{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "**Chapter 2 – End-to-end Machine Learning project**\n", "\n", "*Welcome to Machine Learning Housing Corp.! Your task is to predict median house values in Californian districts, given a number of features from these districts.*\n", "\n", "*This notebook contains all the sample code and solutions to the exercices in chapter 2.*\n", "\n", "
\n", " Run in Google Colab\n", " | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "median_house_value | \n", "ocean_proximity | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | \n", "-122.23 | \n", "37.88 | \n", "41.0 | \n", "880.0 | \n", "129.0 | \n", "322.0 | \n", "126.0 | \n", "8.3252 | \n", "452600.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "
1 | \n", "-122.22 | \n", "37.86 | \n", "21.0 | \n", "7099.0 | \n", "1106.0 | \n", "2401.0 | \n", "1138.0 | \n", "8.3014 | \n", "358500.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "
2 | \n", "-122.24 | \n", "37.85 | \n", "52.0 | \n", "1467.0 | \n", "190.0 | \n", "496.0 | \n", "177.0 | \n", "7.2574 | \n", "352100.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "
3 | \n", "-122.25 | \n", "37.85 | \n", "52.0 | \n", "1274.0 | \n", "235.0 | \n", "558.0 | \n", "219.0 | \n", "5.6431 | \n", "341300.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "
4 | \n", "-122.25 | \n", "37.85 | \n", "52.0 | \n", "1627.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "565.0 | \n", "259.0 | \n", "3.8462 | \n", "342200.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "median_house_value | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
count | \n", "20640.000000 | \n", "20640.000000 | \n", "20640.000000 | \n", "20640.000000 | \n", "20433.000000 | \n", "20640.000000 | \n", "20640.000000 | \n", "20640.000000 | \n", "20640.000000 | \n", "
mean | \n", "-119.569704 | \n", "35.631861 | \n", "28.639486 | \n", "2635.763081 | \n", "537.870553 | \n", "1425.476744 | \n", "499.539680 | \n", "3.870671 | \n", "206855.816909 | \n", "
std | \n", "2.003532 | \n", "2.135952 | \n", "12.585558 | \n", "2181.615252 | \n", "421.385070 | \n", "1132.462122 | \n", "382.329753 | \n", "1.899822 | \n", "115395.615874 | \n", "
min | \n", "-124.350000 | \n", "32.540000 | \n", "1.000000 | \n", "2.000000 | \n", "1.000000 | \n", "3.000000 | \n", "1.000000 | \n", "0.499900 | \n", "14999.000000 | \n", "
25% | \n", "-121.800000 | \n", "33.930000 | \n", "18.000000 | \n", "1447.750000 | \n", "296.000000 | \n", "787.000000 | \n", "280.000000 | \n", "2.563400 | \n", "119600.000000 | \n", "
50% | \n", "-118.490000 | \n", "34.260000 | \n", "29.000000 | \n", "2127.000000 | \n", "435.000000 | \n", "1166.000000 | \n", "409.000000 | \n", "3.534800 | \n", "179700.000000 | \n", "
75% | \n", "-118.010000 | \n", "37.710000 | \n", "37.000000 | \n", "3148.000000 | \n", "647.000000 | \n", "1725.000000 | \n", "605.000000 | \n", "4.743250 | \n", "264725.000000 | \n", "
max | \n", "-114.310000 | \n", "41.950000 | \n", "52.000000 | \n", "39320.000000 | \n", "6445.000000 | \n", "35682.000000 | \n", "6082.000000 | \n", "15.000100 | \n", "500001.000000 | \n", "
\n", " | index | \n", "longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "median_house_value | \n", "ocean_proximity | \n", "id | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | \n", "8 | \n", "-122.26 | \n", "37.84 | \n", "42.0 | \n", "2555.0 | \n", "665.0 | \n", "1206.0 | \n", "595.0 | \n", "2.0804 | \n", "226700.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "-122222.16 | \n", "
10 | \n", "10 | \n", "-122.26 | \n", "37.85 | \n", "52.0 | \n", "2202.0 | \n", "434.0 | \n", "910.0 | \n", "402.0 | \n", "3.2031 | \n", "281500.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "-122222.15 | \n", "
11 | \n", "11 | \n", "-122.26 | \n", "37.85 | \n", "52.0 | \n", "3503.0 | \n", "752.0 | \n", "1504.0 | \n", "734.0 | \n", "3.2705 | \n", "241800.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "-122222.15 | \n", "
12 | \n", "12 | \n", "-122.26 | \n", "37.85 | \n", "52.0 | \n", "2491.0 | \n", "474.0 | \n", "1098.0 | \n", "468.0 | \n", "3.0750 | \n", "213500.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "-122222.15 | \n", "
13 | \n", "13 | \n", "-122.26 | \n", "37.84 | \n", "52.0 | \n", "696.0 | \n", "191.0 | \n", "345.0 | \n", "174.0 | \n", "2.6736 | \n", "191300.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "-122222.16 | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "median_house_value | \n", "ocean_proximity | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20046 | \n", "-119.01 | \n", "36.06 | \n", "25.0 | \n", "1505.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "1392.0 | \n", "359.0 | \n", "1.6812 | \n", "47700.0 | \n", "INLAND | \n", "
3024 | \n", "-119.46 | \n", "35.14 | \n", "30.0 | \n", "2943.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "1565.0 | \n", "584.0 | \n", "2.5313 | \n", "45800.0 | \n", "INLAND | \n", "
15663 | \n", "-122.44 | \n", "37.80 | \n", "52.0 | \n", "3830.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "1310.0 | \n", "963.0 | \n", "3.4801 | \n", "500001.0 | \n", "NEAR BAY | \n", "
20484 | \n", "-118.72 | \n", "34.28 | \n", "17.0 | \n", "3051.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "1705.0 | \n", "495.0 | \n", "5.7376 | \n", "218600.0 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
9814 | \n", "-121.93 | \n", "36.62 | \n", "34.0 | \n", "2351.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "1063.0 | \n", "428.0 | \n", "3.7250 | \n", "278000.0 | \n", "NEAR OCEAN | \n", "
\n", " | Overall | \n", "Stratified | \n", "Random | \n", "Rand. %error | \n", "Strat. %error | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \n", "0.039826 | \n", "0.039729 | \n", "0.040213 | \n", "0.973236 | \n", "-0.243309 | \n", "
2 | \n", "0.318847 | \n", "0.318798 | \n", "0.324370 | \n", "1.732260 | \n", "-0.015195 | \n", "
3 | \n", "0.350581 | \n", "0.350533 | \n", "0.358527 | \n", "2.266446 | \n", "-0.013820 | \n", "
4 | \n", "0.176308 | \n", "0.176357 | \n", "0.167393 | \n", "-5.056334 | \n", "0.027480 | \n", "
5 | \n", "0.114438 | \n", "0.114583 | \n", "0.109496 | \n", "-4.318374 | \n", "0.127011 | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "median_house_value | \n", "rooms_per_household | \n", "bedrooms_per_room | \n", "population_per_household | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
count | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "16354.000000 | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "16354.000000 | \n", "16512.000000 | \n", "
mean | \n", "-119.575834 | \n", "35.639577 | \n", "28.653101 | \n", "2622.728319 | \n", "534.973890 | \n", "1419.790819 | \n", "497.060380 | \n", "3.875589 | \n", "206990.920724 | \n", "5.440341 | \n", "0.212878 | \n", "3.096437 | \n", "
std | \n", "2.001860 | \n", "2.138058 | \n", "12.574726 | \n", "2138.458419 | \n", "412.699041 | \n", "1115.686241 | \n", "375.720845 | \n", "1.904950 | \n", "115703.014830 | \n", "2.611712 | \n", "0.057379 | \n", "11.584826 | \n", "
min | \n", "-124.350000 | \n", "32.540000 | \n", "1.000000 | \n", "6.000000 | \n", "2.000000 | \n", "3.000000 | \n", "2.000000 | \n", "0.499900 | \n", "14999.000000 | \n", "1.130435 | \n", "0.100000 | \n", "0.692308 | \n", "
25% | \n", "-121.800000 | \n", "33.940000 | \n", "18.000000 | \n", "1443.000000 | \n", "295.000000 | \n", "784.000000 | \n", "279.000000 | \n", "2.566775 | \n", "119800.000000 | \n", "4.442040 | \n", "0.175304 | \n", "2.431287 | \n", "
50% | \n", "-118.510000 | \n", "34.260000 | \n", "29.000000 | \n", "2119.500000 | \n", "433.000000 | \n", "1164.000000 | \n", "408.000000 | \n", "3.540900 | \n", "179500.000000 | \n", "5.232284 | \n", "0.203031 | \n", "2.817653 | \n", "
75% | \n", "-118.010000 | \n", "37.720000 | \n", "37.000000 | \n", "3141.000000 | \n", "644.000000 | \n", "1719.250000 | \n", "602.000000 | \n", "4.744475 | \n", "263900.000000 | \n", "6.056361 | \n", "0.239831 | \n", "3.281420 | \n", "
max | \n", "-114.310000 | \n", "41.950000 | \n", "52.000000 | \n", "39320.000000 | \n", "6210.000000 | \n", "35682.000000 | \n", "5358.000000 | \n", "15.000100 | \n", "500001.000000 | \n", "141.909091 | \n", "1.000000 | \n", "1243.333333 | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "ocean_proximity | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4629 | \n", "-118.30 | \n", "34.07 | \n", "18.0 | \n", "3759.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "3296.0 | \n", "1462.0 | \n", "2.2708 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
6068 | \n", "-117.86 | \n", "34.01 | \n", "16.0 | \n", "4632.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "3038.0 | \n", "727.0 | \n", "5.1762 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
17923 | \n", "-121.97 | \n", "37.35 | \n", "30.0 | \n", "1955.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "999.0 | \n", "386.0 | \n", "4.6328 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
13656 | \n", "-117.30 | \n", "34.05 | \n", "6.0 | \n", "2155.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "1039.0 | \n", "391.0 | \n", "1.6675 | \n", "INLAND | \n", "
19252 | \n", "-122.79 | \n", "38.48 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "6837.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "3468.0 | \n", "1405.0 | \n", "3.1662 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "ocean_proximity | \n", "
---|
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "ocean_proximity | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4629 | \n", "-118.30 | \n", "34.07 | \n", "18.0 | \n", "3759.0 | \n", "3296.0 | \n", "1462.0 | \n", "2.2708 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
6068 | \n", "-117.86 | \n", "34.01 | \n", "16.0 | \n", "4632.0 | \n", "3038.0 | \n", "727.0 | \n", "5.1762 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
17923 | \n", "-121.97 | \n", "37.35 | \n", "30.0 | \n", "1955.0 | \n", "999.0 | \n", "386.0 | \n", "4.6328 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
13656 | \n", "-117.30 | \n", "34.05 | \n", "6.0 | \n", "2155.0 | \n", "1039.0 | \n", "391.0 | \n", "1.6675 | \n", "INLAND | \n", "
19252 | \n", "-122.79 | \n", "38.48 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "6837.0 | \n", "3468.0 | \n", "1405.0 | \n", "3.1662 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "ocean_proximity | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4629 | \n", "-118.30 | \n", "34.07 | \n", "18.0 | \n", "3759.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "3296.0 | \n", "1462.0 | \n", "2.2708 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
6068 | \n", "-117.86 | \n", "34.01 | \n", "16.0 | \n", "4632.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "3038.0 | \n", "727.0 | \n", "5.1762 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
17923 | \n", "-121.97 | \n", "37.35 | \n", "30.0 | \n", "1955.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "999.0 | \n", "386.0 | \n", "4.6328 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
13656 | \n", "-117.30 | \n", "34.05 | \n", "6.0 | \n", "2155.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "1039.0 | \n", "391.0 | \n", "1.6675 | \n", "INLAND | \n", "
19252 | \n", "-122.79 | \n", "38.48 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "6837.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "3468.0 | \n", "1405.0 | \n", "3.1662 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4629 | \n", "-118.30 | \n", "34.07 | \n", "18.0 | \n", "3759.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "3296.0 | \n", "1462.0 | \n", "2.2708 | \n", "
6068 | \n", "-117.86 | \n", "34.01 | \n", "16.0 | \n", "4632.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "3038.0 | \n", "727.0 | \n", "5.1762 | \n", "
17923 | \n", "-121.97 | \n", "37.35 | \n", "30.0 | \n", "1955.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "999.0 | \n", "386.0 | \n", "4.6328 | \n", "
13656 | \n", "-117.30 | \n", "34.05 | \n", "6.0 | \n", "2155.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "1039.0 | \n", "391.0 | \n", "1.6675 | \n", "
19252 | \n", "-122.79 | \n", "38.48 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "6837.0 | \n", "433.0 | \n", "3468.0 | \n", "1405.0 | \n", "3.1662 | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | \n", "-121.89 | \n", "37.29 | \n", "38.0 | \n", "1568.0 | \n", "351.0 | \n", "710.0 | \n", "339.0 | \n", "2.7042 | \n", "
1 | \n", "-121.93 | \n", "37.05 | \n", "14.0 | \n", "679.0 | \n", "108.0 | \n", "306.0 | \n", "113.0 | \n", "6.4214 | \n", "
2 | \n", "-117.20 | \n", "32.77 | \n", "31.0 | \n", "1952.0 | \n", "471.0 | \n", "936.0 | \n", "462.0 | \n", "2.8621 | \n", "
3 | \n", "-119.61 | \n", "36.31 | \n", "25.0 | \n", "1847.0 | \n", "371.0 | \n", "1460.0 | \n", "353.0 | \n", "1.8839 | \n", "
4 | \n", "-118.59 | \n", "34.23 | \n", "17.0 | \n", "6592.0 | \n", "1525.0 | \n", "4459.0 | \n", "1463.0 | \n", "3.0347 | \n", "
\n", " | ocean_proximity | \n", "
---|---|
17606 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
18632 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
14650 | \n", "NEAR OCEAN | \n", "
3230 | \n", "INLAND | \n", "
3555 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
19480 | \n", "INLAND | \n", "
8879 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
13685 | \n", "INLAND | \n", "
4937 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
4861 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "
\n", " | longitude | \n", "latitude | \n", "housing_median_age | \n", "total_rooms | \n", "total_bedrooms | \n", "population | \n", "households | \n", "median_income | \n", "ocean_proximity | \n", "rooms_per_household | \n", "population_per_household | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | \n", "-121.89 | \n", "37.29 | \n", "38 | \n", "1568 | \n", "351 | \n", "710 | \n", "339 | \n", "2.7042 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "4.62537 | \n", "2.0944 | \n", "
1 | \n", "-121.93 | \n", "37.05 | \n", "14 | \n", "679 | \n", "108 | \n", "306 | \n", "113 | \n", "6.4214 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "6.00885 | \n", "2.70796 | \n", "
2 | \n", "-117.2 | \n", "32.77 | \n", "31 | \n", "1952 | \n", "471 | \n", "936 | \n", "462 | \n", "2.8621 | \n", "NEAR OCEAN | \n", "4.22511 | \n", "2.02597 | \n", "
3 | \n", "-119.61 | \n", "36.31 | \n", "25 | \n", "1847 | \n", "371 | \n", "1460 | \n", "353 | \n", "1.8839 | \n", "INLAND | \n", "5.23229 | \n", "4.13598 | \n", "
4 | \n", "-118.59 | \n", "34.23 | \n", "17 | \n", "6592 | \n", "1525 | \n", "4459 | \n", "1463 | \n", "3.0347 | \n", "<1H OCEAN | \n", "4.50581 | \n", "3.04785 | \n", "
\n", " | mean_fit_time | \n", "std_fit_time | \n", "mean_score_time | \n", "std_score_time | \n", "param_max_features | \n", "param_n_estimators | \n", "param_bootstrap | \n", "params | \n", "split0_test_score | \n", "split1_test_score | \n", "... | \n", "mean_test_score | \n", "std_test_score | \n", "rank_test_score | \n", "split0_train_score | \n", "split1_train_score | \n", "split2_train_score | \n", "split3_train_score | \n", "split4_train_score | \n", "mean_train_score | \n", "std_train_score | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | \n", "0.060251 | \n", "0.001252 | \n", "0.004077 | \n", "0.000397 | \n", "2 | \n", "3 | \n", "NaN | \n", "{'max_features': 2, 'n_estimators': 3} | \n", "-3.837622e+09 | \n", "-4.147108e+09 | \n", "... | \n", "-4.053749e+09 | \n", "1.519609e+08 | \n", "18 | \n", "-1.064113e+09 | \n", "-1.105142e+09 | \n", "-1.116550e+09 | \n", "-1.112342e+09 | \n", "-1.129650e+09 | \n", "-1.105559e+09 | \n", "2.220402e+07 | \n", "
1 | \n", "0.195211 | \n", "0.001845 | \n", "0.010179 | \n", "0.000394 | \n", "2 | \n", "10 | \n", "NaN | \n", "{'max_features': 2, 'n_estimators': 10} | \n", "-3.047771e+09 | \n", "-3.254861e+09 | \n", "... | \n", "-3.094381e+09 | \n", "1.327046e+08 | \n", "11 | \n", "-5.927175e+08 | \n", "-5.870952e+08 | \n", "-5.776964e+08 | \n", "-5.716332e+08 | \n", "-5.802501e+08 | \n", "-5.818785e+08 | \n", "7.345821e+06 | \n", "
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18 rows × 23 columns
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