net traps have been widely used to collect vectors attracted to a variety of large animals including goats, sheep, cattle, horses etc. The simplest arrangement consists of positioning an ordinary single or double-sized mosquito net (or a larger piece of netting if needed for a larger animal) over a host and raising it a few cm from the ground to allow entry of host-seeking vectors. The animal typically is tethered to a pole or contained in a cage so as to not disturb the net.
net trap containing large non-human animal bait
Short indoor box-shaped black shelter for resting adult arthropods designed by Edman. COMMENT: This resting box consists of a brown cardboard box measuring 45 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm. All surfaces are covered with black muslin cloth.
Equipment for collection of adult flying arthropods, in the form of a net that can be used to collect adult flying arthropods as they are resting or moving. COMMENT: For active arthropod collection only (does not work in the absence of a human collector).
Trap made from netting in which a human is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods and a mechanical trapping device is used to minimize vector escape.
net trap containing human bait and mechanical powered trap
Indoor box-shaped black shelter made from plywood for resting adult arthropods, designed by Yasuno. COMMENT: This resting box consists of a plywood box (50 x 30 x 28 cm) having one-half of the lid hinged and left partially open. The box is lined with black cloth and contains a sponge saturated with water to increase humidity.
Trap made from netting, designed by McCreadie, in which one head of cattle is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: For animals such as cattle McCreadie developed a larger tent-like trap, in which the animal is placed in a wooden pen surrounded on the ground by a rectangular frame (2.4 x 3.0 m) of 4.3 cm diameter galvanized steel piping. Three hoops, each consisting of two straight and one curved section, of 2.1 cm diameter piping are fixed to this framework to form a 2.1 m high arc over the enclosed bait. A fine plastic netting tent is made to have a 30 cm canvas lower border and three 8 cm wide canvas strips sewn into the netting to lie directly underneath each metal hoop. Brass eyes and 5 cm diameter metal rings are sewn into these strips so that the net-tent is fixed to a series of rings which surround the three hoops arising from the basal metal frame. In operation the tent is collapsed on the ground along one side of the bait animal, then after a 10 min exposure period two collectors walk to the trap and rapidly pull the tent up and over the three metal hoops to enclose the animal and mosquitoes attacking it. A zipper sewn into one end of the tent allows a collector to enter and remove the catch with aspirators.
Pyramid-shaped trap, designated the Mbita trap, made from netting in which a human is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The Mbita trap consists of a pyramidal net 200 cm long by 111 cm wide and approximately 200 cm high at the apex made from white cotton cloth. At the apex of the net, a funnel 30 cm tall, with a 60 cm diameter upper opening narrowing to a 5 cm diameter lower opening and manufactured from 156 mesh polyester netting is affixed. 70 cm below the upper end of the funnel a horizontal panel of polyester netting is fitted to the inside of the net, creating a barrier between the human sleeping in the net and the vectors entering through the funnel. The horizontal netting panel has a hole in the center, to which a collecting bag is attached.
Non-powered trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by the WHO, which is fitted to a window of a building (or a hole made in the wall) and captures arthropods as they attempt to or exit the window (or hole). COMMENT: As a modification of the Muirhead-Thomson exit trap, WHO recommended a rectangular prism-shaped trap about 1-2 m long, 35 cm deep and 40-50 cm high, with a long horizontal slit. One or more such traps can be inserted into the wall(s) of a building.
Non-powered trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Rachou, which is fitted to a window of a building and captures arthropods as they attempt to or exit the window. COMMENT: Rachou considered that any kind of restrictive entrance to an exit trap, whether a slit-like baffle or lobster-type funnel, probably hindered the entry of mosquitoes. Consequently, an exit cage without any kind of one-way entrance was used. At short intervals a partition was slid across the window cage to enclose the catch and enable the cage to be removed and another inserted. It was thought that if the cage was frequently changed very few mosquitoes would escape by flying back into the hut. Although such an exit trap providing unimpeded entry may catch more mosquitoes than one with a restrictive entrance, the necessity of regularly replacing the cages and removing the catch involves considerable manpower.
Non-powered collapsible trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Shidrawi, which is fitted to a window of a building and captures arthropods as they attempt to enter and/or exit the window. COMMENT: Because of their bulkiness window traps are difficult to transport in large numbers to the field. To try to overcome these difficulties Shidrawi described a collapsible window trap. This consists of two lengths of 3 mm thick wire rods bent and soldered to form two rectangular frames (55 x 40 cm). These are joined together at the corners by four lengths (Nos. 1-4) of 40 cm wire which are fixed into bushes welded or screwed on to the rectangular frames. Four similar rods (Nos. 5-8) are fixed between the framework 15 cm from the top to divide the trap into a small upper (40 x 15 cm) and a large lower (40 x 40 cm) section. The floor of the upper section is divided about 24 cm from its front by two horizontal rods having about a 2 cm gap between them. A mosquito netting and cloth cage made to fit the shape of the trap is suspended within the frame-work by tapes. A ramp of mosquito netting is made to stretch from the bottom edge of the cage to the posterior wire rod. A rectangular piece of dark cloth covers the floor of the upper section from the front to the first rod. Mosquitoes entering the lower half of the trap are guided up the ramp through the narrow slit between the two rods into the upper section and lower section behind the ramp. Triangular pieces of dark cloth are used for the sides of the entrance.
Non-powered trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Smith, which encloses a veranda and captures arthropods that enter the veranda area. COMMENT: Although window traps are very useful in catching mosquitoes which are attracted by light entering windows at dawn, they trap only a relatively small proportion of such mosquitoes, and moreover not all species are attracted by early morning sunlight or enter through the window. To overcome this problem, Smith developed a veranda trap. This is made by extending the thatch roof beyond the four walls of a square or rectangular building to form a roof over a veranda, which is enclosed on two sides by mesh screening. Mosquitoes enter the hut through the eaves of the two walls having unscreened verandas.
Trap made from netting, designed by Wright and DeFoliart, in which a large animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Wright and DeFoliart used a modified Gatertype bed-net made of saran cloth which is supported at each corner by wooden stakes and measures 6 ft in length, width and height. A heavy duty nylon zipper is sewn into one side and after the large animal bait is introduced this is opened to about three-quarters of the distance to the top, and the flaps tied back to leave an opening about one-third of the total area of one side.
Trap made from netting, designed by Shannon, in which a large animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The net trap of Shannon consists of a large central compartment, which in the original design was 130 cm wide, 200 cm high and 300 cm long, and two identical smaller lateral compartments, each 60 cm wide, 300 cm long but only 135 cm deep, thus leaving a 65 cm gap along the bottom. The tops and ends of all compartments were made of strong white muslin cloth, while the lateral panels of the central and two outer compartments were of mosquito netting. In addition, a small window of mosquito netting, 130 cm wide and 50 cm high, was inserted into one of the end panels about 25 cm from the top. A bait animal, usually confined to a pen or cage, is placed in the middle compartment, the lower edges of which are secured to the ground to prevent mosquitoes from entering it. Mosquitoes are collected from the two outer compartments. Shannon-type nets made completely of cotton sheeting and with shorter side compartments are often used.
Trap made from netting, designed by Mpofu and Masendu, in which an ox is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Mpofu and Masendu developed an ox-baited trap that is essentially a modified mosquito net. It consists of a framework of light metal tubing to form a tent-like structure that is covered with either mosquito netting or a khaki lightweight canvas. For extra stability guy ropes can be fitted to the four corners of the trap. One of the smaller ends has a vertical slit in the netting, or canvas, to allow the bait and collectors to enter. A gap (measurements not given, but probably about 25 cm) is left between the bottom of the net or canvas and the ground for entry of host-seeking vectors.
Trap in the form of a stable in which a large non-human animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Stable traps were introduced later than net traps, and have mainly been used in the Americas. They were originally used to catch mosquitoes attracted to equines and bovids, but have since been baited with man, a wide variety of mammals, birds and even cold-blooded vertebrates. They are heavier and more permanent structures than net traps but lightweight models can be made, which are readily dismantled and easily transported.
stable trap containing large non-human animal bait
Trap in the form of a stable, designed by Bates, in which a large animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The stable trap of Bates (also called the Egyptian trap) differs from the stable trap of Magoon primarlily in the design of the entrance slit. Unlike the original Magoon trap entrance slits were incorporated only in the two longer sides and not in the ends. The standard size measures 2 m long, 1 m wide and 1.75 m high; placed on a concrete base. A transparent roof is placed on the trap but this has not generally been used by later workers. The upper part of the entrance baffle consists of a 20 cm wide length of wood set at right angles to the side of the trap. The lower section of the baffle is 44 cm wide and is positioned 38 cm below and slopes upwards to leave a vertical 2 cm opening between the upper and lower lengths of wood.
Trap made from netting, designed by Fletcher, in which a horse is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Fletcher preferred to collect biting insects from a horse-baited trap, which used the same principles as the one designed by McCreadie. Namely, the bait (horse) is restricted in a wooden stanchion surrounded by a wooden frame (4 x 10 ft and 7.5 ft high). The upper and lower parts of the frame are covered with 40 mesh plastic screening, except that the upper 30 cm is covered with clear polythene sheeting and contains on each long side three collecting holes (6 x 8 inches) with lengths of stockinette. The edges of the two long sides of the trap (left and right) are sealed with plastic foam weather stripping and when erected over the horse are held in position by elastic straps. Each side of the trap is hinged to a base frame of wooden boards (2 x 8 inches and 6 ft long) thus allowing the two sides to be opened to expose the horse and when required raised and closed. The roof slopes down towards the middle to form a V-shape, this causes the entrapped mosquitoes to gather along the upper edges of the trap and facilitates their removal, when aspirators are inserted through the entrance ports. For ease of construction the trap is made in sections. The upper part is divided into two sections while the lower part comprises four L-shaped sections. The horse is exposed to biting flies for about 15 min and is then enclosed within the trap, and after allowing 30 min for entrapped vectors to feed they are collected. Although most biting flies fly to the top of the trap and are readily collected, blood-engorged mosquitoes tend to rest on the sides so additional collection holes should be made along the middle of the trap and at the two ends.
Trap in the form of a stable, designed by Magoon, in which a large animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The stable trap of Magoon has a base measuring about 3.5 x 6.5 ft, with one of the two longer upright sides about 7 ft high joined by a sloping and waterproof roof to the opposite vertical side which is about 5.5 ft high. When animals such as donkeys and calves are used there is no need for a floor, but unless animals such as pigs and rodents are enclosed within a cage, a floor may be necessary to prevent them from burrowing and escaping. A door is fitted at one end of the trap, and another may be fitted at the opposite end so that larger animals can be removed without turning them round. Apart from the roof as much as possible of the trap should be made of plastic or wire mesh mosquito gauze to allow bait odors to escape, but the lower half usually has to be made of stout plywood or sheet metal on a wooden frame, to prevent the animals from kicking it to pieces. Mosquitoes enter the trap through a horizontal entrance slit placed about halfway up the trap. This entrance slit may extend completely round the trap, or be confined to the two longer sides. The construction of the slit is the most critical part in building the trap. It is usually made from 4 inch wooden planks placed to form a V-shaped trough with a 6-8 inches wide opening to the outside converging to leave a 3/4 to 1 inch slit-like opening in the trap. The walls of the trap above the entrance baffle are made of mosquito gauze and those below of wood. It is often convenient to make the trap demountable with the various sections fixed into position with bolts and wing nuts, enabling it to be readily transported to different sites. Strips of plastic foam stuck along the edges of the different sections eliminate gaps through which the vectors might escape.
Trap in the form of a stable, designed by Roberts, in which a large animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Roberts designed a modified Magoon-type trap which had better air circulation thus enabling bait odors to disseminate more efficiently from the trap. Another feature of the trap was that mosquitoes could enter it at several heights. The trap consists of a wooden framework, 7 ft long, 5 ft wide, 6 ft high, with a flat roof and a door at one end. The bait animal is confined in a stanchion to keep it in the center and prevent it from damaging the trap. About the top 1 ft of all sides and door are covered with polythene sheeting, while the rest of the door and sections in between the baffles are covered with fine copper wire mesh screen. The Magoon-type horizontal baffles are built into the two long sides of the trap at ground level and at heights of 2 and 4.5 ft. There are no baffle entrances in the end sections.
Trap in the form of a stable, designed by Russell, in which a calf is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The stable trap of Russell (or Russell's calf-baited hut) consists of a small hut, 7 ft high, 6 ft long and 5 ft wide, built from a framework of Casuarina scantlings covered with palm matting. A thatched sloping roof reached to the ground on both long sides, and both ends were also covered with thatch. A doorway (2.5 x 1.5 ft) was left at one end for the entry of vectors and a bamboo gate was fixed across this entrance to prevent predators from entering. Two strips of dark cloth were suspended from the roof to provide additional resting places for mosquitoes, which were collected by aspirators after a canvas curtain had been pulled across the doorway. Hut dimensions were 3 m x 3 m x 3 m and were constructed from coconut thatch. A gap of 6cm was left at the bottom of the walls to allow mosquitoes to enter.
Trap in the form of a stable, designed by Shannon, in which a large animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Although referred to as a stable trap it is really a hybrid between a stable trap and an experimental hut containing a window-type exit trap. It consists of two parts, a wooden stable and a dawn trap. The stable has specially constructed light proof overhanging eaves which leave a 6 inch gap on three sides of the stable, through which mosquitoes can enter to feed on the bait animal. A close fitting door is provided to the stable which is dark inside, and may be painted black. The wooden dawn trap which measures about 3.5 x 3.5 ft and 5 ft high is painted white inside except for the rear wall which is made of mosquito screening. It is fitted to the wall of the stable that faces the rising sun. Mosquitoes that have entered the stable at night to feed on the bait are attracted to the light coming from the dawn trap. They consequently fly though the 30 inch wide opening of a screen mesh baffle fitted into the rear wall of the stable and pass through a 1 1/2 inch wide longitudinal slit into the dawn trap.
Trap in the form of a stable, designed by Wright and DeFoliart, in which a small animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Wright and DeFoliart constructed two sizes of small Magoon-type traps which were baited with squirrels, rodents, reptiles and amphibians. The smaller size trap consisted of an 18 x 20 x 20 inch wooden framework with the top and bottom made of 3/8 inch plywood, and all four sides, but excluding the door (11 x 11 1/2 inches), covered with 52 inch mesh natural color saran screening. A 4 inch wide V-shaped plywood baffle leaving a 3/4 inch entrance slit was placed 4 inches from the top of the trap and extended the entire length of all four sides. The larger type of trap was similar in design except that it was 27 inches long, and the door measured 12 x 13 inches.
Trap made from netting, designed by Shemanchuk, in which one head of cattle is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: In this trap the bait animal (100-450 kg steer or heifer) is closely confined in a metal stanchion bolted to a plywood white-painted floor and surrounded by a wooden framework (170 x 245 cm and 180 cm tall). Nylon screening is permanently fixed to the roof but fixed to the sides with Velcro, so that it could be folded back onto the roof to fully expose the bait but quickly pulled down to enclose the animal and flies biting it.
Readily movable trap made from netting, in which a large non-human animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods.
portable net trap containing large non-human animal bait
Readily movable trap made from netting, designed by Mitchell, in which a large non-human animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The portable net trap of Mitchell is quite large (360 x 360 cm, 210 cm tall) and comprises stitched panels of nylon tulle suspended by ropes tied to the four corners and to trees or some other suitable supports. The bait animal is introduced through a 1-m wide door flap made in the middle of one side, and then secured to a stake. The ropes are pulled to raise the trap 30-46 cm from the ground. The following morning the trap is lowered to touch the ground and the bait removed, after which vectors are collected.
Readily movable trap made from netting, designed by Wilton, in which a large non-human animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Wilton considered that the usefulness of this portable trap of Mitchell was limited because it was not self-supporting, but had to be suspended by ropes from nearby trees. To overcome this Wilton modified two commercially available portable summer screen rooms normally used to provide insect-proof living facilities out of doors. The smaller screen room measured 3.6 x 3.6 x 2.2 m and weighed about 14 kg, the larger room was 3.0 x 4.2 x 2.3 m and weighed some 15.8 kg . All four sides were made of mesh screen and were supported by tubular metal frames, the rooms had a nylon zipper entrance. To convert them to vector traps two 41 cm vertical slits were cut at the bottom of all four corners to enable the sides to be raised 20 30 cm above the ground and secured by spring clips for entry of vectors.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which a dog is used as the primary attractant.
Trap made from netting, in which a small animal is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Net traps have been widely used to collect vectors attracted to a variety of small animals including chickens, rabbits and monkeys. The simplest arrangement consists of positioning an ordinary single or double-sized mosquito net over a host and raising it a few cm from the ground to allow entry of host-seeking vectors. The animal typically is contained in a cage so as to not disturb the net. As one example, Wharton used net traps baited with monkeys to collect mosquito vectors. The monkeys were kept in a small cage covered with chicken wire, which did not prevent the mosquitoes from feeding on them. Small nets measuring 4 x 3 x 3 ft, having a 14 inch wide 3 ft high opening on either side held two monkeys and larger nets measuring 6 x 5 x 4 ft with two 22 inch wide and 4 ft high openings were used to hold four monkeys. The traps were positioned either at ground level or at various heights in trees, and mosquitoes collected from them every 1-2 h throughout the night.
net trap containing small non-human animal bait
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which a large non-human animal bait is used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Large non-human animals used as bait include goats, sheep, cattle, horses, deer etc.
trap containing large non-human animal bait
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which a small non-human animal bait is used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Small non-human animals used as bait include chickens and other birds, rabbits, rodents, and dogs.
trap containing small non-human animal bait
Small trap in the form of a stable for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which rabbits are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: A miniature Magoon trap for rabbits has been developed. The roof, door, upper and lower sides are constructed separately from mitred aluminum screen molding. The base of the trap measures 60 x 60 x 56 cm, while the panels are formed of plastic mesh screening held together by four vertical angle-iron corner supports. Four triangular pieces of mesh screening stitched together and fitted within an aluminum frame forms the roof (60 x 60 x 50 cm high). A hook and four lines support the configuration of the roof.
miniature Magoon stable trap for rabbits
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Bemrick and Sandholm, in which a dog is used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Bemrick and Sandholm constructed a modified Magoon trap for dog bait, in which the plywood sides (6 x 5 and 5 x 5 ft) were made in two sections to make the trap more portable. A V-shaped baffle with a 3/4 inch slit opening extended completely round the trap at a height of 28 inches from the ground. Vectors caught in the traps were removed by the collector entering the trap through a door at one end.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Villavaso and Steelman, in which a dog is used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: A portable dog-baited trap was made by Villavaso and Steelman. This measures 36 inches wide, 46 inches long and 30 inches high, but when dismantled and the sections stacked on top of each other was only 24 x 30 x 36 inches. The basic design is that the dog is confined in a centrally placed compartment, about 38 inches long and 30 inches in width and height. Two removable mosquito collecting boxes (30 x 36 inches and 8 inches deep) forms the two long sides of the trap. The outside panel of each collecting box is made of 16 inch mesh screen wire incorporating two 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide longitudinal entry baffles fitted at 10 and 20 inches from the base of the trap. The inner wall of each box is covered with 16 mesh screening protected by a layer of 1/2 inch wire mesh to prevent the dog tearing the screening. Vector entering the two collecting boxes through the horizontal openings are prevented by the mesh screening from feeding on the dogs and are collected by inserting aspirators through 1 inch square openings cut in the outside mesh screening.
dog-baited trap of Villavaso and Steelman
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Lewandowski, in which a dog is used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Lewandowski constructed a special lightweight wooden dog-baited trap, having louvres of the Bates-type mounted on two opposite sides.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Klowden and Lea, in which a dog is used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: In the dog-baited kennel trap of Klowden and Lea, an inner restraining cage (69 cm long, 41 cm wide and 53 cm high) made from 2.54 mesh wire has a removable top which when in place was fixed by ties of insulated copper wire. The holding cage is placed inside an outer cage 91 cm long, 61 cm wide and 61 cm high having a plywood floor and 0.14 cm mesh screen sides. Two sheets of 97 to 61 cm plexiglas taped together and supported on wooden stakes forms a sloping roof over the cage. The ends of the outer cage has sleeves made from plastic dustbin bags with their ends removed for replacement of the inner cage. Vectors enter either through a 2 cm eave gap between the plexiglas roof and outer cage or through a 2 cm slit on each side of the outer cage positioned 24.5 cm from the ground.
dog-baited kennel trap of Klowden and Lea
Trap made from netting, in which a chicken is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods.
Trap made from netting, in which a rabbit is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods.
Trap made from netting, in which a monkey is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Buescher, in which birds are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: The bird-baited trap of Buescher is made of wood and resembles a small Magoon stable trap. It measures 36 x 44 inches and 40 inches high, with a centrally pitched wooden roof. A 5 cm deep entrance extends the length of the two longer sides parallel to and 10 inches from the base of the trap. The lower part of the entrance consists of an upwardly slanting strip of wood which leaves a 1 inch vertical opening, as found in the Bates-type stable trap, about 18 inches from the trap base. Because birds eat mosquitoes entering these traps a wire mesh frame is inserted inside the traps just below the slit-like entrance to confine the birds to the lower half of the trap. A small door in the upper part of the trap at each end allows aspirators to be inserted for the removal of the catch. A third small door is made near the base of the trap for introducing the bait animals and for facilitating feeding and cleaning out the trap.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by de Freitas, in which mice are used as the primary attractant and which includes a suction action to increase trapping efficiency. COMMENT: The collection in the morning of vectors from under the hood of a sentinel trap is not very satisfactory as vectors that are attracted to the bait but do not remain under the trap until the morning are missed. To get more representative collections, de Freitas devised a trap in which vectors attracted to sentinel mice were automatically trapped at intervals. Mice are exposed in a 10 x 10 x 12 cm cage of wire mesh suspended from an aluminum hood, 62 cm square and 32 cm high. A 26 cm tall, 21 cm square, chimney having the lower half made of nylon netting and the upper half of aluminum is placed underneath the hood and surrounds the bait cage. A 19 cm fan blade is fixed to the spindle of a 6 V motor enclosed in a plastic bag and placed under the center of the bait cage. It operates from a 6 V car or gel cell battery. The updraft of air produced opens a pair of 11.5 cm square plastic foam trap doors fitted to the top of the aluminum hood, and which fall shut when the fan is not operating. Originally the minute hand of a clock, which was housed in a small box underneath an aluminum roof, was wired to the positive lead from the car battery to the fan motor, so that electrical contact was made for a period of 90 s every 15 min. During the short exposure period mosquitoes attracted to the sentinel mice are blown up through the open doors into a 23 cm square, 30 cm high, plastic mesh collecting cage placed on top of the hood. The complete trap is suspended by wires under a large flat protective aluminum roof.
small animal-baited blower trap of de Freitas
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Davies, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant and which includes a suction action to increase trapping efficiency. COMMENT: The trap consists of four basic components, a cylindrical net collecting cage, a small metal tubular fan housing, a wire mesh bait cage and a time switch which can be made from a cheap clock. The collecting cage is made from nylon or terylene netting and is 20 inches long and 12 inches in diameter except that at both ends a curtain wire threaded through a 1/2 inch hem reduces the diameter to about 10 inches. A 12 inch circular piece of 1/4 inch plywood with a wire loop handle is inserted in the top of the cage as a convenient lid. A short length of plastic tubing, such as a vial with the bottom removed, is cemented into the middle of the cage so that an aspirator can be inserted for removal of the catch. An 8 inch long, 6 inch diameter metal tube (e.g. a 5 lb dried milk tin with both ends removed) is mounted in a 12 inch disc of plywood placed in the bottom of the trap. A 6 V motor is held by aluminum brackets or straps midway inside the tube. A 2- or 3-bladed 6 inch diameter plastic propeller with a 4 inch pitch, such as used in model aircraft, is fixed to the spindle of the motor. The top of the metal tube is closed by a circular flap of 1/4 inch polystyrene foam, cemented only at one point, so that when the motor operates, the updraft of air forces the flap open. It falls back into place when the motor stops. A bait cage about 3 inches in diameter and length made from 1/2 inch galvanized wire mesh is supported at the bottom of the fan housing by two long meat skewers running through it at right angles. Wiring the motor to a 6 V motorcycle or gel cell battery through a clock allows the fan to automatically operate for 30-45 s every 7-10 min. Davies pointed out that trap dimensions are not critical, in fact modified trap cages can be made for baiting with other animals than mice such as rats, wild rodents, birds or bats.
small animal-baited suction trap of Davies
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed at the Institute for Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: This trap (IMR = Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur) consists of a rectangular cage 45 x 30 cm and 38 cm high having a sheet metal base. The sides are covered with copper mesh except that one of the smaller ends (30 x 38 cm) has a nylon netting sleeve attached for introducing the baits and removing the catch. The two longer sides are bent inwards at 7 cm from the metal base plate making an angle of 145 degrees, and along the apices of these angles are horizontal 1 cm wide slits for mosquitoes to enter. The trap has been used with chicken and gerbil bait.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designated the no. 10 Trinidad trap, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: No. 10 Trinidad trap has proved to be one of the most versatile animal-baited traps. The frame of this double-baited trap is made from 1/2 inch galvanized or stainless steel wire. The various sections can be soldered or tied together, or with some ingenuity the entire framework of the trap can be made by bending a single length of wire into the appropriate shape. Each end section of the trap is formed by bending the wire to form a W and then the outer limbs of the W are connected overhead by two semicircular pieces or wire. The two end sections are linked by two 16 inch horizontal lengths of wire running from the outer top ends of the W-shaped wire frame, and by two similar strips separated by a 1 inch gap connecting the central apex of the two W-shaped frames. This gap forms the entrance for the vectors. The framework of the lower part of the trap is covered with wire mesh while the upper part supported by the two semi-circles of wire is covered with white nylon mosquito netting which is sewn on to the framework except at the front end. A touch and close fastener such as Velcro is sewn on to the wire mesh at the front end of the trap and also along the bottom edge of the mosquito netting cover. Alternatively the top cover can be made as a bag that is dropped over the cage and held in position by a large strip of rubber such as cut from an old motor car inner tube. The trap is normally baited with small vertebrates contained in a small mesh cage supported on wire supports in each section of the trap, but the trap has also been successful when baited with dry ice contained in plastic bags or polystyrene boxes. The trap is normally suspended from a tree and protected from rain by a horizontal sheet (18 x 24 inches) of metal. Vectors enter from below through the long vertical centrally placed slit. They are collected by inserting an aspirator underneath the bottom edge of the mosquito netting cage covering the trap. The trap has been used with various bait animals including chickens, wild birds, various rodents and lizards.
small animal-baited no. 10 Trinidad trap
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designated the no. 17 Trinidad trap, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: This trap was developed as a small, simple and cheap trap to collect mosquitoes attracted to small rodents. It consists of four distinct parts: lid, net cage, bait cage and spreader ring. The lid is a 1/4 inch thick 12 inch diameter piece of plywood with a small central hole through which string or wire is fixed for suspending the trap. The upper surface can be painted, usually black, to protect the wood, while the lower surface is painted white. The net cage is made from a piece of 38 x 18 inches terylene netting with a 1/2 inch hem along both longer edges, by sewing the two shorter sides together to form a tube. A 28 inch length of flexible curtain wire is threaded through the top hem and a 9 inch length of 1/4 inch wide elastic through the bottom hem. A short section of a 1 in diameter plastic tube having a removable top or cork is cemented into a slit made in the side of the bag. This provides a simple but efficient opening for inserting an aspirator. Alternatively a slit-like opening furnished with a touch and close fastening such as Velcro could be used. The bait cage is made from a 1 US quart motor oil tin cut in half and with both ends removed to give a 4 inch diameter, 2 3/4 inch long cylinder. Half-inch galvanized wire mesh screening rolled round to form a 4 inch diameter, 13 inch long cylinder is slipped down over the bait tin for about 1/2 inch and held in position by adhesive tape, small bolts or self-tapping screws. A disc of 1/4 inch mesh screen is wired inside the wire cylinder about 1 1/2 inches above the top of the tin to form a floor for the bait cage, and a piece of plywood or galvanized metal is hooked on top of the wire cylinder to form a roof. A piece of 16 gauge galvanized wire is placed underneath the middle of the tin that forms the bottom of the bait cage, and is bent to form two U-shaped slots to accommodate the rim of the tin. Two such pieces of wire are then placed at right angles to each other across the spreader ring, this being a 12 inch diameter circle of stiff wire, which supports the cage within the trap. Mice, or other small baits, are confined within the 2 inch high space between the roof and the wire mesh floor of the bait cage. Davies found that there was a greatly reduced catch if the trap bag was made of nylon mosquito netting with round holes. The most efficient traps had a bag of terylene netting with square holes and 22 meshes to the inch. It was also important that the floor of the wire mesh cylinder was made of finer mesh than its sides. If two or more adult mice are used the bait chamber should be divided to prevent fighting.
small animal-baited no. 17 Trinidad trap
Cylinder-shaped trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Different variations of small animal-baited cylindrical lard cans trap have been developed since the original one was developed by Bellamy and Reeves. Many of these traps also are used with CO2 bait and sometimes in combination with an animal bait and CO2.
small animal-baited cylindrical lard can trap
Cylinder-shaped trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Dow and Morris, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: This trap exposes bait animals by restricting them to a small section of the trap (a small screen cage soldered to the floor of a trap and provided with a small door underneath to allow their easy insertion and removal).
small animal-baited cylindrical lard can trap of Dow and Morris
Cylinder-shaped trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Bellamy and Reeves, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: This trap was originally made from a cylindrical 50 lb lard-can, 14 1/2 inches long and 12 inches in diameter. An 8 3/4 inch hole is cut out from both ends of the can and a 5 1/2 inch long funnel of fine mesh gauze is soldered to the rims of the cut ends. The 1/4 inch diameter apical opening of each funnel is directed towards the middle of the can, where the bait animal is contained.
small animal-baited cylindrical lard can trap of Bellamy and Reeves
Cylinder-shaped trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Mitchell and Millian in which a chicken is used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Mitchell and Millian made cylindrical lard-can traps in three sections. The two longer end sections had conical entrance funnels which were separated by a shorter removable circular bait cage of equal diameter having both ends made of mesh and held in position by snap-on clips. A curved hinged flap in the side of the circular cage allowed the bait (a chicken) to be introduced and removed.
small animal-baited cylindrical lard can trap of Mitchell and Millian
Cylinder-shaped trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Nayar in which chickens are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Nayar modified the cylindrical lard-can trap by cutting a 15 x 25-cm hole in the side and screened it from the interior by a fine mesh cage (16 x 26 cm and 12 cm deep). The bait animals, 1 to 3-week-old chicks, were confined to a wire cage attached to the lid, which was fitted within the mesh cage, and then the lid was inserted into the can and fastened. Thus, it was possible to introduce and remove the bait without opening the trap. The outside of the trap was sprayed with matt black paint.
small animal-baited cylindrical lard can trap of Nayar
Cylinder-shaped trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Dow, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Dow confined birds and other bait animals to cages placed in a fine mesh screen recess inserted in the top of a cylindrical trap. The outside opening of the recess was closed with a hinged cover. In later experiments mosquitoes were given the opportunity of feeding on the birds, which were placed in a wire mesh cage introduced into the trap through a hinged trap door provided with a 3 ft cloth sleeve. To minimize the effect of trap position, four identical cylindrical traps were suspended at right angles to each other about 5 ft from the ground on 3 ft booms, which slowly rotated horizontally.
small animal-baited cylindrical lard can trap of Dow
Cylinder-shaped trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by LePore in which small animals are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: In response to the continuing need for small animal-baited mosquito traps and the discontinuation of metal cans of the type used in earlier traps, LePore developed a lard-can trap constructed from materials readily available from suppliers to the ventilation industry. Traps consist of a 24 inch long section of 16 inch diameter galvanized ducting, fitted with collecting chambers at each end of the central tube. The body of these chambers is constructed from a 6 inch length of 10 inch diameter galvanized tubing designed to fit over the crimped end of a 10 inch end cap. The collecting chamber bodies are fitted to the inner faces of 16 inch diameter end plates using a crimped collar. One collecting chamber slides over the crimped end of the main trap body, the other chamber is crimped to fit inside the main trap body. Mosquitoes enter the collecting chambers through inward facing mesh funnels with a 1 inch diameter opening, and are prevented from feeding on the bait animal by a 16 mesh aluminum screen attached to the inside end of the collecting chambers. Removal of mosquitoes from the collecting chambers is achieved as follows: the chambers are removed from the trap body and placed with the larger diameter end facing down onto an inflatable ring, as used by children to aid buoyancy when swimming, taped to a board. A plastic shower-cap with a 1 cm hole is placed over the narrow end of the collecting chamber. Mosquitoes can then be removed from the collecting chamber by removing the end cap and aspirating them.
small animal-baited cylindrical lard can trap of LePore
Cylinder-shaped trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Deegan, in which pigeons are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Deegan modified a cylindrical lard-can trap baited with pigeons for West Nile virus surveillance. Each trap was constructed from a 61 cm long cylinder of steel duct pipe with a diameter of 41 cm. A removable chicken-wire cage with dimensions of 30.5 cm x 30.5 cm x 35.6 cm was fitted inside the traps and the ends of the pipe were covered by screened cones that allowed entry of mosquitoes. Detachable inner screens could be fitted to prevent mosquitoes feeding on the enclosed pigeons.
small animal-baited cylindrical lard can trap of Deegan
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Emord and Morris, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant and which includes a suction action to increase trapping efficiency. COMMENT: Emord and Morris designed a small animal-baited trap, based on the CDC light-trap (and this including sucking action). They took a standard CDC trap and removed the light source and made the following modifications. A semi-cylindrical cage (6 x 4 1/2 x 4 inches) made from 1/2 inch mesh wire screening wrapped round a plywood D-shaped base was attached by a metal hook to a 8 x 1/4 inch threaded metal rod fixed to one side of the CDC trap. The hinged top of the bait cage was also made from wire screening. A 1 1/2 inch thick layer of household sponge was placed on the floor of the bait cage to protect the bait from the cold, and also to facilitate cleaning the cage. Traps operated from four 1.5 V torch batteries fixed to the CDC trap. The collecting container consisted of a plastic 1-quart frozen food storage container with a section from the bottom and three sections from the side removed and replaced by plastic mosquito screening. These screenings, and a cloth sleeve fixing the container to the trap, were embedded into the plastic with a soldering iron.
small animal-baited suction trap of Emord and Morris
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Meyer and Bennett, in which ducks are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: This is a duck-baited trap, but can be adapted to hold other animals. The bait cage consists of a 30 x 30 and 35 cm high chicken wire cage nailed to a wooden board (35 x 45 cm), there is no wire bottom. A hole is cut from the top to allow the bait to be introduced, after which it is covered with a piece of chicken wire netting. Food and water dishes are wired to one of the sides of the cage. The mosquito collecting cage is a 60 cm cube wooden frame covered with fine plastic mosquito netting on five sides, the bottom being left open. Four polythene 25 cm diameter funnels with their stems cut off to leave about 5 cm diameter holes are glued to fit into four 25 cm holes cut from two panels (30 x 60 cm) of plywood fixed at the top of the cage and on two opposite sides. Finally, a mosquito netting sleeve is sewn into the top of the cage for removal, with an aspirator, of the vectors.
Box-shaped trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Anderson and Brust, in which a pair of quail is used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Anderson and Brust designed a box trap to hold a pair of Japanese quail contained in cylindrical wire cages. Traps were 30 by 30 by 30 cm and had baffled, slotted entrances (narrowing from 30 by 8 cm to 30 by 2 cm) on the underside. Baffles were constructed from fine mesh to permit downward movement of host odors. On one side of the trap was a hole with a stocking sleeve to permit introduction and removal of the quails and to facilitate emptying of the trap. Perspex and plywood traps were constructed. Traps were suspended l m above the ground.
bird-baited box trap of Anderson and Brust
A role borne by a live animal, or the natural secretions of a live animal, in virtue of being used as bait for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of an arthropod trap. COMMENT: Live animal bait, including humans, and their natural secretions can be used to enhance the efficiency of a trap for host-seeking arthropods of species capable of serving as pathogen vectors.
The function of a device realized when it can detect pathogens. COMMENT: Examples of tools that have this function include rapid tests for pathogen detection in arthropods or samples from vertebrates, and sentinel animals.
A role borne by a live animal in virtue of mounting a detectable response to pathogen infection. COMMENT: Non-human animals can be used as sentinels for activity of a human pathogen. Examples include pigs and donkeys as sentinels for Japanese encephalitis virus and chickens for St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. Other animals used as pathogen sentinels in different settings include monkeys, various rodents, marsupials, deer, quail, and mice.
Trap in the form of a shed for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which chickens are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: The complete trap consists of three basic parts, a shed, two removable mosquito traps and a chicken wire pen. A 20 inches wide, 33 inches high doorway is made in front of the shed and a 10 inches high door, that is normally raised to allow free entry of chickens into the shed from the pen, is hinged along its upper edge and extends across the entire back of the shed. A screened opening, 47 inches wide and 24 1/2 inches high, is fixed above the hinged door to increase ventilation through the shed. Two removable mosquito entry traps are fitted to the top of the front wall of the shed and incorporate Bates-type baffles. The pen, which is pushed up against the back of the shed, is 14 ft long, 7 ft wide and 4 ft high and is made from chicken wire fixed to a wooden framework. To prevent predators entering the pen the floor can also be covered with chicken wire. A 23 x 43 inch doorway is placed in one side of the pen to provide access.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Costantini, in which small animal odor is used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: Costantini developed an odor-baited entry trap (OBET) that attempts to address some of the problems associated with landing catches, baited net traps and drop-nets. The key feature of the trap is that the host odors are separated from other cues associated with the host, such as heat, visual cues, etc. The OBET consists of a steel wire frame 40 cm high x 40 cm wide x 60 cm long, which is covered with mosquito netting. A 50 cm long, 10 cm diameter plastic tube is inserted through the center of the rear panel of the cage and protrudes about 10 cm into the cage. The tube is supported by two 10 cm diameter plastic rings and the end of the tube which is inside the cage is covered with mosquito netting to prevent mosquitoes entering it. The rear end of the tube is attached to a length of polythene tubing, through which the host odors are delivered into the cage. Inserted into the face of the cage opposite the plastic tube is a foam rubber hollow cylinder with an external diameter of 20 cm and walls 1 cm thick. This foam rubber cylinder protrudes about 14 cm into the cage and is supported by 2 plastic rings. Approximately 1 cm further into the cage another plastic ring (16 cm diameter) supporting a disc of mosquito netting is inserted. This leaves a gap of approximately 1 cm between the internal end of the entry tube and the mosquito netting disc, through which the mosquitoes enter the trap. Costantini introduced host odors to the trap from a tent containing bait animals. The tent was constructed from heavy-duty polythene sheeting suspended from poles. The dimensions of the tent can be adjusted to suit the size of the bait animals being used. A 10 cm diameter hole was cut into one face of the tent and a 12 V fan powered by a rechargeable battery was inserted and connected to the polythene tube, which was in turn connected to the plastic cylinder inserted into the rear of the trap. The air stream produced by the fan is sufficient to fully inflate the polythene tube over a length of at least 12 m.
Trap in the form of a tent in which human odor is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Mboera developed an odor trap with human bait to compare the efficiency of whole host odor and CO2 as attractants for mosquitoes in Tanzania. Whole host odor or CO2 was introduced into a tent trap containing a mosquito net and a CDC miniature light-trap and fitted with two Muirhead- Thomson exit traps. Whole host odor was obtained from a human subject seated in an underground pit dug below the tent and odor was blown into the mosquito net inside the tent through a PVC tube containing a fan from a CDC light-trap. Carbon dioxide was pumped into the mosquito net from a cylinder.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Hibler and Olsen, in which birds are used as the primary attractant. COMMENT: The trap consists of a lower bait chamber (2.5 ft long, 2 ft wide and 1.5 ft high) made of plywood. The upper 6 inches of the two longer sides are made of fine nylon netting that slopes inwards leading to a 1/2 inch slit in the floor on either side of the upper compartment. The upper compartment is of similar dimensions to the lower, but has a clear plastic insertion in the roof. Bait animals are inserted through a small doorway into the lower compartment and vectors attracted to the trap settle on and eventually crawl or fly up through the two slits into the top compartment from where they can be aspirated with an aspirator inserted through a cut-out section of the top compartment.
Trap in the form of a hut, designed by Bertram and McGregor, in which a human is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The original hut is 6 ft 8 inches long, 4 ft wide and 7 ft high, and made of plywood fixed to a wooden framework. A curved roof extends about 6 inches beyond all four walls of the hut, and a close fitting door is placed at one end of the hut. Both roof and walls are covered with tarred felt fixed in position by battens. A 14 inch square window space is cut out 4 ft from the ground along each of the two longer sides. Three interchangeable fittings are made for these window spaces; (1) a panel of wood which completely covered the window; (2) a wooden frame with wire gauze mosquito netting in the middle; and (3) a wooden panel fitted with a 9 inch cube framework covered with white mosquito netting and having an inverted funnel of dark metal gauze. A 4 1/2 ft long and 1 inch wide slit opening covered with netting and protected by an overlapping wooden flange is constructed in each long side of the hut 14 inches from the ground to provide additional ventilation. The trap hut is raised from the ground on 6 inch legs. Finally, a wooden batten extending about 3 ft beyond each end of the trap is screwed on to each side of the hut 18 inches above the base to enable four men to lift the trap and carry it short distances. It can be transported over longer distances by pick-up vehicles. Mosquitoes are caught during entry and are prevented from feeding on the occupants. Placing an entry window trap in all four walls, and providing them with a cover to help keep out the rain can improve the trap. Mosquitoes are either removed from the window cages periodically throughout the night or just after dawn.
human bait trap hut of Bertram and McGregor
Trap in the form of a portable hut, designed by Burton, in which a human is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The hut is made of 1/4 inch plywood sheets measuring 4 x 8 ft mounted in a frame of right-angled metal beams. The hut measures about 8 x 8 x 8 ft. Although not essential, a sloping roof is useful in allowing rain to run off; the hut floor is raised about 6 inches from the ground. Three identical screened windows (22 x 26 inches), which have louvred openings with 1/2 inch gaps allow vectors to enter, are recessed in three sides. The door is bolted from the inside. To facilitate rapid erection all panels are numbered and bolts with wing nuts are used.
Trap in the form of a hut, designed by Reuben, in which a human is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: This trap is similar to the human bait trap hut of Bertram and McGregor but is waterproofed with black plastic sheeting and has a window trap in three walls and the door. Mosquitoes are caught during entry and are prevented from feeding on the occupants.
Trap made from netting, designed by Jupp and McIntosh, in which a goat or sheep is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Jupp and McIntosh placed an animal bait (goat, sheep) in a 2-inch wire mesh cage in the center of a mosquito net 7 ft long, 5.5 ft wide and 6 ft tall supported on poles and raised 8 inches from the ground. A large zippered panel allowed a collector to enter.
Trap made from netting, designed by Reid, in which a goat or one head of cattle is used as bait to attract host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Reid used another variation of a net trap for goats and cattle: a 10 ft long, 7ft high and 7ft wide net which had a 3 ft wide entrance in each long side which could be closed by a flap.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Lumsden, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant and which includes a suction action to increase trapping efficiency. COMMENT: The bait animal (for example a rabbit) is enclosed in a wire mesh cage placed at the center of a 70 cm diameter platform made of hardboard. Some 15 cm directly above the enclosed bait is a 30 cm tall cone made from the truncated sections of transparent cellulose acetate sheet separated by about 1 cm wide gaps. The upper end of the cone is attached to a 12 inch diameter fan. This is connected to a 20 cm high metal cylinder which has a 45 cm long fine wire mesh funnel projecting laterally which terminates in a small collecting bottle containing a killing agent. The trap is open around the platform containing the bait up to a height of 15 cm. The fan draws air upwards through the 15 cm opening and also through the 1 cm gaps between the cellulose sheets comprising the cone. The fan works for 2-5 min followed by an off period for 5 min. This allows vectors to settle undisturbed on or near the bait after which they are sucked up when the fan starts operating.
small animal-baited suction trap of Lumsden
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Minter, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant and which includes a suction action to increase trapping efficiency. COMMENT: In this modification of the small animal-baited suction trap of Lumsden, Minter used a metal base plate to place the bait and a perspex cone that can be raised or lowered to account for the size of the bait animal.
small animal-baited suction trap of Minter
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Service, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant and which includes a suction action to increase trapping efficiency. COMMENT: This trap consists of a 38 x 48 x 50 cm mesh cage (1 inch mesh wire) placed about 35 cm above the ground near the suction trap (Johnson-Taylor suction trap). The end of a 1.75 m length of 25 cm diameter flexible tubing attached to the top of the fan rests on top of the cage. The fan is on a 3 min on and 7 min off cycle. Vectors are sucked up the tubing into a collecting receptacle.
small animal-baited suction trap of Service
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Means, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant and which includes a suction action to increase trapping efficiency. COMMENT: Means used a 6 V car battery to operate, from 1 min out of every 15 min, a fan to suck down into a glass jar filled with alcohol, vectors attracted to small bait animals enclosed in hard cloth or chicken wire and placed above the fan.
small animal-baited suction trap of Means
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, designed by Nasci and Edman, in which a pigeon is used as the primary attractant and which includes a suction action to increase trapping efficiency. COMMENT: Nasci and Edman converted a New Jersey light trap into a baited suction trap by raising the rain shield to a height of 38 cm and inserting a concave aluminum collar extending 10 cm outwards from the air intake to maximize suction. After removing the bulb a pigeon was placed in a 23 cm tall, 18 cm diameter cylindrical mesh bait cage positioned over the motor supports. Double screening of the bait cage prevented vectors from biting the bait. A timer switched the suction trap in for 1 min and blew the catch into a cyanide jar, this was followed by a 4 min off period. Power came from a 12 V battery.
small animal-baited suction trap of Nasci and Edman
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which small animals are used as the primary attractant and which includes a suction action to increase trapping efficiency.
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, in which an animal bait (human or non-human) is used as the primary attractant.
animal-baited trap for host-seeking adult arthropods
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, which functions without an animal bait.
trap without animal bait for host-seeking adult arthropods
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, which functions without an animal bait and does not include a power source.
unpowered trap without animal bait for host-seeking adult arthropods
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, which functions without an animal bait but requires a power source to operate.
powered trap without animal bait for host-seeking adult arthropods
Trap for host-seeking adult arthropods, which functions without an animal bait, does not include a power source, and is free-standing rather than attached to a building.
Black and white color variation of Malaise trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight designed by Townes. COMMENT: The four basic parts of the trap are as follows: (1) a wooden frame about 76 inches square and 50 inches tall held in position with guy ropes and within which the trap is supported (this is not an essential component, and is not needed if the trap can be suspended between conveniently placed trees etc.); (2) a lower part of the trap, which consists of four baffles set at right angles to each other and made from two pieces of 102 x 42 inches, black mosquito netting; (3) a pyramid of white netting divided by four white baffles fixed over the framework and lower baffles; (4) a collecting jar consisting of a curved metal cone leading to a transparent plastic funnel, underneath which is a killing bottle, which is fitted over the opening in the apex of the pyramid. Insects flying into the trap are prevented from escaping by the lower baffles and fly upwards into the lightest part of the trap, and eventually pass into the killing jar.
Malaise type trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight designed by Marston. COMMENT: Marston described a trap made by suspending the net part of a Malaise trap within a framework of tubular aluminum having telescopic legs, such as used in tents.
Black color variation of Malaise trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight designed by Gressitt and Gressitt. COMMENT: Gressitt and Gressitt developed a malaise-type trap where the net is made from black nylon organdie and consists of a central median panel 7 m long and 3.6 m high, with two end-panels 1.8 m wide and set at right angles. The roof is made to slope downwards on either side of the central panel. Panels 20 cm wide are sewn to the edges of the roof and the side panels and slant inwards to help retain the catch. At the two ends of the central panel the nylon netting of the roof and the end panels is extended to form a cone of netting leading to a plastic cylindrical collecting tube. A straight length of rope is run along under the center of the roof adjacent to the central panel, to emerge through the conical extensions. The two plastic collecting tubes are fixed to this rope, which is slanted upwards and tied to a tree. Each collecting tube is 22 x 10 cm with an inverted funnel at the entrance. The opposite end of the tube is removable and contains a small container with a perforated removable lid. A killing agent is placed in the small tube. Two thinner pieces of rope support the two outer edges of the roof panel, and are tied to a tree or staked to the ground some distance from the trap. Rope is used to tie down the four bottom corners of the side panels and the two corners of the median panel. Finally, a 30-cm high double strip of heavy black cotton poplin is sewn on to the lower edge of the median panel to help weight it down.
Malaise type trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight designed by Butler. COMMENT: Butler's malaise-type trap is made from a mosquito bed-net by cutting out one of the longer side panels, but leaving a 1-ft deep strip along the top edge. For greater strength it is advisable, though not essential, to sew a 10-inch square piece of cloth into the middle of the roof panel before a hole is cut out from it and a metal cylinder (coffee tin with both ends removed), is inserted. A transparent plastic bag is tied by an elastic band to the top end of the cylinder. A killing agent can be placed at the bottom of the plastic bag. Two light pieces of wood (dowels, bamboo canes, etc.) are inserted across the inside of the two short sides of the roof panel to hold the net open. A long loop of nylon cord is attached to each of the projecting ends of the wooden supports. A piece of wire or string is passed under each nylon loop and attached in the middle to the top of the cylinder and its end secured to a tree. This arrangement results in pulling the center of the roof panel upwards about 18 inches so that a funnel-shaped roof is formed that leads to the collecting bag.
Trap for adult arthropods in general flight, in the form of a large, tent-like structure. COMMENT: Originally designed in the 1930s by Malaise. Several variations of the Malaise trap have been developed for flying insect vectors including mosquitoes and tabanids.
Trap for adult arthropods in general flight, in the form of a vertical plastic window which knocks arthropods that collide with it into a killing solution. COMMENT: For example, Jonsson developed a free-standing window trap consisting of a 16 x 20-cm perspex box, 16 cm high and divided in the middle by a 20 x 36-cm sheet of perspex (window). The two compartments of the box are filled to a depth of about 12 cm with 4-6% formalin containing a few drops of detergent; in winter ethylene glycol can be added to prevent freezing. One or two holes drilled in one side of the box at 12 cm and covered with fine netting prevent the trap overflowing after heavy rain. Traps are mounted on aluminium poles. Flying insects on hitting the transparent vertical plastic window fall into the formalin. The window trap may catch vectors that are seeking a host or moving for other purposes.
Ramp trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight designed by Gillies. COMMENT: The trap is used at, or just above, ground level. It is composed of two separate parts, a ramp unit and a detachable collecting cage. The ramp consists of a wooden frame 6 ft long and 3 ft wide, covered with plastic or glass fiber netting and fixed by upright supports at an angle of 135 degrees. Two triangular sections make up the ramp frame. Initially each side section has the two equal sides 4 ft 6 inches long, but the upper inner corners are cut off to leave an upper side about 4 ft 2 inches long. These two sections are mounted on either side of the ramp platform and a 4 ft 2 inches long, 3 ft wide roof rests horizontally across them. When these side frames are fitted together, a 4 inch gap, through which mosquitoes pass into the collecting cage, is left between the top edge of the ramp and the inner edge of the roof. The framework of the entire ramp unit is covered with netting. The collecting cage, which is 3 ft 5 inches wide, 1 ft 5 inches deep and 2 ft high, fits tightly against the vertical supports of the ramp. A horizontal strut fixed some 7 inches from the top of the cage enables it to rest across the roof of the ramp. The section of the front wall that fits over the ramp is covered with wood, while the rest of the cage is covered with netting. There is nothing critical about the dimensions of the trap; all that is required is a suitably inclined ramp that will guide mosquitoes into a collecting cage.
Ramp trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight designed by Gillies and Wilkes. COMMENT: The most important change in design from the ramp trap of Gillies is the separation of the ramp from the collecting cage. This cage is 2 ft high, 3 ft wide, 1 ft 6 in deep and covered with plastic netting and is mounted on a 4 ft high stand. A 3 inch entry slit with a hinged wooden lid is made in the cage. The ramp unit consists of a sloping rectangular frame covered with wide-mesh nylon netting which is hooked on to the top of the cage stand. Its bottom edge rests on the ground 6 ft in front of the stand supporting the collecting cage. The tops of two 6-ft high vertical stakes inserted into the ground on either side of the bottom edge of the ramp are connected to the cage by horizontal bamboo canes. The funnel-shaped framework that results from this construction is covered with wide-mesh, double weave cotton netting. This netting was chosen in preference to ordinary mosquito netting as it presents less wind resistance. The funnel entrance to the trap is about 6 ft high and a little less than 6 ft wide. In general these traps caught larger numbers of mosquitoes than the older type, presumably due, at least in part, to the larger cross-sectional area of the ramp entrance.
Trap for adult arthropods in general flight, in the form of a ramp which allows for entry from only one direction and leads into a collection cage. COMMENT: Ramp traps may catch vectors that are seeking a host or moving for other purposes.
Trap for adult arthropods in general flight, in the form of a stationary net. COMMENT: Stationary net traps may catch vectors that are seeking a host or moving for other purposes.
Stationary net trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight, in which the opening is permanently fixed in one direction. COMMENT: Mosquitoes have occasionally been sampled by horizontal nets in which the opening, which is perpendicular to the ground, is permanently fixed in one direction. The trap consists of dark blue nylon netting made into the shape of a pyramid with a 2 x 2 m entrance narrowing at the opposite end to an 18 cm diameter opening. The four corners of the funnel-like net are fastened to curtain rings that can be slid up and down two vertical metal supporting rods. A 2.5 m long, 18 cm diameter, cylindrical white nylon sleeve is fixed to the apex of the funnel and held out horizontally by tying the distal end to an upright support. Nielsen used a unit consisting of two nets mounted one above the other to study the dispersal of mosquitoes from their breeding places.
Stationary net trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight, in which the net trap is pivoted so that the opening always faces into the wind. COMMENT: Although mosquitoes have been sometimes successfully caught in fixed stationary nets as described under the previous heading, nets used to sample aerial populations of insects are usually pivoted so that their openings always face into the wind. Such nets are commonly referred to as tow nets, which can be misleading as they are not pulled or towed through the air. They do not sample mosquitoes flying in one particular direction, but those flying with the wind.
Stationary net trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight, in which the net trap is affixed to a kite. COMMENT: Numerous kite-type trap designs have been described and many ready-made kites can be purchased. Because aerial densities of insects can be low the cross-sectional area of the entrance of the tow net is made as large as the lifting power of the kite in a light wind will allow, while the terylene 0.5 mm mesh net is made as light as possible.
Trap mounted on a vehicle to collect adult arthropods in general flight. COMMENT: Traps of various shapes and sizes can be pulled or towed through the air by airplanes or on land by various vehicles. By adjusting the speed of the vehicle it is possible to control the volume of air sampled, but sampling is not from a point source but from a transect.
Collection net with a rapidly ascending mode of action to capture adult arthropods. COMMENT: This relates to a net that is rapidly ascending. Nielsen and Greve used a net is made of tulle and weighs only 125 g; it is 250 cm long, 60 cm across at the opening but tapers to a narrow cylindrical section only 20 cm in diameter. An 8 m length of line from a hydrogen-filled balloonis attached to three equally spaced strings fixed to the edge of the opening. Another fine length of line is attached to the rim of the net and threaded through a loop made 50 cm from the net in the balloon line. With this arrangement the opening of the net is placed vertically and does not sample the air as the line is slackened to let the net and balloon rise to the desired height. Then by tugging on the line the net is released and its opening now points directly upwards. By releasing the brake on a drum, on to which the line is wound, the net is allowed to ascend rapidly, about 200 m/min, to sample the air. Finally, by pulling on the line the net is closed and slowly hauled down.
Trap mounted to a ground vehicle to collect adult arthropods in general flight.
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Bidlingmayer and mounted on a truck. COMMENT: Bidlingmayer designed a trap consisting of a pyramidal frame-work of 2 x 2 inches wood covered on the inside with glass fiber mesh screening. The opening is 2 ft high and 7 ft wide, and the trap tapers back, about 10 ft to end in a 4 x 4 inches opening. The leading edges are made of tempered hardboard. A projection about 15 inch long is attached to the top of the trap to support the end of the cloth collecting bag which is tied to the end of the trap. The trap is mounted a few inches above the roof of a vehicle with the front edge projecting over the windscreen. The vehicle is driven at 20 to 25 mph and at the end of a run, usually of several miles, the bag is quickly removed and replaced by an empty one.
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Loy and mounted on a truck. COMMENT: Loy designed a lightweight truck trap weighing less than 25 lb to enable it to be taken as personal baggage on passenger airlines. The trap was constructed of 3/4 inch aluminum tubing, and the opening of their final model was 5 ft wide and 2 ft high. To reduce the bulkiness of the trap, each of the longer sides was provided with a 2 ft removable section, held in position with sliding pins (split pins). When dismantled and folded the maximum dimensions were 1.5 x 2 ft. Nylon netting was used to make the pyramidal collecting funnel, but the anterior 12 inches into which the frame was sewn, was made from smooth fabric. A 4 inch diameter fabric sleeve was sewn into the apical opening of the trap and glued into a 4 inch diameter collecting tube. A standard CDC trap collecting bag was fitted over the other end of the collecting tube. The trap was mounted on top of a frame made of telescopic aluminium tubing. Suction cups and straps were used to secure the trap to the top of almost any vehicle. Guy ropes were attached from the top edge of the trap opening to a convenient structure on the vehicle to help hold the trap in position.
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Dyce and mounted on a truck. COMMENT: Dyce developed a truck trap with small sleeve-like terylene voile collecting bags mounted on top of a vehicle.
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Janousek and Olson and mounted on a truck. COMMENT: Janousek and Olson used a funnel-shaped 16 mesh nylon net secured to the roof of a motor vehicle. The opening of the trap measured 122 x 76 cm, tapering to a 10 cm circular opening at the posterior end, where a collecting bag was attached.
truck-mounted trap of Janousek and Olson
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Grieco and mounted on a truck. COMMENT: Grieco developed a truck trap where the frame of the net was constructed from 1/2 inch PVC tubing covered with green polyester netting, with a mesh size of 530 micrometers. The trap opening measured 4 ft by 3 ft and was positioned with the base of the opening 6 inches above the roof of the vehicle. A plastic funnel encased in a PVC pipe-coupler was fitted to the tapered end of the net. Collecting cups consisted of ice-cream containers with the bottoms removed and replaced with two alternating pieces of dental dam with single 1 inch slits cut in their centers. The constant forward motion of the vehicle created sufficient airflow to keep mosquitoes in the collection cup. The vehicle was driven at a speed of 10 mph along a one-mile section of road.
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Steelman and mounted on a truck. COMMENT: Steelman constructed a lightweight trap weighing about 35 lb made from a framework of angular aluminum and covered with glass fiber netting. An 18 inch long sleeve at the end of their trap folded on itself when the vehicle stopped, thus preventing the catch escaping. The trap was used on a variety of motor vehicles, and also mounted on the front of a power boat.
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Sommerman and Simmet and mounted on a truck. COMMENT: In the truck trap of Sommerman and Simmet, there is a rectangular funnel opening 36 inches wide and 21 inches high, but because the catch is diverted down into the front of the vehicle the trap only extends backwards 21 inches. Because of this a single funnel is not suitable for catching and retaining the mosquitoes. Instead the opening is composed of 12 small rectangular funnels (7 x 9 inches, about 15 inches deep) having steep sides (76 to 78 degrees) and arranged in three rows. Mosquitoes collected in these separate funnels are conducted by 12 flexible plastic tubes into a funnel mounted vertically outside and just above the driver's window. A flexible tube from this concentrating funnel guides the mosquitoes into the collecting cage attached to the sun visor inside the vehicle.
truck-mounted trap of Sommerman and Simmet
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Roberts and Kumar and mounted on a truck. COMMENT: Roberts and Kumar used a 1 m high x 1.5 m wide x 2 m long net tapering to a 5 cm cylinder mounted on the roof of a vehicle to collect sandflies. A removable collecting bag was attached to the cylinder at the narrow end of the trap and the vehicle was driven at 40 km/h for 15 km along a road.
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Holbrook and Wuerthele and mounted on a truck. COMMENT: Holbrook and Wuerthele constructed a lightweight (19 kg) portable vehicle-mounted trap. It was fixed in front of a vehicle to avoid turbulence caused by air passing over the front end of the car. The frame and supporting upright mounts fixing the trap to the front bumper are made of lightweight metal tubing about 1.9 cm in diameter. The forward and rearward sections of the trap are of light canvas. The 256 cm long middle section is made of fine mosquito netting with an entrance of 195 x 85 cm tapering to a 10 cm diameter opening at the rear which is connected to a removable 30 cm long netting bag. The longest section of the trap is 112 cm, and all parts are easily packed into a fabric carrying case.
truck-mounted trap of Holbrook and Wuerthele
Ground vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Hill and mounted on a bicycle. COMMENT: The bicycle-mounted trap of Hill consists of a 60 cm long wooden frame covered with fine wire mesh mosquito netting having an opening 50 cm square tapering to the rear end, which is 20 cm square. The trap is suspended from the luggage carrier of a bicycle and positioned adjacent to the rear wheel about 15-20 cm from the ground. Mosquitoes collected in the trap could not be forced into a collecting bag at its rear, consequently the catch was removed at the end of each run with a battery operated aspirator. Two modifications were suggested, namely that if the trap was mounted on the front wheel then a larger one could be used and there would be less turbulence around the mouth of the trap; secondly, if the trap was mounted on a small motorcycle it would be easier to handle and maintain at a constant speed.
Trap mounted to an air-borne vehicle to collect adult arthropods in general flight.
Air-borne vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Gottwald and Tedders and mounted on a remote-controlled model plane. COMMENT: Gottwald and Tedders described a 2.04 m long model biplane having a 2.44 m wingspan which was powered by a 4 hp chainsaw motor, controlled in flight by a 7 channel FM radio. A conical 19 cm diameter, 35.6 cm long net, which could be opened and closed by remote ground control, was placed on either side of the fuselage between the upper and lower wings.
remote-controlled plane-mounted trap of Gottwald and Tedders
Air-borne vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Reling and Taylor and mounted on a remote-controlled model plane. COMMENT: Reling and Taylor described a collapsible 68.6 cm diameter net for trapping aerial populations that sampled some 647 cubic m of air/min. The net is inexpensive and can be fitted, with virtually no modification, to a light monoplane aircraft.
remote-controlled plane-mounted trap of Reling and Taylor
Air-borne vehicle-mounted trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Killick-Kendrick and mounted on a remote-controlled model plane. COMMENT: Killick-Kendrick described a radio-controlled model plane having a 4 stroke engine and wingspan of 2.2 m, and flown at heights of 10 to 39 m, equipped with a 155 cm diameter 12 cm long pod supporting 30 or 75 cm long gauze nets fixed under each wing.
remote-controlled plane-mounted trap of Killick-Kendrick
Sticky trap to capture adult arthropods in general flight that operates without the use of an attractant. COMMENT: A variety of sticky compounds have been used for sticky traps without attractant including commercial tree banding resins (Bentley's Tree Grease, Tanglefoot, Stop Moth, Stickem, Deadline, Tack Trap, etc), various greases, castor oil and other oils, mixtures of oils and greases and commercial sticky adhesives. Bird repellents such as Beacon and Roost-No-More have also been used on sticky insect traps. Strong described a very cheap and simple system for dipping cardboard, wooden or metal panels in adhesives to coat them. Adhesives could be applied to as many as 140 panels per hour. Sticky adhesives can be applied to flat, horizontal or vertical surfaces, e.g. glass plates, boards and screens. Such sticky traps are usually directional, but if mounted at right angles to a wind vane they will trap wind-borne insects. Furthermore if four sticky flat surfaces are mounted at right angles to each other then mosquitoes from all directions will be caught.
Trap for adult arthropods in general flight, in which a sticky substance is included to capture arthropods. COMMENT: Sticky traps can be divided into two basic types, attractant and non-attractant. A great variety of sticky compounds have been used to construct sticky traps, including commercial tree banding resins, various greases, castor oil and other oils, mixtures of oils and greases and commercial sticky adhesives.
Sticky entry-exit trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight, or emerging adults, from subterranean drainage systems designed by Kay. COMMENT: Kay developed a sticky entry-exit trap for sampling mosquitoes entering or exiting subterranean drainage systems in Australia. The trap was constructed from a 310 mm long section of 55 mm outside diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with a spring steel clip punch-riveted to the top. Red-colored sticky cardboard, with a 310 x 15.5 mm area of proprietary adhesive on 1 side, was inserted into the tube, with the adhesive facing inwards. One end of the trap was covered with gauze and two tubes were attached to the underside of a manhole cover. One trap was positioned with the open end facing downwards and with the gauze-covered end against the underside of the manhole cover, covering the keyhole. This acted as the exit trap. The second pipe trap was positioned with the open end against the underside of the manhole cover and the gauze-covered end facing downwards. This trap collected mosquitoes entering the sewer system through the keyholes in the manhole cover.
Sticky trap to capture adult arthropods in general flight that operates without the use of an attractant and targets arthropods that move in and out of small openings. COMMENT: Used, for example, to capture arthropods from storm drain systems. These traps also can be used as sticky emergence traps, as they can be used to collect emerging adult arthropods.
Sticky entry-exit trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight, or emerging adults, from subsoil drain sumps designed by Montgomery. COMMENT: Montgomery described a sticky entry-exit trap for subsoil drain sumps. The trap, termed a Sticky Emergent Adult Trap, or SEAT, consisted of a black plastic sheet with a hole in the center. A clear plastic cup (250 ml) with the bottom removed and replaced with a 1.0 x 0.5 mm mesh screen was inserted through the hole, forming an airtight seal. The mesh screen allowed for proper functioning of the drain. The black plastic sheet was held in place by the sump cover. A sheet of clear plastic cut to size was coated in isobutylene adhesive and wrapped around the outside surface of the plastic cup and secured in place using a single staple. Traps were left in place for 48 h before they were recovered and the sticky plastic sheet removed.
Emergence trap used to collect adult arthropods that emerge from a small opening leading to a water source. COMMENT: Sticky emergence traps, also called sticky entry-exit traps, have been developed specifically to collect arthropods that move in and out of small openings, for example to storm drain systems. These traps can be used to collect emerging arthropods as well as arthropods moving in and out of the habitat the trap is targeting.
Sticky entry-exit trap to collect adult arthropods in general flight, or emerging adults, designed by Provost. COMMENT: Provost described two sticky exit traps: (1) a 22 inches cylindrical nylon nets coated with an adhesive (1.5 lb amber gear grease, 12 pints No. 20 motor car oil and 1 pint mineral spirits) and (2) rectangular sections of mosquito netting mounted in 1 x 2 ft aluminum frames, coated on both surfaces with adhesive, and suspended in pairs at right angles to each other at heights of 10, 20 and 30 ft.
Trap for adult arthropods in general flight, in which suction action is used to capture arthropods. COMMENT: Insect suction traps measure the aerial density of insects at the site of the trap. Because they do not employ any attractant the differences between numbers of various insects caught should reflect their natural densities. Bidlingmayer and his colleagues have conducted several field experiments showing that their rather large L-shaped suction traps are visible to mosquitoes, as are surrounding bushes and trees. They concluded that trap catches are influenced by these visible cues. In addition to measuring absolute aerial densities suction traps can be used to study vertical distribution, diel flight activities, seasonal incidence, and flight direction. Because they are non-attractant, visual cues excepted, few mosquitoes will be caught in the traps when populations are low, consequently prolonged sampling may be necessary if statistically reliable numbers are to be obtained. Two very different designs of suction traps have been mainly used to sample mosquitoes: (1) vertical models employing a 22.9 cm Vent- Axia fan and (2 much larger L-shaped traps in which the 24 in fan is mounted on its side.
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Bidlingmayer. COMMENT: The Bidlingmayer suction trap differs from the traps developed by Johnson and Taylor in having the fan mounted on its side, not vertically. The body of the trap is made of plywood over a wooden frame and is shaped like the letter L lying on its side. At the distal end of the section lying horizontal to the ground is a 24 inch diameter 1/4 h.p. fan with a displacement of about 216 000 cubic ft air/h. The intake of the trap, which measures 31 x 31 inches is situated 5 ft above the ground at the top of the short vertical section. Air drawn through the intake passes through a large mesh cone and is discharged through a metal tube attached at right angles to the cone. A cloth bag is fitted to the end of this metal tube to retain the mosquitoes, which in this trap do not pass through the fan blades. To prevent rain and debris entering the trap a clear plastic flat roof is positioned about 8 inches above the intake.
Exposed suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Johnson and Taylor. COMMENT: The suction trap of Johnson and Taylor (also called Johnson-Taylor exposed cone trap) includes a 22.9 cm diameter vertically mounted Vent-Axia fan, with the grill over the opening removed. It is important that an impeller-type fan is used, i.e. a fan with reversed blades, so that the air is sucked down into the trap and not blown out. The unit is mounted with the fan blades uppermost and the motor underneath. Attached to the bottom of the fan is a copper, or monel metal, 21 inches long cone made of 26 mesh gauze. Three equally spaced metal struts run down the outside of the cone and extend beyond it to hold in position the metal cylindrical casing that houses the collecting magazine. A central 24 inches long rust proof metal guide rod is bolted to the base of the motor casing and projects downwards through the mesh cone to extend about an inch beyond the bottom of the collecting magazine. A solenoid and disc release mechanism is mounted just beneath the motor. Each segregating disc is made of brass or stainless steel, is 1 1/4 inches in diameter and has a central collar 1/4 inch high and 5/16 inches in diameter to keep the discs apart. When a disc is released and falls down magazine ensuring that small insects are not missed but trapped between the central guide rod this fringe brushes against the walls of the collecting magazine ensuring that small insects are not missed but trapped between successive discs. The discs should be soaked in 1-3% pyrethrum solution or other killing agent. Insects are drawn into the trap by the fan and are gently blown down the collecting cone and deposited on to an oil film smeared on the upper exposed surface of the last fallen disc. They are killed by the killing agent and are sealed off by the next disc that descends the rod. The traps are operated from mains electricity and a control box allows the fans to work at slow, normal or boost speeds. Unless mosquito densities are high, traps are best operated on the fastest speed as this samples a greater volume of air. An electromagnetically operated time switch allows the discs to be released at pre-set time intervals.
exposed suction trap of Johnson and Taylor
Exposed suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight that includes a Vent-Axia fan. COMMENT: When it is not necessary to divide the catch of mosquitoes into time intervals a much simpler suction trap than the Johnson and Taylor one, without any segregating mechanisms, can be used and the catch removed daily or at longer intervals. A simple but efficient suction trap can be constructed from a 6, 7.5, 9 or 12 inches Vent-Axia fan made for window mounting, at boost speeds these fans sample 12 000, 18 000, 30 000 and 62 000 cubic ft of air per h. First, the outer grill is removed, then any recesses or ledges near the fan blades are covered over and the fan unit inserted into a circular hole cut out from a piece of plywood. A monel gauze collecting cone is attached to the board underneath the fan and a small fine mesh bag is tied to the bottom of the cone to collect the mosquitoes. Two 1 inch holes are drilled at opposite ends of the board and lengths of 5/8 inch galvanized tubing inserted and pushed into the ground. By securing the board to the tubing by small adjustable clamps its height can be easily altered, thus allowing the trap to be used at various heights. Wire from the trap enters a control box, which allows the use of three fan speeds. Control boxes from a number of fans can be mounted within a waterproof metal box. A length of flexible tubing, having a diameter several inches larger than the base of the collecting cone, can be attached underneath the plywood board to enclose the cone and thus reduce the effect of cross-winds on sampling efficiency. However, if the trap is used in sheltered positions, such as near the ground or amongst the shelter of vegetation this may not be necessary. Trap inlets must be positioned near the ground to sample mosquitoes flying near the ground. In very dry areas this can be achieved by just digging a hole and lowering the trap into it, in which case care must be taken that the filtered air exhausted from the trap is conducted away from the fan inlet and not re-sampled, thereby reducing the sample volume.
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight, designed by Johnson and Taylor and including an enclosed 12 inch trap. COMMENT: Larger and more powerful traps have been designed for sampling insects in exposed situations such as high up in the air where wind speeds are more likely to affect the sampling efficiency of the trap. Large enclosed traps have been described by Johnson and Taylor, the most useful being the enclosed 12 and 30 inch traps. The 12 inch trap has an aerofoil fan mounted in a 14 inch diameter, 4 ft long steel cylinder and delivers about twice the volume of air as the 12 inch Vent-Axia fan. Because insects get damaged if they pass through the fan blades of these high speed fans, the fan is positioned below the collecting cone and segregating device. An essential feature of the trap is that the collecting cone is enclosed within a cylindrical duct made either from sheet metal or rubberized fabric stretched over a light metal frame. By shielding the cones the effect of cross winds on sampling efficiency is greatly reduced.
enclosed 12 inch suction trap of Johnson and Taylor
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight, designed by Johnson and Taylor and including an enclosed 30 inch trap. COMMENT: Larger and more powerful traps have been designed for sampling insects in exposed situations such as high up in the air where wind speeds are more likely to affect the sampling efficiency of the trap. Large enclosed traps have been described by Johnson and Taylor, the most useful being the enclosed 12 and 30 inch traps. The larger 30 inch trap employs a 30 inch light-weight airscrew fan mounted in a 2.5-ft diameter, 7.5-ft long cylinder and delivers about five times the air as the 12-in aerofoil trap. Because insects get damaged if they pass through the fan blades of these high speed fans, the fan is positioned below the collecting cone and segregating device. An essential feature of the trap is that the collecting cone is enclosed within a cylindrical duct made either from sheet metal or rubberized fabric stretched over a light metal frame. By shielding the cones the effect of cross winds on sampling efficiency is greatly reduced.
enclosed 30 inch suction trap of Johnson and Taylor
Enclosed suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Holzapfel and Harrell. COMMENT: Holzapfel and Harrell described a 90 cm diameter suction trap with a conical nitex funnel-shaped net surrounded by an aluminum cylinder. A 1 h.p. 1 phase electric motor operating a tube axial fan was placed below the collecting cone and displaced some 6800 cubic m air/h. Insects did not pass through the fan but collected in a vial held in place by a plastic receptacle which was removed by sliding it horizontally from the trap.
enclosed suction trap of Holzapfel and Harrell
Enclosed suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Allison and Pike. COMMENT: Allison and Pike describe a home-made enclosed type of suction trap having an 85 cm long, conical net leading to a collecting jar, both of which are enclosed within a 1.5 m length of 38 cm diameter PVC tubing. On top of this a 30 cm diameter 4 m length of PVC tubing is fixed to act as a chimney and sample insects about 8 m from the ground. A three-bladed fan attached to a motor draws the catch down into a collecting jar.
enclosed suction trap of Allison and Pike
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight developed at Rothamsted Experimental Station. COMMENT: This trap was designed to enable insects to be sampled at considerable heights without having to construct any complex supporting mechanisms, such as a steel tower. It consists of a 30 ft tall, 10 inch diameter plastic chimney mounted on a 10 ft high, 30 in square wooden box, which contains a centrifugal fan at its base. This type of fan is chosen because it ensures an almost constant air intake in most wind speeds, and also when the gauze collecting cone at the bottom of the trap becomes partially blocked by dust and dirt. Insects sucked down the tall chimney are collected in a bottle attached to a collecting cone. To reduce the speed of insect impaction, which can be as much as 35 mph at the base of the trap, the cone has a large surface area. The trap samples 101 040 cubic ft air/h.
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Horsfall. COMMENT: Because stationary nets with vertical openings mainly collect mosquitoes flying with the wind Horsfall used directionally orientated suction traps to study flight direction. He constructed a group of four suction traps into a single unit. Each trap consisted of an 8 inch fan mounted at the top of a 10 inch diameter, 18 inch long cylinder, which had a copper mesh (14 x 18 meshes/inch) collecting cone at the base leading to a small collecting cage. A jointed and elbowed 10 inch diameter metal cylinder, with a flared opening 13 1/2 inches in diameter at right angles to the fan, was mounted on top of the trap. The openings of the four traps comprising a single unit faced different directions. Horsfall considered that when an 8 inch diameter fan was used insects were drawn into the traps from a distance of up to 6 inches from the openings. However, this obviously will depend, among other factors, on wind speed and insect size. Because of the limited distance from which mosquitoes were sucked into the traps Horsfall considered that those collected were mainly individuals flying towards the traps and consequently directional flight was measured. Trap construction could be simplified by using flexible tubing instead of a jointed metal cylinder; alternatively the traps could be positioned on their sides with their openings perpendicular to the ground.
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Novak. COMMENT: Novak modified the Horsfall trap to study the vertical distribution of mosquitoes in a wood. The trap consisted of a 25.4 cm diameter metal cylinder elbowed at the top and flared to a 58.4 cm diameter intake, which was painted black with contrasting white stripes. A mesh screen funnel leading to a mesh collecting cylinder (14 x 18-mesh) having a removable screen end was positioned within the top of the straight section of tubing. A Dayton duct-type 28 cm diameter fan was mounted near the bottom of the tubing. Mosquitoes up to 25.4 cm from the intake were sucked into the trap and were not damaged by passing through the fan blades. To position traps at different heights in the wood a lead pellet (70 g) fitted to a spool of 36 kg nylon line was catapulted over a branch capable of supporting the 9 kg trap. The nylon line was then attached to a rope on which a pulley was mounted that allowed traps to be raised and lowered.
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Snow. COMMENT: The directional suction trap of Snow has a 1.2 x 1.2 m entrance with an inclined floor of green plastic netting (Netlon) and sides and roof made of 1 cm mesh plastic netting, dyed dark green to minimize visual contrast. Mosquitoes are guided up this funnel-type entrance to a horizontally- mounted 22.9 cm Vent-Axia suction fan.
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Koch. COMMENT: Koch described an inexpensive suction trap having a turntable device for separating catches of biting flies into hourly samples. Basically the trap consists of a 120 V 9 inch diameter 6-bladed duct fan attached to a 1/70 h.p. kitchen fan motor, secured in a short length of 12 inch diameter metal tubing. A bronze mesh cone underneath delivers the insects to collecting jars fixed under a notched turntable. A 2 lb lead weight tied to a rope advances the turntable when a solenoid causes a timer to close for about 15 s every hour, and this releases a sliding bar (slider bar) resting against one of the notches in the turntable. This trap is similar to the Johnson-Taylor trap, but with a different sorting mechanism.
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Wainhouse. COMMENT: Wainhouse described a battery-operated suction trap for catching small insects that would also be suitable for mosquitoes. The fan consists of an Air-max type PR-Y4393 in an aluminum casing, 15.2 cm in internal diameter and 12 cm deep. The fan blades are inverted and the wires to the motor brushes switched to reverse the direction of rotation. A flared inlet made from a 5 cm strip cut from the top of a plastic funnel is fitted to the top of the fan housing. A 6 cm deep flange bolted to the bottom of the fan casing holds in position a nylon mesh cone tapering to a mesh collecting bag. The trap weighs about 1.6 kg. The fan has a 31 W motor and operates at 2900 rev/min from two 25-Amphr alkaline batteries connected in parallel, the combined weight of which is about 37 kg. The batteries run the trap for about 16 h. The volume of air sampled is in the 330-350 cubic m/h range.
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Barnard and Mulla. COMMENT: Barnard and Mulla constructed an inexpensive and simple suction trap. It consists of a 36 inches long and 21 inch diameter galvanized metal cylinder supported on three 1/2 inch angle-iron legs, adjusted to position the top of the cylinder 54 inches from the ground. A 20 inch, 5 bladed fan attached to a 115 V, 2.6 A motor (McGraw-Edison model 7327) is mounted on a metal plate supported by three 1 inch wide metal arms in the lower part of the cylinder. The motor sucks air through the trap at the rate of 2600 cubic ft/min. A nylon netting cone is pulled over a metal band that is placed over the top of the trap, and a plastic vial with a mesh screen bottom is fixed with an elastic band on to the bottom of the cone. This is removed at the end of each sampling period.
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight designed by Lumsden and Goma. COMMENT: Goma modified the suction trap developed by Lumsden for catching mosquitoes attracted to bait animals, by removing the transparent louvres at the sides to allow easier entry of mosquitoes. These modified traps without any bait were placed at ground level and on six platforms at 20 ft intervals on a steel tower. .
Suction trap for adult arthropods in general flight modified from a New Jersey light-trap. COMMENT: New Jersey light-traps have been converted into suction traps by painting them black and removing the light bulb and cover.
A virus of Genus Nairovirus with the designation of Dugbe virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Nairobi sheep disease) in humans (mild disease) and domestic animals (cattle and sheep). Occurs in Africa.
A bacterium of Genus Anaplasma with the species designation of platys. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (canine anaplasmosis) in dogs. Occurs in North America, Europe, and Asia.
Yersinia is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Yersinia is a Genus in Family Enterobacteriaceae of Order Enterobacteriales.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of felis. COMMENT: Transmitted by fleas (including the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis). Causes disease (flea-borne spotted fever) in cats and humans. Occurs worldwide.
Bartonella is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Bartonella is a Genus in the Family Bartonellaceae of order Rickettsiales.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of parkeri. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (tick-borne spotted fever) in humans. Occurs in North America.
Francisella is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Francisella is a Genus in Family Francisellaceae of Order Thiotrichales.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of africae. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (African tick-bite fever, South African tick typhus) in humans. Occurs in Africa.
Coxiella is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Coxiella is a Genus in Family Coxiellaceae of Order Legionellales.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of honei. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Flinders Island spotted fever) in humans. Occurs in Australia and Asia.
Rickettsia is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Rickettsia is a Genus in Family Rickettsiaceae of Order Rickettsiales.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of slovaca. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (tick-borne lymphadenitis) in humans. Occurs in Europe.
Anaplasma is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Anaplasma is a Genus in Family Anaplasmataceae of Order Rickettsiales.
Ehrlichia is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Ehrlichia is a Genus in Family Anaplasmataceae of Order Rickettsiales.
Orientia is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Orientia is a Genus in Family Rickettsiaceae of Order Rickettsiales.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of helvetica. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (tick-borne spotted fever) in humans. Occurs in Europe.
A bacterium of Genus Bartonella with the species designation of bacilliformis. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (Carrion disease) in humans. Carrion disease has two distinct clinical forms: Verruga peruana and the more severe Oroyo fever. Occurs in South America.
A bacterium of Genus Bartonella with the species designation of henselae. COMMENT: Transmitted by fleas (the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis) and possibly also hard ticks. Causes disease (cat scratch disease) in humans. The bacterium also is transmitted via direct contact with infected cats. Occurs worldwide.
A bacterium of Genus Bartonella with the species designation of quintana. COMMENT: Transmitted by the body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus). Causes disease (trench fever) in humans. Occurs worldwide.
A bacterium of Genus Coxiella with the species designation of burnetii. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks, fleas and possibly also soft ticks. Also transmitted via infected fluids, inhalation of dried feces or direct contact with infected animals (for example sheep). Causes disease (Q fever) in humans. Occurs in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
A bacterium of Genus Anaplasma with the species designation of marginale. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks and tabanid flies (mechanical transmission only for tabanid flies). Causes disease (bovine anaplasmosis) in cattle. Occurs worldwide.
A bacterium of Genus Anaplasma with the species designation of phagocytophilum. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease in humans (human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) and domestic animals including dogs, cats, cattle and sheep. Occurs in North America, Europe, and Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Anaplasma with the species designation of ovis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (anaplasmosis) in sheep and goats. Occurs worldwide.
A bacterium of Genus Anaplasma with the species designation of centrale. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (bovine anaplasmosis) in cattle. Occurs worldwide.
A bacterium of Genus Ehrlichia with the species designation of chaffeensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease in humans (human monocytic ehrlichiosis) and dogs. Occurs in North America.
A bacterium of Genus Ehrlichia with the species designation of canis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (canine ehrlichiosis) in dogs. Occurs worldwide.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of aeschlimannii. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (tick-borne spotted fever) in humans. Occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of heilongjiangensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (tick-borne spotted fever) in humans. Occurs in Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Ehrlichia with the species designation of ewingii. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease in dogs (canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis) and, on rare occasions, in humans. Occurs in North America.
A bacterium of Genus Ehrlichia with the species designation of ruminantium. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (heartwater) in domestic animals including cattle, sheep, and goats. Occurs in Africa and the Caribbean.
A bacterium of Genus Orientia with the species designation of tsutsugamushi. COMMENT: Transmitted by trombiculid mites. Causes disease (scrub typhus) in humans. Occurs in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of prowazekii. COMMENT: Transmitted by the human body louse (Pediculus humanus). Causes disease (louse-borne typhus, epidemic typhus) in humans. Occurs worldwide.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of typhi. COMMENT: Transmitted by fleas. Causes disease (flea-borne typhus, murine typhus, endemic typhus) in humans. Occurs worldwide.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of rickettsii. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Experimental transmission also has been documented with the human body louse. Causes disease (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) in humans. Occurs in the Americas.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of sibirica. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease in humans. Recognized subtypes of Rickettsia sibirica include Rickettsia sibirica sensu stricto (Siberian tick typhus, North Asian tick typhus) and Rickettsia sibirica mongolotimonae (lymphangitis-associated rickettsiosis). Occurs in Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of conorii. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Experimental transmission also has been documented with the human body louse. Causes disease in humans. Recognized subtypes of Rickettsia conorii include Rickettsia conorii conorii (Mediterranean spotted fever, Boutonneuse fever), Rickettsia conorii israelensis (Israeli spotted fever) and Rickettsia conorii caspica (Astrakhan fever). Occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of australis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Queensland tick typhus) in humans. Occurs in Australia.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of japonica. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Japanese spotted fever) in humans. Occurs in Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of akari. COMMENT: Transmitted by a trombiculid mite (Liponyssoides sanguineus). Causes disease (rickettsialpox) in humans. Occurs in North America and Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of garinii. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease) in humans. Member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. Occurs in Europe and Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of afzelii. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease) in humans. Member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. Occurs in Europe and Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of bissettii. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease) in humans on rare occasions Member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. Occurs in Europe and North America.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of spielmanii. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease) in humans on rare occasions. Member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. Occurs in Europe.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of recurrentis. COMMENT: Transmitted by the body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus). Causes disease (louse-borne relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs worldwide.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of duttonii. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros moubata). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of hispanica. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros erraticus). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in Europe and Africa.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of crocidurae. COMMENT: Transmitted by soft ticks. Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of persica. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros tholozani). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in Africa and Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of caucasica. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros verrucosus). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in Europe and Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of hermsii. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros hermsi). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in North America.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of turicatae. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros turicata). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in North America.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of parkeri. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros parkeri). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in North America.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of mazzottii. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros talaje). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in the Americas.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of venezuelensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros rudis). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in Central America and South America.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of latyschewii. COMMENT: Transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros tartakovskyi). Causes disease (relapsing fever) in humans. Occurs in Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of anserina. COMMENT: Transmitted by soft ticks. Causes disease (avian borreliosis, avian spirochetosis) in domestic birds including chickens, ducks and geese. Occurs in southern Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of coriaceae. COMMENT: Possibly transmitted by a soft tick (Ornithodoros coriaceus). Causes bovine abortion. Occurs in North America.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of valaisiana. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease) in humans on rare occasions. Member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. Occurs in Europe and Asia.
An apicomplexan of Genus Leucocytozoon with the species designation of caulleryi. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (leucocytozoonosis) in poultry. Occurs in Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of theileri. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (tick spirochetosis) in cattle and horses . Occurs worldwide.
An apicomplexan of Genus Leucocytozoon with the species designation of simondi. COMMENT: Transmitted by blackflies. Causes disease (leucocytozoonosis) in domestic ducks and geese. Occurs in North America, Asia, and Europe.
A bacterium of Genus Yersinia with the species designation of pestis. COMMENT: Transmitted by fleas. Human infection also can result from direct contact with infected animals. Causes disease (plague) in humans and domestic animals including cats. Occurs in North America, Asia, and Africa.
A bacterium of Genus Francisella with the species designation of tularensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks and deer flies (mechanical transmission only for deer flies). Human infection also can result from ingestion of infected water, inhalation of dried feces, or direct contact with infected animals (for example skinning of rabbits). Causes disease (tularemia) in humans and domestic animals including cats. Occurs in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Four biovars of F. tularensis have been recognized. F. tularensis holarctica (F. tularensis palearctica, Type B) is distributed across the northern hemisphere and generally associated with mild forms of tularemia in humans. The more virulent F. tularensis tularensis (Type A) is widespread in North America and was recently reported from Europe. The remaining two biovars, F. tularensis mediasiatica and F. tularensis novicida, have more limited geographical distributions; the former occurs in Central Asia and the latter is known only from parts of the U.S. and, based on a single human case, from Australia.
A bacterium of Genus Aegyptianella with the species designation of pullorum. COMMENT: Transmitted by soft ticks. Causes disease (aegyptianellosis, fowl disease) in chickens and other domestic birds. Occurs in Africa, Asia, and southern Europe.
Aegyptianella is a Genus of Bacteria. COMMENT: Aegyptianella is a Genus in the Family Bartonellaceae of order Rickettsiales.
An apicomplexan of Genus Leucocytozoon with the species designation of smithi. COMMENT: Transmitted by blackflies. Causes disease (leucocytozoonosis) in turkeys. Occurs in North America.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of perroncitoi. COMMENT: Likely transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (babesiosis) in pigs. Occurs in southern Europe and Africa.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of felis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (feline babesiosis) in cats. Occurs in Asia and Africa.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of infantum. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans and dogs. Occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of killicki. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of major. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in Africa and Asia
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of tropica. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans and dogs. Occurs in Africa and Asia.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of amazonensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of braziliensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans and dogs. Occurs in Central America and South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of chagasi. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (visceral leishmaniasis) in humans and dogs. Occurs in Central America and South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of colombiensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in Central America and South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of garnhami. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of guyanensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of lainsoni. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of mexicana. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in the Americas.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of naiffi. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of panamensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in Central America and South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of peruviana. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of pifanoi. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of shawi. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Leishmania with the species designation of venezuelensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis) in humans. Occurs in South America.
A kinetoplast of Genus Trypanosoma with the species designation of brucei. COMMENT: Transmitted by tsetse flies. Causes disease in humans (sleeping sickness, African trypanosomiasis) and domestic animals (nagana). Recognized subtypes of Trypanosoma brucei include: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Trypanosoma brucei brucei causes disease (nagana) in domestic animals including horses (severe disease), sheep, goats, camels, cats and dogs (Africa). Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes disease (West African sleeping sickness, Gambian sleeping sickness) in humans (western and north-central Africa). Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense causes disease (East African sleeping sickness, Rhodesian sleeping sickness) in humans (central and eastern Africa).
A kinetoplast of Genus Trypanosoma with the species designation of cruzi. COMMENT: Transmitted by reduviid bugs. Causes disease in humans (Chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis) and canines (canine trypanosomiasis). Occurs in the Americas.
A kinetoplast of Genus Trypanosoma with the species designation of vivax. COMMENT: Transmitted by tsetse flies. Causes disease (nagana, souma) in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and camels. Occurs in Africa.
A kinetoplast of Genus Trypanosoma with the species designation of suis. COMMENT: Transmitted by tsetse flies. Causes disease (nagana) in pigs. Occurs in Africa.
A kinetoplast of Genus Trypanosoma with the species designation of congolense. COMMENT: Transmitted by tsetse flies. Causes disease (nagana) in cattle, horses, sheep, goats and horses. Occurs in Africa.
A kinetoplast of Genus Trypanosoma with the species designation of simiae. COMMENT: Transmitted by tsetse flies. Causes disease (nagana) in pigs. Occurs in Africa.
A kinetoplast of Genus Trypanosoma with the species designation of uniforme. COMMENT: Transmitted by tsetse flies. Causes disease (nagana) in cattle. Occurs in Africa.
Any parasitic round worm (nematode) of the Phylum Nematoda.
Stephanofilaria is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Stephanofilaria is a Genus in Family Filariidae.
Parafilaria is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Parafilaria is a Genus in Family Filariidae.
Brugia is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Brugia is a Genus in Family Onchocercidae.
Loa is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Loa is a Genus in Family Onchocercidae.
Onchocerca is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Onchocerca is a Genus in Family Onchocercidae.
Setaria is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Setaria is a Genus in Family Onchocercidae.
Wuchereria is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Wuchereria is a Genus in Family Onchocercidae.
Dirofilaria is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Dirofilaria is a Genus in Family Onchocercidae.
Mansonella is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Mansonella is a Genus in Family Onchocercidae.
Tabanidae is a Family in Order Diptera. COMMENT: Also called tabanid flies or deer flies.
Elaeophora is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Elaeophora is a Genus in Family Onchocercidae.
A nematode of Genus Brugia with the species designation of malayi. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (lymphatic filariasis, Brugian filariasis) in humans. Occurs in Asia.
A nematode of Genus Wuchereria with the species designation of bancrofti. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (lymphatic filariasis, Bancroftian filariasis) in humans. Occurs in Africa, Asia, the Pacific Islands, South America, and the Caribbean.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of volvulus. COMMENT: Causes disease (onchocerciasis, river blindness, Roble's disease) in humans. Occurs in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South America, and Central America.
A nematode of Genus Loa with the species designation of loa. COMMENT: Transmitted by tabanid flies. Causes disease (loiasis) in humans. Occurs in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South America, and Central America.
A nematode of Genus Mansonella with the species designation of perstans. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (mansonelliasis) in humans. Occurs in Central America, South America, and Africa.
A nematode of Genus Mansonella with the species designation of streptocerca. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (mansonelliasis) in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A nematode of Genus Mansonella with the species designation of ozzardi. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges and blackflies. Causes disease (mansonelliasis) in humans. Occurs in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.
A nematode of Genus Dirofilaria with the species designation of immitis. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (canine cardiovascular dirofilariasis, dog heartworm) in dogs. Occurs worldwide.
A nematode of Genus Brugia with the species designation of timori. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (lymphatic filariasis, Timorian filariasis) in humans. Occurs in Asia.
A tabanid fly of Genus Chrysops with the species designation of dimidiata. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Loa loa
A nematode of Genus Dirofilaria with the species designation of repens. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (dirofilariasis) in dogs and cats. Occurs in southern Europe, Africa, and Asia.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of lienalis. COMMENT: Transmitted by blackflies. Causes disease (bovine onchocercosis) in cattle. Occurs in North America, Europe, and Asia.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of gutturosa. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges and blackflies. Causes disease (bovine onchocercosis) in cattle and other bovines. Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Australia.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of dukei. COMMENT: Transmitted by blackflies. Causes disease (bovine onchocercosis) in cattle. Occurs in Africa.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of ochengi. COMMENT: Transmitted by blackflies. Causes disease (bovine onchocercosis) in cattle. Occurs in Africa.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of gibsoni. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (bovine onchocercosis) in cattle and other bovines. Occurs in Asia.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of sweetae. COMMENT: Presumably transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (bovine onchocercosis) in cattle and other bovines. Occurs in Australia and Asia.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of armillata. COMMENT: Presumably transmitted by blackflies. Causes disease (bovine onchocercosis) in cattle. Occurs in Asia.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of reticulata. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease (equine onchocercosis) in horses. Occurs in Australia.
A nematode of Genus Onchocerca with the species designation of cervicalis. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges and blackflies. Causes disease (equine onchocercosis) in horses. Occurs in North America and Australia.
A nematode of Genus Elaeophora with the species designation of schneideri. COMMENT: Transmitted by tabanid flies. Causes disease (elaeophorosis) in sheep. Occurs in Europe and North America.
A nematode of Genus Stephanofilaria with the species designation of stilesi. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting blood-sucking muscid flies. Causes disease in cattle. Occurs in Asia and North America.
A nematode of Genus Stephanofilaria with the species designation of assamensis. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting blood-sucking muscid flies. Causes disease in cattle. Occurs in Asia.
A nematode of Genus Parafilaria with the species designation of bovicola. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting blood-sucking muscid flies. Causes disease (bovine parafilariasis) in cattle. Occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
A nematode of Genus Parafilaria with the species designation of multipapillosa. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting blood-sucking muscid flies. Causes disease (equine parafilariasis) in horses. Occurs in Europe and Asia.
Muscidae is a Family in Order Diptera. COMMENT: Also called houseflies.
A nematode of Genus Setaria with the species designation of digitata. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. Occurs in Asia.
A nematode of Genus Setaria with the species designation of labiatopapillosa. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in cattle and horses. Occurs worldwide.
Habronema is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Habronema is a Genus in Family Habronematidae.
A nematode of Genus Habronema with the species designation of muscae. COMMENT: Transmitted by blood-sucking muscid flies. Causes disease (gastric habronemiasis) in horses.
A nematode of Genus Habronema with the species designation of microstoma. COMMENT: Transmitted by blood-sucking muscid flies. Causes disease (gastric habronemiasis) in horses.
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of culicifacies. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles culicifacies var. adenensis Christophers
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of minimus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles christophersi var. alboapicalis Theobald
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of philippinensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of sundaicus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Myzomyia ludlowi var. sundaicus Rodenwaldt
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of tessellatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Dactylomyia ceylonica Newstead and Carter
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of varuna. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of dirus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of maculatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of balabacensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles leucosphyrus var. balabacensis Baisas
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of leucosphyrus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of ludlowae. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles cabrerai Cagampang-Ramos and Darsie
Anopheles ludlowae var. formosensis Koidzumi
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of subpictus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of pattoni. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of farauti. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles annulipes var. moluccensis Swellengrebel and Swellengrebel de Graaf
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of punctulatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of nuneztovari. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of triannulatus. COMMENT: Occurs in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles triannulatus var. chagasi Galvao
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of cinereus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Europe. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of pharoensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles pharoensis var. albofimbriatus Giles
Powered trap, designated the Wilton and Kloter cylinder trap, which combines a visual color attractant and short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Wilton and Kloter devised a trap for sampling Aedes aegypti which is lighter, more compact and more easily made than the Fay-Prince trap. It consists of an 18-cm length of plexiglas having an outside diameter of 9.5 cm and painted shiny black on the inside. It is fitted with machine bolts to the bottom of the plastic body of a CDC light-trap which has had the bottom part cut off to leave a 1-cm extension below the reinforced ring. The light-bulb is removed, and the trap inverted so that the CDC part is positioned below. A 1-pint paper carton painted black on the inside and outside and with the bottom replaced with black netting is dropped into the top of the trap. A screen cone is fitted into the top of the carton to prevent mosquitoes escaping if there is a power failure. The trap operates from a 6-V battery.
Powered trap, designated the duplex cone trap, which combines a visual color attractant with short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The invasion of the USA by Aedes albopictus challenged American entomologists to devise a trap that could be used for surveillance of adults of this species. Carbon dioxide and light-traps have proved ineffective in Southeast Asia for collecting Aedes albopictus, but it was noted in Louisiana, USA that adults often settled on shiny black plastic bags, and this eventually led Freier and Francy to develop a duplex cone trap. The components of the trap are a 48-cm diameter, 41-cm tall black cone that has thirty 2.5-cm holes cut from around the base. This black cone is surmounted with a 50-cm diameter, 34-cm tall shiny galvanized cone supported 20 cm from the ground by four metal legs. A 10-cm diameter collar connects the top of the outer cone to a 46.5-cm tall, 8.3-cm diameter plastic cylinder which houses a CDC-type motor and fan powered by a 6-V battery. The trap is positioned over about 1 kg dry ice placed on the ground. Gas escapes through the holes around the base of the black cone and mosquitoes attracted by odor and the black cone are sucked up by the fan between the two cones into a CDC-type collecting bag placed on top of the trap.
Powered trap, designated the moving-target trap of Dennett, which combines a visual motion attractant with short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: Dennett and others describe the construction of a visual attraction trap for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus that incorporates a swinging motion. The trap itself is a suction trap constructed from a 10-cm length of thin walled PVC pipe, a 6V d.c. motor and fan mounted onto a piece of sheet metal, and a PVC pipe collection container. This suction trap is mounted on a modified battery-powered baby swing, which provides the back-and-forth motion. The swing was modified by removing the seat and replacing it with four panels of 4-mm thick black polyethylene plastic sheeting, to form a box open at the top and bottom. The rear panel of this box measured 64 cm long × 23 cm wide and was attached to the top part of the swinging frame. The front panel was 36 cm long × 25 cm wide and the two side panels were 36 cm long × 30 cm wide.
Powered trap, designated the Ikeshoji cylinder sound trap, which combines an auditory attractant with a sticky surface to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: This sound trap was made from a rolled 30 x 32-cm transparent colorless polyethylene sheet into which was suspended a 9.3-cm diameter speaker (1 W, 8 ohm). The inside of the sound cylinder was sprayed with Tangle Foot adhesive, and it was positioned horizontally on top of the tripod. Sound was provided by a handmade sound generator consisting of a small audio-oscillator powered by four 1.5-V batteries and at dusk emitted sinusoidal sound of 370 or 400 Hz at 100 dB.
Powered trap, designated the Nicosia trap, which combines an auditory attractant with a sticky surface to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The Nicosia trap produces an acoustical signal by way of pulsed liquid technology, which is designed to be similar to the signal produced by the circulatory system of host animals.
Powered trap, designated the BG Sentinel trap, which combines visual color and olfactory attractants with short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: The BG-Sentinel mosquito trap is essentially a collapsible, white fabric container with a white gauze covering its opening. The diameter is 36 cm (14 inches), the height 40 cm (1.3 feet). In the middle of the gauze cover, air is sucked into the trap through a black catch pipe by an electrical fan, drawing approaching mosquitoes into a catch bag. The air then exits the trap through the white gauze, generating ascending currents. These are similar to convection currents produced by a human host, both in its direction, its geometrical structure, and, due to the addition of the BG-Lure, also in its chemical composition. This trap was initially developed to catch Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, With the addition of carbon dioxide, the BG-Sentinel can be used as a surveillance tool for mosquitoes in general.
Powered trap, designated the zumba trap, which combines visual color and olfactory attractants with short-range suction action to collect host-seeking adult arthropods. COMMENT: This collapsible and portable trap consists, in part, of a man-sized black and green fabric cylinder. The trap has a diameter of 0.30 m and a height of 1.50 m. Suction is provided by a fan powered by a 12-volt battery.
Equipment for collection of adult flying arthropods, in the form of a trap. COMMENT: For passive arthropod collection (works continuously in the absence of a human collector).
Trap for adult flying arthropods designed to capture specimens while they are in general flight and then hold them in place for some period of time.
trap for adult arthropods in general flight
Equipment for collection of ground-based arthropods, in the form of a large sheet of white fabric which is dragged over vegetation to collect host-seeking ticks. COMMENT: The tick drag is moved over the vegetation by pulling it, via a rope, cord, or handle, behind the operator. Attached ticks (larvae, nymphs and adults) are collected from the drag at regular intervals. The bottom of the drag is often weighted down by having some type of material sewn into it. Tick drags are best suited for low lying vegetation.
Equipment for collection of ground-based arthropods, in the form of a sheet of white fabric which is attached to a long handle and flagged (or swept) across the vegetation to collect host-seeking ticks. COMMENT: Attached ticks (larvae, nymphs and adults) are collected from the flag at regular intervals. The bottom of the flag is often weighted down by having some type of material sewn into it. The tick flag is especially suitable for thickets or other habitats where a tick drag is difficult to operate.
Equipment for collection of ground-based arthropods, in the form of a ground trap that uses carbon dioxide as a bait. COMMENT: Used to collect hard ticks, soft ticks, mites, and reduviid bugs. The arthropods are prevented from leaving the trap by means of being captured in a sticky substance or falling into a part of the trap from which they cannot escape. A very basic carbon dioxide-baited ground trap consists of a container holding dry ice placed in the middle of a platform with sticky material around the edges. This kind of trap can also be augmented with other attractants such as pheromones.
Equipment for collection of ground-based arthropods, in the form of a funnel placed under a heat source, to drive ground-based arthropods out of the material placed in the funnel, and above a collection jar which collects the arthropods that emerge from the bottom of the funnel. COMMENT: Used to collect mobile arthropods from soil samples or host nesting material.
Equipment for collection of ground-based arthropods, in the form of a device equipped with suction action to collect arthropods from small crevices or animal burrows. COMMENT: Examples include the "Tick Sucker Mark V" which was developed to collect soft ticks from subterranean animal burrows.
powered suction device for animal burrows
Equipment for collection of ground-based arthropods from animal burrows, in the form of a square piece of white flannel held in an alligator clip and attached to a flexible metal cable. COMMENT: Fleas can be collected from within and around the openings of animal burrows (typically rodent burrows) using a burrow swab. A typical burrow swab consists of a square piece of white flannel (25-30 cm on a side), which is held in an alligator clip attached to a flexible metal cable in the form of a plumbing snake). The swab is pushed as far as possible (2-5 meters) into the burrow, allowed to remain stationary for 30 seconds, and then gently retrieved. Attached fleas are then retrieved from the swab.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Mayaro virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in the Americas.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Semliki Forest virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (Semliki Forest virus disease) in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Ilheus virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Includes the subtype Rocio virus. Causes disease in humans and domestic animals such as pigs and horses. Occurs in the Americas.
An apicomplexan of Genus Plasmodium with the species designation of hermani. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (avian malaria) in turkeys. Occurs in North America.
Drachsia is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Drachsia is a Genus in Family Habronematidae.
A nematode of Genus Drachsia with the species designation of megastoma. COMMENT: Transmitted by blood-sucking muscid flies. Causes disease (gastric habronemiasis) in horses.
Sarconema is a Genus of Phylum Nematoda. COMMENT: Sarconema is a Genus in Family Onchocercidae.
A nematode of Genus Sarconema with the species designation of eurycerca. COMMENT: Transmitted by lice. Causes disease (heartworm) in geese. Occurs worldwide.
A virus of Genus Vesiculovirus with the designation of Chandipura virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Asia.
A virus of Genus Orbivirus with the designation of Changuinola virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by sandflies. Has been associated with disease in humans. Occurs in South America.
Haemoproteus is a Genus of Phylum Apicomplexa. COMMENT: Haemoproteus is a Genus in Order Haemospororida.
An apicomplexan of Genus Haemoproteus with the species designation of meleagridis. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Causes disease in turkeys. Occurs in the Americas.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of duncani. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (babesiosis) in humans. Occurs in western North America.
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of lestoquardi. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (theileriosis) in sheep and goats. Occurs in Europe and Africa.
Cytauxzoon is a Genus of Phylum Apicomplexa. COMMENT: Piroplasmids in Family Theileriidae.
An apicomplexan of Genus Cytauxzoon with the species designation of felis. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (feline cytauxzoonosis) in cats. Occurs in North America.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of lusitaniae. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease) in humans on rare occasions. Member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. Occurs in Europe and Asia.
A bacterium of Genus Borrelia with the species designation of lonestari. COMMENT: Possibly transmitted by hard ticks. Has been suggested as the causative agent of Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (Master's disease), although the evidence is conflicting and the bacterium may be non-pathogenic in humans. Occurs in North America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Akabane virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Belongs to the Simbu Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Causes fetal deformities and abortion in cattle. Occurs in Asia, Australia, and Africa.
The estimated proportion of animals alive on day d that is still alive on day d+1 (DeMaster and Drevenak, 1988). The DSR can also be treated as a probability: then it is defined as the probability that an animal alive on day d will still be alive on day d+1.
This term refers to the estimate and not the process of obtaining the estimate.
The process of spraying a pesticide that sticks to the sprayed substrate and remains active for some period of time. COMMENTS: For example used indoor in malaria control campaigns.
Pesticide residual spraying that is conducted indoors. COMMENT: Commonly used in malaria control campaigns.
The process of delivering an insecticide into the air in the form of droplets less than 50 micrometers in diameter. COMMENT: Only effective while the droplets remain airborne. Space sprays are applied mainly as fogs.
A surveillance process aiming to produce information about one or several objects, in the form of microorganisms, which have the role of pathogen.
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal.
parasitic round worm pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human.
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a blackfly vector.
parasitic round worm blackfly borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a biting midge vector.
parasitic round worm biting midge borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a mosquito vector.
parasitic round worm mosquito borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a fly vector.
parasitic round worm fly borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a biting midge vector.
parasitic round worm biting midge borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a blackfly vector.
parasitic round worm blackfly borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a mosquito vector.
parasitic round worm mosquito borne pathogen of human
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a fly vector.
parasitic round worm fly borne pathogen of human
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Alkhurma virus. COMMENT: Presumably transmitted by soft and/or hard ticks. Causes disease (Alkhurma virus disease) in humans. Occurs in the Middle East.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Everglades virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in North America.
A virus of Genus Alphavirus with the designation of Mucambo virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in the Americas.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Zika virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Includes the strain Spondweni virus. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Africa and Asia.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Banzi virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A virus of Genus Orbivirus with the designation of Orungo virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A virus of Genus Orbivirus with the designation of Peruvian horse sickness virus. COMMENT: Presumably transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (Peruvian horse sickness) in horses. Occurs in South America and Australia.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Shuni virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by biting midges. Belongs to the Simbu Serogroup of Orthobunyavirus. Includes the subtype Aino virus. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Guaroa virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Central America and South America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Ilesha virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Madrid virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Central America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Marituba virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Includes the subtype Murutucu virus. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in South America.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of Oriboca virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in South America and the Caribbean.
A virus of Genus Orthobunyavirus with the designation of wyeomyia virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.
Dermanyssidae is a Family in Order Acari. COMMENT: Also called dermanyssid mites.
A mite of Genus Liponyssoides with the species designation of sanguineus. COMMENT: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Rickettsia akari
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of pallidum. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of scutellare. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of imphalum. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of chiangraiensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A soft tick of Genus Argas with the species designation of arboreus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Aegyptianella pullorum Borrelia anserina Quaranfil virus
A soft tick of Genus Argas with the species designation of walkerae. COMMENT: Also called fowl tampan. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Aegyptianella pullorum Borrelia anserina
A soft tick of Genus Argas with the species designation of sanchezi. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Borrelia anserina
A soft tick of Genus Argas with the species designation of miniatus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Borrelia anserina
A soft tick of Genus Argas with the species designation of reflexus. COMMENT: Also called the pigeon tick. Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Borrelia anserina
A soft tick of Genus Carios with the species designation of rudis. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Borrelia venezuelensis
A soft tick of Genus Carios with the species designation of talaje. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Borrelia mazzottii
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of asperus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Borrelia caucasica
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of tartakovskyi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Borrelia latyschewii Royal Farm virus (Karshi virus)
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of tholozani. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Borrelia persica Kyasanur Forest disease virus Royal Farm virus (Karshi virus)
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of sonrai. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Borrelia crocidurae Langat virus Royal Farm virus (Karshi virus) Suspected vector of: African swine fever virus
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of graingeri. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Borrelia crocidurae
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of alactagalis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Borrelia crocidurae
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of marocanus. COMMENT: Occurs in Europea and Africa. Vector of: Borrelia hispanica
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of lepidum. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Ehrlichia ruminantium Rickettsia africae Rickettsia conorii Theileria mutans Theileria velifera
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of nuttalli. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Francisella tularensis Rickettsia sibirica
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of reticulatus. COMMENT: Also called the ornate cow tick. Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Anaplasma ovis Babesia caballi Babesia canis Babesia divergens Babesia ovis Coxiella burnetii Francisella tularensis Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus Rickettsia conorii Rickettsia sibirica Rickettsia slovaca Theileria equi Theileria ovis tick-borne encephalitis virus
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of silvarum. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Anaplasma ovis Babesia caballi Babesia canis Babesia ovis Rickettsia heilongjiangensis Rickettsia sibirica Theileria equi Theileria ovis Suspected vector of: Powassan virus
Dermacentor coreus Itagaki, Noda and Yamaguchi
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of concinna. COMMENT: Also called the relict tick. Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Francisella tularensis Powassan virus Rickettsia sibirica tick-borne encephalitis virus Suspected vector of: Rickettsia heilongjiangensis
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of flava. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Francisella tularensis Rickettsia japonica Suspected vector of: Hepatozoon canis
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of japonica. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Rickettsia sibirica
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of leachi. COMMENT: Also called the yellow dog tick. Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: Babesia canis Coxiella burnetii Rickettsia conorii
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of spinigera. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus Langat virus tick-borne encephalitis virus
Tracking to determine how individual vertebrates use the landscape. COMMENT: Can be achieved, for example, using telemetry with radio-collared animals.
determination of vertebrate movement pattern
Quality, in the form of a measure, which refers to a group of vertebrates.
measure relating to aggregate of vertebrates
Abundance estimate for adult arthropods off-host, which quantifies their relative number based on mark-recapture or mark-release-recapture.
abundance estimate for adult arthropods based on mark-recapture
Quality of individual arthropod which defines the basic combined feeding and gonotrophic status of a female insect. COMMENT: Practical and often used classification.
combined feeding and gonotrophic status of insect
Unfed; with collapsed abdomen and ovaries occupying one third of the abdomen.
Freshly fed; with bright red blood and ovaries occupying 2-3 segments ventrally and 4 dorsally.
Half-gravid; with dark red blood and ovaries occupying 4-5 segments ventrally and 6 dorsally.
Sub-gravid; with blood greatly reduced and dark in color and ovaries occupying most of abdomen.
Gravid; with blood completely digested or present only as a black trace or line.
A hard tick of Genus Hyalomma with the species designation of asiaticum. COMMENT: Also called the small asiatic hyalomma. Includes the subspecies Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum, Hyalomma asiaticum caucasicum and Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi. Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Rickettsia mongolotimonae Rickettsia sibirica Theileria annulata
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of mongolotimonae. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (Mongolian tick typhus) in humans. Occurs in Asia.
Rickettsia sibirica subsp. mongolitimonae
A hard tick of Genus Hyalomma with the species designation of marginatum. COMMENT: Includes the subspecies Hyalomma marginatum marginatum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, and Hyalomma marginatum isaaci. Occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Babesia caballi Babesia canis Babesia occultans Babesia ovis Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Dugbe virus Francisella tularensis Kyasanur Forest disease virus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia conorii Theileria equi
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of granulatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Langat virus Rickettsia conorii Rickettsia honei
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of ovatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Francisella tularensis Rickettsia japonica tick-borne encephalitis virus Suspected vector of: Borrelia burgdorferi
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of pumilio. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Coxiella burnetii Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Francisella tularensis Rickettsia conorii
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of turanicus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: Coxiella burnetii Rickettsia conorii Rickettsia massiliae Theileria equi
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of turturis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus tick-borne encephalitis virus
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of taiwanensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Rickettsia japonica
A bacterium of Genus Rickettsia with the species designation of massiliae. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (tick-borne spotted fever) in humans. Occurs in Europe and Africa.
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of annulatus. COMMENT: Also called the Texas cattle fever tick. Belongs to the subgenus Boophilus. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Babesia bigemina Babesia bovis Borrelia theileri
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of microplus. COMMENT: Also called the tropical cattle tick or southern cattle tick. Belongs to the subgenus Boophilus. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Babesia bigemina Babesia bovis Borrelia theileri Coxiella burnetii Theileria equi
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of decoloratus. COMMENT: Also called the African blue tick. Belongs to the subgenus Boophilus. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Babesia bigemina Babesia ovis Babesia trautmanni Borrelia theileri
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of geigyi. COMMENT: Belongs to the subgenus Boophilus. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Babesia bigemina Babesia bovis
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of nitens. COMMENT: Also called the tropical horse tick. Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Babesia caballi Theileria equi
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of bispinosa. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: Babesia canis Babesia gibsoni Babesia motasi Babesia ovis Theileria equi
A hard tick of Genus Hyalomma with the species designation of detritum. COMMENT: Includes the subspecies Hyalomma detritum detritum and Hyalomma detritum scupense. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Theileria annulata
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of gemma. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Ehrlichia ruminantium Theileria mutans
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of zambesiensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Theileria parva Theileria taurotragi
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of cohaerens. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Ehrlichia ruminantium Theileria mutans
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of simus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Anaplasma centrale Anaplasma marginale Rickettsia conorii Theileria parva
A reduviid bug of Genus Rhodnius with the species designation of prolixus. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Panstrongylus with the species designation of lignarius. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Panstrongylus with the species designation of rufotuberculatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Rhodnius with the species designation of pallescens. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Rhodnius with the species designation of ecuadoriensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Rhodnius pallescens Cornejo (not Rhodnius pallescens Barber)
A reduviid bug of Genus Panstrongylus with the species designation of chinai. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of pallidipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatoma phyllosoma pallidipennis Usinger
Triatoma phyllosoma usingeri Mazzotti (part)
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of phyllosoma. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of maculata. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of carrioni. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of guasayana. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of patagonica. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of sordida. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of pseudomaculata. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatoma pseudomaculata minasensis Espinola
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of barberi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of brevipalpis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma suis
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of fusca. COMMENT: Includes the subspecies Glossina fusca fusca and Glossina fusca congolensis. Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma uniforme
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of fuscipes. COMMENT: Includes the subspecies Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, Glossina fuscipes martinii, and Glossina fuscipes quanzensis. Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma uniforme Trypanosoma vivax
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of longipalpis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma uniforme
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of morsitans. COMMENT: Includes the subspecies Glossina morsitans morsitans, Glossina morsitans centralis and Glossina morsitans submorsitans. Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma vivax
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of pallidipes. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma uniforme
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of palpalis. COMMENT: Includes the subspecies Glossina palpalis palpalis and Glossina palpalis gambiensis. Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma uniforme Trypanosoma vivax
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of swynnertoni. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma suis Trypanosoma uniforme Trypanosoma vivax
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of tabaniformes. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma simiae
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of tachinoides. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma vivax
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of vanhoofi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma suis Trypanosoma vivax
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of fuscipleuris. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma simiae Trypanosoma suis
A tabanid fly of Genus Chrysops with the species designation of silacea. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Loa loa
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of cheopis. COMMENTS: Also called the oriental rat flea or the tropical rat flea. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pestis
Loemopsylla cheopis Jordan and Rothschild
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of longipes. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania aethiopica
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of pedifer. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania aethiopica
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of alexandri. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania donovani Leishmania infantum Leishmania killicki Leishmania major
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of celiae. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania donovani
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of martini. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania donovani
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of orientalis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and the Middle East. Vector of: Leishmania donovani
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of brevis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of chinensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of halepensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leishmania infantum Leishmania major Leishmania tropica
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of kandelakii. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of langeroni. COMMENT: Occurs in Afrcia. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of longicuspis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of neglectus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of perfiliewi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania infantum sandfly fever virus
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of perniciosus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Vector of: Leishmania infantum sandfly fever virus
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of tobbi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
Phlebotomus pirumovi Burakova & Mirzayan
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of transcaucasicus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of chaubadi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania killicki Leishmania tropica
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of ansarii. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leishmania major
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of caucasicus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Europe. Vector of: Leishmania major
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of duboscqi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania infantum Leishmania major
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of aculeatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania aethiopica Leishmania tropica
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of guggisbergi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania tropica
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of olmeca. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Leishmania chagasi Leishmania mexicana Leishmania pifanoi Leishmania venezuelensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of carrerrai. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of ovallesi. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania guyanensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of panamensis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania colombiensis Leishmania panamensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of paraensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania naiffi
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of spinicrassa. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of trinidadensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and the Caribbean. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of wellcomei. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of yucumensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of evansi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Leishmania chagasi Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of youngi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania garnhami Suspected vector of: Leishmania pifanoi
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of ubiquitalis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Leishmania lainsoni
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of anthophora. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leishmania mexicana
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of ayacuchensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania mexicana Leishmania peruviana
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of christophei. COMMENT: Occurs in the Caribbean. Vector of: Leishmania mexicana
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of squamiventris. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania naiffi
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of verrucarum. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Bartonella bacilliformis Leishmania peruviana
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of bwambae. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of pauliani. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of barbirostris. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Brugia timori Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles barbirostris ssp. innominata Stoker and Waktoedi
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of kweiyangensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of vagus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Myzomyia indefinita var. flava Swellengrebel
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of niveus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti Suspected vector of: dengue virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of harinasutai. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of futunae. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of pseudoscutellaris. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: chikungunya virus Wuchereria bancrofti Suspected vector of: dengue virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of tabu. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of tongae. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti Suspected vector of: dengue virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of upolensis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of sirbanum. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium damnosum complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca ochengi Onchocerca volvulus
Simulium soderense Hadis, Wilson, Cobblah & Boakye
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of rasyani. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium damnosum complex. Occurs in the Middle East. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of dieguerense. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium damnosum complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of sanctipauli. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium sanctipauli complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca ochengi Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium in Family Simuliidae (Africa). Member of the Simulium sanctipauli complex. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of leonense. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium sanctipauli complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of konkourense. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium sanctipauli complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
Simulium kulfoense Hadis, Wilson, Cobblah & Boakye
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of squamosum. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium squamosum complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca ochengi Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of yahense. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium squamosum complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of mengense. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of kilibanum. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of neavei. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium neavei complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of woodi. COMMENT: Member of the Simulium neavei complex. Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of albivirgulatum. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of ochraceum. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Central America. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
Simulium pseudoantillarum Ramírez-Pérez & Vulcano
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of metallicum. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of callidum. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Central America. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of exiguum. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of guianense. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of incrustatum. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of oyapockense. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus Suspected vector of: Mansonella ozzardi
Simulium cuasisanguineum Ramírez-Pérez, Yarzábal & Peterson
Simulium pseudoamazonicum Ramírez-Pérez & Peterson
Simulium pseudosanguineum Ramírez-Pérez & Peterson
Simulium sanchezi Ramírez-Pérez, Yarzábal & Peterson
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of quadrivittatum. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and the Caribbean. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of limbatum. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
Simulium meruoca Nunes de Mello, Barbosa de Almeida & Dellome Filho
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of austeni. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Mansonella perstans Mansonella streptocerca
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of amazonicum. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of ornatum. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca gutturosa Onchocerca lienalis Onchocerca ochengi
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of punctipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Cache Valley virus Dirofilaria immitis Jamestown Canyon virus Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles punctipennis var. stonei Vargas
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of bradleyi. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of sollicitans. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and the Caribbean. Vector of: Cache Valley virus Dirofilaria immitis eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Rift Valley fever virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of sticticus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Europe. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis Tahyna virus
Culex nemorosus var. dorso-vittatus Villeneuve
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of stimulans. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis Jamestown Canyon virus Plasmodium gallinaceum snowshoe hare virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of excrucians. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Europe. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis Rift Valley fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of sierrensis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of salinarius. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and the Caribbean. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Plasmodium hermani West Nile virus Suspected vector of: St. Louis encephalitis virus
A flea of Genus Ctenocephalides with the species designation of felis. COMMENTS: Also called the cat flea. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Bartonella henselae Rickettsia felis Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Pulex with the species designation of irritans. COMMENTS: Also called the human flea. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of astia. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of brasiliensis. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and South America. Vector of: Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Echidnophaga with the species designation of gallinaceus. COMMENTS: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Nosopsyllus with the species designation of fasciatus. COMMENTS: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Leptopsylla with the species designation of segnis. COMMENTS: Also called the European mouse flea. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Rickettsia typhi Yersinia pestis
Leptopsylla musculi Jordan and Rothschild
A flea of Genus Aetheca with the species designation of wagneri. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Eumolpianus with the species designation of eumolpi. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Epitedia with the species designation of wenmanni. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Hoplopsyllus with the species designation of anomalus. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Hystrichopsylla with the species designation of linsdalei. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Malaraeus with the species designation of telchinum. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Megabothris with the species designation of abantis. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Opisodasys with the species designation of nesiotis. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Thrassis with the species designation of acamantis. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Thrassis with the species designation of arizonensis. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
Ceratophyllus arizonensis littoris Jordan
A flea of Genus Thrassis with the species designation of bacchi. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Thrassis with the species designation of fotus. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Thrassis with the species designation of francisi. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Thrassis with the species designation of pandorae. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Polygenis with the species designation of gwyni. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Pleochaetis with the species designation of exilis. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Orchopeus with the species designation of sexdentatus. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Oropsylla with the species designation of bruneri. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Oropsylla with the species designation of hirsuta. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Oropsylla with the species designation of idahoensis. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Oropsylla with the species designation of labis. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
Ceratophyllus labis Jordan and Rothschild
A flea of Genus Oropsylla with the species designation of montana. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
Ceratophyllus mandarinus Jordan and Rothschild
A flea of Genus Oropsylla with the species designation of rupestris. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Oropsylla with the species designation of tuberculata. COMMENTS: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
Opisocrostis tuberculatus cynomuris Jellison
A flea of Genus Ceratophyllus with the species designation of anisus. COMMENTS: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Rickettsia typhi
A mosquito of Genus Coquillettidia with the species designation of linealis. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Gan Gan virus Ross River virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of amictus. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Ross River virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus (Kunjin virus serotype)
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of camptorhynchus. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Kokobera virus Ross River virus Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of vittatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Vector of: chikungunya virus dengue virus Setaria digitata yellow fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of bromeliae. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: yellow fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of stigmatosoma. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Central America. Vector of: St. Louis encephalitis virus West Nile virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of circumluteolus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Bunyamwera virus Bwamba virus Rift Valley fever virus Wesselsbron virus Zika virus (Spondweni virus)
Banksinella luteolateralis var. circumluteolus Theobald
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of pembaensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Bunyamwera virus Setaria digitata
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of tahoensis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: California encephalitis virus Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of punctor. COMMENT: Occurs in North America, Europe and Asia. Vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus snowshoe hare virus
Culicada nemorosa f. haplolineata Schneider
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of hendersoni. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: La Crosse virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of caspius. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus Setaria labiatopapillosa Tahyna virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of cinereus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America, Asia, and Europe. Suspected vector of: Sindbis virus Tahyna virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of cantans. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Europe. Suspected vector of: Tahyna virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of paraensis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi Oropouche virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of variipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: African horse sickness virus Akabane virus bluetongue virus epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus Mansonella ozzardi Onchocerca cervicalis vesicular stomatitis virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of sonorensis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: African horse sickness virus bluetongue virus epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus Onchocerca cervicalis vesicular stomatitis virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of oxystoma. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia and Australia. Vector of: bluetongue virus Palyam virus Suspected vector of: Akabane virus Shuni virus (Aino virus)
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of shannoni. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Leishmania mexicana vesicular stomatitis virus
Phlebotomus bigeniculatus Floch & Abonnenc
Phlebotomus microcephalus Barretto & Duret
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of vittatum. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon simondi vesicular stomatitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of hilli. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of lesteri. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Brugia malayi Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles hyrcanus var. lesteri Baisas and Hu
Sabethes is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Sabethes with the species designation of chloropterus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: yellow fever virus
Sabethoides imperfectus Bonne-Wepster and Bonne
Sabethoides rangeli Surcouf and Gonzales-Rincones
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of modestus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Vector of: West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of theileri. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of taeniopus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of portesi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Marituba virus Mucambo virus Oriboca virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of caballus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and the Middle East. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus Wesselsbron virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of lineatopennis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus West Nile virus
Eretmapodites is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Eretmapodites with the species designation of chrysogaster. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: chikungunya virus Rift Valley fever virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of actoni. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of fulvus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of wadai. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of insignis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: bluetongue virus
A hard tick of Genus Hyalomma with the species designation of dromedarii. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: African horse sickness virus Coxiella burnetii Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Theileria equi Suspected vector of: Alkhurma virus
A soft tick of Genus Carios with the species designation of puertoricensis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Caribbean. Vector of: African swine fever virus
A flea of Genus Ctenocephalides with the species designation of canis. COMMENTS: Also called the dog flea. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of philoxera. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of buxtoni. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of hawaiiensis. COMMENTS: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of arakawae. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leucocytozoon caulleryi Suspected vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of festivipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leucocytozoon caulleryi
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of schultzei. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: bluetongue virus Leucocytozoon caulleryi Suspected vector of: epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
A tsetse fly of Genus Glossina with the species designation of longipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of : Trypanosoma congolense
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of rossi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania tropica
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of jamesii. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of tutuilae. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of rotumae. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti Suspected vector of: dengue virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of kesseli. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of annulifera. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: Brugia malayi
A tabanid fly of Genus Chrysops with the species designation of distinctipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Loa loa
A tabanid fly of Genus Chrysops with the species designation of longicornis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Loa loa
A tabanid fly of Genus Chrysops with the species designation of zahrai. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Loa loa
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of barbosai. COMMENT: Occurs in the Caribbean. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of phlebotomus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Caribbean. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of inornatipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Mansonella perstans
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of obscurus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Onchocerca gibsoni
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of bovis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca dukei
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of nubeculosus. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe. Vector of: Onchocerca cervicalis Onchocerca reticulata Suspected vector of: Akabane virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of parroti. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Onchocerca cervicalis
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of obsoletus. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. Vector of: Onchocerca cervicalis Onchocerca reticulata Suspected vector of: African horse sickness virus bluetongue virus
Culicoides obsoletus var. intermedius Okada
Culicoides varius var. obscuripes Santos Abreu
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of notoscriptus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus chikungunya virus dengue virus Dirofilaria immitis Japanese encephalitis virus Rift Valley fever virus Ross River virus West Nile virus yellow fever virus
A tabanid fly of Genus Tabanus with the species designation of laticornis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Elaeophora schneideri
A muscid fly of Genus Haematobia with the species designation of irritans. COMMENT: Also called the horn fly. Occurs in North America and Europe. Vector of: Stephanofilaria stilesi
A muscid fly of Genus Haematobia with the species designation of thirouxi. COMMENT: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Stephanofilaria assamensis
A muscid fly of Genus Musca with the species designation of conducens. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Stephanofilaria assamensis
A muscid fly of Genus Musca with the species designation of lusoria. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Parafilaria bovicola
A muscid fly of Genus Musca with the species designation of nevelli. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Parafilaria bovicola
A muscid fly of Genus Musca with the species designation of xanthomelas. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Parafilaria bovicola
A muscid fly of Genus Musca with the species designation of autumnalis. COMMENT: Also called the face fly or the autumn house fly. Occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Vector of: Parafilaria bovicola
A muscid fly of Genus Haematobia with the species designation of atripalpis. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Vector of: Parafilaria multipapillosa
A muscid fly of Genus Musca with the species designation of domestica. COMMENT: Also called the house fly or the common house fly. Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Drachsia megastoma Habronema muscae
A muscid fly of Genus Stomoxys with the species designation of calcitrans. COMMENT: Also called the stable fly. Occurs in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Vector of: Habronema microstoma
Stomoxis chrysocephala Robineau-Desvoidy
Stomoxys calcitrans var. soudanense Roubaud
A muscid fly of Genus Haematobia with the species designation of exigua. COMMENT: Also called the buffalo fly. Occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Vector of: Drachsia megastoma Habronema muscae
A fly of Genus Sarcophaga with the species designation of melanura. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Suspected vector of: Drachsia megastoma Habronema muscae
Sarcophagidae is a Family in Order Diptera. COMMENT: Also called flesh flies.
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of bantorum. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Rickettsia typhi
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of vansomerenae. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania donovani
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of columbiana. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Bartonella bacilliformis Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania mexicana
Phlebotomus monticolus var. incarum Ristorcelli & Van Ty
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of lichyi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Suspected vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of nuneztovari. COMMENT: Includes the subspecies Lutzomyia nuneztovari anglesi. Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Leishmania amazonensis Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania lainsoni
Lutzomyia nuneztovari anglesi Le Pont & Desjeux
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of reducta. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania amazonensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of townsendi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of cruzi. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Leishmania chagasi Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of antunesi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and the Caribbean. Vector of: Leishmania chagasi
Phlebotomus balourouensis Floch & Abonnenc
Phlebotomus machicouensis Floch & Abonnenc
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of bolitinos. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: bluetongue virus equine encephalosis virus Suspected vector of: African horse sickness virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of gulbenkiani. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Suspected vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of milnei. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Mansonella perstans Suspected vector of: Akabane virus bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Leptoconops with the species designation of becquaerti. COMMENT: Occurs in the Caribbean. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of victoriae. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Onchocerca cervicalis
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of lahillei. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus Mansonella ozzardi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of sanguineum. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of peregrinus. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: bluetongue virus
Culicoides assamensis Smith and Swaminath
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of magnus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: bluetongue virus Suspected vector of: equine encephalosis virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of zuluensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: bluetongue virus Suspected vector of: equine encephalosis virus Palyam virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of pycnostictus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Suspected vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of scotius. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Europe. Vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of pulicaris. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: bluetongue virus Suspected vector of: African horse sickness virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of debilipalpis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of stellifer. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of filariferus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of pusillus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of edeni. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Haemoproteus meleagridis
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of hinmani. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Haemoproteus meleagridis
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of arboricola. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Haemoproteus meleagridis
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of knowltoni. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Haemoproteus meleagridis
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of haematopotus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Haemoproteus meleagridis
A blackfly of Genus Austrosimulium with the species designation of pestilens. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Suspected vector of: Onchocerca cervicalis
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of guttifer. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leucocytozoon caulleryi
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of circumscriptus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Leucocytozoon caulleryi Suspected vector of: bluetongue virus
Culicoides matsuensis Lien, Weng and Lin
Culicoides salicola var. pictidorsum Kieffer
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of anatinum. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon simondi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of rendalense. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon simondi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of rugglesi. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon simondi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of usovae. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe. Vector of: Leucocytozoon simondi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of venustum. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon simondi
A blackfly of Genus Cnephia with the species designation of ornithophilia. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon simondi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of aureum. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon smithi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of congareenarum. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon smithi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of jenningsi. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Leucocytozoon smithi Onchocerca lienalis
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of meridionale. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon smithi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of slossonae. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon smithi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of argentiscutum. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Mansonella ozzardi
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of erythrocephalum. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Onchocerca gutturosa Onchocerca lienalis
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of bidentatum. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Onchocerca gutturosa
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of arakawae. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Onchocerca lienalis
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of reptans. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Onchocerca lienalis
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of daisense. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Onchocerca lienalis
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of kyushuense. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Onchocerca lienalis
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of thyolense. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca volvulus
Menoponidae is a Family in Order Phthiraptera.
A louse of Genus Trinoton with the species designation of anserinum. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and North America. Vector of: Sarconema eurycerca
A muscid fly of Genus Musca with the species designation of vetustissima. COMMENT: Also called the bush fly. Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Drachsia megastoma Habronema muscae
A mosquito of Genus Culiseta with the species designation of ochroptera. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of metallicus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: yellow fever virus.
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of pseudovishnui. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Japanese encephalitis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of fuscocephala. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Japanese encephalitis virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of communis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America, Europe and Asia. Vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus Tahyna virus
Culicada nemorosa f. diplolineata Schneider
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of intrudens. COMMENT: Occurs in North America, Europe and Asia. Vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of abserratus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus snowshoe hare virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of provocans. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus snowshoe hare virus
A mosquito of Genus Culiseta with the species designation of annulata. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Tahyna virus
Theobaldia annulata var. ferruginata Martini
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of allopha. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of christyi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A role borne by a parasitic round worm pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a louse vector.
parasitic round worm louse borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible domestic animal and being transmitted by a blackfly vector.
viral blackfly borne pathogen of domestic animal
A role borne by a viral pathogen in virtue of causing disease in a susceptible human and being transmitted by a soft tick vector.
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of conformis. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of gerbilli. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of hirtipes. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of nuttalli. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of skrjabini. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Rhadinopsylla with the species designation of cedestis. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Rhadinopsylla with the species designation of ventricosa. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Polygenis with the species designation of litargus. COMMENTS: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Dinopsyllus with the species designation of ellobius. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ctenophthalmus with the species designation of bacopus. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ctenophthalmus with the species designation of cabirus. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Dinopsyllus with the species designation of lypusus. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ctenophthalmus with the species designation of phyris. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Synosternus with the species designation of cleopatrae. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of ramesis. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of nubica. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Xenopsylla with the species designation of taractes. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Nosopsyllus with the species designation of henleyi. COMMENTS: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Stenoponia with the species designation of tripectinata. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ceratophyllus with the species designation of caspius. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ceratophyllus with the species designation of laeviceps. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ceratophyllus with the species designation of lebedwi. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ceratophyllus with the species designation of tesquorum. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ctenophthalmus with the species designation of teres. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ctenophthalmus with the species designation of wladimiri. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Frontopsylla with the species designation of luculenta. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Neopsylla with the species designation of setosa. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Oropsylla with the species designation of silantiewi. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
Ceratophyllus crassus Jordan and Rothschild
A flea of Genus Amphipsylla with the species designation of primaries. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Callopsylla with the species designation of dolabris. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Citellophilus with the species designation of tesquorum. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Citellophilus with the species designation of sungaris. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Ctenophthalmus with the species designation of quadratus. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Neopsylla with the species designation of pleskei. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Neopsylla with the species designation of specialis. COMMENTS: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Nosopsyllus with the species designation of laeviceps. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A flea of Genus Rhadinopsylla with the species designation of li. COMMENTS: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Yersinia pestis
A soft tick of Genus Argas with the species designation of africolumbae. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Aegyptianella pullorum Borrelia anserina
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of albipictus. COMMENT: Also called the winter tick. Occurs in North America. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Anaplasma ovis Babesia caballi
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of hunteri. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Anaplasma marginale Anaplasma ovis
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of pomposum. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Ehrlichia ruminantium
Amblyomma variegatum var. nocens Robinson, 1911
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of marmoreum. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Ehrlichia ruminantium
A hard tick of Genus Amblyomma with the species designation of astrion. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Ehrlichia ruminantium
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of tasmani. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Rickettsia australis
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of cornuatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Rickettsia australis
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of annulipes. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Ross River virus Sindbis virus
Anopheles perplexus var. persimilis Taylor, F.H.
A soft tick of Genus Ornithodoros with the species designation of savignyi COMMENT: Also called the sand tampan. Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: Borrelia crocidurae Quaranfil virus Suspected vector of: Alkhurma virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of alternans. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia and Asia. Vector of: Ross River virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus (Kunjin virus serotype)
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of bancroftianus. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Gan Gan virus Ross River virus
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Kokobera virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Australia.
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of clelandi. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Ross River virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of eidsvoldensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Gan Gan virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Sindbis virus
Aedes theobaldi form. eidsvoldensis Mackerras
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of flavifrons. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Ross River virus
Culicada vandema var. variegatans Strickland
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of procax. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus chikungunya virus Ross River virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of pseudonormanensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Ross River virus Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of ratcliffei. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus Ross River virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of sagax. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Murray Valley encephalitis virus Ross River virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of theobaldi. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Gan Gan virus Ross River virus Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of tremulus. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Murray Valley encephalitis virus Ross River virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus (Kunjin virus serotype)
Aedimorphus australis var. darwini Taylor
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of vittiger. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Coquillettidia with the species designation of xanthogaster. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of pullus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Vector of: Murray Valley encephalitis virus Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of australicus. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Murray Valley encephalitis virus Ross River virus Sindbis virus West Nile virus (Kunjin virus serotype)
Culex pipiens ssp. australicus Dobrotworsky and Drummond
An unassigned virus in the Family Bunyaviridae. COMMENT: Transmitted by mosquitoes. Causes disease (Gan Gan virus disease) in humans. Occurs in Australia.
A muscid fly of Genus Haematobia with the species designation of titillans. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Stephanofilaria assamensis Stephanofilaria stilesi
A mosquito of Genus Psorophora with the species designation of columbiae. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of crucians. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Dirofilaria immitis Suspected vector of: Tensaw virus
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of baimaii. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of latens. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of harveyi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of annandalei. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of desmotes. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of wellcomei. COMMENT: Occurs in the Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites) Wuchereria bancrofti
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of hancocki. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Wuchereria bancrofti
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of vorax. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca gutturosa
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of kingi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Onchocerca gutturosa
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of pictipes. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Leucocytozoon smithi Onchocerca cervicalis
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of kawamurai. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of tosa. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of palpale. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Leptotrombidium with the species designation of orientale. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Suspected vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
A mite of Genus Neotrombicula with the species designation of pomeranzevi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Suspected vector of: Orientia tsutsugamushi
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of conradae. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (canine babesiosis) in dogs. Occurs in North America.
An apicomplexan of Genus Babesia with the species designation of venatorum. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (babesiosis) in humans. Occurs in Europe.
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of elliptica. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Babesia canis
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of mageshimaensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Theileria buffeli
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of duttoni. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Theileria parva
A hard tick of Genus Hyalomma with the species designation of lusitanicum. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe. Vector of: Theileria annulata Theileria equi
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of bancrofti. COMMENT: Also called the wallaby tick. Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: Theileria buffeli
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of humerosa. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Vector of: Theileria buffeli
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of campestris. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium gallinaceum
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of rubida. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Conorhinus rubrofasciatus var.mexicana Patton & Cragg
Triatoma mexicana Neiva (not Triatoma mexicana Herrich-Schaeffer)
A reduviid bug of Genus Panstrongylus with the species designation of geniculatus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Panstrongylus with the species designation of howardi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Rhodnius with the species designation of brethesi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Rhodnius prolixus Neiva & Pinto (not Rhodnius prolixus Stal)
A reduviid bug of Genus Rhodnius with the species designation of robustus. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of dispar. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Rhodnius with the species designation of colombiensis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Rhodnius pallescens "Tolima form" Schofield & Dujardin
Rhodnius prolixus "sylvatic form" López & Moreno
A reduviid bug of Genus Rhodnius with the species designation of pictipes. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Rhodnius amazonicus Almeida, Santos & Sposina
A reduviid bug of Genus Rhodnius with the species designation of stali. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Panstrongylus with the species designation of humeralis. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Suspected vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Panstrongylus with the species designation of lutzi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Rhodnius with the species designation of neglectus. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Rhodnius prolixus Lent & Martins (not Rhodnius prolixus Stal)
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of recurva. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of longipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of mazzottii. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of mexicana. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of gerstaeckeri. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of picturata. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of rubrovaria. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Conorhinus phyllosoma Herrich-Schaeffer (not Conorhinus phyllosoma Burmeister)
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of rubrofasciata. COMMENT: Occurs worldwide. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
Conorhinus rubrofasciatus Amyot & Serville
A reduviid bug of Genus Triatoma with the species designation of protracta. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
An apicomplexan of Genus Theileria with the species designation of uilenbergi. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease (theileriosis) in sheep and goats. Occurs in Asia.
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of qinghaiensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Theileria uilenbergi
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of marajoara. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles domesticus Galvao and Damasceno
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of vestitipennis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of neomaculipalpus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of strodei. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of oswaldoi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Anopheles tarsimaculatus var. aquacaelestis Curry
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of intermedius. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and the Caribbean. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of carnevalei. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of ovengensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of pullus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of kleini. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of scanloni. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of mangyanus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of dravidicus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of pseudowillmori. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of willmori. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
Neocellia willmori var. maculosa James and Liston
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of sawadwongporni. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of harrisoni. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of yaeyamaensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of rampae. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of hinesorum. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A mosquito of Genus Anopheles with the species designation of epiroticus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Plasmodium (human malaria parasites)
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of balcanicus. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of bergeroti. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and the Middle East. Vector of: Leishmania major
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of saevus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and the Middle East. Vector of: Leishmania tropica
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of arabicus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Middle East. Vector of: Leishmania tropica
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of syriacus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Middle East. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of grovei. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Leishmania tropica
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of galilaeus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Middle East. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of neivai. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of shawi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania guyanensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of edwardsi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of almerioi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of salesi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of pia. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of yuilli. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Leishmania panamensis
Luzomyia fraihai Martins, Falcdo & Silva
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of cruciata. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Central America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis Leishmania mexicana Leishmania panamensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of sanguinaria. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Leishmania panamensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of tejadai. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of pescei. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Leishmania braziliensis
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Lutzomyia with the species designation of pseudolongipalpis. COMMENT: Occurs in Central America and South America. Vector of: Leishmania infantum
Lutzomyia is a Genus in Family Psychodidae.
Phlebotomus is a Genus in Family Psychodidae.
Austrosimulium is a Genus in Family Simuliidae.
Cnephia is a Genus in Family Simuliidae.
Simulium is a Genus in Family Simuliidae.
Chrysops is a Genus in Family Tabanidae.
Haematobia is a Genus in Family Muscidae.
Sarcophaga is a Genus in Family Sarcophagidae.
Glossina is a Genus in Family Glossinidae.
Culicoides is a Genus in Family Ceratopogonidae.
Forcipomyia is a Genus in Family Ceratopogonidae.
Leptoconops is a Genus in Family Ceratopogonidae.
Panstrongylus is a Genus in Family Reduviidae.
Rhodnius is a Genus in Family Reduviidae.
Triatoma is a Genus in Family Reduviidae.
Trinoton is a Genus in Family Menoponidae.
Pediculus is a Genus in Family Pediculidae.
Amphipsylla is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Callopsylla is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Ceratophyllus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Citellophilus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Ctenophthalmus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Ctenocephalides is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Hoplopsyllus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Epitedia is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Eumolpianus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Dinopsyllus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Echidnophaga is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Leptopsylla is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Frontopsylla is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Hystrichopsylla is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Malaraeus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Megabothris is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Neopsylla is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Nosopsyllus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Oropsylla is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Opisodasys is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Pleochaetis is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Orchopeus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Polygenis is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Xenopsylla is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Rhadinopsylla is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Thrassis is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Synosternus is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Stenoponia is a Genus in Family Pulicidae.
Leptotrombidium is a genus in Family Trombiculidae.
Neotrombicula is a genus in Family Trombiculidae.
Liponyssoides is a Genus in Family Dermanyssidae.
Ornithodoros is a Genus in Family Argasidae.
Amblyomma is a Genus in Family Ixodidae.
Dermacentor is a Genus in Family Ixodidae.
Haemaphysalis is a Genus in Family Ixodidae.
Rhipicephalus is a Genus in Family Ixodidae. COMMENT: Includes the subgenus Boophilus.
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of erraticus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of calceatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: chikungunya virus Rift Valley fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of palpalis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of zombaensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Europe. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus Wesselsbron virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of juppi. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus Wesselsbron virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of perexiguus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of fowleri. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus
A phlebotomine sandfly of Genus Phlebotomus with the species designation of andrejevi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Suspected vector of: Leishmania major
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of poicilipes. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus
Pseudo-Heptaphlebomyia madagascariensis Ventrillon
Taeniorhynchus tenax var. maculipes Theobald .
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of unidentatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of dentatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus Sindbis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of argenteopunctatus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Rift Valley fever virus
A blackfly of Genus Simulium with the species designation of notatum. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: vesicular stomatitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of epactius. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Central America. Vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of cataphylla. COMMENT: Occurs in North America, Europe and Asia. Vector of: California encephalitis virus Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of clivis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of hexodontus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America, Europe and Asia. Vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of increpitus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America, Europe and Asia. Vector of: California encephalitis virus Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of washinoi. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of squamiger. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: California encephalitis virus Jamestown Canyon virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of vomerifer. COMMENT: Occurs in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Vector of: Madrid virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of marksi. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia. Suspected vector of: bovine ephemeral fever virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of leucostictus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: bluetongue virus Suspected vector of: equine encephalosis virus
Culicoides distinctipennis var. egypti Macfie
Culicoides praetermissus Carter, Ingram & Macfie
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of nigromaculis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Japanese encephalitis virus Suspected vector of: Cache Valley virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of rubinotus. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Vector of: Banzi virus Bunyamwera virus (Germiston virus)
A mosquito of Genus Limatus with the species designation of flavisetosus. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Suspected vector of: wyeomyia virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of toroensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Suspected vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of gemellus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Suspected vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of nudipalpis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Suspected vector of: bluetongue virus
A biting midge of Genus Culicoides with the species designation of gutsevichi. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Suspected vector of: bluetongue virus
An unassigned virus in the family Arenaviridae. COMMENT: Transmitted by soft ticks. Causes disease (Quaranfil virusdisease) in humans. Occurs in Africa.
A soft tick of Genus Argas with the species designation of hermanni. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: Quaranfil virus
Thogotovirus is a Genus in the virus Family of Togaviridae.
A virus of Genus Thogotovirus with the designation of Thogoto virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by hard ticks. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Africa, Europe, and Asia.
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of rossicus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Vector of: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
A hard tick of Genus Hyalomma with the species designation of impeltatum. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa and Asia. Vector of: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of minuta. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of papuana. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of petauristae. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of kyasanurensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of wellingtoni. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of ceylonensis. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A hard tick of Genus Dermacentor with the species designation of auratus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A hard tick of Genus Rhipicephalus with the species designation of haemaphysaloides. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia. Vector of: Kyasanur Forest disease virus
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of apronophorus. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Europe. Vector of: Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of hexagonus. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe. Vector of: tick-borne encephalitis virus
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of trianguliceps. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: tick-borne encephalitis virus
A hard tick of Genus Haemaphysalis with the species designation of inermis. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe and Asia. Vector of: tick-borne encephalitis virus
A hard tick of Genus Ixodes with the species designation of arboricola. COMMENT: Occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Vector of: tick-borne encephalitis virus
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Langat virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by soft and hard ticks. Causes disease in humans on rare occasions. Occurs in Asia.
A virus of Genus Flavivirus with the designation of Royal Farm virus. COMMENT: Transmitted by soft ticks. Includes the serotype Karshi virus. Causes disease in humans. Occurs in Asia.
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of hensilli. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Suspected vector of: Zika virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of neavei. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: Banzi virus Sindbis virus Usutu virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of gnomatos. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Mucambo virus (subtype IIIC virus) Suspected vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of pedroi. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Mucambo virus (subtype IIIC virus) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Psorophora with the species designation of albigenu. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Mucambo virus (subtype IIIC virus)
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of cedecei. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: Everglades virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of septempunctata. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Ross River virus
Verrallina is a Genus in Family Culicidae.
A mosquito of Genus Verrallina with the species designation of lineata. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Ross River virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Verrallina with the species designation of carmenti. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Ross River virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Verrallina with the species designation of funerea. COMMENT: Occurs in Asia and Australia. Vector of: Barmah Forest virus chikungunya virus Japanese encephalitis virus Ross River virus West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of fulgens. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: chikungunya virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of serratus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Ilheus virus
A mosquito of Genus Culiseta with the species designation of incidens. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Vector of: St. Louis encephalitis virus West Nile virus western equine encephalomyelitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of adamesi. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of spissipes. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Suspected vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Culex alvarezi Sutil Oramas, Pulido Florenzano and Amarista Meneses
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of ocossa. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of panocossa. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Psorophora with the species designation of confinnis. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Taeniorhynchus confinnis Lynch Arribalzaga
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of delpontei. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Suspected vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Deinocerites with the species designation of pseudes. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Psorophora with the species designation of cingulata. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of fulvus. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and Europe. Vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of thelcter. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Suspected vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Psorophora with the species designation of discolor. COMMENT: Occurs in North America. Suspected vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Mansonia with the species designation of indubitans. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and the Caribbean. Suspected vector of: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of mediovittatus. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and the Caribbean. Vector of: dengue virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of occidentalis. COMMENT: Occurs in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Vector of: Murray Valley encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of coronator. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: St. Louis encephalitis virus
Culex coronator ssp. mooseri Vargas and Martinez Palacios
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of bahamensis. COMMENT: Occurs in North America and the Caribbean. Vector of: St. Louis encephalitis virus
A mosquito of Genus Psorophora with the species designation of albipes. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: Ilheus virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of thriambus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: West Nile virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of simpsoni. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: yellow fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Culex with the species designation of thalassius. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Vector of: yellow fever virus
Culicelsa accraensis var. fuscus Theobald
A mosquito of Genus Haemagogus with the species designation of equinus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Vector of: yellow fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Haemagogus with the species designation of splendens. COMMENT: Occurs in the Caribbean. Vector of: yellow fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Haemagogus with the species designation of capricornii. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: yellow fever virus
A mosquito of Genus Haemagogus with the species designation of mesodentatus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Americas. Suspected vector of: yellow fever virus
Haemagogus mesodentatus alticola Galindo, Trapido, and Boshell-Manrique
Haemagogus mesodentatus gorgasi Galindo and Trapido
A mosquito of Genus Haemagogus with the species designation of lucifer. COMMENT: Occurs in South America and Central America. Suspected vector of: yellow fever virus
Stegoconops lucifer Howard, Dyar, and Knab
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of strelitziae. COMMENT: Occurs in Africa. Suspected vector of: dengue virus
A mosquito of Genus Aedes with the species designation of hebrideus. COMMENT: Occurs in the Pacific Islands. Suspected vector of: dengue virus
Mepraia is a Genus in Family Reduviidae.
A reduviid bug of Genus Mepraia with the species designation of spinolai. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
A reduviid bug of Genus Panstrongylus with the species designation of sherlocki. COMMENT: Occurs in South America. Vector of: Trypanosoma cruzi
An entity [bfo:Entity] that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
the lawn and atmosphere in front of our building
Definition: An entity [bfo:Entity] that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is either dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers or inheres in or is borne by other entities.
Definition: A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is either dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers or inheres in or is borne by other entities.
A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the object [snap:Object] in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X (object [snap:Object] has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C.
the disposition of a patient with a weakened immune system to contract disease
the disposition of a vase to brake if dropped
the disposition of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of vegetables to decay when not refrigerated
Definition: A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the object [snap:Object] in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X (object [snap:Object] has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C.
A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is part of an object [snap:Object] but is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities.
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body
the lower right portion of a human torso
Definition: A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is part of an object [snap:Object] but is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities.
A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which is an essentially end-directed activity of a continuant [snap:Continuant] entity in virtue of that continuant [snap:Continuant] entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for.
the digestive function of the stomach to nutriate the body
the function of a birth canal to enable transport
the function of a computer program to compute mathematical equations
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a judge in a court of law
the function of an automobile to provide transportation
the function of reproduction in the transmission of genetic material
the function of the heart in the body: to pump blood
to receive de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood
Definition: A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which is an essentially end-directed activity of a continuant [snap:Continuant] entity in virtue of that continuant [snap:Continuant] entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for.
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
a certain PDF file that exists in different and in several hard drives
Definition: A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is a bearer of quality [snap:Quality] and realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
the bottom right portion of a human torso
Definition: A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is a bearer of quality [snap:Quality] and realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. Note: Material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] subsumes object [snap:Object], fiat object part [snap:FiatObjectPart], and object aggregate [snap:ObjectAggregate], which assume a three level theory of granularity, which is inadequate for some domains, such as biology.
Definition: An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. Note: Material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] subsumes object [snap:Object], fiat object part [snap:FiatObjectPart], and object aggregate [snap:ObjectAggregate], which assume a three level theory of granularity, which is inadequate for some domains, such as biology.
A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is spatially extended, maximally self-connected and self-contained (the parts of a substance are not separated from each other by spatial gaps) and possesses an internal unity. The identity of substantial object [snap:Object] entities is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is a mereological sum of separate object [snap:Object] entities and possesses non-connected boundaries.
An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] that is a lower dimensional part of a spatial entity, normally a closed two-dimensional surface. Boundaries are those privileged parts of object [snap:Object] entities that exist at exactly the point where the object [snap:Object] is separated off from the rest of the existing entities in the world.
the outer surface of a cell or cell wall
the surface of the interior of the stomach
Comment: Boundaries are theoretically difficult entities to account for, however the intuitive notion of a physical boundary as a surface of some sort (whether inside or outside of a thing) will generally serve as a good guide for the use of this universal.
A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with one dimension.
the part of space that is a line stretching from one end of absolute space to the other
Definition: A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with one dimension.
A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that is exhibited if it inheres in an entity or entities at all (a categorical property).
A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that inheres in continuant [snap:Continuant] entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
Comment: If a realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] inheres in a continuant [snap:Continuant], this does not imply that it is actually realized.
A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant [snap:Continuant] in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant [snap:Continuant] in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] consisting of a characteristic spatial shape in relation to some arrangement of other continuant [snap:Continuant] entities and of the medium which is enclosed in whole or in part by this characteristic spatial shape. Site [snap:Site] entities are entities that can be occupied by other continuant [snap:Continuant] entities.
Maria's nostril or her intestines for a variety of bacteria.
a particular room in a particular hospital
Comment: An instance of Site [snap:Site] is a mixture of independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] entities which act as surrounding environments for other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] entities, most importantly for instances of object [snap:Object]. A site [snap:Site] is typically made of object [snap:Object] or fiat object part [snap:FiatObjectPart] entities and a surrounding medium in which is found an object [snap:Object] occupying the site [snap:Site]. Independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] entities may be associated with others (which, then, are site [snap:Site] entities) through a relation of "occupation". That relation is connected to, but distinct from, the relation of spatial location. Site [snap:Site] entities are not to be confused with spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] entities. In BFO, site [snap:Site] allows for a so-called relational view of space which is different from the view corresponding to the class spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] (see the comment on this class).
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is neither bearer of quality [snap:Quality] entities nor inheres in any other entities.
parts of the sum total of all space in the universe
the sum total of all space in the universe
Comment: All instances of continuant [snap:Continuant] are spatial entities, that is, they enter in the relation of (spatial) location with spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] entities. As a particular case, the exact spatial location of a spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] is this region itself.
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
Definition: A continuant [snap:Continuant] that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with three dimensions.
Definition: A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with three dimensions.
A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with two dimensions.
the surface of a cube-shaped part of space
the surface of a rectilinear planar figure-shaped part of space
the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space
Definition: A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with two dimensions.
A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with no dimensions.
Definition: A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with no dimensions.
A spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] that has temporal and spatial dimensions such that all points within the spatiotemporal region are mediately or immediately connected to all other points within the same spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion].
the spatial and temporal location of an individual organism's life
the spatial and temporal location of the development of a fetus
Definition: A spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] that has temporal and spatial dimensions such that all points within the spatiotemporal region are mediately or immediately connected to all other points within the same spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion].
A temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] every point of which is mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which.
the time from the beginning to the end of a heart attack
Definition: A temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] every point of which is mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which.
A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
the most interesting part of Van Gogh's life
Definition: A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
An entity [bfo:Entity] that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants.
a surgical operation as processual context for a nosocomical infection
the spatiotemporal context occupied by a process of cellular meiosis
the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
Definition: An entity [bfo:Entity] that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants.
A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a maximally connected spatiotemporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a mereological sum of process [span:Process] entities and possesses non-connected boundaries.
a process of digestion and a process of thinking taken together
the beating of the hearts of each of seven individuals in the room
the playing of each of the members of an orchestra
Definition: A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a mereological sum of process [span:Process] entities and possesses non-connected boundaries.
A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary.
the detaching of a finger in an industrial accident
the final separation of two cells at the end of cell-division
the incision at the beginning of a surgery
Definition: A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary.
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] consisting of a characteristic spatial shape inhering in some arrangement of other occurrent [span:Occurrent] entities. Processual context [span:ProcessualContext] entities are characteristically entities at or in which other occurrent [span:Occurrent] entities can be located or occur.
The processual context for a given manipulation occurring as part of an experiment is made of processual entities which occur in parallel
are not necessarily all parts of the experiment themselves and may involve continuant [snap:Continuant] entities which are in the spatial vicinity of the participants in the experiment.
Comment: An instance of a processual context [span:ProcessualContext] is a mixture of processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] which stand as surrounding environments for other processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] entities. The class processual context [span:ProcessualContext] is the analogous among occurrent [span:Occurrent] entities to the class site [snap:Site] among continuant [snap:Continuant] entities.
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity.
Definition: An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity.
A spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] that has spatial and temporal dimensions and every spatial and temporal point of which is not connected with every other spatial and temporal point of which.
the space and time occupied by the individual games of the World Cup
the space and time occupied by the individual liaisons in a romantic affair
Definition: A spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] that has spatial and temporal dimensions and every spatial and temporal point of which is not connected with every other spatial and temporal point of which.
A temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] every point of which is not mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which.
the time occupied by the individual games of the World Cup
the time occupied by the individual liaisons in a romantic affair
Definition: A temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] every point of which is not mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which.
A connected spatiotemporal region [span:ConnectedSpatiotemporalRegion] at a specific moment.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a single instantaneous temporal slice (part) of a process
Definition: A connected spatiotemporal region [span:ConnectedSpatiotemporalRegion] at a specific moment.
A connected spatiotemporal region [span:ConnectedSpatiotemporalRegion] that endures for more than a single moment of time.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process or by a fiat processual part
Definition: A connected spatiotemporal region [span:ConnectedSpatiotemporalRegion] that endures for more than a single moment of time.
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] at or in which processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] entities can be located.
the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life
Comment: All instances of occurrent [span:Occurrent] are spatiotemporal entities, that is, they enter in the relation of (spatiotemporal) location with spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] entities. As a particular case, the exact spatiotemporal location of a spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] is this region itself.
A connected temporal region [span:ConnectedTemporalRegion] comprising a single moment of time.
the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident
Definition: A connected temporal region [span:ConnectedTemporalRegion] comprising a single moment of time.
A connected temporal region [span:ConnectedTemporalRegion] lasting for more than a single moment of time.
any continuous temporal duration during which a process occurs
Definition: A connected temporal region [span:ConnectedTemporalRegion] lasting for more than a single moment of time.
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that is part of time.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to undergo sexual reproduction in order to differentiate the individuals or types involved.