{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Minimal Example pandapower\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "## Creating a Power System\n",
    "\n",
    "We consider the following simple 3-bus example network as a minimal example:\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"pics/3bus-system.png\" width=\"50%\">\n",
    "\n",
    "The above network can be created in pandapower as follows:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandapower as pp\n",
    "\n",
    "#create empty net\n",
    "net = pp.create_empty_network()\n",
    "\n",
    "#create buses\n",
    "bus1 = pp.create_bus(net, vn_kv=20., name=\"Bus 1\")\n",
    "bus2 = pp.create_bus(net, vn_kv=0.4, name=\"Bus 2\")\n",
    "bus3 = pp.create_bus(net, vn_kv=0.4, name=\"Bus 3\")\n",
    "\n",
    "#create bus elements\n",
    "pp.create_ext_grid(net, bus=bus1, vm_pu=1.02, name=\"Grid Connection\")\n",
    "pp.create_load(net, bus=bus3, p_kw=100, q_kvar=50, name=\"Load\")\n",
    "\n",
    "#create branch elements\n",
    "trafo = pp.create_transformer(net, hv_bus=bus1, lv_bus=bus2, std_type=\"0.4 MVA 20/0.4 kV\", name=\"Trafo\")\n",
    "line = pp.create_line(net, from_bus=bus2, to_bus=bus3, length_km=0.1, std_type=\"NAYY 4x50 SE\", name=\"Line\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Structure\n",
    "\n",
    "Each dataframe in a pandapower net object contains the information about one pandapower element, such as line, load transformer etc."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>name</th>\n",
       "      <th>vn_kv</th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>zone</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_service</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Bus 1</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>b</td>\n",
       "      <td>None</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>Bus 2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>b</td>\n",
       "      <td>None</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>Bus 3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>b</td>\n",
       "      <td>None</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    name  vn_kv type  zone in_service\n",
       "0  Bus 1   20.0    b  None       True\n",
       "1  Bus 2    0.4    b  None       True\n",
       "2  Bus 3    0.4    b  None       True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.bus"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>name</th>\n",
       "      <th>std_type</th>\n",
       "      <th>from_bus</th>\n",
       "      <th>to_bus</th>\n",
       "      <th>length_km</th>\n",
       "      <th>r_ohm_per_km</th>\n",
       "      <th>x_ohm_per_km</th>\n",
       "      <th>c_nf_per_km</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_i_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>df</th>\n",
       "      <th>parallel</th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_service</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Line</td>\n",
       "      <td>NAYY 4x50 SE</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.642</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.083</td>\n",
       "      <td>210.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.142</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>cs</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   name      std_type  from_bus  to_bus  length_km  r_ohm_per_km  \\\n",
       "0  Line  NAYY 4x50 SE         1       2        0.1         0.642   \n",
       "\n",
       "   x_ohm_per_km  c_nf_per_km  max_i_ka   df  parallel type in_service  \n",
       "0         0.083        210.0     0.142  1.0         1   cs       True  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.line"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>name</th>\n",
       "      <th>std_type</th>\n",
       "      <th>hv_bus</th>\n",
       "      <th>lv_bus</th>\n",
       "      <th>sn_kva</th>\n",
       "      <th>vn_hv_kv</th>\n",
       "      <th>vn_lv_kv</th>\n",
       "      <th>vsc_percent</th>\n",
       "      <th>vscr_percent</th>\n",
       "      <th>pfe_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>tp_side</th>\n",
       "      <th>tp_mid</th>\n",
       "      <th>tp_min</th>\n",
       "      <th>tp_max</th>\n",
       "      <th>tp_st_percent</th>\n",
       "      <th>tp_st_degree</th>\n",
       "      <th>tp_pos</th>\n",
       "      <th>parallel</th>\n",
       "      <th>df</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_service</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Trafo</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.4 MVA 20/0.4 kV</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>400.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.425</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.35</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>hv</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>-2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>1 rows × 22 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    name           std_type  hv_bus  lv_bus  sn_kva  vn_hv_kv  vn_lv_kv  \\\n",
       "0  Trafo  0.4 MVA 20/0.4 kV       0       1   400.0      20.0       0.4   \n",
       "\n",
       "   vsc_percent  vscr_percent  pfe_kw     ...      tp_side  tp_mid tp_min  \\\n",
       "0          6.0         1.425    1.35     ...           hv       0     -2   \n",
       "\n",
       "   tp_max  tp_st_percent  tp_st_degree  tp_pos  parallel   df  in_service  \n",
       "0       2            2.5           0.0       0         1  1.0        True  \n",
       "\n",
       "[1 rows x 22 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.trafo"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>name</th>\n",
       "      <th>bus</th>\n",
       "      <th>p_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>const_z_percent</th>\n",
       "      <th>const_i_percent</th>\n",
       "      <th>sn_kva</th>\n",
       "      <th>scaling</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_service</th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Load</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>None</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   name  bus   p_kw  q_kvar  const_z_percent  const_i_percent  sn_kva  \\\n",
       "0  Load    2  100.0    50.0              0.0              0.0     NaN   \n",
       "\n",
       "   scaling in_service  type  \n",
       "0      1.0       True  None  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.load"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Note that line and transformer are created from the standard type library. The electric parameters of are automatically filled in from the standard type library."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Power Flow\n",
    "\n",
    "We now run a power flow:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "pp.runpp(net)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "And look at the results:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>vm_pu</th>\n",
       "      <th>va_degree</th>\n",
       "      <th>p_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_kvar</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.020000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-107.265391</td>\n",
       "      <td>-52.675195</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.008843</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.760126</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.964431</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.115859</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      vm_pu  va_degree        p_kw     q_kvar\n",
       "0  1.020000   0.000000 -107.265391 -52.675195\n",
       "1  1.008843  -0.760126    0.000000   0.000000\n",
       "2  0.964431   0.115859  100.000000  50.000000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.res_bus"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>p_from_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_from_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>p_to_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_to_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>pl_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>ql_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>i_from_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>i_to_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>i_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>loading_percent</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>105.392391</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.696119</td>\n",
       "      <td>-100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>-50.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.392391</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.696119</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.167325</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.167326</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.167326</td>\n",
       "      <td>117.835208</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    p_from_kw  q_from_kvar  p_to_kw  q_to_kvar     pl_kw   ql_kvar  i_from_ka  \\\n",
       "0  105.392391    50.696119   -100.0      -50.0  5.392391  0.696119   0.167325   \n",
       "\n",
       "    i_to_ka      i_ka  loading_percent  \n",
       "0  0.167326  0.167326       117.835208  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.res_line"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>p_hv_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_hv_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>p_lv_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_lv_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>pl_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>ql_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>i_hv_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>i_lv_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>loading_percent</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>107.265391</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.675195</td>\n",
       "      <td>-105.392391</td>\n",
       "      <td>-50.696119</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.872999</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.979076</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.003382</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.167325</td>\n",
       "      <td>29.289513</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      p_hv_kw  q_hv_kvar     p_lv_kw  q_lv_kvar     pl_kw   ql_kvar   i_hv_ka  \\\n",
       "0  107.265391  52.675195 -105.392391 -50.696119  1.872999  1.979076  0.003382   \n",
       "\n",
       "    i_lv_ka  loading_percent  \n",
       "0  0.167325        29.289513  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.res_trafo"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Tap Changers\n",
    "\n",
    "We now lower the tap changer position, from position 0 to -1 and run another power flow:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "net.trafo.tp_pos.at[trafo] = -1\n",
    "pp.runpp(net)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Looking at the results shows that bus voltages at the low voltage side of the transformer have increased:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>vm_pu</th>\n",
       "      <th>va_degree</th>\n",
       "      <th>p_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_kvar</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.020000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-107.015048</td>\n",
       "      <td>-52.52886</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.035301</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.720245</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.992135</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.109513</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.00000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      vm_pu  va_degree        p_kw    q_kvar\n",
       "0  1.020000   0.000000 -107.015048 -52.52886\n",
       "1  1.035301  -0.720245    0.000000   0.00000\n",
       "2  0.992135   0.109513  100.000000  50.00000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.res_bus"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Switches\n",
    "\n",
    "We now create an open switch at the load bus:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pp.create_switch(net, bus=bus3, element=line, et=\"l\", closed=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The open switch cuts the load bus from power supply:\n",
    "    \n",
    "<img style=\"float: left\", src=\"pics/3bus-system_switch.png\" width=\"8%\">"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This can be verified by running a power flow and inspecting the results. The voltage at bus 2 is given as NaN:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>vm_pu</th>\n",
       "      <th>va_degree</th>\n",
       "      <th>p_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_kvar</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.020000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.477456</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00101</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.046129</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.005637</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      vm_pu  va_degree      p_kw   q_kvar\n",
       "0  1.020000   0.000000 -1.477456  0.00101\n",
       "1  1.046129  -0.005637  0.000000  0.00000\n",
       "2       NaN        NaN  0.000000  0.00000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pp.runpp(net)\n",
    "net.res_bus"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The load does not feed in:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>p_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_kvar</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   p_kw  q_kvar\n",
       "0   0.0     0.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.res_load"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "And the line is in open loop operation:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>p_from_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_from_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>p_to_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>q_to_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>pl_kw</th>\n",
       "      <th>ql_kvar</th>\n",
       "      <th>i_from_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>i_to_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>i_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>loading_percent</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.225726e-10</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.001155</td>\n",
       "      <td>-4.643684e-13</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.090631e-12</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.221082e-10</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.001155</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000002</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.954807e-15</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000002</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.001122</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      p_from_kw  q_from_kvar       p_to_kw     q_to_kvar         pl_kw  \\\n",
       "0  1.225726e-10    -0.001155 -4.643684e-13  2.090631e-12  1.221082e-10   \n",
       "\n",
       "    ql_kvar  i_from_ka       i_to_ka      i_ka  loading_percent  \n",
       "0 -0.001155   0.000002  2.954807e-15  0.000002         0.001122  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.res_line"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Topological Analysis\n",
    "\n",
    "The structure of the network can also be directly analyzed with the topology package. It uses an interface to the NetworkX library for graph searches. There are some predefined search algorithms, such as searching for unsupplied buses:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{2}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import pandapower.topology as top\n",
    "top.unsupplied_buses(net)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The package correctly determines that bus 2 is cut from power supply. When we close the switch, there are no unsupplied buses anymore:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "set()"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.switch.closed.at[0] = True\n",
    "top.unsupplied_buses(net)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Apart from predefined search functions, it is also possible to translate the pandapower network into a NetworkX graph and run searches directly on that graph.\n",
    "\n",
    "Suppose we want to find all buses that are on the same voltage level as the load bus. We then translate the grid into a graph but excluding the transformer:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mg = top.create_nxgraph(net, include_trafos=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "And search for all buses that are connected to the load bus in that graph:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 1]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(top.connected_component(mg, 2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The graph search finds all buses that are on the same voltage level. Searches like these can be used for feeder identification and many more applications."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Short Circuit Analysis\n",
    "\n",
    "pandapower includes a short circuit module that complies with IEC 60909. To run a short circuit analysis, we need to define short circuit parameters for the external grid:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "net.ext_grid[\"s_sc_max_mva\"] = 100\n",
    "net.ext_grid[\"rx_max\"] = 0.1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now we can calculate short circuits. Here, we calculate a three phase short circuit current with a fault impedance of 2 Ohms:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandapower.shortcircuit as sc\n",
    "sc.calc_sc(net, case=\"max\", ip=True, r_fault_ohm=2.)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Initial and peak short circuit currents are given for faults at all buses:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>ikss_ka</th>\n",
       "      <th>ip_ka</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.534707</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.317318</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.126631</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.182666</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.122698</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.176991</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    ikss_ka     ip_ka\n",
       "0  2.534707  4.317318\n",
       "1  0.126631  0.182666\n",
       "2  0.122698  0.176991"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "net.res_bus_sc"
   ]
  }
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