Contributor Role Ontology ontology term requester term replaced by contributor role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000120 A high-level classification of the diverse roles performed in the work leading to a published research output in the sciences. Its purpose to provide transparency in contributions to scholarly published work, to enable improved systems of attribution, credit, and accountability. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5059-4132 http://dictionary.casrai.org/Contributor_Roles 9dbb95f4-55ed-4e43-9301-a9f0e3e17afe contributor role Creation and/or presentation of a published research object, such as books, journal articles, and other publications like technical documentation, web sites, code, ontologies, or data models. writer role 2018-09-14T19:47:01Z author role Creation and/or presentation of a published research object, such as books, journal articles, and other publications like technical documentation, web sites, code, ontologies, or data models. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 Preparation, creation and/or presentation of figures for a manuscript, presentation or other use. 2018-09-14T19:49:22Z figure development role Preparation, creation and/or presentation of figures for a manuscript, presentation or other use. http://dictionary.casrai.org/Contributor_Roles/Visualization Translating words or text from one language to another. 2018-09-14T19:49:51Z translator role Includes literature searches and contributions to review activities (systematic reviews, scoping reviews, etc.) 2018-09-14T19:51:01Z background and literature search role Coordination of research dissemination through popular media and the press, as well as community outreach and liaising of project directly to the community. Similar to vivo:OutreachProviderRole? communication role outreach role 2018-09-14T19:51:26Z marketing and communication role Creation or refinement of a website, a set of related web pages served from a single web domain. website development role website maintenance role 2018-09-14T19:51:53Z website role Creation or refinement of a website, a set of related web pages served from a single web domain. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35127 A communication role that encompasses facilitate co-operation between people or organizations. 2018-09-14T19:52:02Z obsolete networking facilitation role true A communication role that encompasses facilitate co-operation between people or organizations. (2009) The functions and roles of network facilitators. In: Franz HW., Sarcina R. (eds) Building Leadership in Project and Network Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg A communication role that involves the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. 2018-09-14T19:52:12Z obsolete marketing role true A communication role that involves the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. https://www.ama.org/the-definition-of-marketing/ A communication role in which one records the details of an event, a process, a workflow, etc. 2018-09-14T19:52:17Z documentation role A communication role in which one records the details of an event, a process, a workflow, etc. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/document A communication role that utilizes the art or profession of using design elements (such as typography and images) to convey information, create visualizations, or create an effect. 2018-09-14T19:52:27Z graphic design role A communication role that utilizes the art or profession of using design elements (such as typography and images) to convey information, create visualizations, or create an effect. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/graphic%20design Creation of software documentation. software documentation role 2018-09-14T20:26:05Z technical documentation role A role that encompasses effective and efficient operation and usage of data, including, but not limited to management, handling, or manipulation. 2018-09-14T19:55:34Z data role A role in which a person participates in the transfer of knowledge and skills, through teaching, development of educational materials or curriculum, through program development or other means. educational role 2018-09-14T19:55:45Z education and training role A role that involves the development, management, and use of computer-based information systems. 2018-09-14T19:56:05Z obsolete information technology systems role true A role that involves the development, management, and use of computer-based information systems. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661 Verification that software meets requirements; validation that software meets users' needs, identification of software bugs, assessment of software performance and usability. Software Quality Assurance Role 2018-09-14T20:26:00Z software testing role A role related to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. from. 2018-09-14T19:56:34Z intellectual property role A role related to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. from. https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/ Policy development generally involves research, analysis, consultation and synthesis of information to produce recommendations for action by an individual or an organization. It should also involve an evaluation of options against a set of criteria used to assess each option. 2018-09-14T20:04:29Z policy development role Set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record. 2018-09-14T20:04:39Z preservation role Set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830393 Manage regulatory and compliance issues for the research project. regulatory administration role 2018-09-14T20:05:56Z regulatory and compliance role A person that is responsible for usage of instrumentation, such as equipment or devices, or instruments like a survey or questionnaire. 2018-09-14T20:06:00Z instrumentation role Management activities to annotate, maintain, research, and preserve physical objects to maximize their use for research and education now and into the future. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-3327 curator role Activities to obtain physical objects for research or scholarly purposes or to add to a collection. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-3327 collection role Coordination of diverse team members, often across different disciplines and locations. 2018-09-14T20:06:26Z team management role The compiling of information with intent to prepare combined datasets for data processing. 2018-09-14T20:11:23Z obsolete data aggregation role true The compiling of information with intent to prepare combined datasets for data processing. Stanley, Jay; Steinhardt, Barry (January 2003). "Bigger Monster, Weaker Chains: The Growth of an American Surveillance Society". American Civil Liberties Union. Statistical aspects of research, including data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data from surveys and experiments statistical data analysis role 2018-09-14T20:11:35Z statistical analysis role Statistical aspects of research, including data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data from surveys and experiments https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics The process of gathering and measuring data, information or any variables of interest in a standardized and established manner that enables the collector to answer or test hypothesis and evaluate outcomes of the particular collection. data aggregation role 2018-09-14T20:11:40Z data collection role The process of gathering and measuring data, information or any variables of interest in a standardized and established manner that enables the collector to answer or test hypothesis and evaluate outcomes of the particular collection. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/30318/data-collection The annotation of data with descriptive information that describes the data (metadata), with the goal of making the data more usuable or reusable for future use. metadata application role 2018-09-14T20:11:50Z metadata role The annotation of data with descriptive information that describes the data (metadata), with the goal of making the data more usuable or reusable for future use. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/metadata-management The process of inputting data into a computerized form. 2018-09-14T20:11:54Z data entry role The process of inputting data into a computerized form. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/data-entry The process of combining data from different sources to provide a standardized or unified view. 2018-09-14T20:12:00Z data integration role The process of combining data from different sources to provide a standardized or unified view. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824 The process of creating a data model for an information system by applying certain formal techniques. 2018-09-14T20:12:07Z data modeling role The process of creating a data model for an information system by applying certain formal techniques. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664 A procedure intended to verify the efficiency and reliability of data. Data Scrubbing Role 2018-09-14T20:12:14Z data quality assurance role A procedure intended to verify the efficiency and reliability of data. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14653/data-quality The process of creating data standards, which are the rules by which data are described and recorded in order to share, exchange, and understand data. Examples include development of an ontology, terminology, code lists, etc. 2018-09-14T20:12:25Z obsolete data standards developer role true The process of creating data standards, which are the rules by which data are described and recorded in order to share, exchange, and understand data. Examples include development of an ontology, terminology, code lists, etc. https://www.usgs.gov/products/data-and-tools/data-management/data-standards An educational role in which a person develops educational or training materials that are intended to transfer knowledge, for use in a classroom, indpendent learning or other settings. educational material development role 2018-09-14T20:15:18Z training material role An educational role in which a person participates in the development of an educational program, designed for learners to achieve a set of compentencies around a given topic or area of focus. educational program development role 2018-09-14T20:15:23Z training program development role An educational role in which knowledge and skills are transferred through teaching. This may be equivalent to vivo:Teacher Role. educational instruction role educational training role teaching role 2018-09-14T20:15:29Z instruction role An educational role in which knowledge and skills are transferred through teaching. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434 An information technology systems role that specifically focuses on the computer hardware, the physical components of a computer system. hardware systems role 2018-09-14T20:17:16Z hardware role An information technology systems role that specifically focuses on the computer hardware, the physical components of a computer system. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966 An information technology systems role that specifically focuses on the computer software, the non-tangible executable component of a computer. 2018-09-14T20:17:20Z obsolete software systems role true An information technology systems role that specifically focuses on the computer software, the non-tangible executable component of a computer. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397 A role usually within the Information Technology department, charged with the creation, maintenance, backups, querying, tuning, user rights assignment and security of an organization's databases. database administration role 2018-09-14T20:17:25Z database administrator role A role usually within the Information Technology department, charged with the creation, maintenance, backups, querying, tuning, user rights assignment and security of an organization's databases. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1187/database-administrator-dba A software systems role that involves maintenance and operation of a computer system and/or network. sysadmin role systems administration role 2018-09-14T20:17:32Z system administrator role A software systems role that involves maintenance and operation of a computer system and/or network. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327353 A methodology role that involves development of information that suggests how something should be done. Best Practices Role guideline development role standard operating procedure development role 2018-09-14T20:19:52Z standards role A methodology role that involves development of information that suggests how something should be done. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/guideline A methodology role that involves creation of a detailed plan of a scientific or medical experiment, treatment, or procedure. protocol development role 2018-09-14T20:19:56Z protocol creation role A methodology role that involves creation of a detailed plan of a scientific or medical experiment, treatment, or procedure. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/protocol A methodology role that involves the development or creation of an established or prescribed methods to be followed routinely for the performance of designated operations or in designated situations. 2018-09-14T20:20:02Z obsolete standard operating procedure development role true A methodology role that involves the development or creation of an established or prescribed methods to be followed routinely for the performance of designated operations or in designated situations. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/standard%20operating%20procedure Detailed design of study components including data collection, analysis, and dissemination. 2018-09-14T20:20:06Z study design role A methodology role that involves the creation or refinement of a manner or method by which an activity is performed. 2018-09-14T20:20:11Z technique development role A methodology role that involves the creation or refinement of a manner or method by which an activity is performed. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2695280 A role charged with conceptualization, design, development and marketing of complex equipment. instrument development role 2018-09-14T20:23:39Z device development role A role charged with conceptualization, design, development and marketing of complex equipment. https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/product-development-or-new-product-development-NPD A person that is responsible for operating equipment or instrumentation and/or that ensures equipment is well-maintained, properly configured, and safely functional. instrument technician role 2018-09-14T20:23:44Z equipment technician role A person that is responsible for operating equipment or instrumentation and/or that ensures equipment is well-maintained, properly configured, and safely functional. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_equipment_technician Creation or refinement of a survey or questionnaire, a list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a particular group of people. 2018-09-14T20:23:49Z survey and questionnaire development role Creation or refinement of a survey or questionnaire, a list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a particular group of people. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997 Examination of software code to identify build-breaking changes prior to acceptance into a codebase. software code review role 2018-09-14T20:25:30Z code review role Algorithm development and implementation of software in a computer programming language. 2018-09-14T20:25:35Z obsolete computer programming role true Creation of high-level structures of a software system. 2018-09-14T20:25:40Z software architecture role Creation of low-level software component and algorithm design. 2018-09-14T20:25:45Z software design role Creation of low-level software component and algorithm design. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-level_design Systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods, and experience to the design, implementation, testing, and documentation of software. computer programming role 2018-09-14T20:25:49Z software engineering role Planning, management, and monitoring of projects. 2018-09-14T20:25:55Z project management role A professional who assesses, collects, organizes, preserves, maintains control over, and provides access to information determined to have long-term value. 2018-09-15T16:25:54Z archivist role A professional who assesses, collects, organizes, preserves, maintains control over, and provides access to information determined to have long-term value. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635734 A person responsible for the preservation of artistic and cultural artifacts. 2018-09-15T16:26:00Z conservator role A person responsible for the preservation of artistic and cultural artifacts. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446966 A role that includes the formal endeavor to ensure that digital information of continuing value remains accessible, trustworthy, and usable. 2018-09-15T16:26:05Z digital preservation role A role that includes the formal endeavor to ensure that digital information of continuing value remains accessible, trustworthy, and usable. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632897 2018-09-15T16:29:29Z relationship 2018-09-15T16:29:43Z contributorship Aggregation, integration, manipulation of data. data manipulation role 2018-10-01T20:32:37Z data transformation role The process of creating standards, which aare an established norm or requirement in regard to technical systems. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes, and practices. standard development role 2018-10-01T20:33:58Z standards development role The process of creating standards, which aare an established norm or requirement in regard to technical systems. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes, and practices. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs. 2018-10-01T20:35:43Z data validation role formal training role 2018-10-01T20:42:52Z educational training role true A role that includes the design and implementation of the physical components of a computer system. information technology hardware systems design and implementation role 2018-10-01T20:43:37Z obsolete IT hardware systems design and implementation role true A role that includes the design and implementation of the physical components of a computer system. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966 2018-10-01T20:44:21Z systems administration role true Contribution to the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization. 2018-10-01T20:48:11Z infrastructure role Contribution to the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/infrastructure Evaluation is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their effectiveness and efficiency. 2018-10-01T20:48:24Z project, policy or program evaluation role Evaluation is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their effectiveness and efficiency. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_evaluation An infrastructure role that is accountable for management and coordination of a program, to help achieve the program goals. 2018-10-01T20:48:37Z obsolete program administration role true The organization of the different elements needed to implement a study. 2018-10-01T20:49:10Z coordination role The organization of the different elements needed to implement a study. https://learn.nursing.jhu.edu/face-to-face/courses/research-coordinator/index.html Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team. 2018-10-01T20:49:54Z supervisory role true A communication role which involves the dynamic relational process that facilitates communication, interaction, involvement, and exchange between an organization and a community for a range of social and organizational outcomes. 2018-10-01T20:55:22Z community engagement role A communication role which involves the dynamic relational process that facilitates communication, interaction, involvement, and exchange between an organization and a community for a range of social and organizational outcomes. Johnston, K. A. (2018). Toward a theory of social engagement. In K. A. Johnston & M. Taylor (Eds.), The Handbook of Communication Engagement (pp. 19-32). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. A communication role that involves development or production of materials, such as brochures, websites, flyers, presentations, etc., for the purposes of promotion of a entity, like a project, group or organization. 2018-10-01T20:56:18Z outreach materials development role Role that involves identifying eligible participants, explaining the study to potential participants, recruiting an adequate sample based on study goals and design, obtaining informed consent/maintaining ethical standards, and retaining participants until study completion. 2018-10-01T20:57:17Z obsolete participant recruitment role true Role that involves identifying eligible participants, explaining the study to potential participants, recruiting an adequate sample based on study goals and design, obtaining informed consent/maintaining ethical standards, and retaining participants until study completion. https://healthit.ahrq.gov/ahrq-funded-projects/emerging-lessons/participant-recruitment-research Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims. 2018-10-01T20:57:53Z research conceptualization role true One who is proficient in the relevant skill and technique, with a relatively practical understanding of the theoretical principles. 2018-10-01T20:58:59Z technician role One who is proficient in the relevant skill and technique, with a relatively practical understanding of the theoretical principles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technician Creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation). 2018-10-01T21:03:36Z original draft preparation role true A role in which one provides a summary of a research output, such as a journal article, that is understandable by a lay person or non-expert audience. lay synthesis of research output role 2018-10-01T21:04:14Z lay summary role A method or steps that maintain, update content, clean up, or repair a website. 2018-10-01T21:13:13Z obsolete website maintenance role true A method or steps that maintain, update content, clean up, or repair a website. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17634596 A documentation role that involves preparation of instruction manuals, journal articles, and other supporting documents to communicate complex and technical information more easily. technical writing role A documentation role that involves preparation of instruction manuals, journal articles, and other supporting documents to communicate complex and technical information more easily. https://www.truity.com/career-profile/technical-writer The tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered software product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements. requirements analysis role The tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered software product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements. Kotonya, G. and Sommerville, I. 1998. Requirements Engineering: Processes and Techniques Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. Obtaining a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-3327 specimen collection role In botany, this is the collector listed first for a particular specimen. Each specimen has one primary collector. The primary collector assigns a number to that specimen from his/her own number series. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-3327 primary collector role Evaluation of grant applications by others working in the same field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 grant peer review role Selecting, ordering, and receiving materials or physical objects for research, scholarly, library or archival collections. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-3327 acquisition role The person or organization that provides money for a particular purpose, such as a grant to perform research. funder role funding source role The person or organization that provides money for a particular purpose, such as a grant to perform research. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/funder The person or organization that is responsible for a new or novel discovery, i.e., the process of finding information, a place, or an object, especially for the first time, or the thing that is found. For example, a researcher discovering a new gene mutation that contributes to a disease. discovery role The person or organization that is responsible for a new or novel discovery, i.e., the process of finding information, a place, or an object, especially for the first time, or the thing that is found. For example, a researcher discovering a new gene mutation that contributes to a disease. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/discovery A person or organization who helps guide a patient through the healthcare system. This includes help going through the screening, diagnosis, treatment (including clinical trials), and follow-up of a medical condition, such as cancer. patient advocate role A person or organization who helps guide a patient through the healthcare system. This includes help going through the screening, diagnosis, treatment (including clinical trials), and follow-up of a medical condition, such as cancer. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/patient-advocate Oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, such as a talk or poster presentation at a conference. lecture role lecturer role presentation role speaker role presenter role Oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, such as a talk or poster presentation at a conference. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603773 Evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work, such as manuscripts or grants by others working in the same field. manuscript review role peer review role Evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work, such as manuscripts or grants by others working in the same field. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/peer_review A role that involves giving advice in a particular field. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-5254 advisory role advisory role https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/adviser A role that is realized through the modification of an existing artifact (e.g. adding or removing content to/from a document, updating information in a data record, fixing errors in a manuscript, etc.) updater role https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 The nature of a modification will vary depending on the type of artifact being modified, and more specific terms may exist in the CRO to describe certain types of modification. modifier role A role that is realized through the modification of an existing artifact (e.g. adding or removing content to/from a document, updating information in a data record, fixing errors in a manuscript, etc.) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 A role that is realized through the act of formally accepting an artifact for inclusion in some larger resource (e.g. database, registry, collection, etc.) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 An agent accepting an artifact possesses the authority to decide if it belongs in a particular resource or collection. This agent may or may not also have directly evaluated it themselves - but if they did, an 'evaluator role' could additionally be captured. acceptor role A role that is realized through the act of formally accepting an artifact for inclusion in some larger resource (e.g. database, registry, collection, etc.) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 A role that is realized through the act of formally submitting or depositing an artifact to be included in some larger resource (e.g. database, registry, collection, etc.) depositor role https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 An agent submitting an artifact may or may not also have contributed to its creation. If they did, and additional ‘creator role’ can be applied. submitter role A role that is realized through the act of formally submitting or depositing an artifact to be included in some larger resource (e.g. database, registry, collection, etc.) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 A role that is realized through the review and evaluation of an artifact - generally to assess its quality, completeness, relevance, or other characteristics. assessor role reviewer role https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 Evaluating an artifact does not involve modification of the assessed artifact - however the suggestion of alterations can be a separate outcome of an evaluation. If the artifact is modified by the agent during or subsequent to the evaluation, a 'modifier role' should additionally be applied. evaluator role A role that is realized through the review and evaluation of an artifact - generally to assess its quality, completeness, relevance, or other characteristics. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 A role used to indicate that an agent was the creator of an artifact (i.e. had significant or sole responsibility for its initial generation). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 This is a generic role to be used when a more specific term suitable for the contribution scenario is not available or warranted. For example, the 'author role' term describes creator roles for published works, and should be used to describe creation of things like books or journal articles. creator role A role used to indicate that an agent was the creator of an artifact (i.e. had significant or sole responsibility for its initial generation). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-5019 A role that involves creation, maintenance or administration of a database. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-5254 database role https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-5254 community research partner A person who deals with provision and maintenance of information in many formats, including: books; electronic resources; magazines; newspapers; audio and video recordings; maps; manuscripts; photographs and other graphic material; bibliographic databases; and web-based and digital resources. A librarian may also provide other information services, including: information literacy instruction; computer provision and training; coordination with community groups to host public programs; assistive technology for people with disabilities; and assistance locating community resources. Librarians often work in a library, but can also work in other physical settings or virtual environments. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-5254 librarian role A person who deals with provision and maintenance of information in many formats, including: books; electronic resources; magazines; newspapers; audio and video recordings; maps; manuscripts; photographs and other graphic material; bibliographic databases; and web-based and digital resources. A librarian may also provide other information services, including: information literacy instruction; computer provision and training; coordination with community groups to host public programs; assistive technology for people with disabilities; and assistance locating community resources. Librarians often work in a library, but can also work in other physical settings or virtual environments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian research conceptualization role http://purl.org/credit/ontology http://purl.org/credit/ontology data analysis role http://purl.org/credit/ontology grant acquisition role http://purl.org/credit/ontology http://purl.org/credit/ontology http://purl.org/credit/ontology program administration role http://purl.org/credit/ontology resource provision role http://purl.org/credit/ontology software systems role http://purl.org/credit/ontology supervisory role http://purl.org/credit/ontology http://purl.org/credit/ontology http://purl.org/credit/ontology original draft preparation role http://purl.org/credit/ontology http://purl.org/credit/ontology