The materials module populates the physicalistic perspective with materials subclasses categorised according to modern applied physical sciences.
Materials
Contacts: Gerhard Goldbeck Goldbeck Consulting Ltd (UK) email: gerhard@goldbeck-consulting.com Emanuele Ghedini University of Bologna (IT) email: emanuele.ghedini@unibo.it
The EMMO requires FacT++ reasoner plugin in order to visualize all inferences and class hierarchy (ctrl+R hotkey in Protege).
Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Gas
A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.
Dispersion
A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
Phase heterogenous mixture may share the same state of matter. For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.
PhaseHeterogeneousMixture
A single phase mixture.
PhaseHomogeneousMixture
A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
Foam
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,
Solution
A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
Granite, sand, dried concrete.
SolidSolidSuspension
An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
StandaloneAtom
A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.
Sol
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.
SolidLiquidSuspension
A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.
Gel
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
Mayonnaise, milk.
Emulsion
A matter individual that stands for a real world object representing an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent different states of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.
Material
A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
Sparkling water
LiquidGasSuspension
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
LiquidSol
A standalone atom that has no net charge.
NeutralAtom
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
LiquidLiquidSuspension
A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
Spray
An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
Suspensions show no significant effect on light.
Suspension
A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
LiquidSolution
A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.
Plasma
A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
Vapor
A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Aerosol
Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
Smoke
A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.
SolidSol
A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
GasMixture
GasSolution
A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
AqueousSolution
Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm
NanoMaterial
A solid solution made of two or more component substances.
SolidSolution
A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
PhaseOfMatter
A material that undergoes chemical changes.
ReactiveMaterial
A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.
Colloid
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
Liquid
A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.
NaturalMaterial
An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic. In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
BondedAtom
A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
Gas, liquid, plasma,
Fluid
A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition). A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.
Continuum
An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
LiquidAerosol
An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
SolidAerosol
A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
Aerogel
SolidFoam
A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
Solid
A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter
StateOfMatter
A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.
SolidGasSuspension
A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
Dust, sand storm.
GasSolidSuspension
A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
LiquidFoam
A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
IonAtom
A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
Rain, spray.
GasLiquidSuspension
A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
Dust
A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
Mud
LiquidSolidSuspension
A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.
Mixture
CrystallineMaterial
A material is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. A solid is a crystal if it has essentially a sharp diffraction pattern. The word essentially means that most of the intensity of the diffraction is concentrated in relatively sharp Bragg peaks, besides the always present diffuse scattering. In all cases, the positions of the diffraction peaks can be expressed by H=∑ni=1hia∗i (n≥3)
Crystal
From Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “clear ice”), from κρύος (krúos, “frost”).
Mesoscopic
SolidMixture
Al_Based
Bubbles
Ceramic
CompositeMaterial
ContinuumMaterial
Cu_Based
Droplet
Fe_Based
FiberReinforcedComposite
Fog
GasLiquid
disconected solid particles being dispersed/embedded in a gas
GasSolid
LiquidGas
LiquidLiquid
LiquidSolid
Melt
MultiPhaseAlloy
MetallicMelt
Mg_Based
Mn_Based
MultiPhaseMaterial
MultiPhaseSolid
Mush
Ni_Based
ParticleReinforcedComposite
Paste
Polymer
PolymerMelt
Powder
Salt
Si_Based
SingleCrystal
SinglePhaseMaterial
Slurry
SolidGas
SolidLiquid
SolidSolid
Sponge
TextileReinforcedComposite
Ti_Based
Elastomeric
Natural
SyntheticPolymer
Thermoplastic
ThermosettingPolymer
CrystallineSolidTermoplastic
AmorphousThermoplastic
CeramicAmorphous
CeramicCrystallineSolid
CeramicPolyCrystal
CeramicSingleCrystal
CompositeCeramic
MonoliticCeramic
SinglePhaseAlloy
MetallicAmorphous
MetallicCrystallineSolid
FiberReinforcedMetalPolymer
FiberReinforcedPolymerMatrix
ParticleReinforcedCeramicMatrix
ParticleReinforcedMetalMatrix
ParticleReinforcedPolymerMatrix